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OJ-078-2003 · 23/05/2003
OutcomeResultado
ICE has autonomous regulatory authority over its funds and pensions; publication is a requirement for efficacy, not validity; the manager's leave is not unconstitutional per se.El ICE tiene potestad reglamentaria autónoma sobre sus fondos y pensiones; la publicación es requisito de eficacia, no de validez; la licencia del gerente no es inconstitucional per se.
SummaryResumen
The Attorney General's Office issues a non-binding advisory opinion on four inquiries by a congressman regarding the legality of ICE's actions. It concludes that ICE's Board of Directors holds autonomous regulatory authority to issue the regulations for the Guarantee and Savings Fund and the Supplementary Pension Regime, and that the Executive Branch cannot supplant it. Publication in the official gazette is a requirement for efficacy, not validity; thus, an unpublished Personnel Statute is ineffective but not illegal. As to the General Manager's prolonged leave of absence, no direct unconstitutionality exists, but a substitute must be appointed if the leave exceeds two months. The opinion produces no binding effects because it was requested by a congressman, not an administrative authority.La Procuraduría General analiza cuatro consultas de un diputado sobre la legalidad de actuaciones del ICE. Sostiene que la Junta Directiva tiene potestad reglamentaria autónoma para emitir los reglamentos del Fondo de Garantías y Ahorro y del Régimen de Pensiones Complementarias, sin que el Poder Ejecutivo pueda suplantarla. Señala que la publicación en La Gaceta es requisito de eficacia, no de validez, por lo que el Estatuto de Personal no publicado es ineficaz pero no ilegal. Respecto al Gerente General con licencia prolongada, concluye que no hay inconstitucionalidad directa, aunque si la licencia supera dos meses debe nombrarse sustituto. El dictamen carece de efectos vinculantes por provenir de un diputado.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The issuance of opinions, characterized by their binding effect, depends on the consultation being formulated by a competent administrative authority. In this case, the consultation does not come from an administrative authority, but from a Congressman. Despite the Congressman's lack of legal standing to consult, the Attorney General's Office has been deferential in evacuating the consultations posed, as a way of collaborating with the high functions assigned to them by law. However, the opinion thus issued cannot produce binding effects. For this reason, the present opinion lacks binding effects and should be considered as an advisory opinion.La emisión de los dictámenes, caracterizados por su efecto vinculante, depende de que la consulta sea formulada por una autoridad administrativa competente. En el presente caso, la consulta no proviene de una autoridad administrativa, sino de un señor Diputado. No obstante, que el Diputado carece de facultad legal para consultar, la Procuraduría ha tenido la deferencia de evacuar las consultas que le planteen, como una forma de colaborar con el desempeño de las altas funciones que el ordenamiento les asigna. El pronunciamiento que así se emite, sin embargo, no puede producir efectos vinculantes. Es por lo anterior que el presente pronunciamiento carece de efectos vinculantes, debiendo considerarse como una opinión consultiva.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La potestad reglamentaria es una potestad sujeta a límites formales y materiales. Entre los primeros se encuentra el de la competencia. La potestad no puede ser ejercida por un organismo que no ha sido habilitado por el ordenamiento jurídico para dictar reglamentos."
"Regulatory authority is subject to formal and material limits. Among the former is competence. The authority cannot be exercised by an entity that has not been empowered by the legal order to issue regulations."
Análisis sobre la competencia reglamentaria
"La potestad reglamentaria es una potestad sujeta a límites formales y materiales. Entre los primeros se encuentra el de la competencia. La potestad no puede ser ejercida por un organismo que no ha sido habilitado por el ordenamiento jurídico para dictar reglamentos."
Análisis sobre la competencia reglamentaria
"En la medida en que el Estatuto de Personal emitido por la Junta Directiva del ICE debe ser tenido como una norma jurídica administrativa, de carácter reglamentario, se sigue como lógica consecuencia que la publicación es requisito indispensable para su eficacia."
"Insofar as the Personnel Statute issued by ICE's Board of Directors must be considered an administrative legal norm of a regulatory nature, it logically follows that publication is an indispensable requirement for its efficacy."
