27.1. Submission of the initial report Within the fifteen days following the expiration of the deadline for creditors and interested parties to appear in the process to assert their rights, the intervenor (interventor) or insolvency administrator (administrador concursal), as applicable, must render the initial report on general aspects of the insolvency proceeding (concurso), the insolvency assets, and the insolvency liabilities. If, upon expiration of the deadline for the exercise of the rights of creditors and third parties, the person who must render the report has not been notified of their designation, the fifteen-day deadline to comply with this shall begin to run from that notification.
Exceptionally, the indicated deadline may be extended only once for justified reasons, at the court's discretion, provided the request is submitted before its expiration. The extension may not exceed fifteen days, counted from the day following the expiration of the original deadline.
27.2. General aspects of the report The general summary of the report shall contain the following:
- 1)The analysis of the data, information, and documentation supplied by the insolvent debtor (concursado) or their representatives, when requesting the insolvency proceeding (concurso), or when ordered upon its opening.
- 2)A summary of the principal decisions and actions of the insolvency administration up to that point.
- 3)A technical and detailed assessment of the insolvency proposals that have been submitted.
- 4)A reasoned opinion on the financial situation of the insolvency proceeding and, where applicable, of the company and the productive units that comprise it.
- 5)Proposed solutions to the financial crisis deemed suitable, when the debtor has failed to do so in a timely manner. They may consist of potential agreements with creditors, interested third parties, or a liquidation plan, provided they meet the requirements set forth in this law for the debtor's proposals.
- 6)Any other relevant data and circumstances for the processing of the insolvency proceeding.
27.3. Inventory and Valuation of Assets A separate inventory of assets shall be presented, with their market value at the time of preparation.
In the case of insolvent companies, a comprehensive valuation of these shall also be included.
Likewise, if deemed useful or convenient, an individual estimation of the productive units that make up the business or economic activities shall be presented.
When the debtor has previously provided the list of their assets, the insolvency intervener (interventor) or administrator (administrador concursales) may expressly ratify it, note its variations, or rewrite it if they deem it necessary. In any case, they shall indicate the value of the assets at the time of complying with the provisions herein.
If the insolvency intervener (interventor) or the administrator (administrador) state that they lack objective parameters to determine the value of assets, the court may order the appointment of experts or establish the bases for their valuation. However, credit instruments payable on a term or on demand in favor of the debtor and those negotiable on stock exchanges, as well as assets commonly traded in specific markets or auctions, shall not be subject to an expert appraisal and, for the purposes of the insolvency proceeding, the value obtained from their trading on the respective market shall apply.
27.4. Insolvency Liabilities Separately, a report shall be provided on all insolvency liabilities (pasivos concursales) that appear in the accounting records or in documentary form, those that were included in the list supplied by the debtor, if submitted, as well as the credit legalizations (legalizaciones de crédito) filed on time. If the insolvency proceeding has been requested by a creditor, their initial claim shall be considered as a legalization (legalización) if they were obligated to file one.
For each of the insolvency claims (créditos concursales), it shall indicate in a reasoned manner whether it admits or rejects them partially or totally. Regarding those admitted, it shall state in a reasoned manner the respective amounts, maturity dates, existing guarantees of any nature, principal, interest, and other outstanding items, the applicable interest rate, and whether they should be considered privileged, common, subordinated, litigious, or subject to a condition.
--- **Article 28- Assistants** When the complexity of the insolvency proceeding so requires, those exercising the functions of insolvency intervention, administration, or liquidation may request authorization from the court to delegate powers to the assistants (auxiliares) they propose, or from those included in the lists created for this purpose by the Judicial Branch, indicating the criteria for establishing their remuneration.
If assistants (auxiliares) are appointed, the court shall specify their functions and determine the remuneration, which may be charged against the compensation corresponding to the administrator (administrador), intervener (interventor), or liquidator, in proportion to the functions they exercise, or be autonomous, when the court so decides in justified cases considering the complexity of the insolvency proceeding and the functions assigned.
When the insolvency intervener (interventor), administrator (administrador), or liquidator is not a lawyer and considers it necessary, they may request the appointment of a legal professional as a legal assistant (auxiliar jurídico), for which the rules set forth above shall be followed.
