- a)Conservation Objectives for the El Chayote Protective Zone and Río Toro Protective Zone - To manage sustainable land use in the protective zones, according to their land capacity (capacidad de uso) and seeking a balance between biodiversity conservation and the livelihoods of the communities.
- To ensure the provision of water for future generations, as well as other ecosystem services, by promoting and implementing good practices in the development of productive activities.
- To foster the active and regulated intervention of civil society and local governments in the management of the protective zones, through the development of effective strategies for conservation, sustainable use of biodiversity, and valuation of ecosystem services.
- b)Objectives of the General Management Plan - To establish alliances among civil society actors, governmental institutions, and SINAC for the participatory management of the ASP.
- To incentivize an environmentally friendly productive model that ensures the quality of water resources and ecosystem services.
- To recover the protection areas of rivers, aquifers, and springs (nacientes) through habitat regeneration in these zones.
- To encourage and support current landowners to engage in processes that allow for environmentally friendly lifestyles and production.
- To continuously evaluate the management of the protective zones and the impact of the implemented strategies.
- c)Zoning Zoning is the component for maintaining ecological processes and the rational use of the ecosystem services provided by the protected area to society, in accordance with the management category.
. Zone of Minimum or No Intervention (ZMNI) Description The area defined with this category in the protective zones must have a minimum level of intervention and, in many cases, practically no intervention will occur.
Norms:
- In the protection areas of rivers, streams, and springs (nacientes), scientific research will be permitted, as long as the private landowner authorizes entry onto their property and the focal management elements (elementos focales de manejo, EFM) are not altered.
- The conservation of these sites is sought through natural regeneration or reforestation with native species of the zone.
- The extraction of springs (nacientes) for human consumption is permitted, subject to prior approval from SETENA - Dirección de Aguas - MINAE.
- In areas with slopes greater than or equal to 75%, scientific research will be permitted, as long as the private landowner authorizes entry onto their property and the EFM are not altered.
- Research involving genetic resources will be regulated by Executive Decree 31514-MINAE.
- The construction of housing or installations is not permitted.
. Zone of Low Intervention (ZBI) Description Zones of low intervention are declared according to the physical conditions of the terrain and its current use. Likewise, each of the permitted uses or activities is covered under the laws and decrees present in our country.
Norms:
- Scientific research will be permitted, as long as the private landowner authorizes entry onto their property and the EFM are not altered.
- Hiking, bird watching, and recreation spaces will also be permitted, as long as the EFM are not altered and no waste of any kind is left on site, with the authorization of the private landowner.
- The construction of housing in these zones is not recommended due to their susceptibility to landslides; however, in the event of housing construction, it must be of minimum density, with the environmental feasibility granted by SETENA and the tree felling permit authorized by SINAC and the municipal permit.
- Forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) is permitted, duly authorized by SINAC or through CO with forestry regents (regentes forestales) (As established in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 and its regulation).
- These zones are exclusive for the conservation and preservation of the EFM.
- The development of scientific research is permitted, subject to prior authorization from landowners. Research involving genetic resources will be regulated by Executive Decree 31514-MINAE, General Norms for Access to the Elements and Genetic and Biochemical Resources of Biodiversity.
- Ecotourism, as well as recreation, will also be permitted, as long as the EFM are not altered and no waste of any kind is left on site.
. Zone of Medium Intervention (ZMI) Description The sites designated with medium intervention allow activities and practices of medium intensity, frequency, and impact. The objectives are aimed at having spaces where resources can be utilized, as long as the impact on them can be controlled, albeit within reasonable limits established by legislation.
The construction of infrastructure, whether for tourism or housing, will be of medium density and impact. Likewise, tourism must be sustainable, and the EFM must be conserved in an acceptable state.
Norms:
- The use of land for commercial forest plantations and their harvesting (aprovechamiento) on unbroken terrain is permitted, subject to prior environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) and with intensive soil and water conservation practices.