Sobre la eficacia de los reglamentos
"En la medida en que el Estatuto de Personal emitido por la Junta Directiva del ICE debe ser tenido como una norma jurídica administrativa, de carácter reglamentario, se sigue como lógica consecuencia que la publicación es requisito indispensable para su eficacia."
Sobre la eficacia de los reglamentos
"La ausencia de publicación no determina la invalidez de la norma. Por ende, si el Estatuto de Personal o sus reformas no ha sido publicado el problema es de eficacia de la norma, sin que se afecte su validez."
"The absence of publication does not determine the invalidity of the norm. Therefore, if the Personnel Statute or its amendments have not been published, the problem is one of efficacy of the norm, without affecting its validity."
Distinción entre eficacia y validez
"La ausencia de publicación no determina la invalidez de la norma. Por ende, si el Estatuto de Personal o sus reformas no ha sido publicado el problema es de eficacia de la norma, sin que se afecte su validez."
Distinción entre eficacia y validez
Full documentDocumento completo
Legal Opinion: 078 - J of 05/23/2003 OJ-078-2003 May 23, 2003 Licenciado Federico Malavassi Calvo Deputy Movimiento Libertario Fraction Legislative Assembly S. D.
Dear Deputy:
With the approval of the Deputy Attorney General, I refer to your official communication No. ML-CP-088-03 of April 22 of this year, through which you request from the Attorney General's Office of the Republic a pronouncement on the following points: "1) Whether the Board of Directors of the ICE is committing an unconstitutional act by appointing a General Manager and granting him leaves without pay for years, de facto redistributing his functions and without having a certain return date given the repeated leaves granted.
Having thus defined the scope of the consultation, we proceed to analyze the points consulted. It should be noted, however, that according to the information available to the Attorney General's Office, the point consulted regarding the notaries of the Legal Advisory Office of the ICE is the subject of review by the Notarial Directorate. Given that circumstance, the Attorney General's Office does not proceed to pronounce on this point. Consequently, we will refer to the competence to regulate the Guarantee and Savings Fund and the Pension Regime, the principle of publicity of legal norms, and the doubt regarding the "constitutionality" of the appointment of the General Manager of the ICE.
A.- REGULATORY POWER LIES OUTSIDE THE COMPETENCE OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH According to the referral official communication, it is considered that the Executive Branch had the duty to regulate the provisions of Article 17 of the Decree-Law of Creation of the ICE, a duty it did not fulfill. Instead, the Board of Directors of the ICE proceeded to issue the corresponding regulations, which it is indicated have not been published.
The regulatory power is the power to issue legal norms with lower efficacy than formal law. In that sense, it consists of a power to create legal norms, norms that concur to form part of the legal system. The definition given by E. García Enterría and T. Fernández is classic: "Regulatory power is the power by virtue of which the Administration issues Regulations; it is perhaps its most intense and serious power, since it implies participating in the formation of the legal system. In this way, the Administration is not only a subject of Law subjected like others to a legal system imposed upon it, but it has the capacity to form, to a certain extent, its own legal system and even that of others...", E. GARCIA DE ENTERRIA-T, FERNÁNDEZ: Curso de Derecho Administrativo, Editorial Civitas, 1998, p. 168. In that sense, a regulation is a written norm issued by the Public Administration with lower efficacy than the law.
The regulatory power is a power subject to formal and material limits. Among the former is that of competence. The power cannot be exercised by an entity that has not been authorized by the legal system to issue regulations. The Political Constitution recognizes the Executive Branch's power to regulate laws and a power of self-organization that entails the power to issue organizational regulations. It should be noted that this power is one of principle in all Administration. Consequently, even in the absence of an express provision enabling the exercise of regulatory power in organizational matters, it could be stated that such power corresponds to every public entity and, in particular, to its highest authority.
