PREAMBLE RAC 20 was developed based on ICAO Annex 02, Amendment No. 46 of July 2018.
RAC 20 refers to the establishment of the general rules that must be followed by all flights wishing to operate in Costa Rican airspace. These rules apply both to aircraft following instrument flight rules (instrument flight rules, IFR) and to those following visual flight rules (visual flight rules, VFR).
The objective of this aeronautical regulation is to guarantee that the flight of aircraft using Costa Rican airspace is carried out under conditions that increase the safety and efficiency of air operations.
The requirements contained in this RAC 20 apply to all airspace under Costa Rican sovereignty.
List of Abbreviations
| AAC: | Civil Aviation Authority |
|---|---|
| ADS-B: | Automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast |
| ADS-C: | Automatic dependent surveillance - contract |
| AIP: | Aeronautical information publication |
| AMSL: | Above mean sea level |
| AFS: | Aeronautical fixed service |
| ATC. | Air traffic control |
| ATS: | Air traffic services |
| CCCM: | Beginning of morning civil twilight |
| CCA: | Joint Advisory Circular |
| CPDLC: | Controller-pilot data link communications |
| COCESNA: | Central American Corporation for Air Navigation Services |
| DGAC: | Directorate General of Civil Aviation |
| ETOPS: | Extended-Twin-Engine Operational Performance Standards |
| Ft: | feet |
| FCCV: | End of evening civil twilight |
| FRMS: | Fatigue risk management system |
| Kg: | Kilogram |
| Kts: | knots |
| Km/h: | kilometers per hour |
| m: | meters |
| MHz: | Mega Hertz |
| NM: | Nautical miles |
| OACI: | International Civil Aviation Organization |
| RAC: | Costa Rican Aeronautical Regulation |
| RCP: | Required communication performance |
| RNAV: | Area navigation |
| RNP: | Required navigation performance |
| RVR: | Runway visual range |
| RVSM: | Reduced vertical separation minimum |
| SSR: | Secondary Surveillance Radar |
DEFINITIONS When the terms indicated below appear in the standards and CCA of this regulation, they have the following meaning:
ADS-C Agreement. Notification plan governing the ADS-C data reporting conditions (i.e., those required by the air traffic services unit, as well as the frequency of such reports, which must be agreed upon before using ADS-C in the provision of air traffic services). The conditions of the agreement are established between the ground system and the aircraft through a contract or a series of contracts.
Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations, and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface movement of aircraft.
Controlled aerodrome. An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided for aerodrome traffic, but does not imply that a control zone must necessarily exist.
Alternate aerodrome. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing, and which has the necessary facilities and services, has the capability to meet the aircraft performance requirements, and will be operational at the expected time of use. The following types of alternate aerodromes exist:
- a)Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft could land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.
- b)En-route alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft could land in the event that a diversion becomes necessary while en route.
- c)Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft could land should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route alternate or destination alternate for that flight.
Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth's surface.
Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). An unmanned aircraft which is piloted from a remote pilot station.
Airway. A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor.
Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level (MSL).
Pressure altitude. An expression of atmospheric pressure by means of the altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the standard atmosphere.
Transition altitude. The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes.
Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum.
Landing area. That part of a movement area intended for the landing or take-off of aircraft.
Control area. A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth.
Terminal control area. A control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes.
Manoeuvring area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons.
Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the aprons.
Signal area. An area on an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals.
Cruise climb. An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplane mass decreases.
Collision avoidance advice. Advice provided by an air traffic services unit, specifying manoeuvres to assist the pilot in avoiding a collision.
Appropriate ATS authority. The relevant authority designated by the State responsible for providing air traffic services in the airspace concerned.
Appropriate authority.
- a)Regarding flights over the high seas: The relevant authority of the State of Registry.
- b)Regarding flights other than over the high seas: The relevant authority of the State having sovereignty over the territory being overflown.
Air traffic control clearance. Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit (e.g., taxi clearance, take-off clearance, departure clearance, en-route clearance, approach clearance, or landing clearance).
Aeroplane. A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
Taxiway. A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another, including:
- a)Aircraft stand taxilane. A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.
- b)Apron taxiway. A portion of a taxiway system located on an apron and intended to provide a through taxi route across the apron.
- c)Rapid exit taxiway. A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby minimizing runway occupancy time.
Area control center. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction.
Flight information center. A unit established to provide flight information service and alerting service.
Air traffic services airspace classes. Parts of airspace of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated, within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified. ATS airspace is classified as Classes A to G.
Data link communications. A form of communication intended for the exchange of messages via data link.
Controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC). Communication between the controller and the pilot by means of data link for ATC communications. Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions.
Visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima.
Approach control unit. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes.
Air traffic control unit. A generic term meaning variously, area control center, approach control unit or aerodrome control tower.
Air traffic services unit. A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight information center or air traffic services reporting office.
Track. The projection on the earth's surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic or grid).
Detect and avoid. The capability to see, sense or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards and take the appropriate action to comply with the applicable rules of flight. Total estimated duration. For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over the designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aids are associated with the destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destination aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome.
Command and control (C2) link. The data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the remote pilot station for the purposes of managing the flight.
Advisory airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is provided.
Controlled airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification (Classes A, B, C, D and E of ATS airspace).
Aeronautical station (RR S1.81). A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea.
Remote pilot station. The component of the remotely piloted aircraft system containing the equipment used to pilot the remotely piloted aircraft.
Air-ground control radio station. An aeronautical telecommunication station having primary responsibility for handling communications pertaining to the operation and control of aircraft in a given area.
Operator. A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation.
Unmanned free balloon. A non-power-driven, unmanned, lighter-than-air aircraft in free flight. Unmanned free balloons are classified as heavy, medium or light in accordance with specifications contained in Appendix 5 of this RAC 20.
Estimated off-block time. The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence movement associated with departure.
Estimated time of arrival. For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if the aerodrome is not equipped with navigation aids, the time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome.
IFR. The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules.
IMC. The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological conditions.
Traffic information. Information issued by an air traffic services unit to alert a pilot to other known or observed air traffic which may be in proximity to the position or intended route of flight and to help the pilot avoid a collision.
Clearance limit. The point to which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance.
Flight crew member. A crew member, holding the appropriate license, assigned essential duties for the operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period.
Area navigation (RNAV). A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these.
Level. A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight, meaning variously, height, altitude or flight level.
Cruising level. A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.
Flight level. A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1 013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. When a pressure baro-altimeter calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere:
- a)Is set to QNH, it will indicate altitude.
- b)Is set to QFE, it will indicate height above the QFE reference datum.
- c)Is set to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa, it may be used to indicate flight levels.
