The Public Policy for the Agricultural Sector 2023-2032 is made official, which shall be executed in the period comprised between the years 2023 to 2032 inclusive, and shall be of mandatory observance for the Public Sector, particularly, for the institutions that make up the Agricultural Sector.
The full text of the Policy will be available on the electronic pages of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) and of each of the institutions that make up the Agricultural Sector. A printed version will be kept in custody at the Executive Secretariat for Agricultural Sector Planning (SEPSA), located in the Central Offices of the MAG, and in the Institutional Planning Units or Executive Planning Secretariats of the entities that compose the Sector.
(Note from Sinalevi: This policy was extracted from the website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and is transcribed below:)
Public Policy for the Costa Rican Agricultural Sector 2023-2032 You can view this document at the following electronic addresses: www.mag.go.cr / www.sepsa.go.cr January 2023 LIST OF ACRONYMS AF Family Farming (Agricultura Familiar) BID Inter-American Development Bank CAN National Sectoral Agricultural Council (Consejo Nacional Sectorial Agropecuario) CIPF International Plant Protection Convention CORBANA National Banana Corporation (Corporación Bananera Nacional) CORFOGA Livestock Promotion Corporation (Corporación Fomento Ganadero) CONARROZ National Rice Corporation (Corporación Arrocera Nacional) COTECSA Technical Sectoral Agricultural Committee (Comité Técnico Sectorial Agropecuario) COSEL Local Sectoral Committee (Comité Sectorial Local) CSRA Regional Sectoral Agricultural Committee (Comité Sectorial Regional Agropecuario) CTI Science, Technology and Innovation CTP Professional Technical High Schools (Colegios Técnicos Profesionales) DNEA National Directorate of Agricultural Extension (Dirección Nacional de Extensión Agropecuaria) ECADERT Central American Strategy for Territorial Rural Development 2010-2030 EASAC Climate-Smart Sustainable Agriculture Strategy for the SICA region 2018-2030 EPYPSA Estudios, Proyectos y Planificación S.A.
FODEA Law for the Promotion of Agricultural Production FONAFIFO National Forestry Financing Fund (Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal) GpRD Management for Development Results ICAFE Coffee Institute of Costa Rica (Instituto del Café de Costa Rica) INA National Learning Institute (Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje) INTA National Institute for Innovation and Transfer in Agricultural Technology (Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria) LAICA Agricultural Industrial League of Sugar Cane (Liga Agrícola Industrial de la Caña de Azúcar) MAG Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions OCDE Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ODS Sustainable Development Goals OIE World Organization for Animal Health OMC World Trade Organization PAI Institutional Supply Program (Programa de Abastecimiento Institucional) PEDRT State Policy for Territorial Rural Development (Política de Estado para el Desarrollo Rural Territorial) PEN National Strategic Plan (Plan Estratégico Nacional) PNDIP National Development and Public Investment Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo e Inversiones Públicas) SEPSA Executive Secretariat for Agricultural Sector Planning (Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria) TICs Information and Communication Technologies TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESENTATION 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 3 3. NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK 4 4. STATE OF THE SITUATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 8 5. TARGET POPULATION 11 6. MAIN CHALLENGES OF THE SECTOR 11 6.1 INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS AND PRODUCTIVITY 11 6.2 MODERNIZATION OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE SECTOR 12 6.3 SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 12 6.4 INFLUENCE THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN RURAL AREAS 13 6.5 STIMULUS TO EFFICIENT MARKETING 13 6.6 ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES 14 6.7 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES 14 7. APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES 15 7.1 APPROACHES 15 7.2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 16 8. VISION MISSION AND OBJECTIVES 17 8.1 VISION 17 8.2 MISSION 17 8.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVE 17 8.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 17 9. AXES, STRATEGIC LINES AND ACTIONS 18 9.1 AXIS 1: MODERNIZATION OF AGRO SECTOR INSTITUTIONS 19 9.2 AXIS 2: PROMOTION OF COMPETITIVENESS 22 9.3 AXIS 3: PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY 25 9.4 AXIS 4: ADDED VALUE AND MARKETING 28 10. MANAGEMENT MODEL 30 11. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 31 12. SOURCES CONSULTED 32 PRESENTATION The Costa Rican agricultural sector is going through a critical situation, which is why it requires an inter-institutional effort that, under the stewardship of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock; allows for the rescue of the national productive sector.
The current state of the situation, from a sectoral perspective, is complex, the number of institutions involved with duplication of functions and excess administrative structures, defund their substantive areas, as well as, the deconcentration of these, foster an overlap of competencies that in turn cause deficiencies.
The search for competitiveness in crops that do not necessarily have a priori a comparative advantage, involves efficient research, a favorable business environment and decision-making based on science and technique; in our case, we must work on generating mechanisms for capturing information, so that these allow for assertive decision-making that motivates the competitiveness of the sector in the country's internal and external markets.
For many years, the Ministry and the institutions of the Sector have reduced their presence in the field, therefore technical assistance, research and knowledge transfer have been reduced, causing significant impacts on those who benefited from those services, the producers.
Today, we are initiating a radical change and allocating more human resources to enhance the areas of greatest impact for producers. Accompanied by the aforementioned actions, we must promote those crops that we can also process in the country, export or sell locally already transformed; seeking the benefit of rural areas, through linkages and adding value to generate wealth.
With this Policy, we hope to materialize a series of concrete actions, already identified, oriented to the reactivation of an economic sector, which more than important is indispensable for rural development, making use of technological tools and generating more jobs, skilled and unskilled, with this, we wish to recover the economic attractiveness of investing in the national Agricultural Sector.