The category of executive regulations includes all secondary norms whose purpose is to complement, develop, or specify the precepts contained in the law being regulated. The proper function of the Executive Regulation is to develop the law, specifying its contents, in order to allow its correct and timely application and, therefore, the fulfillment of the purposes it protects. However, the law frames its content and determines its scope of validity. Indeed, the regulation is subordinated to the content of the law, which constitutes its foundation of validity and, therefore, a limit to its regulation. Consequently, beyond what is provided by the law, the regulatory provision lacks validity (judgments Nos. 031-95 of 4:30 p.m. on January 3, 1995, 4571-97 of 12:54 p.m. on August 1, 1997, 7619-99 of 4:12 p.m. on October 5, 1999, and 8865-2002 of 2:43 p.m. on September 11, 2002). The law is, then, the limit of the regulation, to the point that it can be said that a regulation that exceeds it contains "ex novo legislation", in the sense of provisions not foreseen by the law that the regulation develops.
Constitutional jurisprudence has developed and applied the constitutional precept, sanctioning with the declaration of unconstitutionality the violation of the Executive Branch's power: "…As can be observed, the Chamber has been consistent in upholding the essential principle of the regulatory power of laws, in the hands of the Executive Branch, and from this perspective, not only would Article 31 of the Law on Illicit Enrichment of Public Servants, No. 6872 of June 17, 1983, be contrary to the Political Constitution, insofar as it confers upon the Comptroller General of the Republic the authority to regulate said law, but also, and by connection and in accordance with Article 89 of the Law of this Jurisdiction, the entire Regulation on the matter issued by the Comptroller General of the Republic on October 8, 1983, and published in La Gaceta No. 198 of October 20 of that same year, for being contrary to the principle of separation of State functions contained in Article 9 and the principle of the executive regulatory power of Article 140, subsection 3, both constitutional…." Constitutional Chamber, No. 2934-93 of 3:27 p.m. on June 22, 1993.
"Finally, regarding the unconstitutionality of the Collection Regulation for Debts of Collection Agents with the National Fund for Agricultural Contingencies, the Chamber considers that it must be declared, as it is unconstitutional for violating Article 140, subsection d) of the Political Constitution, which confers the regulatory power upon the Executive Branch, composed of the President and the respective Minister. However, the regulation under study was issued by the Intervention Commission of the National Fund for Agricultural Contingencies. In the Chamber's judgment, the rules under study are not a Self-Organization and Service Regulation, for whose issuance the Commission would indeed have competence, but rather an Executive Regulation, since it develops the Law for the Creation of the National Fund for Agricultural Contingencies and has external effects, therefore the Commission was totally incompetent to issue a regulation of that nature.
Consequently, a power of the Executive Branch has been invaded, and therefore, as to this point, the action must be upheld." Constitutional Chamber, Resolution No. 3721-97 of 4:39 p.m. on July 1, 1997. Resolution No. 12823-2001 of 10:34 a.m. on December 14, 2001, reaffirms the impossibility of the rest of the Central Administration and the Decentralized Administration to regulate laws.
Unlike that executive regulation, so-called autonomous regulations have as their function the regulation of the issuing Administration's own competence, determining the internal organization and regulating the activity of said organization. As is widely known, such regulations can be issued by autonomous entities. To be precise, it would be appropriate to point out the unconstitutionality of an organizational or service regulation of an autonomous entity, verbi gratia the ICE, issued by the Executive Branch. Regarding these regulations, the Chamber has stated: "Autonomous organizational regulations find their basis in the self-organization power of the administration itself, while autonomous service regulations have their support in the competence of the administrative head to regulate the provision of the service for which they are responsible, without the need for a prior law on the matter. These are regulations that create special subjection regimes and that come to limit the rights of citizens who have entered into relationship with the Administration." Resolution No. 9236-1999 of 8:11 p.m. on November 23, 1999.
The point is whether the regulation that creates and regulates the Guarantee and Savings Fund and, where appropriate, the Regulations of the Complementary Pension Regime have a regulatory nature. It should be noted that the answer given is in abstracto. To the extent that the text of the Regulations in question cannot be determined with certainty, it is not possible to determine whether the norms contain provisions that, by their content, are more typical of an executive regulation than of an autonomous regulation.