If the request is granted, a period of five days shall be granted to accept the appointment, under warning that another person will be appointed in case of refusal or omission, if necessary.
A rejected request may be filed again if justified by supervening circumstances.
Delegated assistants (auxiliares) shall be subject to the common regime of incompatibilities, prohibitions, recusals, removal, liability, rendering of accounts, and registration in public registries, when necessary.
The Supreme Court of Justice is authorized to regulate the administration of lists of assistants (auxiliares) in the same manner provided for insolvency interveners (interventores), administrators (administradores), and liquidators.
The appointments, terminations, sanctions, rejections of account renderings, and any other aspect considered relevant shall be reported to the Judicial Branch office that manages the lists of insolvency interveners (interventores), administrators (administradores), and liquidators.
--- **Article 29- Creditors' Meetings** 29.1. Call to Meeting Creditors' meetings shall be called only in the cases provided for by law, by means of a judicial resolution that shall state, in order, the matters to be addressed.
This resolution must be notified to all participants at least five days in advance, unless a legal rule establishes a different advance notice period.
29.2. Holding of Meeting Creditors' meetings shall be held at the place, day, and time indicated in the resolution calling them. They shall be chaired by the judge.
They may only be postponed for exceptional reasons, at the discretion of the court. Once a meeting has begun, it may be suspended for a duly justified cause or because so agreed by a simple majority of the creditors present with voting rights.
The unjustified absence of the debtor or their legal representatives shall not prevent the meeting from being held. If it is the insolvency intervener (interventor), administrator (administrador), or liquidator who fails to appear, the start of the proceeding may be postponed for as long as necessary according to the circumstances, as deemed by the court. If it proves impossible for them to appear, the meeting shall be rescheduled without prejudice to the procedural, legal, and administrative consequences derived from the omission, when it lacked just cause.
The meeting shall be held regardless of the number of creditors present with voting rights and the percentage of liabilities represented at the proceeding. If no creditor with voting rights appears, the proposals that were to be considered shall be deemed rejected.
The court may authorize the presence of persons who are not a party, legal representatives, or attorneys in the proceeding, if deemed convenient according to the circumstances.
29.3. Creditors with Voting Rights The following shall have the right to vote at meetings: admitted common insolvency creditors within the proceeding, even if their admission is challenged or subject to an unfulfilled resolutory condition.
The right to vote shall also extend to creditors:
- 1)With special privilege, regarding proposals that may affect their claim.
- 2)With general privilege, when they are prevented from exercising their rights outside the insolvency proceeding or the aspects of the vote may affect their claim.
In all cases, the vote cast by each creditor must be known, in order to verify the computation of the necessary majorities.
29.4. Creditors without Voting Rights The following creditors may attend the meeting and participate in it, without voting rights:
- 1)Those considered specially related to the debtor according to this law.
- 2)Late-filing creditors regarding whom no decision on their admission or rejection has been issued.
- 3)Rejected creditors with a pending challenge proceeding.
- 4)Creditors of litigious claims or claims subject to a suspensive condition.
- 5)Creditors of subordinated claims.
29.5. Majorities of Persons and Capital When proposals are to be considered, agreements shall be adopted by the concurrent majority of votes of persons and capital.
The majority of persons shall be obtained by a simple majority of creditors with voting rights attending the meeting. The vote of a creditor who has adhered to a proposal under the terms provided by this law shall also be counted.
To determine the majority of capital, the amounts of the admitted insolvency claims of the creditors who have appeared in the proceeding at the time of the vote shall be considered. Unless this law provides otherwise for special cases, the ordinary majority of capital votes shall be required.
29.6. Representation of Creditors Creditors may be represented at the meeting. However, the debtor, persons specially related to the debtor, the insolvency intervener (interventor), the administrator (administrador), the liquidator, or an insolvency assistant (auxiliar concursal) shall not be admitted as representatives.
Those appearing as representatives of public or private creditors must possess sufficient authority to vote on behalf of their represented party.
29.7. List of Attending Creditors Prior to the start of the meeting, a list shall be prepared with the attending creditors, their representatives, attorneys, the admitted amount of their claims, and the classification to which they correspond.