Víctor Julio Carvajal Porras Minister 1. INTRODUCTION The challenges facing the agricultural sector of our country are not minor, and merit coordinated state action to address them, this is why the Policy aims to direct the actions of the Costa Rican public sector institutions that are part of the Agricultural Sector; in such a way, that by acting jointly a series of common objectives and goals are achieved, that give impetus to the sector and improve the generation of public value.
This document starts from an analysis of the situation of both the productive and institutional sector, where the main challenges and tasks faced are identified, which will be addressed through strategic axes, with their respective lines and specific actions over the next 10 years.
The preparation of the Sectoral Plan to operationalize the policy, will be led from the stewardship with the support of the Executive Secretariat for Sectoral Planning (SEPSA), in which the interventions, responsible parties, timelines, monitoring indicators and budgets will be defined, for each of the axes.
With this policy, the aim is for the institutions that are part of the Agricultural Sector to respond to the current needs of the productive sector, with the firm purpose that they better fulfill their mission and have a greater impact on well-being and development.
Whenever they result in a more productive, competitive and sustainable sector, that every day generates more and better returns, both economic and social.
2. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK The construction of the Policy included the participation of the institutions of the Agricultural Sector, academia and the productive sector, this process was led by the Executive Secretariat for Agricultural Sector Planning (Sepsa), which also had the support of technical cooperation from the Inter-American Development Bank (BID), through a participatory process that generated the "Strategic Design of the Public Policy for the Agricultural, Fisheries and Rural Sector", a document used as input for the preparation of the Public Policy for the Costa Rican Agricultural Sector 2023-2032.
In the first instance, the identification and analysis of the problems and challenges presented by the Sector was carried out, in order to have the necessary elements to take into account in the policy formulation process. With this characterization, the actors linked to the Sector were identified, as well as the different public interventions. Parallel to this, interviews were conducted with key actors, both institutional and from the private sector, who provided important inputs for the design of the public policy.
With these inputs, a first synthesis document was prepared and submitted for consultation, with the identified actors through an electronic questionnaire, this in order to receive the respective feedback and reinforce the policy construction process.
Since the policy is the reference and guiding framework for the coordination and planning of the actions of the Agricultural Sector, and considering the results obtained from the aforementioned processes, the construction of the strategic vision and mission for the Sector, the definition of principles, axes and proposed lines of action proceeded, which were subsequently validated by focus working groups.
This first stage concluded with the presentation before the National Sectoral Agricultural Council (CAN) in April 2022, whose proposal was received and contributed as the main input for the definition of a new sectoral policy.
After a series of work sessions with the sectoral authorities and the Rector Minister, the vision, priorities, strategic orientations, axes, lines and actions were redefined, resulting in the base document of the Public Policy for the Costa Rican Agricultural Sector 2023-2032.
Said document was submitted for consultation for feedback from the different actors, and thereby take into account the economic dynamics, the rapid, growing and disruptive technological transformation, the demographic and socio-territorial changes, the new trends in the tastes and preferences of consumers, the challenges and foreseeable consequences of climate change and the transformation of public institutions, all in favor of the competitiveness of the Agricultural Sector.
3. NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock as the Rector body of the Agricultural Sector as established in Law 7064, "Law for the Promotion of Agricultural Production FODEA and Organic Law of the MAG", is responsible for defining and conducting public policy for the agricultural sector.
At the international level, in the last three decades Costa Rica has acquired multilateral commitments, as well as trade agreements that the country must honor. Among the most relevant commitments, the incorporation into the following international organizations can be cited: the World Trade Organization (OMC), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCDE), the International Plant Protection Convention (CIPF), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), as well as the signing of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, and the Sustainable Development Goals (ODS).
In this sense, this Policy has a close relationship with the Sustainable Development Goals, contributing with it to their fulfillment, as a contribution of the Agricultural Sector.
Another commitment that the country has is related to the Montevideo Consensus on Population and Development (CdM), particularly in the Public Policy for the Costa Rican Agricultural Sector 2023-2032 in its Productivity and Sustainability axis, actions are linked to measure A of said consensus, which refers to the full integration of the population and its dynamics into sustainable development with equality and respect for human rights, specifically in the following agreements: 5) Seek sustainable development as a means of ensuring human well-being equitably shared by all peoples today and in the future, ensuring that the interrelationships between population, resources, the environment and development are fully recognized, properly managed and established in a harmonious and dynamic balance with the health of biodiversity and ecosystems; and 6) Guarantee a pattern of sustainable production and consumption and avoid the worsening of undesirable climate changes caused by anthropic activities.
Likewise, there are a series of commitments at the Central American region level within the framework of the bodies of the Central American Integration System, such as the Central American Strategy for Territorial Rural Development 2010-2030 (Ecadert), the Agricultural Policy of the SICA Region 2019-2030, the Climate-Smart Sustainable Agriculture Strategy for the SICA region 2018-2030 (EASAC), instruments that have as a common goal, the development of rural communities, sustainable agriculture and a competitive and integrating Sector of public and private actors.
Regarding national regulations, the Agricultural Sector was created through Title II of Law N°7064, Law for the Promotion of Agricultural Production and Organic Law of the MAG, of April 29, 1987, known as the Fodea Law, its reforms and other related laws.
Said regulation establishes the sectoral coordination mechanisms, established by Law N°7064 such as: the National Sectoral Agricultural Council (CAN), led by the Minister of Agriculture and Livestock as rector and composed of the heads of the eleven institutions of the Sector.