RPA observer. A trained and competent person designated by the operator who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of the flight.
Air traffic services reporting office. An office established for the purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure.
Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operation. An operation in which the remote pilot or RPA observer maintains direct unaided visual contact with the remotely piloted aircraft.
Instrument approach operations. An approach and landing using instruments for navigation guidance based on an instrument approach procedure. There are two methods for executing instrument approach operations:
- a)a two-dimensional (2D) instrument approach operation, using lateral navigation guidance only; and b) a three-dimensional (3D) instrument approach operation, using both lateral and vertical navigation guidance.
Persons performing safety-sensitive functions. Persons who might endanger aviation safety if they perform their duties and functions improperly, including, but not limited to, crew members, aircraft maintenance personnel and air traffic controllers.
Remote pilot. A person designated by the operator to perform essential duties for the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft and to operate the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight time.
Pilot-in-command. The pilot designated by the operator, or the owner in the case of general aviation, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.
Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.
Flight plan. Specified information provided to air traffic services units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.
Current flight plan. The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequent clearances.
Filed flight plan. The flight plan as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designated representative, without any subsequent changes.
Repetitive flight plan (RPL). A flight plan related to a series of frequently recurring, regularly operated individual flights with identical basic features, submitted by an operator for retention and repetitive use by the air traffic services units.
Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.
Instrument approach procedure (IAP). A series of predetermined maneuvers performed by reference to flight instruments with specific protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or, where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed; and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply. Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows:
Approach procedures with vertical guidance (APV). An instrument approach procedure based on performance-based navigation (PBN), designed for 3D Type A instrument approach operations.
Precision approach (PA) procedures. An instrument approach procedure based on navigation systems (ILS, MLS, GLS and SBAS Cat I) designed for 3D Type A or B instrument approach operations.
Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure designed for 2D Type A instrument approach operations.
Aeronautical information publication (AIP). A publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation.
Change-over point. The point at which an aircraft navigating on an ATS route segment defined by reference to very high frequency omnidirectional radio ranges is expected to transfer its primary navigation reference from the facility behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft.
Runway-holding position. A designated position intended to protect a runway, an obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area, at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower.
Reporting point. A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.
Radiotelephony. A form of radiocommunication primarily intended for the exchange of information in the form of speech.
Flight information region. An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided.
Taxiing. Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-off and landing.
Air taxiing. Movement of a helicopter or VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kts).
The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require air taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) above ground level to reduce ground effect turbulence and provide clearance for underslung loads.
Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid).
ATS route. A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. The term "ATS route" is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.
Advisory route. A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available.
Alerting service. A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.
Air traffic advisory service. A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft operating on IFR flight plans.
Aerodrome control service. Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic.
Approach control service. Air traffic control service for arriving and departing controlled flights.
Area control service. Air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas.
Air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose of:
- a)Preventing collisions:
- 1)between aircraft; and 2) on the maneuvering area, between aircraft and obstructions; and b) Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.
Flight information service. A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Air traffic service. A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service, approach control service or aerodrome control service).
Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS). An aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals which operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders.
Remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). A remotely piloted aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links and any other components as specified in the type design.
Psychoactive substances. Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens, and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and tobacco are excluded.
Ceiling. The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6 000 m (20 000 ft) covering more than half the sky.
Aerodrome control tower. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic.
Air traffic. All aircraft in flight and those operating on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome.
Aerodrome traffic. All traffic on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of the aerodrome. An aircraft is considered to be in the vicinity of an aerodrome when it is within an aerodrome traffic circuit, or entering or leaving it.
Problematic use of certain substances. The use of one or more psychoactive substances by aeronautical personnel in such a way that: a) constitutes a direct risk to the user or endangers the lives, health, or well-being of others; or b) causes or worsens an occupational, social, mental, or physical problem or disorder.
VFR. Symbol used to designate visual flight rules.
Automatic dependent surveillance – contract (ADS-C). A means by which the terms of an ADS-C agreement can be exchanged between the ground system and the aircraft via data link, specifying under what conditions ADS-C reports would be initiated, and what data would be contained in the reports.
Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B). A means by which aircraft, aerodrome vehicles, and other objects can automatically transmit and/or receive data such as identification, position, and additional data, as appropriate, in a broadcast mode via data link.
Visibility. In the aeronautical sense, visibility is understood as the greater of:
- a)the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognized when observed against a bright background; b) the greatest distance at which lights of approximately 1,000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background.
Ground visibility. Visibility at an aerodrome, as reported by a competent observer or by automatic systems.
Flight visibility. Visibility forward from the pilot station of an aircraft in flight.
VMC. Symbol used to designate visual meteorological conditions. Acrobatic flight. Manoeuvres intentionally performed by an aircraft, involving an abrupt change in attitude, or an abnormal attitude or variation in speed.
Controlled flight. Any flight that is subject to an air traffic control clearance.
IFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules.
VFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules.
Special VFR flight. A VFR flight authorized by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC.
Control zone. Controlled airspace extending upwards from the earth's surface to a specified upper limit.
Aerodrome traffic zone. Airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic.
Danger area. Airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times.
Prohibited area. Airspace of defined dimensions over the territory or jurisdictional waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.
Restricted area. Airspace of defined dimensions over the territory or jurisdictional waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions.
PRESENTATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS RAC 20.001 Presentation RAC 20 consists of three Chapters (I, II, and III).
The content of Chapter I describes abbreviations and concepts used in the regulation, which assist the reader in the interpretation of this document.
The content of Chapter II is mandatory; each and every one of the standards found within this section, as well as the appendices to them and the tables and figures referred to specifically, must be complied with. Likewise, all standards have been provided with a title summarizing their content, to facilitate their handling and understanding.
The content of Chapter III illustrates the means or alternatives to comply with a specific paragraph for each of the standards that require it.
RAC 20.005 General Introduction RAC 20 contains the requirements for the joint development and application of the Rules of the Air.
This regulation is based on the text of Annex 02, Amendment 46 published by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and which is found on the official ICAO website.
SUBPART A. APPLICABILITY RAC 20.010 Applicability "RAC 20", Rules of the Air, shall apply to all flights wishing to operate over Costa Rican airspace. These rules apply to aircraft following instrument flight rules (IFR) as well as those following visual flight rules (VFR).
SUBPART B. APPLICATION OF THE RULES OF THE AIR RAC 20.015 Effectiveness This RAC 20 shall be mandatory immediately upon its publication in the official gazette La Gaceta de la República de Costa Rica.
RAC 20.020 Operational Directives a) The Directorate General of Civil Aviation may issue Operational Directives prohibiting, limiting, or subjecting an operation to certain conditions in the interest of operational safety.