Article 17 of the Decree-Law that creates the ICE provides, regarding the Guarantee and Savings Fund: "The financial policy of the Institute shall be to capitalize the net profits obtained from the sale of electrical energy and from any other source that may have them, in the financing and execution of the national electrification plans and the promotion of industry based on electrical energy. The Institute must allocate the reserves and funds constituted for that purpose to the payment of labor benefits and the guarantee and savings fund for permanent personnel, and continue making the corresponding contributions in an amount no less than that contributed by the officials and employees who contribute to the fund. The fund contributed by the Institute shall belong to the Institute and shall be used for the proposed objectives, in accordance with the rules issued in this regard by its Board of Directors.
Permanent personnel, according to the qualification of the same Board, must contribute to the fund with an amount no less than five percent monthly of their salaries." The regulatory competence can be analyzed from the point of view of the origin of the funds: the ICE's enabling law establishes the ICE's obligation to allocate a fund for the payment of labor benefits and a guarantee and savings fund for permanent personnel. A specific destination for certain funds is authorized. The ICE's contribution belongs to it by provision of the Law. Which implies that said funds are public funds, on the one hand, and that said funds, as part of the Entity's patrimony, are protected by its patrimonial autonomy, on the other hand. As a general rule, it does not fall to the Executive Branch to regulate how the funds belonging to an autonomous entity will be managed. The Executive Branch can issue directives, as established by the Law of Financial Administration, in relation to budgetary matters, including salaries and investments.
But it cannot regulate the use of certain funds of an autonomous entity. This is how the legislator understood it, by establishing that the fund contributed by the ICE "shall be used for the proposed objectives, in accordance with the rules issued in this regard by its Board of Directors." It is the Board of Directors, then, that must determine, through regulations, how the resources of the Fund are invested and under what conditions the employees of the Entity can access the benefits that the Fund provides.
But the Fund is not only nourished by the contributions of the ICE as an employer. The Law provides for the contribution of the Entity's workers. These contributions are the property of the workers, as recognized by this Attorney General's Office in previous pronouncements (in particular, OJ-139-99 of November 22, 1999). The Executive Branch could not, without violating the limits of the regulatory power, regulate the workers' contributions and, therefore, their right over the contributed amounts. A regulation that can indeed be carried out by the ICE by virtue of the special subjection relationship established between the public entity and its servants.
It should be noted, on the other hand, that the various laws that have provided for funds similar to the ICE's guarantee fund have referred to the boards of directors of the entity to regulate the fund thus created. Such is the case of the provisions in Article 55 of the Organic Law of the National Banking System, as amended by the Law for the Modernization of the Financial System. Likewise, Article 21 of Law No. 17 of October 22, 1943, the Constitutive Law of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social) provides that the Board of Directors of the Caja shall prepare a special regime of social benefits, comprising retirement, savings, and loan funds, a social insurance plan, and other benefits. Regarding the content of the regulations on the funds, it must be taken into account that they normally regulate the administration of the fund, the granting of rights (conditions, requirements, amounts), and the investment that can be made with the fund's resources. On some occasions, provisions are established regarding the oversight of the funds. An oversight that falls, in the first instance, to the internal control bodies, whether the head of the Entity and the internal audit department (in that sense, see Legal Opinion No. OJ-042-2001 of April 20, 2001). All aspects that must be normed through an autonomous regulation.
Likewise, regarding the competence of the entity to issue regulations, the nature of the fund must be considered. In the absence of a legal norm granting it legal personality, the Guarantee and Savings Fund is constituted as an internal entity of the Institution. The nature as an organ of savings and severance assistance funds has been recognized by the Attorney General's Office on previous occasions. Thus, regarding the Fund of the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), it has been expressed: "Although it is true that an Administrative Board of the Fund was created through regulations, it is also true that this Board has, at most, the character of a deconcentrated body of the Institute, the latter being the one ultimately responsible for the representation of the Fund." Opinion No. C-152-99 of July 27, 1999. Subsequently, regarding the Savings, Loan, Housing, Recreation, and Guarantee Fund of RECOPE workers, we stated: "It is clear, then, that although the Savings and Guarantee Fund of RECOPE workers was born into legal life through the Collective Bargaining Agreement, it does not have legal personality, and therefore cannot contract rights or obligations, unless the law so authorizes.