29.8. Documentation of the Meeting The meeting shall be documented in accordance with the provisions of civil procedural legislation regarding oral hearings.
If votes are cast in writing, they shall remain in the custody of the court until the resolution ruling on the adopted agreements becomes final.
29.9. Approval of Agreements Agreements adopted at a meeting must be approved (homologados) by the court within the following five days. For this purpose, their legality and the computation of the majorities required by this law shall be verified. Under no circumstances shall an agreement that attempts to affect the guarantees of privileged creditors without their consent be approved (homologado).
The resolution shall provide a detailed recount of the votes cast by each creditor. However, considering the circumstances, a list may be prepared including the manner in which each creditor voted, which shall be attached to the main file.
If necessary, the bases for the proper execution of the approved (homologado) agreement shall be established.
--- **SECTION V** **INSOLVENCY ASSETS** **Article 30- Composition and Verification of Assets** 30.1. Composition of Assets The assets of the insolvency proceeding shall consist of the property and rights of economic content belonging to the debtor as of the date of its opening, those recovered during its processing, and those acquired subsequently until its conclusion.
Property and rights that are legally exempt from seizure are excluded.
30.2. Verification of Assets Once the period for interested parties to appear in the insolvency proceeding has expired, provided all assets have been valued, the inventory and valuation shall be made known to the participants in the proceeding for a period of ten days.
Opposition to the inventory or valuation of assets shall be processed via an incidental proceeding (vía incidental). Whoever opposes must submit, with their objection, the respective evidence, and any valuation performed shall be covered by them.
An objection that lacks grounds or an offer of evidence shall be rejected outright, when evidence is necessary.
30.3. Approval or Rejection of the Inventory and Valuation If there is no founded opposition, the court shall approve the inventory and the value of the assets, unless it deems it necessary to conduct its own evidentiary proceedings beforehand.
If the incidental proceeding (incidente) is upheld, the objector shall be reimbursed for the expenses incurred when the modification of the valuation, upwards or downwards, exceeds twenty percent (20%).
When the inventory and valuation of assets are rejected totally or partially, the court shall order the corresponding modifications if it has the elements to do so; otherwise, it shall adopt the necessary measures for its conclusion.
30.4. Inclusion of Assets Once the inventory is approved by final resolution, only requests from legitimate interested parties to incorporate assets into the body of assets (acervo) of the insolvency proceeding shall be admitted, when the request is based on knowledge of supervening facts or facts that the petitioner assures they were not previously aware of, and the matter has not been debated in a prior objection to the inventory.
Requests for inclusion of assets filed by creditors shall be processed via an incidental proceeding (vía incidental).
30.5. Exclusion and Restitution of Assets Third parties, by any means that allows proof of receipt, may directly request the insolvency intervener (interventor), administrator (administrador), or liquidator to exclude assets or rights from the inventory. They may also request their restitution when they are in the possession of the insolvency proceeding; in any case, they must reliably prove their ownership. Restitution shall not proceed when the debtor is in possession of the assets by virtue of a title or legal cause that permits it. If the third party's request is rejected or has not been accepted within five days, they may file an insolvency incidental proceeding (incidente concursal) to claim their right.
The insolvency intervener (interventor) or administrator (administrador) who expressly admits the third party's request must report it in the administration report for the respective period. When the insolvency intervener (interventor), administrator (administrador), or liquidator admits the exclusion or restitution of assets that are essential for the continuity of the business, professional, or economic activity of the insolvency proceeding, they shall require judicial authorization. Prior to deciding on this authorization, the incidental proceeding (trámite incidental) shall be followed, in which it shall be proven that the asset belongs to the claimant.
If restitution proceeds, the third party must pay the insolvency proceeding for conservation expenses and all other items that, according to the existing legal relationship, must be satisfied up to that point.
30.6. Impossibility of Restitution If the assets and rights subject to restitution have been disposed of by the debtor to a third party in good faith, the harmed owner may choose between the assignment of the right to receive the consideration, if the acquirer has not yet paid it, or demand from the insolvency proceeding the recognition of a common claim equal to the value of the asset at the time of disposition, plus the legal interest accrued up to the time of the opening of the insolvency proceeding.