Likewise, there is the Technical Sectoral Agricultural Committee (Cotecsa), a technical body formed by the Planning Directors of the institutions of the sector, which in coordination with Sepsa translate the directives issued by the CAN.
Also, mention should be made of the Corporations, specialized entities and non-state public entities, which oversee the development of productive activities.
FIGURE 1 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL SECTORAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS Source: Sepsa, own elaboration, 2022.
It is appropriate to consider Decree 43580-MP-PLAN "Organic Regulation of the Executive Branch" of June 2022, in which the Chaves Robles Administration defined the sectoral structure with the following institutional composition:
1. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) and its deconcentrated bodies namely: National Council of 4-S Clubs (CONAC), National Institute for Innovation and Transfer in Agricultural Technology (INTA), State Phytosanitary Service (SFE), National Animal Health Service (SENASA) 2. National Production Council (CNP) 3. Costa Rican Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture (INCOPESCA) 4. National Institute of Rural Development (INDER) 5. Integral Agricultural Marketing Program (PIMA) 6. National Service for Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage (SENARA) 7. National Seed Office (ONS) 8. National Rice Corporation (CONARROZ) 9. National Banana Corporation (CORBANA) 10. Livestock Promotion Corporation (CORFOGA) 11. National Horticultural Corporation 12. Coffee Institute of Costa Rica (ICAFE) 13. Agricultural Industrial League of Sugar Cane (LAICA) 14. National Forestry Office, it being understood that its participation will be associated with forestry production 15. National Coffee Stabilization Fund (FONECAFE) 16. National Coffee Sustainability Fund (FONASCAFE) In addition, there are other policy instruments previously prepared and with which the Policy must be aligned.
State Policy for Territorial Rural Development (PEDRT) 2015-2030, whose general objective is: To promote the inclusive development of rural territories, recognizing and respecting their own characteristics and the cultural identity of their population, through a public-private articulation system, which reduces economic, social, cultural, environmental and political-institutional inequalities and inequities, through the development of capacities and opportunities for their inhabitants.
National Seed Policy 2017-2030, with the objective of: Promoting the development of the Costa Rican seed sector with an approach that articulates the interests and resources of its members, to improve the productive efficiency of the Agricultural Sector, in response to the challenges posed by food and nutritional security, the preservation of biodiversity, climate change, the globalization of markets and the guarantee of seed quality.
Gender equality policy for inclusive development in the Costa Rican agricultural, fisheries and rural sector 2020-2030 and its action plan, whose objective is: To significantly reduce gender inequalities in the development of productive activities, through effective and equal attention in the provision of institutional services of the sector, in its territorial and regional environment.
Likewise, it must be aligned with the long-term strategic framework for the country and indicated in the following instruments:
· National Strategic Plan-PEN 2050.
· National Decarbonization Plan 2018-2050.
· Territorial Economic Strategy for an Inclusive and Decarbonized Economy 2020-2050.
· National Development and Public Investment Plan-PNDIP 2023-2026.
This national and international normative framework establishes the scope of the Policy measures that can be implemented to boost the Sector, in accordance with national regulations and without breaching international commitments.
4. STATE OF THE SITUATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR The Agricultural Sector is of great economic and social relevance; this is reflected in its participation in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exports (source of foreign currency), as well as in its contribution to employment, the improvement of the socioeconomic conditions of the rural population, food production, among others.
This is characterized by the coexistence of micro, small, medium - where an important number of productive units fall within what has been called Family Farming (AF)- as well as large producers, oriented towards international markets.
This Sector presents important asymmetries between agro-export producers and producers for the local market. This added to agricultural inputs that do not respond to new technologies and with a significant market concentration.
According to data from the Central Bank of Costa Rica, the participation of expanded agriculture in GDP was 9.6% in the year 2021, of this percentage 4.5% corresponds to the primary sector and 5.1% to agroindustry. With respect to agricultural added value, 69% corresponds to agricultural activities, 21% to livestock activity and the remaining 10% is composed of support activities (6%), forestry and timber extraction (3%) and, fisheries and aquaculture (1%).
Regarding international trade, the agricultural sector has a surplus; with data from the year 2021, exports of USD 5,610.9 million and imports of USD 3,156.9 million were recorded, which means a trade balance of USD 2,454 million. 39.1% of the total exported is linked to the agricultural sector, and includes agricultural products (21.3%), from the food industry (14.0%), livestock and fisheries (2.7%) and other agricultural coverage items (1.1%).
The agricultural sector ranks second at the sectoral level as a generator of employment with some 238,227 employed persons, representing 11.7% of the total employed population. Of this group of people, 87.7% corresponds to the male population and 12.3% to the female population.
However, the Monthly Index of Economic Activity of the agricultural sector (IMAGRO) shows negative interannual variations in the year 2020 and a deceleration starting from the month of April 2021, reaching negative values from the month of February 2022, a situation with similar trend in exportable products, support services, livestock and agricultural products.
FIGURE 2 INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF THE GENERAL IMAGRO AND BY TYPE OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY. PERIOD: AUGUST 2020 - AUGUST 2022 Source: Preparation by SEPSA with data from BCCR, IMAGRO, 2022.
The foregoing shows the urgency of reactivating the primary sector, as it is undeniable that its development impacts the socioeconomic development of the country, especially the Costa Rican periphery.
On the other hand, the average age of the population employed in the Sector has increased in recent years; to this is added that part of the young population, especially those with a higher academic level, moves to urban areas in search of job opportunities in other sectors.