Given that the Fund does not hold the possibility of acting legally against the workers or third parties, it is understood that it is RECOPE that acts. For example, the granting of loans from the Fund is carried out by RECOPE, and the guarantees for those loans are constituted in the name of RECOPE. (...). 2.- The Savings and Guarantee Fund is a body of RECOPE. Once it has been determined that the Savings and Guarantee Fund is not a legal entity, its nature as a body of RECOPE must be affirmed. (....) The lack of legal personality of the Savings and Guarantee Fund, coupled with its integration within the structural regime of RECOPE, determines that the nature of the Fund is that of a body of RECOPE." OJ-101-2002 of July 5, 2002. It is part of the self-organization power that belongs to the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity to regulate both the organization of the body that is created and its functioning. The intervention of an executive regulation in this area would constitute a violation of the administrative autonomy inherent to the ICE.
Regarding the Complementary Pension Regime of the ICE, it must be taken into account that said regime finds its origin in an arbitration award, as the Attorney General's Office has stated in various pronouncements (OJ-073-97 of December 8, 1997, O.J.-092-99 of August 10, 1999, and OJ-139-99 cited above). Given that the origin of the Regulations is not a law, the Executive Branch could not make use of the regulatory power over the laws to regulate said regime. In the case of an executive regulation, it must be remembered that: "a regulation will always be linked to a law from which it is a derivation and development, since otherwise the very legal nature of the regulation is violated, which defines it as a secondary norm issued to specify and faithfully enforce the content of a provision of legal rank....", Constitutional Chamber, Resolution No. 8865-2002 of 2:43 p.m. on September 11, 2002.
Since it has been considered that the existence and functioning of that pension regime are now protected under the Law of the Private Complementary Pension Regime, No. 7523 of July 7, 1995, it could be argued that the Executive Branch can regulate this Law and, in doing so, regulate the ICE's regime. While Law 7523, Article 64, provides that the Executive Branch shall regulate it, it should be noted that none of the articles of the legal text regulates the constitution, organization, and functioning of a specific regime, nor has it provided that these aspects must be established by regulation of the Executive Branch. This is explained by the very fact that the Law for the Protection of Workers repealed Articles 2 through 32 of the Law of the Private Complementary Pension Regime, which referred to pension funds and pension operators. Aspects that are today the subject of regulation by the Law for the Protection of Workers, a law that, however, does not provide that the organization and functioning of the operators and the voluntary complementary pension plans offered shall be regulated by the Executive Branch.
Furthermore, the issuance of an autonomous regulation by the Executive Branch is improper, since said Regime lies outside the internal organization of the Executive Branch, nor can it be considered that it concerns a service relationship that must be normed by the Executive Branch. It should be noted, moreover, that the various legislative provisions regarding voluntary complementary pension regimes assume the existence of a regulatory power. However, said power lies outside the Executive Branch. Indeed, voluntary regimes are regulated by general provisions issued by the National Council for Supervision of the Financial System (CONASSIF), the Superintendency of Pensions, and each specific fund or regime by the corresponding operator. Law No. 7523 provides in Article 33 that the Complementary Pension Regime shall be regulated by the Superintendency of Pensions, which "shall authorize, regulate, supervise, and oversee the plans, funds, and regimes contemplated in this law, as well as those entrusted to it by virtue of other laws, and the activity of the pension operators, of the entities authorized to administer the labor capitalization funds, and of the natural or legal persons that intervene, directly or indirectly, in the acts or contracts related to the provisions of this law." From the foregoing, it follows that the regulation of the ICE's complementary pension regime lies outside the competence of the Executive Branch, as it falls directly to the Board of Directors of the Entity.
In this line of thought, it can be considered that when the Board of Directors has proceeded to approve the Regulations of the Complementary Pension Regime, regulating the conditions for the right to the benefit or the investments that can be made with the sums of the corresponding fund, said Board has acted in exercise of the competence that constitutionally and legally corresponds to it, without it being possible to consider that it has invaded the regulatory power of the Executive Branch.