--- **Article 31- Conservation and Administration of Assets** 31.1. Person in Charge of Conservation and Administration The insolvency assets and rights shall be conserved and administered by the debtor, unless the court orders otherwise in accordance with this law.
If the debtor is removed from the conservation and administration of the assets, the insolvency administrator (administrador concursal) shall take possession of them. They must perform all acts necessary to take possession of the commercial and legal books, if any, as well as the documents relating to the asset pool (masa activa) and the business, professional, or economic activity of the debtor.
If they encounter difficulty in occupying them, they shall request the intervention of the court, which shall adopt the necessary measures to place them in possession.
Conservation and administration shall be carried out in the manner most convenient for the interests of the insolvency proceeding.
31.2. Access to Financial and Tax Information Whoever exercises the insolvency administration shall have free access to banking, financial, and tax information relating to the debtor, without the respective secrecy rules being applicable against them.
31.3. Anticipated Disposal of Assets Anticipated disposal of assets may be authorized when they may be lost, diminished, or deteriorate, or when their sale is useful or advisable for some special reason. It may also be authorized when necessary to cover urgent administration and conservation expenses, or to pay due support claims or labor claims and there is insufficient liquidity. The court shall order the modality to be used for such disposals.
In the case of fruits or perishable goods, when it cannot be postponed, their sale may be carried out without prior judicial authorization, but notice of the act of disposal performed must be given within the following five days. The price shall be the current market price at the date of sale.
31.4. Occupancy of the Debtor's and Family Unit's Home The debtor and their family unit may continue to occupy the house included in the insolvency estate (haber concursal) that they occupied at the time of the declaration of insolvency, as long as it is not sold or awarded to a third party.
--- **SECTION VI** **INSOLVENCY LIABILITIES** **Article 32- General Classification of Claims** For the purposes of the insolvency proceeding, claims are classified as claims against the estate (créditos a cargo de la masa) and insolvency claims (créditos concursales).
--- **Article 33- Claims Against the Estate** 33.1. Definition The following are considered claims against the estate (créditos a cargo de la masa):
- 1)The expenses and remuneration essential for the processing of the insolvency proceeding. Unless otherwise provided by law, professional fees of those representing the debtor and the expenses and fees incurred by creditors to assert their rights in the insolvency proceeding are excluded.
- 2)The expenses necessary for the conservation, administration, and eventual liquidation of the insolvency assets, originating from the insolvency proceeding.
- 3)Claims of any nature, originating after the declaration of insolvency, unless the law considers them insolvency claims (créditos concursales).
- 4)Funeral expenses of the debtor who is a natural person and of their dependent family members, when they lack sufficient assets to cover them.
- 5)The items from strictly essential medical assistance provided to the debtor who is a natural person, their minor children or children with special needs, their spouse or cohabiting partner, their father or mother, during the processing of the insolvency proceeding. Payment shall not proceed when the indicated persons have sufficient assets to cover them or the medical assistance is covered by insurance.
- 6)Those to which this law grants this classification.
33.2. Payment Claims against the estate (créditos a cargo de la masa) are not mutually exclusive and must be paid, in the first place, with assets that are not specially encumbered in favor of creditors.
Whoever exercises the insolvency administration must make payment immediately or upon the maturity of the claim, when it is evident, or when required by the interested party, if the insolvency proceeding has sufficient liquidity. In the absence thereof, they shall proceed to the anticipated disposal of assets, in accordance with the stipulations of this law.
The interested party must manage their payment directly before the insolvency administration. In case of refusal, they may take action via an incidental proceeding (vía incidental).
Privileged creditors over specific assets must bear the expenses established in sections 1 and 2 of the preceding definition, insofar as they specifically benefit them and, proportionally, for what is done in the common interest of all creditors.
Support and labor creditors shall only have to contribute to the indicated expenses when the satisfaction of their claims implies the insufficiency of assets to cover them.
The insolvency court shall set the amount of the contribution for creditors with a special privilege, or for support or labor creditors, when appropriate, in the main file. In judicial proceedings processed separately, it shall be the responsibility of the court hearing them to determine the amounts chargeable to the executing creditor before making the corresponding payments. When the execution is extrajudicial, prior to the payment of the privileged claim, the insolvency court must be requested to set the amount it must bear to cover the claims against the estate (créditos a cargo de la masa).