- b)Operational Directives must contain:
- 1)The reason for their issuance; 2) Their scope of application and duration; 3) Action required from operators.
- c)What is required by any Operational Directive shall be considered an additional requirement to those established in this RAC 20.
RAC 20.025 Territorial application of the Rules of the Air a) The Rules of the Air apply to aircraft bearing the nationality and registration marks of the State of Costa Rica, wherever they may be, provided they do not conflict with the regulations published by the State having jurisdiction over the territory overflown. (CCA 20.025) b) RESERVED.
RAC 20.030 Compliance with the Rules of the Air a) The operation of aircraft, both in flight and on the movement area of aerodromes, must comply with the general rules and, additionally, during flight:
- 1)Either the visual flight rules; or 2) The instrument flight rules.
(CCA 20.030 (a)) (CCA 20.030 (b)) RAC 20.035 Responsibility for compliance with the Rules of the Air a) Responsibility of the pilot-in-command of the aircraft. The pilot-in-command of the aircraft, whether or not manipulating the controls, is responsible for the operation of the aircraft in accordance with the Rules of the Air, but may depart from them in circumstances where such non-compliance is absolutely necessary for safety reasons.
- b)Pre-flight actions. Before commencing a flight, the pilot-in-command of the aircraft must become familiar with all available information appropriate to the intended flight. Pre-flight actions for flights away from the vicinity of an aerodrome, and for all IFR flights, must include a careful study of available current weather reports and forecasts, calculation of required fuel, and preparation of the plan to follow in case the intended flight cannot be completed.
RAC 20.040 Authority of the pilot-in-command of the aircraft The pilot-in-command of the aircraft has final authority in all matters relating to it while in command.
RAC 20.045 Problematic use of psychoactive substances Personnel whose functions are critical from the point of view of aviation safety (employees performing safety-sensitive functions) shall not perform such functions while under the influence of psychoactive substances that impair human performance. The persons concerned shall abstain from any type of problematic use of certain substances.
SUBPART C. GENERAL RULES RAC 20.050 Protection of persons and property a) Negligent or reckless operation of aircraft. No aircraft may be operated in a negligent or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of others.
- b)Minimum heights. Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or when authorized by the competent authority, aircraft shall not fly over congested areas of cities, towns, or settlements, or over an open-air assembly of persons, unless flown at a height that would allow, in the event of an emergency, a landing to be made without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface. (CCA 20.050) c) Cruising levels. The cruising levels at which a flight or a portion of a flight is to be conducted shall be expressed in terms of:
- 1)Flight levels, for flights at or above the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable, above the transition altitude; 2) Altitudes, for flights below the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable, at or below the transition altitude.
- d)Dropping or spraying. Dropping or spraying from aircraft in flight shall not be permitted except under conditions prescribed by the competent authority and as indicated by the relevant information, advice, or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.
- e)Towing. No aircraft shall tow another aircraft or other object except in accordance with requirements prescribed by the competent authority and as indicated by the relevant information, advice, or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.
- f)Parachute descents. Except in emergency, parachute descents shall not be permitted except under conditions prescribed by the competent authority and as indicated by the relevant information, advice, or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.
- g)Acrobatic flight. No aircraft shall be permitted to perform acrobatic flight except under conditions prescribed by the competent authority and as indicated by the relevant information, advice, or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit.
- h)Formation flights. Aircraft shall not fly in formation except by prior arrangement among the pilots-in-command of the participating aircraft and, for formation flights in controlled airspace, in accordance with conditions prescribed by the competent ATS authorities. These conditions shall include the following:
- 1)The formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting; 2) Separation between the aircraft participating in the flight is the responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots-in-command of the other participating aircraft, and must include periods of transition when aircraft are manoeuvring to attain their own separation within the formation and during manoeuvres to join and leave the formation; and 3) Each aircraft must maintain a distance of no more than 1 km (0.5 NM) laterally and longitudinally, and 30 m (100 ft) vertically from the flight leader.
- i)Remotely piloted aircraft. Remotely piloted aircraft shall be operated in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property, or other aircraft, and in accordance with the conditions established in Appendix 4 of this RAC.
- j)Unmanned free balloons. Unmanned free balloons shall be operated in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property, or other aircraft, and in accordance with the conditions established in Appendix 5 of this RAC.
- k)Prohibited areas and restricted areas. No aircraft shall be permitted to fly in a prohibited area, or restricted area, the details of which have been duly published, except in accordance with the conditions of the restrictions or with the permission of the State over whose territory the areas are established.
RAC 20.055 Prevention of collisions None of these rules relieves the pilot-in-command of an aircraft of the responsibility to take the most effective action to avoid a collision, including carrying out the necessary collision avoidance manoeuvres based on resolution advisories provided by ACAS equipment.
(CCA 20.055 (a)) a) Proximity. No aircraft shall be operated so close to another as to create a danger of collision.
- b)Right-of-way. The aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain its heading and speed.
- 1)An aircraft that is obliged by the following rules to keep out of the way of another shall avoid passing over, under, or in front of the other, unless it passes at a sufficient distance and takes into account the effect of the aircraft's wake turbulence.
- 2)Approaching head-on. When two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so, and there is danger of collision, both aircraft shall alter their heading to the right.
- 3)Converging. When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way, with the following exceptions:
i. Power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to airships, gliders, and balloons; ii. Airships shall give way to gliders and balloons; iii. Gliders shall give way to balloons; iv. Power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft seen to be towing other aircraft or objects.
- 4)Overtaking. An aircraft that is overtaking is one that approaches another from the rear on a line forming an angle of less than 70° with the plane of symmetry of the latter, i.e., is in such a position with respect to the other aircraft that at night it would be unable to see either of the other aircraft's left (port) or right (starboard) navigation lights. An aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way, and the overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending, or in horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the other by altering its heading to the right. No subsequent change in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is entirely past and clear.
- 5)Landing.
i. Aircraft in flight, and also those operating on the ground or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final stages of an approach to land.
ii. When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are approaching an aerodrome for landing, the aircraft at the higher level shall give way to those at lower levels, but the latter shall not take advantage of this rule either to cut in front of another aircraft that is in the final stages of an approach to land, or to overtake it. Nevertheless, power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders.
iii. Emergency landing. Any aircraft that is aware that another is compelled to land shall give way to that aircraft.
- 6)Take-off. Any aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome shall give way to aircraft taking off or about to take off.
- 7)Movement of aircraft on the surface.
i. If there is a danger of collision between two aircraft taxiing on the movement area of an aerodrome, the following shall apply:
i.1 When two aircraft are approaching head-on, or approximately so, both shall stop or, where possible, alter their heading to the right to keep at a sufficient distance; i.2 When two aircraft are on a converging course, the one that has the other on its right shall give way; i.3 Any aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the overtaking aircraft shall keep at a sufficient distance from the path of the other aircraft.