B.- THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REGULATIONS DEPENDS ON THEIR PUBLICATION It is consulted whether the Personnel Statute of the ICE employees, promulgated by the Board of Directors of the Entity, must be published in La Gaceta, to be effective, and as long as it is not published, it is illegal. Publication is a requirement of effectiveness, deriving from Article 129 of the Political Charter, insofar as it provides, as relevant here: "Laws are mandatory and take effect from the day they designate; failing this requirement, ten days after their publication in the Official Gazette. No one can allege ignorance of the law, except in cases that the law itself authorizes. (....)". The publicity of the law and, by extension, of every legal norm constitutes an essential pillar of the Rule of Law, as it was configured starting from the French Revolution. Thus, to the extent that a legal norm seeks to regulate the conduct of the governed, it is imperative that it be made known to those to whom it is addressed.
Especially when they have not participated in its drafting. The means to make the publicity of the law effective is publication. Publication appears as an objective guarantee of the legal system itself, intended to fix the content of the norm (cfr. Paloma, BIBLINO CAMPOS: La publicación de la Ley, Tecnos, 1993, p. 26). It is a way of maintaining the principle of legal certainty, since it gives certainty to the norms. Furthermore, publication is related to the requirement of cognoscibility of the law: no one should bear the consequences of an act if they have not been placed in a position to know the mandate of the law and, therefore, what the content of the act required of them should be.
Given the provisions of Article 129 of the Political Charter, it can be considered that the publication of legal norms is an obligation of constitutional origin. The mandatory nature of the norm derives from its publication, insofar as it determines its effectiveness. Consequently, it can be maintained that the duty of publication is imposed not only regarding laws, but also regarding executive regulations and the rest of the legal norms, including those issued by autonomous entities. Publication determines the entry into force of the norm, whether it takes effect from its publication, from the day it designates, or ten days after that publication, in accordance with the provisions of Article 129 of the Constitution and Article 7 of the Civil Code. But, additionally, publicity aims to give authenticity to the text of the norm: it is presumed, a iuris tantum presumption, that the text of the norm is what has been reproduced in La Gaceta.
To the extent that the Personnel Statute issued by the Board of Directors of the ICE must be considered as an administrative legal norm, of a regulatory nature, it follows as a logical consequence that publication is an indispensable requirement for its effectiveness. Since the Administration cannot validly apply an ineffective norm, the ICE cannot apply regulations or their amendments that have not been duly published. In opinion No. C69-96 of November 18, 1996, we stated on these points: ".... formal publication aims to make the guarantee of the publicity of legal norms and, with it, the principle of legal certainty a reality. Publication in the Official Gazette is the constitutional means of realizing the duty of publicity. Publicity that determines the binding force of the law." Regulations can be conceptualized as a type of administrative act. They are general acts, to the extent that they are directed at a plurality of addressees, all those for whom the factual situation provided in the regulation occurs. That nature of a "general administrative act" reinforces the need for publication. Article 240 of the General Law of Public Administration enshrines the general principle regarding the communication of general administrative acts. The communication of general acts must be done by means of publication.
In the Costa Rican legal system, there is no doubt that the publication of legal norms constitutes a requirement of effectiveness, not of perfection and validity of those norms. It follows from this that the norm is perfect insofar as it has been approved by the competent body and following the procedure established for that purpose. It will be valid if it substantially conforms to the legal system. As there is no identity between perfection, validity, and effectiveness, a norm can be perfect and valid but ineffective; but also, a norm can be invalid but effective. What must be clear is that the absence of publication prevents the effectiveness of the norm, affecting the norm's capacity to produce effects by regulating the factual situations it provides. Simply put, the unpublished rule cannot produce effects, and insofar as this is so, it is not capable of obligating or binding its addressees.
Certainly, in legal systems that accept that the publication of the norm forms part of the procedure for its elaboration, it is considered that publication perfects the norm and, therefore, is a requirement of validity. In such a way that the unpublished norm is invalid. In that sense, it has been indicated: "It can be affirmed, first of all, that publication is a constitutive element of the law, since, as was also analyzed previously, it is one of the acts that make up the legislative procedure, required as such by the legal system. By forming part of the law itself, the institution can likewise be defined as a necessary element for its existence. Indeed, only with publication is it possible to affirm that a law is integrated into the legal system and, after the vacatio legis has elapsed, it can acquire the mandatory nature that is proper to it. That publication constitutes a requirement for the existence of the law is evidenced, precisely, in the fact that the unpublished text lacks legal relevance for the legal system...", P. BIGLINO CAMPOS, op. cit. p. 80.