It is timely to refer to the role of migrant foreign persons in supplying the labor needs in the Agricultural Sector, especially during harvest periods of some crops of national importance.
Regarding poverty, rural areas face higher rates. For example, in 2021 the Poverty Index rose to 26.3% in rural areas, while in urban areas it was 21.8%, and extreme poverty was estimated at 5.5% for urban areas and 8.3% for rural areas.
Income inequality of the total population, measured by the Gini Coefficient in the last decade, presents values that range between 0.524 and 0.515. On the other hand, in the Agricultural Sector people with independent activity have higher coefficient values (fluctuates between 0.575 and 0.618 for the years 2015 to 2019) than for salaried persons (between 0.414 to 0.447)1.
1 The result of this coefficient should be interpreted as a value between 0 and 1, where 0 signifies perfect equality (this is when everyone has the same income) and 1 perfect inequality (where one person concentrates all the income and the others none). Sepsa, 2019. The Gini Coefficient in the Agricultural Sector 2010-2019 On the issue of inclusion, women producers face fewer opportunities than men in terms of formal employment, access to assets, technical assistance, financing, among other conditions. Likewise, they have limited access to land for production, which further reduces their possibilities of escaping poverty2.
2 Política de Igualdad de Género para el Desarrollo Inclusivo en el Sector Agropecuario, Pesquero y Rural Costarricense 2020-2030 and I Plan de acción.
On the other hand, Costa Rica has a marine territory that represents 11 times its land surface; however, the economic weight of the fishing and aquaculture subsector is minimal (less than 0.1% of GDP). Activities related to fishing are important for coastal communities; however, it has not been possible to make this use their engine of development and to achieve alternative sources of income through linkages.
5. TARGET POPULATION The Política Pública para el Sector Agropecuario Costarricense 2023-2032 defines the target population as individual or legal entity producers who carry out agricultural, livestock, fishing, aquaculture, and/or agro-industrial activities in Costa Rican territory.
6. MAIN CHALLENGES OF THE SECTOR After the economic crisis of the 1980s, the country generated changes in its development model, which has been characterized by expanding the incorporation of the Costa Rican economy into the international market, through the promotion and diversification of exports, as well as the attraction of foreign direct investment.
However, despite the benefits of this trade openness model, the economic system generated a productive duality: on one hand, a dynamic productive sector linked to global value chains, and on the other, a productive structure dedicated to the domestic market with little linkage and dispersion of the institutions tasked with its promotion; likewise, support programs have been reduced as a result of the contraction of spending to control the fiscal deficit.
By virtue of the above, the Agricultural Sector requires a Public Policy that considers the challenges the Sector faces, as well as the new demands posed by the environment; to generate solutions with existing resources, so that the objectives of this Policy are achieved.
6.1 INCREASE IN COMPETITIVENESS AND PRODUCTIVITY From an economic standpoint, the main agricultural activities, both those oriented to the external and domestic markets, face significant challenges related to improving their productivity and competitiveness in the face of increasingly demanding markets, and adjusting their production techniques to new production and processing technologies.
It is necessary to identify and take advantage of market niches at the national and international levels to improve the positioning of traditional products and include new products in emerging markets, in turn generating synergies that allow extending benefits to rural areas.
The diversification of supply and the increase in its productivity and competitiveness also has a social purpose: guaranteeing the existence of goods and services in the markets and thereby contributing to adequate food and nutrition for the population.
The public sector plays an important role in increasing productivity, through research into new technological offerings, resilient varieties, precision agriculture, and transfer of extension services that allow the producer, by means of an increase in their productivity, to be competitive.
Other key aspects for generating an increase in productivity refer to: the availability of information for decision-making, infrastructure, data management, and access to financing, among others.
6.2 EFFICIENT INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE TO THE NEEDS OF PRODUCERS The institutions of the Agricultural Sector have not been able to respond with the necessary speed to the changes in agricultural activity resulting from technological advances, nor have they been able to react in a timely manner to assist the producer in the face of trade openings approved years ago; this has affected producers mainly due to:
I. Reduced public investment, incapable of generating sufficient impact for the development of the Sector
II. Deficient training of officials, which prevents them from effectively addressing the service to producers
III. Ineffective generational turnover in the staff of public institutions
IV.Lack of harmony or effective coordination among the sector's institutions, which duplicate processes and allocate resources without clear objective-based planning.
6.3 SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE The market has evolved, because it now not only requires quality products but additionally demands sustainable production, free of deforestation, organic products, products with a low chemical load; in addition to this, modifications must be made in production systems to incorporate climate change mitigation and adaptation actions.
Transactions in international markets will prioritize those goods produced under sustainable management systems, above tariff barriers, which is why the institutions of the Agricultural Sector must be prepared for these advances and not leave any producer behind.
6.4 INFLUENCING THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN RURAL AREAS The Agricultural Sector is, in many cases, the engine of rural economies, since its boom or decline has immediate repercussions in this environment. As previously mentioned, 26.3% of the rural population lives in poverty conditions, which is why the Sector must become an effective channel to reduce said condition, driving an active process of social inclusion that involves the entire rural population so that they improve their conditions and opportunities.
6.5 STIMULUS TO EFFICIENT MARKETING The Agricultural Sector faces the challenge of stimulating a more direct and efficient relationship between the productive sector and consumers; this closeness would allow obtaining better prices for producers and consumers, fostering quality, value addition, and product differentiation. The foregoing includes the development of new ways to commercialize products, such as auctions, proximity markets, electronic commerce, among others.