- Diversified ecological agriculture for self-consumption is also permitted in small areas within the farm that are identified as suitable for this practice.
- For the construction of any type of urban development project, an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) approved by SETENA will be required. Recreation and ecotourism (canopy, hiking, bird watching, butterfly gardens, horse rental, souvenir shops, lodges, restaurants, and similar) are permitted, carried out at an intensity that does not lead to the deterioration of biodiversity, soils, and surface and underground waters, through environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) approved by SETENA and tree felling permits granted by SINAC and the corresponding municipal permits.
- The development of scientific research is permitted, subject to prior authorization from landowners. Research involving genetic resources will be regulated by Executive Decree 31514-MINAE, General Norms for Access to the Elements and Genetic and Biochemical Resources of Biodiversity.
- Ecotourism, as well as recreation, will also be permitted, as long as the EFM are not altered and no waste of any kind is left on site.
- Forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) is permitted, duly authorized by SINAC or through CO with forestry regents (regentes forestales) (as established in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 and its regulation).
. Zone of High Intervention (ZAI) Description The objective of the areas designated as zones of high intervention is to provide space for the development of tourism or productive practices and activities, always within an environmental state that aligns with the creation objectives of the protective zones.
Norms:
- Grazing, semi-permanent crops, permanent crops, or forest are permitted. Annual crops are allowed only occasionally and with strict soil and water conservation practices.
- The use of land for commercial forest plantations and their harvesting (aprovechamiento) on unbroken terrain is permitted, subject to prior environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) and with intensive soil and water conservation practices.
Diversified ecological agriculture for self-consumption is also permitted in small areas within the farm that are identified as suitable for this practice. For the construction of any type of urban development project, an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) approved by SETENA will be required. Recreation and ecotourism (canopy, hiking, bird watching, butterfly gardens, horse rental, souvenir shops, lodges, restaurants, and similar) are permitted, carried out at an intensity that does not lead to the deterioration of biodiversity, soils, and surface and underground waters, through environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) approved by SETENA and tree felling permits granted by SINAC and the corresponding municipal permits.
- These zones are exclusive for the conservation and preservation of the EFM.
- The development of scientific research is permitted, subject to prior authorization from landowners. Research involving genetic resources will be regulated by Executive Decree 31514-MINAE on General Norms for Access to the Elements and Genetic and Biochemical Resources of Biodiversity.
- Ecotourism, as well as recreation sites, will also be permitted, as long as the EFM are not altered and no waste of any kind is left on site.
- Forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) is permitted, duly authorized by SINAC or through CO with forestry regents (regentes forestales) (As established in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 and its regulation).
For all zones, the minimum segregation area is established at 25,000 m² (2.5 ha).
- d)Management Programs . Governance and Citizen Participation Goals:
- By 2025, there is an articulation of management actions in the protective zones among at least 3 governmental institutions (other than SINAC), 2 civil society organizations, and 2 local governments.
- By 2030, a participatory management mechanism for the protective zones has been consolidated.
Proposed Actions:
- Develop a joint work plan that articulates management actions among institutional actors, local governments, and SINAC.
- Have instruments for formalizing alliances with private and state entities (convenio, letter of understanding, etc.).
- Establish the Local Council of Protected Areas (COLAC) for the protective zones, which is the participatory management body recognized in the Biodiversity Law.
Norms:
- Review of the joint work plan.
- Interviews with local liaisons from public institutions and representatives of local governments regarding the implementation of the work plan.
- Statistical frequency analysis, based on attendance lists from meetings and work sessions.
- Follow-up tool for the consolidation action plan.
. Ecosystem Management Goals:
- By 2025, the degree of conservation in the protection area of at least one water body has increased.
- By 2025, the extraction of flora and fauna has decreased by 10%.
- By 2022, the disposal of solid waste within the protective zones during high visitation seasons has decreased by 10%.