(CCA 20.055 (b)) ii. When an aircraft is taxiing on the maneuvering area, it shall stop and hold at all illuminated runway-holding positions, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower. (CCA 20.55 (c)) iii. When an aircraft is taxiing on the maneuvering area, it shall stop and hold at all illuminated stop bars and may proceed when the lights are switched off.
- c)Lights to be displayed by aircraft (CCA 20.055 (d)) (CCA 20.055 (e)) 1) Except as provided in RAC 20.055 c) 5), from sunset to sunrise, or during any other period that may be prescribed by the competent authority, all aircraft in flight shall display:
i. Anti-collision lights intended to attract attention to the aircraft; and ii. Navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer and no other lights shall be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken for the aforesaid lights.
(CCA 20.055 (f)) 2) Except as provided in RAC 20.055 c) 5), from sunset to sunrise, or during any other period that may be prescribed by the competent authority:
i. All aircraft moving on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer and shall not display other lights if they are likely to be mistaken for the aforesaid lights; ii. All aircraft, unless stationary and otherwise adequately illuminated, on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate the extremities of their structure; iii. All aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to make their presence conspicuous; and iv. All aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights indicating this fact.
(CCA 20.055 (g)) 3) Except as provided in RAC 20.055 c) 5), all aircraft in flight fitted with the anti-collision lights necessary to meet the requirement stipulated in RAC 20.055 c) 1) i., shall also display such lights illuminated outside the period specified in RAC 20.055 c) 1).
- 4)Except as provided in RAC 20.055 c) 5), all aircraft:
i. Moving on the movement area of an aerodrome and fitted with the anti-collision lights necessary to meet the requirement of RAC 20.055 c) 2) iii.; or ii. On the movement area of an aerodrome and fitted with the lights necessary to meet the requirement of RAC 20.055 c) 2) iv.; iii. Shall also display such lights illuminated outside the period established in RAC 20.055 c) 2).
- 5)Pilots are permitted to switch off or reduce the intensity of any flashing lights fitted to meet the requirements prescribed in RAC 20.055 c) 1-4) if it is safe or likely that they will:
i. Adversely affect the satisfactory performance of duties; or ii. Expose an outside observer to harmful dazzle.
- d)Simulated instrument flights. No aircraft shall be flown in simulated instrument flight conditions unless:
- 1)The aircraft is fitted with fully functioning dual controls; and 2) A qualified pilot occupies a control seat to act as safety pilot for the person flying by simulated instruments. The safety pilot shall have adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft, or a competent observer in communication with the safety pilot shall occupy a position in the aircraft from which the observer's field of vision adequately supplements that of the safety pilot.
- e)Operations on, at, or in the vicinity of an aerodrome. Aircraft operating on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome, whether or not within an aerodrome traffic zone:
- 1)Shall observe aerodrome traffic in order to avoid collisions; 2) Shall conform to the traffic circuit formed by other aircraft in flight, or avoid it; 3) Shall make all turns to the left when approaching for a landing and after taking off, unless otherwise instructed; 4) Shall land and take off into the wind, unless safety, the runway configuration, or air traffic considerations determine that another direction is preferable.
(CCA 20.055 (h)) f) Water operations (CCA 20.055 (i)) 1) When two aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are approaching one another, and there is a danger of collision, the aircraft shall proceed with careful regard to the existing circumstances and conditions, including the limitations of each.
i. Converging. When an aircraft has another aircraft or vessel on its right, it shall give way to keep at a sufficient distance.
ii. Approaching head-on. When an aircraft is approaching another aircraft or vessel head-on, or approximately so, it shall alter its heading to the right to keep at a sufficient distance.
iii. Overtaking. Any aircraft or vessel that is being overtaken has the right-of-way, and the overtaking aircraft shall alter its heading to keep at a sufficient distance.
iv. Alighting and taking off. Aircraft alighting on or taking off from the water shall, as far as practicable, keep clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
- 2)Lights to be displayed by aircraft on the water. Between sunset and sunrise, or during any other period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the competent authority, all aircraft on the water shall display the lights prescribed by the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (revised in 1972 and available on the official website of the International Maritime Organization), unless it is impracticable, in which case they shall display lights whose characteristics and position are as similar as possible to those required by the International Regulations.
(CCA 20.055 (j)) RAC 20.060 Flight plans a) Submission of a flight plan 1) Information relative to an intended flight or a portion of it, to be provided to air traffic services units, shall be in the form of a flight plan.
- 2)A flight plan shall be submitted prior to operating:
i. Any flight or portion thereof to be provided with air traffic control service; ii. Any IFR flight within advisory airspace; iii. Any flight within designated areas or along designated routes, when so required by the competent ATS authority to facilitate the provision of flight information, alerting, and search and rescue services; iv. Any flight within designated areas or along designated routes, when so required by the competent ATS authority to facilitate coordination with relevant military units or with air traffic services units in adjacent States, in order to avoid the possible need for interception for identification purposes; v. Any flight across international borders.
(CCA 20.060 (a)) 3) A flight plan shall be submitted to an air traffic services reporting office before departure, or shall be transmitted during the flight to the appropriate air traffic services unit or to the appropriate air-ground control radio station, unless arrangements have been made for submission of repetitive flight plans.
- 4)Unless otherwise prescribed by the competent ATS authority, a flight plan for a flight to be provided with air traffic control service or advisory service shall be submitted at least sixty minutes before departure, or, if submitted during flight, at a time that will ensure its receipt by the appropriate air traffic services unit at least ten minutes before the aircraft is estimated to reach:
i. The intended point of entry into a control area or advisory area; or ii. The point of crossing an airway or advisory route.
- b)Contents of the flight plan. A flight plan shall contain information regarding the following items as considered pertinent by the competent ATS authority:
- 1)Aircraft identification.
- 2)Flight rules and type of flight.
- 3)Number and type(s) of aircraft and wake turbulence category.
- 4)Equipment.
- 5)Departure aerodrome (CCA 20.060 (b)).
- 6)Estimated off-block time (CCA 20.060 (c)).
- 7)Cruising speeds.
- 8)Cruising levels.
- 9)Route to be followed.
- 10)Destination aerodrome and total estimated elapsed time.
- 11)Alternate aerodromes.
- 12)Fuel endurance.
- 13)Total number of persons on board.
- 14)Emergency and survival equipment.
- 15)Other information.
(CCA 20.060 (d)) c) Finishing the flight plan 1) Whatever the purpose for which it is submitted, the flight plan must contain the appropriate information on the pertinent items up to and including alternate aerodromes, regarding the whole route or the portion thereof for which the flight plan is submitted.