6.6 AGRICULTURAL TECHNIFICATION With the advancement of technological changes, the Agricultural Sector at the international level has been incorporating technology into production systems, increasing productivity and reducing production costs.
The interaction between information technology3 and biology (in particular genetic improvement tools, biotechnologies) opens important opportunities for producers to actively incorporate themselves into the use and application of these new technologies.
3 Includes, among others, microelectronics, data management, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, etc.
6.7 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES The country is experiencing a process of demographic change, manifested in the progressive decrease of the rural population; while the total population in recent decades grows at a cumulative annual rate of 1.4%, the rural population decreases at a rate of 1.3%. In the Agricultural Sector, a progressive increase in the average age of the employed population is observed, largely related to the existence of a significant migratory flow of young people from rural areas, who are not finding attractive opportunities in the Sector. This inability of the Sector to retain the young population is decisive for the development of the Sector, since they are precisely the ones with the most education and potential skills to incorporate new technologies, and become agents of change to modernize and diversify rural production.
7. APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES This section develops the main approaches and principles present in the Política del Sector Agropecuario Costarricense 2023-2032.
7.1 APPROACHES · Sustainable Development: The original definition of the World Commission on Environment and Development4 which states: "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This concept considers that this type of development comprises three dimensions: economic, environmental, and social.
4 1987 Brundtland Report.
· Human Rights: Conceptual framework that guides the promotion of human development processes and is based on international standards.
· Inclusive Law: This approach places special emphasis on a vision of development that does not exclude; quite the opposite, it integrates and brings together all social actors. This approach applies a strategy that places social development, the reduction of inequality gaps, and the contribution to the reduction of structural vulnerabilities at the center.
· Management for Development Results: Guidance for collective and coherent action, through which public development managers promote the generation of greater public value, aimed at guaranteeing the effectiveness of public goods and services, which translate into population satisfaction. This approach establishes responsibilities for the achievement of results; promotes more effective, timely, and truthful accountability; and allows verification by public opinion and the citizenry.
7.2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES These guiding principles are:
· Multidimensional Sustainability: The Agricultural Sector will direct its efforts toward the efficient use and utilization of resources, seek to satisfy the needs of producers without compromising the options of future generations, and ensure better positioning in the markets.
· Comprehensiveness: The development of the Agricultural Sector will require processes of articulation and complementarity of the public interventions to be developed, taking into account the different sectors of the economy at the national, regional, territorial, and local levels.
· Solidarity: Based on mutual aid among the different actors that make up the Agricultural Sector, enabling a dignified life for all people.
· Inclusion: To incorporate individuals and social groups, without distinction of any kind, into the resources and services provided by the Agricultural Sector.
· Social Responsibility: To act for the benefit of current and future society through a timely and effective offering of public goods and services.
· Transparency and Accountability: Monitoring and evaluation of implemented actions, in the fulfillment of public interventions established in a climate of dialogue and articulation between public institutions and the private sector.
8. MISSION, VISION, AND OBJECTIVES 8.1 VISION By 2032, to be a competitive, productive, linked, technified, inclusive, and sustainable Sector that fulfills a dynamic role in the economy, generating opportunities and economic, social, and environmental benefits.
8.2 MISSION To increase the competitiveness of the Sector, through actions oriented toward productivity, sustainability (economic, social, and environmental), and resilience and adaptation to climate change, fostering greater insertion of national production in the markets and the generation of decent jobs, thus contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of the population.
8.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVE To enhance economic, social, and environmental sustainability through the implementation of tools and mechanisms that contribute to the development and well-being of the population linked to the Costa Rican Agricultural Sector.
8.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES · To support the agricultural productive sector through the modernization of public institutions, for the timely attention to the needs of producers.
· To generate the ideal conditions for the improvement of the competitiveness of Agricultural Sector producers.
· To contribute to the increase in productivity and sustainability of agricultural production, through efficient mechanisms that allow producers to face market challenges.
· To enhance economic development through value addition, technologies, and competitive advantages of agricultural and fishing production for the well-being of the rural population.
9. AXES, STRATEGIC LINES, AND ACTIONS The Política del Sector Agropecuario is made up of strategic axes that respond to the identified challenges; likewise, each axis is composed of lines and actions. The following table shows the challenges and the axes that respond to them.
TABLE 1 LINKAGE OF THE POLÍTICA PARA EL SECTOR AGROPECUARIO COSTARRICENSE 2023-2032 WITH THE SDGs AND SECTOR CHALLENGES | AXIS | Contributes to SDGs | CHALLENGES | | --- | --- | --- | | 1. MODERNIZATION OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR | SDG1 SDG2 | Efficient institutional response to the needs of the producer. | | 2. PROMOTION OF COMPETITIVENESS | SDG2 SDG6 | Increase in competitiveness and productivity. | | 3. PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY | SDG1 | Increase in competitiveness and | | productivity. | | | | | SDG2 SDG6 SDG8 | Sustainable production and climate change adaptation. | | SDG12 | Agricultural technification. | | | Demographic changes. | | | | 4. VALUE ADDITION AND | SDG1 | Stimulus to efficient marketing. | | | SDG2 | | | | MARKETING | SDG5 | Influencing the improvement of the quality of | | | SDG8 | life in rural areas. | | Source: Sepsa, own elaboration, 2022.