- By 2023, at least 3 ecosystem services found in the protective zones have been assessed.
Proposed Actions:
- Develop an ecosystem recovery program in protection areas.
- Develop a basic hydrological model to monitor the results of conservation actions on water resources.
- Implement financial and non-financial mechanisms, such as incentives for landowners with protection areas.
- Develop an awareness campaign regarding the wildlife of the zone.
- Implement a control and protection action plan in conjunction with social actors.
- Develop a strategy for solid waste management.
- Elaborate an assessment of the ecosystem services provided by the protective zones.
Norms:
- Field measurements and GIS tools.
- Control operations on specific high-visitation dates.
- Solid waste collection operations.
- Specific methodology for the assessment of each prioritized ecosystem service in the protective zones.
. Sustainable Livelihoods Goals:
- By 2030, at least 15% of land under agricultural production implements good practices.
- By 2025, landowners in the protective zones develop at least two sustainable economic activities, distinct from agriculture and livestock farming.
Proposed Actions:
- Develop a training and advisory program on good agricultural practices.
- Implement a pilot program for sustainable production in the area of the protective zones.
- Propose viable sustainable economic alternatives to be developed within the protective zones.
Norms:
- Field measurements and GIS tools.
- Field survey, interviews with key actors.
. Knowledge Management Goals:
- By 2024, the ACC has a centralized knowledge management system for the protective zones that is used by local actors and governmental institutions.
- By 2022, the system incorporates information on ecological integrity and territorial management.
Proposed Actions:
- Create a knowledge management system for the protective zones.
- Develop an ecological monitoring program in alliance with academia, ASADAS, and municipalities.
- Systematize integrated landscape management experiences and their lessons learned.
Norms:
- System monitoring instruments.
- Surveys and interviews with users.
- e)Focal Management Elements (Elementos Focales de Manejo) Description Water resources: The area protected by the El Chayote Protective Zone is the only recharge zone that supplies potable water to the populations of Naranjo, Zarcero, and Sarchí. Furthermore, it is a discharge zone where a large number of springs (nacientes) are found, which are used for human consumption, industry, irrigation, and agricultural activities. For its part, the Río Toro Protective Zone is also an important recharge zone, not only for the potable water supply of populations along the basin but also for electricity generation, mainly at the Río Toro Hydroelectric Complex.
Soils: The conservation of soils as a substrate for natural regeneration processes is considered important. The soils found in the protective zones are the product of the weathering of materials emitted by the adjacent volcanic edifices. The type of clay that dominates the fine fraction of the soil causes it to retain a lot of moisture and behave like a water sponge (ICE, 2014). Thus, on abrupt and undulating to very undulating reliefs, with inadequate land use and subjected to a high precipitation regime like that prevailing in the area of the protective zones, landslides and collapses, mudflows, and detachments or slumps are common.
The fluvial system with numerous drainages becomes an important transporter of sediments derived from these natural erosive processes. Furthermore, there exists in the zone, as a product of cattle trampling, compact reduction-oxidation layers a few centimeters thick, very close to the surface, which negatively affect water infiltration, increasing surface runoff and the transport of sediments to natural depressions or fluvial currents. On undulating to very undulating reliefs where forest cover (cobertura forestal) has been replaced by pastures for livestock, erosive processes are significant.
A type of soil that shows thixotropic properties and high moisture retention, located on abrupt reliefs, will favor soil degradation (ICE, 2005).
The processes of erosion and runoff due to the removal of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and the implementation of poor agricultural practices not only affect terrestrial ecosystems in the area of the protective zones but also impact lotic ecosystems in the middle and lower parts of the basins on both watersheds.