- 2)It shall, in addition, contain the appropriate information on all other items when so prescribed by the competent ATS authority or when the person submitting the flight plan deems it necessary.
- d)Changes to the flight plan. Subject to the provisions of RAC 20.075 b) 2), all changes to a flight plan submitted for an IFR flight, or for a VFR flight operated as a controlled flight, shall be reported as soon as possible to the appropriate air traffic services unit. For other VFR flights, significant changes to the flight plan shall be reported as soon as possible to the appropriate air traffic services unit.
(CCA 20.060 (e)) e) Expiration of the flight plan 1) Unless otherwise prescribed by the competent ATS authority, an arrival report shall be made, in person, by radiotelephony, or via data link, as soon as possible after landing, to the appropriate ATS unit at the arrival aerodrome, for any flight for which a flight plan has been submitted covering the entire flight or the remaining portion of a flight to the destination aerodrome.
- 2)Where a flight plan has been submitted only for a portion of the flight other than the remaining portion to the destination, it shall, when necessary, be cancelled by an appropriate report to the relevant air traffic services unit.
- 3)When no air traffic services unit exists at the arrival aerodrome, the arrival report shall, when required, be made to the nearest air traffic control unit as soon as possible after landing, and by the quickest means available.
- 4)When it is known that the communication facilities at the arrival aerodrome are inadequate and no alternative ground handling arrangements for the dispatch of arrival messages are available, the aircraft shall transmit to the appropriate air traffic services unit, immediately prior to landing, if possible, or once landed via any available commercial or company operations communication means, if applicable, a message comparable to an arrival report, when such a report is required.
Normally, this transmission shall be made to the aeronautical station serving the air traffic services unit in charge of the flight information region in which the aircraft operates.
- 5)Arrival reports made by aircraft shall contain the following elements of information:
i. Aircraft identification; ii. Departure aerodrome; iii. Destination aerodrome (only if the landing was not made at the destination aerodrome); iv. Arrival aerodrome; v. Time of arrival.
(CCA 20.060 (f)) RAC 20.065 Signals a) Upon observing or receiving any of the signals indicated in Appendix 1 of this RAC, the aircraft shall act in accordance with the interpretation given for the signal in said Appendix.
- b)The signals in Appendix 1 of this RAC, when used, have the meaning indicated therein. They shall be used only for the purposes indicated, and no other signal that could be confused with them shall be used.
- c)A signalman is responsible for providing aircraft with clear and accurate standardized signals for ground maneuvering, using the signals indicated in Appendix 1 of this RAC.
- d)No one shall guide an aircraft unless they are duly trained, qualified, and approved by the competent authority to perform such functions.
- e)The signalman shall wear a fluorescent identification vest to allow the flight crew to identify that they are the person responsible for the ground maneuvering operation.
- f)All ground personnel involved in providing signals shall use, during daylight hours, bats, tennis-racket-type paddles, or gloves, all of fluorescent colors. At night, or in conditions of poor visibility, illuminated bats shall be used.
RAC 20.070 Time a) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) shall be used, which shall be expressed in hours and minutes and, when required, in seconds of the 24-hour day beginning at midnight.
- b)The time shall be checked before the initiation of a controlled flight and at any other time during the flight when necessary. (CCA 20.070) c) When used in the application of data link communications, the time shall be accurate, with a tolerance of one second with respect to UTC.
RAC 20.075 Air traffic control service a) Air traffic control clearances 1) Before conducting a controlled flight or a portion of a flight as a controlled flight, an air traffic control clearance shall be obtained. Such clearance is requested by submitting the flight plan to an air traffic control unit. (CCA 20.075 (a)-(b)) 2) Whenever an aircraft has requested a clearance that involves priority, a report explaining the need for such priority shall be submitted to the appropriate air traffic control unit, if so requested.
- 3)Possible renewal of clearance in flight. If it is anticipated before departure that, depending on fuel endurance and subject to renewal of the clearance in flight, a decision may be made at some point along the route to proceed to a different destination aerodrome, the appropriate air traffic control units shall be notified of this by including in the flight plan information concerning the revised route (if known) and the new destination aerodrome. (CCA 20.075 (c)) 4) Any aircraft operating at a controlled aerodrome shall not taxi on the maneuvering area without clearance from the aerodrome control tower and shall comply with the instructions issued by that unit.
- b)Adherence to the updated flight plan 1) Except as provided in RAC 20.075 b) 4), every aircraft shall adhere to the updated flight plan or the applicable part of an updated flight plan for a controlled flight, within the tolerances defined in paragraphs RAC 20.075 b) 1) i. to RAC 20.075 b) 2), unless a change has been requested and clearance obtained from the appropriate air traffic control unit, or unless an emergency situation arises that requires immediate action by the aircraft, in which case, as soon as circumstances permit after such measures have been applied, the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be informed of the measures taken and of the fact that such measures were due to an emergency situation.
i. Unless otherwise authorized by the competent ATS authority or unless otherwise authorized or directed by the competent air traffic control unit, controlled flights shall, to the extent possible:
i.1 When operating on an established ATS route, operate along the defined centerline of that route; or i.2 When operating on any other route, operate directly between the navigation facilities or points defining that route.
ii. Subject to the overriding requirement in RAC 20.075 b) 1) i., an aircraft operating along a segment of an ATS route defined by reference to VHF omnidirectional radio beacons shall change, for its primary navigation guidance, from the facility behind the aircraft to the facility ahead of it, and this change shall be made at the changeover point or as close thereto as operationally feasible, if such a changeover point has been established.
iii. Deviations from the provisions of RAC 20.075 b) 1) i. shall be notified to the appropriate air traffic services unit.
- 2)Deviations from the updated flight plan. In the event that a controlled flight inadvertently deviates from its updated flight plan, it shall take the following actions:
i. Deviation from track. If the aircraft deviates from track, it shall take immediate action to correct its heading in order to regain track as soon as possible.
ii. Deviation from ATC-assigned Mach number/indicated airspeed. The appropriate air traffic services unit shall be notified immediately.
iii. Deviation from true airspeed Mach number. If the sustained Mach number/true airspeed at cruising level varies by ±Mach 0.02 or more, or ±19 km/h (10 kt) or more for true airspeed, from the updated flight plan, the appropriate air traffic services unit shall be informed.
iv. Change in estimated time. Unless ADS-C is activated and in service in airspace where ADS-C services are provided, if the estimated time of arrival for the next applicable reporting point, flight information region boundary, or destination aerodrome, whichever occurs first, changes by more than 2 minutes from that previously notified to air traffic services, or in relation to another time period prescribed by the competent ATS authority or based on regional air navigation agreements, the flight crew shall notify the appropriate air traffic services unit as soon as possible.
v. When ADS-C services are provided and the latter is activated, the air traffic services unit shall be automatically informed via data link when a change exceeding the threshold values established in the ADS event contract occurs.