9.1 AXIS 1. MODERNIZATION OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR The Agricultural Sector is composed of a broad and complex public institutional structure, where, according to their competencies, actions are developed to serve producers, from primary production to marketing. In turn, it has a series of mechanisms that enable planning and coordination processes among its institutions. Despite the existence of these bodies, in recent years the coordination of institutional action has been weak and insufficient.
The exercise of a clear Stewardship in fulfilling the Agricultural Sector's objectives guides the capacities of the involved institutions, promoting coordination and the concertation of institutional action, which results in a greater impact on public management and producer satisfaction.
The Agricultural Sector requires effective, efficient, modern, technified institutions, strengthening governance and improving decision-making processes, to accompany, guide, and drive the economic and social development of the Sector.
Objective: To support the agricultural productive sector through the modernization of public institutions, for the timely attention to the needs of producers.
9.1.1 Strategic Line: Modernization and strengthening of the institutional framework of the Agricultural Sector The regulatory framework of the Agricultural Sector is based on Law No. 7064, called Ley de Fomento a la Producción Agropecuaria (FODEA) and Organic Law of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and its reforms. Said regulations currently present limitations for coordination, alignment, and effective and efficient direction to the institutions that comprise it, which is why an adjustment is required that fosters the construction of a favorable environment for the implementation of the strategies and actions that must be promoted, as well as the strengthening of organization, management, and decision-making.
Proposed actions:
· Reform of the regulatory framework to improve the Sector's governance and respond to socioeconomic and environmental development lines.
· Update of the functions and institutional structures of the Sector, to respond to environmental conditions.
· Reinforcement of inter-institutional coordination, to increase the level of efficiency and effectiveness in the public management of the institutions, as well as to ensure the proper use of public resources.
· Update of regulations that influence the competitive improvement of the Sector.
· Follow-up on production promotion projects to guarantee their impact on management and execution.
· Evaluation of the quality of the services provided by institutions with public interventions.
· Implementation of technological tools aimed at simplifying procedures and regulatory improvement.
· Reallocation of budgets to enhance the areas of greatest impact for producers.
9.1.2 Strategic Line: Strengthening of the human resources of the public institutions of the Agricultural Sector This line is aimed at improving the competencies and job skills, both technical and soft, of the staff of the Sector's institutions, in order to respond both to the institutional, competency, and functional model that is defined, as well as to the needs of the productive sector. In this sense, it is necessary to strengthen capacities in foresight, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of the different public interventions of the Sector.
Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce institutional capacities to: advance toward comprehensive and coordinated approaches and actions, which guide, with strategic criteria, the efforts in the Sector and its capacity to link the private sector and other actors in its development.
Proposed actions:
· Identification of the needs for technical and soft skills of the officials of the institutions of the Agricultural Sector that require strengthening or generation.
· Reinforcement of technical and soft skills, and specialization of the officials of the Agricultural Sector institutions, in response to the needs of the productive sector, according to the previous diagnosis.
9.1.3 Strategic Line: Intersectoral coordination In the current environment, strengthening coordination between the Agricultural Sector and the other sectors of the institutional framework and society increases the possibilities of successfully managing public policies directed toward producers. The foregoing, since institutions external to the Agricultural Sector also have competencies, capacities, and resources to support public interventions.
Proposed actions:
· Linkage and implementation of commitments and actions defined for the Agricultural Sector in different intersectoral interventions (policies, plans, programs, etc.).
· Coordination of the public, private, and academic sectors to generate products and services in line with the needs of the Agricultural Sector.
· Simplification of procedures in the services offered by public institutions that contribute to cost reduction for producers.
· Promotion of the formalization of producers, considering the realities and particularities of the Agricultural Sector.
· Inter-institutional coordination to address market distortions created by unfair or anti-competitive practices in national and international trade.
9.2 AXIS 2. PROMOTION OF COMPETITIVENESS This line of intervention is oriented toward promoting improvements in the availability of information for all productive agents and decision-makers. The foregoing, coupled with the provision of efficient and effective institutional services that directly influence competitiveness, as well as access to financing and insurance adapted to the conditions of the Sector.
Objective: To generate the conditions for improving the competitiveness of Agricultural Sector producers.
9.2.1 Strategic Line: Generation of information for decision-making that fosters competitiveness With the purpose of complying with the modernization of the Agricultural Sector, this strategic line becomes an indispensable means for the producer to make decisions with technical support that allows improving competitiveness.
The Sector's institutions must generate useful, reliable, understandable, and easily accessible information so that producers make the best decision with a clear scenario of what may happen.
Proposed actions:
· Standardization of protocols for capturing information relevant to the Agricultural Sector.
· Generation of information of interest to producers regarding economic, climatic, and national and international market variables.
· Creation of capacities in producers for a better understanding of the relevant information from the Agricultural Sector.
9.2.2 Strategic Line: Equipment and infrastructure for production This strategic line is proposed considering the importance of modern equipment adjusted to the productive reality and infrastructure in optimal conditions, which facilitates economic development primarily in the rural areas with the greatest need.
Proposed actions:
· Update of methodologies for formulating equipment projects, so that they adapt to regional reality and have an economic impact, improve resilience and climate change adaptation, with an impact on production and rural development.
· Optimization in the use of available infrastructure for producers.
· Strengthening of the Cold Chain Network service as a component of the marketing chain.
· Support for producers in the modernization and optimization of productive processes.
9.2.3 Strategic Line: Effective and efficient services associated with plant health and animal health To support producers in accessing international markets, while protecting them from the entry of pests not present in the country, as well as providing the population with access to safe, innocuous, and quality products, through competent institutions and current regulations in the field of plant and animal production with international standards, without hindering trade and the transit of people in a country integrated with the world.