In the same sense, Santamaría Pastor states: "publication is a constitutive requirement of the validity of the norms: they, simply, do not legally exist as long as they are not published in the established form; they do not obligate the members of the public apparatus nor, of course, the citizens, as jurisprudence has finally ended up accepting (after some vacillations) ..." J. A. SANTAMARÍA PASTOR: Apuntes de Derecho Administrativo. I. 1987, p. 279. A position that, as we have indicated, is not admissible in our system, in which publication is part of the integrative phase of the effectiveness of the norms.
It follows from the foregoing that the absence of publication does not determine the invalidity of the norm. Therefore, if the Personnel Statute or its amendments have not been published, the problem is one of effectiveness of the norm, without its validity being affected. In this way, the Statute could be illegal by virtue of its content, but it could not be argued that it is illegal because, it is affirmed, it has not been published. It should be noted, however, that a different situation occurs with respect to the acts of application of an ineffective norm. If the ineffective norm is applied, a problem of validity arises, not of the norm, but of the corresponding application act. This is to the extent that legal effects would be given to a norm that is not effective.
C.- THE VALIDITY OF THE GRANTING OF A WORK LEAVE It is consulted whether the ICE is acting "unconstitutionally" by appointing a General Manager and granting him a leave of absence without pay for several years, redistributing the manager's functions and without the date of return of the official being known. Given that the Political Constitution does not regulate the appointment of the managers of the autonomous institutions, nor has provision been made regarding the granting of leaves, whether these are with pay or without, it cannot be considered that the appointment of a manager can directly violate the Political Constitution. And the same can be said regarding the granting of leaves to that official. The appointment of the manager is regulated in Articles 13 of the Decree-Law creating the ICE and 6 of Law No. 4646 of October 20, 1976.
The Attorney General's Office does not disregard that the point consulted could be related to the proposed legislation aimed at allowing the Board of Directors to delegate management duties (gerencia) to the executive president. Regarding that proposal, in OJ-048-2003 of 24 March last, the Attorney General's Office referred to opinion No. 126-99 of 22 June 1999. It should be noted, however, that the factual situation you raise in your consultation differs from what was previously consulted. The consultation was issued in response to the intention for the Executive President to legally assume the General Management (Gerencia General) of the Entity, which would effectively entail a concentration of functions that could be considered contrary to the democratic principle, according to the opinion issued by the Attorney General's Office: "From this perspective, it is not consistent with the principle that informs the system for a single official of an institution to assume other positions, resulting in an accumulation of functions in a single person, which entails a dangerous concentration of power, especially when it involves the two most important positions in the institution.
We must not lose sight of the fact that the existence of both positions, from a perspective more political than administrative in nature, allows for a healthy, convenient, and reasonable distribution of power within the entity. That said, the foregoing does not mean that within the organization of the Public Administration there exists 'an administrative polyarchy,' since, based on the institution of the hierarchical relationship, the superior possesses significant powers over subordinate officials (powers of appointment, command, supervision, discipline, review, and resolution of conflicts of competence) which allow them to give unity of purpose to the actions of the Public Administration. However, given the techniques inherent to Constitutional and Administrative Law, such as: parliamentary oversight of government and Public Administration activity, the principle of distribution of competences, the diversity of bodies and officials, the existence of legality and financial controls, and the need to justify every action of the Public Administration on an enabling norm, these ensure that, although the institution of the hierarchical relationship responds to a vertical conception of the exercise of power, it does not provoke an excessive concentration of power.
Rather, it constitutes a necessary, indispensable technique for the Public Administration to act in an orderly and rational manner in satisfying the general interest." According to your account, the position of general manager (gerente general) of the Institution is held by a person different from the one holding the position of Executive President. Thus, from a legal standpoint, there is no accumulation of positions. Consequently, the Executive President has not assumed the functions inherent to the general manager (gerente general), since they have been distributed among different bodies, as you indicate. It is worth recalling that, in accordance with Article 95 of the General Law of the Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública): "1.- The temporary or permanent absences of the employee may be covered by the immediate hierarchical superior or by the substitute who is appointed. 2.