--- **Article 34- Insolvency Claims** 34.1. Classes and Priority Unless otherwise provided by law, insolvency claims (créditos concursales) shall have, in their order, the following degrees of preference:
- 1)Claims with special privilege.
- 2)Claims with general privilege.
- 3)Common claims.
- 4)Subordinated claims.
34.2. Claims with Special Privilege Creditors of claims with special privilege shall have a preferential right to payment of their claims from the proceeds of the disposal of the assets upon which the privilege falls, unless the law provides another priority criterion for special cases. They may renounce their guarantee totally or partially.
The following are considered claims with special privilege, those guaranteed by:
- 1)Mortgages.
- 2)Pledges.
- 3)Guarantee trusts (fideicomisos de garantía).
- 4)Security interests (garantías mobiliarias), except those arising from judicial seizures for claims that did not previously enjoy them.
- 5)Right of retention, when the creditor is exercising it.
- 6)Marital property rights (bienes gananciales).
- 7)Others provided by law for special cases.
When one or more assets guarantee different claims, the preference for payment shall be determined by the corresponding substantive law. Claims secured by legal mortgages or pledges shall be paid first, before those secured by mortgages or pledges of another type.
In any case, the marital property right (derecho ganancial) shall be understood as subordinated to the payment of other claims with special privilege that encumber the affected assets.
If, upon executing the guarantee, any surplus remains in favor of the insolvency proceeding, it shall form part of the insolvency asset pool (acervo concursal). If a shortfall remains in favor of the creditor, it shall be considered a common claim.
From the proceeds obtained from the disposal of the guaranteeing assets, ten percent (10%) shall be reserved in case there are no other sufficient assets to pay, in whole or in part, support claims, labor claims, and those corresponding to compensation for damage to the health and life of persons. If, after covering these claims, a remainder is left, it shall be distributed proportionally among each of the creditors with special privilege who contributed to the reserve.
34.3. Claims with General Privilege Creditors with general privilege shall have a preferential right to the recognition and payment of their claims, over common and subordinated creditors, from the proceeds of the entire patrimony of the insolvency proceeding not affected by special privileges. They may renounce their guarantee totally or partially.
The following are considered claims with general privilege:
- 1)Support claims.
- 2)Labor claims.
- 3)Compensation concerning damage to health or life, not covered by insurance.
- 4)Others provided by law for special cases.
In the absence of a specific legal provision, for their recognition and payment, the indicated order shall be respected. If there are multiple creditors within the same category of claims with general privilege, the principle of equal treatment among insolvency creditors (igualdad concursal) shall govern among them.
Support and labor creditors shall be paid immediately by the insolvency proceeding with respect to their monetary rights, when so required by virtue of a final judgment establishing them. If the claims are not satisfied immediately, the interested party shall notify the court, which shall adopt immediate legal measures for the fulfillment of the obligations. Support and labor creditors with a final judgment in their favor who have not initiated its execution may also directly require payment from the insolvency proceeding under the previously indicated terms.
34.4. Common Claims Those claims not included as privileged, whether special or general, nor as subordinated, shall be considered common insolvency claims (créditos concursales comunes).
34.5. Subordinated Claims Subordinated claims shall be paid, if possible, after the common claims are covered in their entirety.
The following claims shall be subordinated:
- 1)Those to which the creditor voluntarily assigns that condition.
- 2)Those of persons specially related to the debtor, unless they are insolvency claims with general privilege.
- 3)Others to which the law grants this classification.
--- **Article 35- Legalization of Claims** 35.1. Duty to Legalize Within the period granted to assert their rights, creditors of monetary obligations must legalize (legalizar) their claims, unless:
- 1)They appear on the list supplied by the debtor.
- 2)They are recognized in a judgment.
- 3)They are not required to be collected within the insolvency proceeding, in accordance with this law.
35.2. Requirements for Legalization The legalization (legalización) may comprise several claims of the same creditor. The qualifications of the party legalizing, the title or cause of the claim, the precise amounts owed, and its preference, if any, shall be stated. Likewise, the real, personal, or other nature of any guarantees held must be indicated. The documents evidencing the obligation shall be presented, in accordance with the requirements established by civil procedural legislation for the collection of monetary obligations. It must also contain a brief statement of the facts on which the claim is based and the corresponding evidence.