Proposed actions:
· Update of phyto-sanitary, zoo-sanitary, and food safety standards based on risk models.
· Protection of the country's phyto-sanitary and zoo-sanitary heritage against the eventual impact of pests and diseases that threaten food security and the economic activity of national production.
9.2.4 Strategic Line: Access to financing and insurance in the Agricultural Sector This strategic line seeks to generate financing and insurance opportunities that allow producers greater access to resources with conditions adjusted to the needs of agricultural production, in addition to risk management tools that efficiently respond to possible events that may affect them. The proposed action, in this area, seeks to expand financial and insurance markets, with transparent financing and accompaniment for good management.
Proposed actions:
· Design and promotion of financial and insurance products, with conditions and guarantees adjusted to the needs of the Agricultural Sector that include the sustainable production component, in coordination with the financial and insurance sector.
· Strengthening of training and advisory services for financial inclusion and financing management in the agricultural productive sector.
9.3 AXIS 3. PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Innovation, research, and agricultural extension promoted so far require transformation with the new tools of the technological revolution, efficiency in land and water use, and the addition of environmental and nutritional attributes.
Likewise, the relationship between agriculture and the environment, including climate change, has gained relevance on the agendas of productive activities and, in particular, of the Agricultural Sector. Actions aimed at promoting sustainable production models (organic production, NAMAs, Bandera Azul Ecológica Agropecuaria, among others) and good agricultural, livestock, and fishing practices need to be strengthened, through the design and application of management methods, in internal coordination and with other sectors.
Objective: To contribute to the increase in productivity and sustainability of agricultural production, through efficient mechanisms that allow facing market challenges.
9.3.1 Strategic Line: Efficiency in the use of natural resources for production This line of intervention seeks to guide actions for the responsible use of natural resources in agricultural production, so that economic benefits can be obtained while ensuring their sustainable use.
Proposed actions:
· Implementation of a technical assistance model that maximizes benefits for the diverse production systems regarding the use of natural resources.
· Promotion for the adoption of good agricultural practices that favor the protection of human health, the environment, soil regeneration, water sources, and forest resources.
· Promotion of the use of technologies in primary and agro-industrial production to optimize the responsible use of natural resources.
· Strengthening of irrigation and drainage infrastructure programs for the promotion of efficient water resource use.
· Promotion of economic recognition for those producers who implement effective actions that contribute to decarbonization goals, through traceability mechanisms and consumer information.
9.3.2 Strategic Line: Availability and use of seeds and genetic material To increase the productivity of producers through the development of seed varieties resistant to different pests that afflict production, through innovation in the country or importation of genetic material according to the needs of the sector.
Proposed actions:
· Coordination among the different actors, in order to promote research, development, production, sustainable use, and assurance of seeds and genetic materials (agricultural and livestock) appropriate for the characteristics of the production systems.
· Increased productivity through the promotion of the use of high-quality seed, coming from innovation in the country or importation.
9.3.3 Strategic Line: Sustainable production and risk management The purpose of this axis is to drive the transformation of the Sector's systems toward more sustainable and resilient production, based on the adoption of technologies with potential productive and environmental benefits, which reduce greenhouse gas emissions, are less vulnerable to climate change, increase producer profitability, and promote the sustainable use of natural resources.
Proposed actions:
· Strengthening of programs and initiatives aimed at promoting productive, resilient, profitable, and environmentally sustainable agroecosystems.
· Scaling of the NAMA model in different productive activities that improve their competitiveness, profitability, and promote the reduction of climate vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector, through the utilization and improvement of ecosystem services.
· Promotion and recognition of the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices.
· Implementation of the National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) in the Agricultural Sector to reduce vulnerability.
· Simplification of the authorization procedures for new molecules and product registration for use in agricultural inputs to allow for prompt reaction to the materialization of risks.
· Promotion of bio-input production for the establishment of environmentally friendly production systems.
9.3.4 Strategic Line: Utilization of technological development in the Sector This line aims to direct efforts so that the Agricultural Sector takes advantage of technological and innovation opportunities for the benefit of its competitiveness and profitability, which at the same time encourages the permanence of the young population in agricultural activities and contributes to the generational replacement process.
Proposed actions:
· Use of instruments and tools in technical assistance and phyto- and zoo-sanitary surveillance tasks. For example: drones, smartphones, satellite information, computer systems, among others.
· Formation of technological capacities for the use of new equipment and technological tools for competitive improvement.
· Promotion of the use of technologies in the productive activities of producers in the face of digitalization.
9.3.5 Strategic Line: Agricultural research and technology transfer In the field of science, technology and innovation (CTI), long-term planning and coordination at the political level are necessary to promote the generation of appropriate technologies that respond to the demand of the sector and to advance in aspects related to biotechnology and develop methodologies that allow their use by all producers and agro-industrial companies.
The research system must be prepared to absorb the new knowledge available in the international environment (ICTs; smart greenhouses; precision agriculture; robotization, etc.) and generate the use of that knowledge to conceive technologies adapted to the environment of the Agricultural Sector and promote their adoption through effective and efficient extension mechanisms.
All of this requires promoting changes in the way research priorities are established; for this, emphasis must be placed on topics related to the agricultural and fisheries business, such as the creation of added value, value chains, nutritional quality, energy production, and the use of biomass, among others.
Proposed actions:
· Development of an inter-institutional and intersectoral research and innovation strategy that promotes increased competitiveness and sustainability for the development of the agricultural productive sector.