- 3)Requests for change. Requests for changes to the updated flight plan shall contain the information indicated below:
i. Change of cruising level. Aircraft identification; requested new cruising level and Mach number/true airspeed at this level; revised estimated times (when applicable) at subsequent reporting points or flight information region boundaries.
ii. Change of Mach number/true airspeed. Aircraft identification; requested Mach number/true airspeed.
iii. Change of route iii.1 Without modification of destination. Aircraft identification; flight rules; description of the new flight route, including the related flight plan data beginning from the position where the requested route change is initiated; revised estimated times; any other pertinent information.
iii.2 With modification of destination. Aircraft identification; flight rules; description of the revised flight route to the new destination aerodrome, including the related flight plan data beginning from the position where the requested route change is initiated; revised estimated times; alternate aerodromes; any other pertinent information.
- 4)Deterioration of meteorological conditions below VMC. When it becomes evident that flight in VMC in accordance with its updated flight plan is not feasible, a VFR flight operating as a controlled flight shall:
i. Request an amended clearance enabling it to continue in VMC to its destination or to an alternate aerodrome, or to leave the airspace within which an ATC clearance is required; or ii. If it cannot obtain a clearance in accordance with iv.1, continue flight in VMC and notify the appropriate ATC unit of the action it is taking, either to leave the airspace concerned or to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; or iii. RESERVED.
iv. Request clearance to fly in accordance with the instrument flight rules.
- c)Position reports 1) Unless exempted by the competent ATS authority or by the appropriate air traffic services units under the conditions specified by that authority, a controlled flight shall report to that unit, as soon as possible, the time and level over each designated compulsory reporting point, together with any other required information. Similarly, position reports shall be made in relation to additional reporting points when requested by the appropriate air traffic services units. In the absence of designated reporting points, position reports shall be made at intervals prescribed by the competent ATS authority, or specified by the appropriate air traffic services unit.
- 2)Controlled flights providing their position to the appropriate air traffic services unit via data link communications shall provide oral position reports only when requested.
(CCA 20.075 (d)) d) Termination of control. Except when landing at a controlled aerodrome, controlled flights shall, as soon as they cease to be subject to the air traffic control service, notify the appropriate ATC unit accordingly.
- e)Communications 1) Any aircraft operating as a controlled flight shall maintain continuous air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate channel of the appropriate air traffic control unit and, when necessary, establish two-way communication with it, except as may be prescribed by the competent ATS authority with respect to aircraft forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome. (CCA 20.075 (e)) 2) Communication failure. If a communication failure prevents compliance with the provisions of RAC 20.075 e) 1), the aircraft shall comply with the voice communication failure procedures of ICAO Annex 10, Volume II (which is located on the official ICAO website), and those of the following procedures as appropriate. The aircraft shall attempt to communicate with the relevant air traffic control unit using all other available means. In addition, the aircraft, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome, shall keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual signals.
i. If operating in visual meteorological conditions, the aircraft:
i.1 Shall continue its flight in visual meteorological conditions; land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and report its arrival by the most expeditious means to the appropriate air traffic services unit; i.2 Shall complete an IFR flight in accordance with RAC 20.075 e) 2) ii., if it considers it advisable.
ii. If operating in instrument meteorological conditions, or if the pilot of an IFR flight considers it inadvisable to complete the flight in accordance with RAC 20.075 e) 2) i.1, the aircraft:
ii.1 Unless otherwise prescribed on the basis of a regional air navigation agreement, in airspace where radar is not used for air traffic control, shall maintain the last assigned level and speed, or the minimum flight altitude, whichever is higher, for a period of 20 minutes following the time the aircraft fails to report its position over a compulsory reporting point, and thereafter shall adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan; ii.2 In airspace where radar is used for air traffic control, shall maintain the last assigned level and speed, or the minimum flight altitude, whichever is higher, for a period of seven minutes following the time when:
ii.2.1 The last assigned level or minimum flight altitude is reached; or ii.2.2 The transponder is set to code 7600; or ii.2.3 The aircraft fails to report its position over a compulsory reporting point; ii.2.4 Whichever occurs latest, and thereafter shall adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan; ii.3 When being given radar vectors or proceeding on an ATC-specified offset using area navigation (RNAV) without a specified limit, shall return to the route of the updated flight plan upon reaching the next significant point, taking into account the applicable minimum flight altitude; ii.4 Shall proceed according to the route of the updated flight plan to the appropriate navigation aid or fix designated to serve the destination aerodrome and, when required to ensure compliance with the requirements in ii.5, shall hold over this aid or fix until descent is commenced; ii.5 Shall commence descent from the navigation aid or fix specified in ii.4 at the last received and acknowledged expected approach time, or as close as possible to that time; or, if no expected approach time has been received and acknowledged, shall commence descent at the estimated time of arrival resulting from the updated flight plan, or as close as possible to that time; ii.6 Shall execute a normal instrument approach procedure specified for the designated navigation aid or fix; and ii.7 Shall land, if possible, within 30 minutes following the estimated time of arrival specified in ii.5, or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is later.
(CCA 20.075 (f)) RAC 20.080 Unlawful interference a) Any aircraft that is being subjected to unlawful interference shall endeavor to notify the appropriate ATS unit of this fact, any significant circumstances associated therewith, and any deviation from the updated flight plan necessitated by the circumstances, in order to enable the ATS unit to give priority to the aircraft and to minimize traffic conflicts that may arise with other aircraft. (CCA 20.080 (a)) b) If an aircraft is subjected to unlawful interference, the pilot-in-command shall attempt to land as soon as possible at the nearest suitable aerodrome or at an aerodrome assigned for that purpose by the competent authority, unless the situation aboard the aircraft dictates otherwise. (CCA 20.080 (b)) RAC 20.085 Interception (CCA 20.085 (a)) a) The interception of civil aircraft shall be governed by the appropriate regulations and administrative directives that the State of Costa Rica establishes in compliance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation and, especially in compliance with Article 3 and Article 3bis, by virtue of which the State of Costa Rica undertakes to have due regard for the safety of civil aircraft. Consequently, in drafting such regulations and administrative directives, States shall take into account the provisions contained in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 of this RAC. (CCA 20.085 (b)) b) In the event of interception of a civil aircraft, its pilot-in-command shall comply with the standards contained in Appendix 2 of this RAC, interpreting and responding to visual signals in the manner specified in Appendix 1 of this RAC.
RAC 20.090 VMC minima for visibility and distance from clouds The VMC minima for visibility and distance from clouds are contained in table RAC 20.090.