If the request does not meet the indicated requirements, the correction of the specifically noted omissions shall be ordered, with the warning that, if not corrected within five days, it will be rejected without prejudice to its subsequent presentation.
35.3. Claims Recognized in a Prior Judicial Decision or Arbitral Award Creditors of monetary claims recognized by a final judicial decision or arbitral award, issued prior to the opening of the insolvency proceeding, must prove their right before the insolvency court with suitable documentation, without being subjected to the verification procedure.
However, the debtor, the insolvency intervener (interventor), the insolvency administrator (administrador concursal), or any creditor, via an incidental proceeding (vía incidental), may request that the total or partial extinction or payment of the claim be decreed for supervening causes. Challenges that are not reasoned or are filed without proposing evidence, when evidence is necessary, shall be rejected outright.
35.4. Litigious Rights In the case of litigious rights being claimed outside the insolvency proceeding, from which monetary obligations could arise or which could affect the asset pool (masa activa), the alleged creditor may legalize (legalizar) the litigious claim by referencing the details of the respective proceeding.
The challenge of a claim whose validity or effectiveness is being debated in a non-criminal proceeding prior to the opening of the insolvency proceeding shall be subject to the rules of pre-judiciality.
If the insolvency proceeding orders payments or distributions of assets to creditors, the amount that proportionally and according to the priority levels could correspond to claims admitted as litigious shall be reserved. The same rule shall apply to objected and challenged claims.
The right of the creditor whose claim ceases to be litigious upon having been declared by a final judgment or award shall be considered recognized, which must be proven with suitable documentation.
35.5. Legalization by Guarantors, Sureties, or Co-obligors of the Debtor Without prejudice to the creditor's right to verify their claim and participate in the insolvency proceeding, the guarantors (fiadores), sureties (avalistas), and co-obligors of the debtor, who have not yet paid a debt of the debtor, shall have the right to legalize (legalizar) a claim so that the necessary sum to pay the respective obligation is set aside, up to the extent of the dividend agreed for common creditors. If they should totally or partially pay the debt, they shall have the right to participate in the insolvency proceeding according to the proportion corresponding to them.
35.6. Claims with Suspensive or Resolutory Condition Claims with a suspensive or resolutory condition shall be included in the list of creditors, expressly stating their conditional nature. The subsequent inclusion or exclusion of the claim, as a consequence of the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the condition, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings carried out up to that point.
35.7. Claims Subject to Prior Excussion Claims that cannot be enforced against the debtor without the prior excussion of the principal debtor's patrimony shall be considered claims with a suspensive condition.
--- **Article 36- Procedure and Effects of the Initial Report on Liabilities** 36.1. Procedure Once the initial report on the liabilities prepared by the insolvency intervener (interventor) or administrator (administrador concursal) has been submitted, it shall be made known to the debtor and other participants for a period of ten days.
Within the indicated period, interested parties may:
- 1)Request the addition of claims that have been omitted from the report but included in the list of liabilities supplied by the debtor.
- 2)Request the inclusion of claims timely legalized (legalizados) but omitted from the report.
- 3)Challenge claims admitted in the report.
- 4)Object to the rejection of claims included in the report.
If applicable, the addition to the report shall be ordered within the following five days.
The challenge of admitted claims and the objection to rejected claims shall be processed via an incidental proceeding (vía incidental). They shall be rejected outright when the request is not substantiated or when an offer of evidence is omitted, if evidence were necessary.
36.2. Effects of the Lack of a Founded Objection and the Incidental Resolution The claims admitted in the initial report that have not been objected to in a timely and proper manner shall be considered insolvency claims (créditos concursales), as well as those recognized by a final judgment.
The claims rejected in the initial report corresponding to creditors who, having appeared in the proceeding at the time it was made known, did not challenge it in a timely and proper manner, shall be definitively excluded from the insolvency proceeding.
Creditors rejected in the report, who had not appeared in the proceeding at the time it was made known and who have not challenged it, shall be excluded from the insolvency proceeding, but may legalize (legalizar) their claim as late-filing creditors.