Mixed Forest ≥ 1500 with Quercus sp.: The El Chayote Protective Zone extends from 1500 to 2184 m a.s.l., with Cerro Palmira being its highest point. For its part, the Río Toro Protective Zone extends between 1309 and 2333 m a.s.l. In these areas, 3 life zones are represented: lower montane very humid forest, lower montane very humid forest transition to humid, and lower montane pluvial forest. These life zones are characterized by possessing mixed forests with the presence of oaks (Quercus sp.) that can be more or less conspicuous but are not dominant.
Its representativeness increases above 2000 m a.s.l., and patches of oak groves may exist (Gómez, 1986). There is a presence of Alnus spp. (jaúl) associated or not with other species. The understory is characterized by a rich layer of mosses, terrestrial orchids, and epiphytes. The presence of these forests in the country's central mountain ranges is considered the region of the quetzal (Pharomacrus moccino), with laurels being abundant. In addition, there is a population of black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor). The preservation of this type of terrestrial ecosystem takes on special importance in the zone due to the pressure from intensive agricultural activities taking place in the area and the urban expansion experienced from the Central Valley.
Natural and Rural Landscape: The El Chayote and Río Toro protective zones exhibit a landscape matrix that intermingles natural elements of great scenic beauty with the rural life of the zone's inhabitants. It features secondary forests maintained for over 45 years, which harbor samples of flora from the autochthonous forest of the Costa Rican highlands. Additionally, gallery forests along river courses, wooded pastures and fallow land, open pastures with coffee borders, and agricultural plots of coffee, vegetables, and greens stand out. These are evidence of the livelihoods of the people from the localities adjacent to the protected areas, providing variety to the landscape and introducing anthropological variables about the zone, such as its history and social context. The landscape also gains cultural importance for the surrounding populations, as both El Chayote and Río Toro are visited on dates close to Christmas, in August, and during Holy Week, which gives added value to the site (Asamblea Legislativa, 2011).
Fauna Species at Risk of Extinction: Several fauna species at risk of extinction are considered within this EFM, mainly due to habitat loss. Species for which adequate data exists to place them in a category ranging from "Least Concern" (LC) to "Extinct" (EX) (IUCN, 2017) fall under this designation. The presence or absence of threatened species or species with reduced populations reflects not only the health status of the protective zones but also their importance for conservation. Among the species considered in this EFM are:
. The quetzal (Pharomacrus moccino): It is in the "Near Threatened" (NT) category. Its population is estimated to be decreasing due to habitat loss, mainly from deforestation.
. Black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor): Like the quetzal, it is categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT), with decreasing populations due to habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of . Salamander (Bolitoglossa subpalmata): This species is endemic to Costa Rica. It is found to be "Endangered" (EN).
The extent of its occurrence is estimated to be less than 5000 km², the population is fragmented, and it is restricted to the country's mountain ranges, on both slopes, between 1245 m a.s.l. and 2900 m a.s.l. The current status of this species' population is unknown; however, it has been very rare to observe it at sites like Monteverde and the Poás Volcano in recent years. A large part of its distribution range is protected by the great conservation block in the Central Volcanic Mountain Range made up of several national parks and private reserves. This salamander is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier.
(AmphibiaWeb, 2017). The decline in population within suitable habitat could be the result of climate change or diseases like chytridiomycosis (A. Pounds, personal communication, 2017). The El Chayote Protective Zone is considered the second most important distribution zone for this species, after the Macizo de la Muerte (B. Morera, personal communication, April 22, 2017). Research is needed to determine the reasons for the species' decline in suitable habitat.
- f)Physical and electronic address where users can access the complete General Management Plan for the El Chayote Protective Zone and Río Toro Protective Zone Physical address:
. The Regional Headquarters of the Central Conservation Area, located from the second crossing of San Miguel de Santo Domingo de Heredia, 450 meters northeast, on Ruta 32, road to Guápiles.
. The Administration of the El Chayote Protective Zone and Río Toro Protective Zone, located in Grecia, Alajuela, east side of the Red Cross.
Electronic address: http://www.sinac.go.cr/ES/planmanejo/Paginas/pmacc.aspx