Table RAC 20.090 | Altitude band | Airspace class | Flight visibility | Distance from clouds | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | At 3,050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL or above | A B C D E F G | 8 km | 1,500 m horizontally 300 m (1,000 ft) vertically | | Below 3,050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL and above 900 m (3,000 ft) AMSL, or above 300 m (1,000 ft) above terrain, whichever is the higher | A B C D E F G | 5 km | 1,500 m horizontally 300 m (1,000 ft) vertically | | At 900 m (3,000 ft) AMSL or below, or at 300 m (1,000 ft) above terrain, whichever is the higher | A B C D E | 5 km | 1,500 m horizontally 300 m (1,000 ft) vertically | | F G | 5 km | Clear of clouds and with the surface in sight | | The VMC minima applicable to helicopter operations are established in AIP Part III AD 3, which is located on the official DGAC website.
SUBPART D. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES RAC 20.095 Meteorological conditions required for VFR flights a) VFR flights shall be conducted in such a manner that the aircraft flies in conditions of visibility and distance from clouds equal to or greater than those specified in Table RAC 20.090.
- b)Except when authorized by the air traffic control unit, VFR flights shall not take off or land at any aerodrome within a control zone, nor enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic circuit of that aerodrome:
- 1)If the ceiling is less than 450 m (1,500 ft); or 2) If the ground visibility is less than 5 km.
RAC 20.100 Flights between sunset and sunrise VFR flights between sunset and sunrise, or during any other period between sunset and sunrise that may be prescribed by the Dirección General de Aviación Civil, shall be conducted in accordance with the conditions prescribed by that authority.
RAC 20.105 Prohibition of VFR flights Unless authorized by the competent ATS authority, VFR flights shall not be conducted:
- a)Above FL 200; b) At transonic and supersonic speeds; c) Except when necessary for take-off or landing:
- 1)Over congested areas of cities, towns, or settlements, or over an open-air assembly of persons at a height less than 300 m (1,000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a radius of 600 m from the aircraft; 2) In any other area other than that specified in RAC 20.105 c) 1), at a height less than 150 m (500 ft) above ground or water.
RAC 20.110 Cruising level Unless otherwise specified in air traffic control clearances or by provision of the competent ATS authority, VFR flights in level cruising flight when operating above 900 m (3,000 ft) from the ground or water, or a higher datum as specified by the competent ATS authority, shall be conducted at a cruising level appropriate to the track, as specified in the table of cruising levels contained in Appendix 3 of this RAC.
RAC-ATS.115 VFR flights in controlled airspace VFR flights shall comply with the provisions of RAC 20.075:
- a)When conducted in Class B, C, and D airspace; b) When forming part of the aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes; or c) RESERVED.
RAC 20.120 VFR flights within areas designated by the ATS authority A VFR flight operating within areas, into areas, or along routes designated by the competent ATS authority in accordance with RAC 20.060 a) 2) iii. or iv. shall maintain continuous air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate channel of the air traffic services unit providing flight information service, and shall report its position to it when necessary.
RAC 20.125 Change from VFR to IFR flight Any aircraft operating under the visual flight rules that wishes to change to compliance with the instrument flight rules:
- a)If a flight plan has been submitted, shall communicate the necessary changes to be made to its updated flight plan; or b) When so required by RAC 20.060 a) 2), shall submit a flight plan to the appropriate air traffic services unit and wait for clearance before proceeding under IFR when in controlled airspace.
SUBPART E. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES RAC 20.130 Rules applicable to all IFR flights a) Aircraft equipment. Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and with navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be flown.
- b)Minimum levels. Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or when expressly authorized by the competent authority, IFR flights shall be conducted at a level not below the minimum flight altitude established by the State over whose territory is being overflown, or, if such minimum flight altitude has not been established:
- 1)Over high terrain or in mountainous areas, at a level of at least 600 m (2,000 ft) above the highest obstacle located within a radius of 8 km from the estimated position of the aircraft in flight; 2) In any other area other than that specified in 1), at a level of at least 300 m (1,000 ft) above the highest obstacle located within a radius of 8 km from the estimated position of the aircraft in flight.
(CCA 20.130) c) Change from IFR to VFR flight 1) Any aircraft that decides to change the manner in which it conducts its flight, switching from instrument flight rules to visual flight rules, if it has submitted a flight plan, shall specifically notify the appropriate air traffic services unit that the IFR flight is canceled, and shall communicate the changes to be made to its current flight plan.
- 2)When an aircraft operating under instrument flight rules encounters visual meteorological conditions, it shall not cancel its IFR flight unless it is anticipated that the flight will continue for a reasonable period of uninterrupted visual meteorological conditions and that the intention is to continue in such conditions.
RAC 20.135 Rules applicable to IFR flights conducted within controlled airspace a) IFR flights shall comply with the provisions of RAC 20.075 when conducted in controlled airspace.
- b)An IFR flight operating in cruising flight in controlled airspace shall be conducted at a cruising level, or, if authorized to employ cruise climb techniques, between two levels or above a level, selected from:
- 1)The cruising level tables in Appendix 3 of this RAC; or 2) A modified cruising level table, when so prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3, for flights above FL 410.
RAC 20.140 Rules applicable to IFR flights conducted outside controlled airspace a) Cruising levels. An IFR flight operating in level cruising flight outside controlled airspace shall be conducted at a cruising level appropriate to its track, as specified in:
- 1)The cruising level table in Appendix 3 of this RAC, except when otherwise specified by the competent ATS authority for flights conducted at or below 900 m (3,000 ft) above mean sea level; 2) A modified cruising level table, when so prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3, for flights above FL 410.
- b)Communications. An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace but within areas or along routes designated by the competent ATS authority in accordance with RAC 20.060 a) 2) iii. or iv. shall maintain air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate channel and shall, when necessary, establish two-way communication with the air traffic services unit providing flight information service.
- c)Position reports. An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace and required by the competent ATS authority to:
- 1)Submit a flight plan; 2) Maintain air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate channel and establish two-way communication, as necessary, with the air traffic services unit providing flight information service, 3) Shall report position in accordance with RAC 20.075 c) for controlled flights. (CCA 20.140) SUBPART F. APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. SIGNALS RAC 20-AP1.001 Distress and urgency signals (CCA 20-AP1.001 (a)) a) Distress signals. The following signals, used together or separately, mean that there is a threat of grave and imminent danger and that immediate assistance is requested.
- 1)A signal transmitted by radiotelegraphy, or by any other method, consisting of the group SOS (. . . C C C . . .) in Morse Code; 2) A radiotelephony distress signal, consisting of the word MAYDAY; 3) A distress message sent via data link which transmits the intent of the word MAYDAY; 4) Rockets or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals; 5) A red parachute flare.