If the hierarchical superior does not wish to act as substitute, or if two months have elapsed since they began doing so, a substitute must be appointed in accordance with the law." From which it follows that, should the leave be extended for more than two months, a substitute should be appointed to exercise the corresponding functions. It is worth remembering, moreover, that the alteration of the principles governing the relationship between statute (ley) and regulation (reglamento) is a matter of legality (legalidad). Certainly, to the extent that a statute (ley) is violated, the Constitution is indirectly violated. But this is a mediate violation, which first requires the violation of the statute (ley). According to constitutional jurisprudence, the violation of a statute (ley) does not determine the unconstitutionality of the regulation (reglamento). That conclusion is applicable to the relationship between an administrative act (acto administrativo) and statute (ley).
An infringement of the principle of legality (legalidad) by an administrative act (acto administrativo) does not generate a problem of constitutionality (see, among other rulings of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), resolutions numbers 4588-97 of 15:48 hrs. on 5 August 1997, 4809-99 of 13:39 hrs. on 18 June 1999, and 8865-2002 of citation). Certainly, the situation could be analyzed from another perspective, namely the reasonableness (razonabilidad) of the position of general manager (gerente general) itself. The position forms part of the organization of ICE, as that organization results from the legal design in force. To that extent, in order to duly execute the statute (ley), the appointment must be made. Now, the existence of a position is justified insofar as the functions associated with it allow for a better satisfaction of the general interest. If the position is not effectively filled and the Institution can continue to function without problems, the reasonableness (razonabilidad) of the organization could be questioned and, therefore, whether what is appropriate is a new organizational structure, more in line with the requirements of the Entity and capable of satisfying the principle of reasonableness (razonabilidad) as a parameter of constitutionality of legal norms. A matter whose decision, in any case, falls to the legislator.
CONCLUSION: Based on the foregoing, it is the non-binding opinion of the Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República): 1-. The drafting and issuance of a Regulation for the Guarantee and Savings Fund (Fondo de Garantías y Ahorro) of the employees of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad) and the Regulation of the complementary pension regime of that Entity form part of the autonomous regulatory power (potestad reglamentaria autónoma) vested in ICE. 2-. Therefore, the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) would violate the administrative autonomy of ICE and breach the limits of its regulatory power (potestad reglamentaria) if it decided to substitute itself for ICE by regulating the said Fund and the pension regime at hand. 3-. Regulations (reglamentos), as legal norms, require publication in the official gazette La Gaceta for their effectiveness (eficacia).
Such publication constitutes an indispensable requirement for the effectiveness (eficacia) of the norm. However, the absence of publication does not affect the validity (validez) of the norm. 4-. To the extent that the Personnel Statute (Estatuto de Personal) of ICE regulates the relations of ICE employees, in their capacity as such, with the Institution, it follows that it constitutes a legal norm and, as such, must be published in La Gaceta. 5-. The granting of leave without pay (permiso sin goce de sueldo) to the General Manager (Gerente General) of ICE and the extensions to said leave cannot be considered unconstitutional acts.
Respectfully, Dr. Magda Inés Rojas Chaves ADVISORY ATTORNEY GENERAL (PROCURADORA ASESORA) MIRCH/mvc
Opinión Jurídica : 078 - J del 23/05/2003 OJ-078-2003 23 de mayo de 2003 Licenciado Federico Malavassi Calvo Diputado Fracción Movimiento Libertario Asamblea Legislativa S. D. Estimado señor Diputado: Con la aprobación del Procurador General Adjunto, me refiero a su atento oficio N° ML-CP-088-03 de 22 de abril del presente año, por medio del cual solicita de la Procuraduría General de la República un pronunciamiento sobre los siguientes puntos: "1) Si la Junta Directiva del ICE está cometiendo un acto inconstitucional al nombrar un Gerente General y darle permisos sin goce de sueldo durante años, redistribuyendo de hecho sus funciones y sin tener una fecha cierta de regreso dado los reiterados permisos concedidos.
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