· Use of experimental stations for knowledge transfer and technical updating for agricultural extension workers (personas extensionistas agropecuarias) and facilitators.
9.4 AXIS 4. ADDED VALUE AND MARKETING Enhancing the economic development of rural areas through the generation of added value for local products, as well as making the formation of market prices transparent and identifying products with high export potential, are factors that allow better participation of producers in marketing channels.
Objective: To enhance economic development through the addition of value, technologies, and competitive advantages of agricultural and fisheries production.
9.4.1 Strategic Line: Promotion of adding value to primary production The purpose of this line is to increase the added value in agricultural production, allowing for greater integration of producers into marketing chains, generating commercial opportunities at the national and international level. Furthermore, to promote the diversification of the supply of agricultural and fisheries products that promote the socio-economic development of rural territories.
Proposed actions:
· Promotion of adding value for both the domestic market and for an exportable and differentiated supply of agricultural and fisheries products, to generate opportunities for access to new markets.
· Identification of specialized market niches that integrate producers in the generation of new products with high added value.
· Development of sustainable agro-industrial parks aimed at producers for their incorporation into global value chains.
9.4.2 Strategic Line: Productive linkages (Encadenamientos productivos) With the development and utilization of productive linkages (encadenamientos productivos), the aim is to improve commercial and logistical aspects that contribute to the quality of products.
Proposed actions:
· Development of a regional productive linkage strategy for taking advantage of market opportunities and supplying the agro-industry.
· Promotion of associative mechanisms that allow for linkages that meet needs in the domestic and external market.
· Modernization of the Institutional Supply Program (Programa Abastecimiento Institucional, PAI) to improve access for the productive sector.
9.4.3 Strategic Line: Development and use of physical and virtual markets for marketing Technological modernization in the marketing chain allows for greater access and promotion of agricultural and fisheries products in different markets, therefore, the aim is to improve and create new marketing channels, through the implementation of virtual tools that manage to connect supply with demand more efficiently and effectively.
Proposed actions:
· Support in the capacity development of producers and fishers in innovative techniques and tools that facilitate marketing.
· Promotion of the development and implementation of efficient virtual platforms that allow or facilitate the marketing of agricultural and fisheries production, as well as price formation.
· Promotion of short marketing circuits in the different territories of the country, thus contributing to the processes of economic decentralization and stimulating the development of said territories.
· Modernization of wholesale markets to make marketing processes more efficient, by promoting competition and transparency in price formation.
9.4.4 Strategic Line: Food and nutritional security Strengthen the Costa Rican food system to offer consumers a wide variety of nutritious, quality, and accessible foods to meet their needs.
Proposed actions:
· Strengthening of actions that favor the availability and access of the population to quality, safe, and varied foods for a balanced diet.
· Design and implementation of actions for the use of waste at the different stages of the production chain, marketing, and consumption of agricultural and fisheries products.
9. MANAGEMENT MODEL The management model for implementing this Policy proposes effective coordination among the institutions that make up the Agricultural Sector, as well as linkage and coordination with public institutions from other sectors and cooperation organizations, all for the benefit of the productive sector.
Figure 3 Management model of the Public Policy for the Costa Rican Agricultural Sector 2023-2032 Source: Sepsa, own elaboration, 2022.
This coordination is developed from the political level at the national sphere, through the National Agricultural Sectoral Council (Consejo Nacional Sectorial Agropecuario, CAN), an entity coordinated by the Minister of Agriculture and Livestock in his capacity as Rector of the Agricultural Sector and composed of the 11 institutions that make it up.
At the technical level, with the Agricultural Sectoral Technical Committee (Comité Técnico Sectorial Agropecuario, Cotecsa), composed of the planning directors of the Sector institutions, they will be responsible for incorporating internally within their institutions the respective axes, strategic lines, and actions of the Policy into the medium-term plans, as well as into the annual operational plans. In such a way that their monitoring and subsequent evaluation is facilitated.
At the regional and local level, coordination is carried out through regional bodies to establish mechanisms between the linked public sectors and the productive sector, with the purpose of improving the performance and effectiveness of the services provided by public institutions in the regions.
The actions of the Policy will be operationalized in the Agricultural Sectoral Plan 2023-2027, which must be developed by axis, strategic lines, and goals and indicators to be executed by the public institutional framework.
11. MONITORING AND EVALUATION Monitoring will be carried out through the follow-up of the implementation of the Sectoral Plan, which will allow the establishment of improvement actions, as well as accountability, giving transparency to the process. The Executive Secretariat for Agricultural Sectoral Planning (Secretaria de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria) will work on the design and preparation of the monitoring, which consists of reviewing the objectives, goals, actors, and responsible parties; reviewing the indicators; and defining the tools for gathering information and determining the feasibility of the monitoring.
It should be noted that this monitoring and evaluation model requires the annual preparation of reports reflecting the progress, limitations, and adjustments for the progressive fulfillment of the proposed actions for each of the strategic axes of the Policy.
12. SOURCES CONSULTED · MIDEPLAN (2019). "Rectoría y las implicaciones en las relaciones de dirección política y coordinación interinstitucional para lograr la articulación de las políticas sectoriales en Costa Rica: estudios de caso de los sectores Desarrollo Agropecuario y Rural e Infraestructura y Transporte". San José, CR.
· SEPSA. (2019). Guía funcional y operativa de los mecanismos de coordinación sectorial. Obtained from Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria: http://www.sepsa.go.cr/docs/2019-017- Gu%C3%ADa_mecanismos_sectoriales.pdf