(CCA 20-AP1.001 (b)) b) Urgency signals.
- 1)The following signals, used together or separately, mean that an aircraft wishes to give notice of difficulties that compel it to land, but that it does not require immediate assistance:
i. The successive switching on and off of the landing lights; or ii. The successive switching on and off of the navigation lights in such a manner as to be distinct from flashing navigation lights.
- 2)The following signals, used together or separately, mean that an aircraft has to transmit a very urgent message concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight:
i. A signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other method, consisting of the group XXX; ii. A radiotelephony urgency signal, consisting of the spoken words PAN, PAN; iii. An urgency message sent via data link to transmit the intent of the words PAN, PAN.
RAC 20-AP1.005 Signals to be used in the event of interception a) Signals initiated by the intercepting aircraft and responses by the intercepted aircraft
| Series | Intercepting aircraft signals | Meaning | Response of intercepted aircraft | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DAY or NIGHT: Rocking the aircraft and flashing the navigation lights at irregular intervals (and landing lights in the case of a helicopter) from a position slightly above and ahead of, and normally to the left of, the intercepted aircraft (or to the right if the intercepted aircraft is a helicopter) and, after acknowledgement, a slow level turn, normally to the left (or to the right in the case of a helicopter) onto the desired heading. Meteorological conditions or terrain may require the intercepting aircraft to reverse the positions and direction of turn given above. If the intercepted aircraft cannot keep pace with the intercepting aircraft, the latter is expected to fly a series of race-track patterns and rock the aircraft each time it passes the intercepted aircraft. | You have been intercepted. Follow me. | DAY or NIGHT: Rocking the aircraft, flashing the navigation lights at irregular intervals, and following the intercepting aircraft. | Understood, will comply. |
| 2 | DAY or NIGHT: An abrupt breakaway from the intercepted aircraft, consisting of a climbing turn of 90° or more without crossing the flight path of the intercepted aircraft. | Proceed. | DAY or NIGHT: Rock the aircraft. | Understood, will comply. |
| 3 | DAY or NIGHT: Lowering the landing gear (if retractable), keeping the landing lights on continuously, and overflying the runway in use or, if the intercepted aircraft is a helicopter, overflying the helicopter landing area. In the case of helicopters, the intercepting helicopter makes an approach for landing and remains in a hover near the landing area. | Land at this aerodrome. | DAY or NIGHT: Lower the landing gear (if retractable), keeping the landing lights on continuously, follow the intercepting aircraft and, if after overflying the runway in use or the helicopter landing area it is considered safe to land, proceed to land. | Understood, will comply. |
- b)Signals initiated by the intercepted aircraft and response by the intercepting aircraft
| Series | Intercepting aircraft signals | Meaning | Response of intercepted aircraft | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | DAY or NIGHT: Raising the landing gear (if retractable) and flashing the landing lights overflying the runway in use or the helicopter landing area at a height exceeding 300 m (1 000 ft) but not exceeding 600 m (2 000 ft) [in the case of a helicopter, at a height exceeding 50 m (170 ft) but not exceeding 100 m (330 ft)] above the aerodrome level, and continuing to fly a circuit over the runway in use or the helicopter landing area. If unable to flash the landing lights, flash any other available lights. | The aerodrome you have designated is inadequate. | DAY or NIGHT: If it is desired that the intercepted aircraft follow the intercepting aircraft to an alternate aerodrome, the intercepting aircraft raises the landing gear (if retractable) and uses the Series 1 signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft. If it is decided to release the intercepted aircraft, the intercepting aircraft uses the Series 2 signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft. | Understood, follow me. Understood, proceed. |
| 5 | DAY or NIGHT: Repeatedly flashing all available lights at regular intervals, but in a manner distinct from flashing lights. | Unable to comply. | DAY or NIGHT: Use the Series 2 signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft. | Understood. |
| 6 | DAY or NIGHT: Flashing all available lights at irregular intervals. | In distress. | DAY or NIGHT: Use the Series 2 signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft. | Understood. |
RAC 20-AP1.010 Visual signals used to warn an unauthorized aircraft flying in, or about to enter, a restricted, prohibited, or dangerous area.
By day and by night, a series of projectiles discharged from the ground at intervals of 10 seconds, each showing on bursting red and green lights or stars, shall indicate to an unauthorized aircraft that it is flying in, or about to enter, a restricted, prohibited, or dangerous area, and that the aircraft is to take such remedial action as necessary.
RAC 20-AP1.015 Signals for aerodrome traffic Signals for aerodrome traffic are contained in Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 1, point 4.
RAC 20-AP1.020 Signals for ground maneuvering Signals for ground maneuvering are contained in Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 1, point 5.
- a)The following hand signals are established as the minimum required for emergency communication between the incident/aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) incident commander, ARFF firefighters, and the flight crew and/or cabin crew of the incident aircraft. ARFF emergency hand signals should be given from the left forward side of the aircraft to the flight crew.
(CCA 20-AP1.025) b) Standardized emergency hand signals are contained in Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 1, point 6.
APPENDIX 2. INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT RAC 20-AP2.001 Measures to be taken by the intercepted aircraft a) An aircraft which is intercepted by another aircraft:
- 1)Must immediately follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft, interpreting and responding to the visual signals in accordance with the specifications in Appendix 1 of this RAC; 2) Must immediately notify, if possible, the appropriate air traffic services unit; 3) Must immediately attempt to establish radio communication with the intercepting aircraft or with the appropriate intercept control unit, by making a general call on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, giving the identity of the intercepted aircraft and the nature of the flight; and if no contact has been established and if practicable, repeating this call on the emergency frequency 243 MHz; 4) If equipped with an SSR transponder, must immediately select Code 7700, in Mode A, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit; 5) If equipped with ADS-B or ADS-C, must select the appropriate emergency functionality, if available, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit.
RAC 20-AP1.025 Standardized emergency hand signals a) The following hand signals are established as the minimum required for emergency communication between the incident/aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) incident commander, ARFF firefighters, and the flight crew and/or cabin crew of the incident aircraft. ARFF emergency hand signals should be given from the left forward side of the aircraft to the flight crew.
(CCA 20-AP1.025) b) Standardized emergency hand signals are contained in Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 1, point 6.
APPENDIX 2. INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT RAC 20-AP2.001 Measures to be taken by the intercepted aircraft a) An aircraft which is intercepted by another aircraft:
- 1)Must immediately follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft, interpreting and responding to the visual signals in accordance with the specifications in Appendix 1 of this RAC; 2) Must immediately notify, if possible, the appropriate air traffic services unit; 3) Must immediately attempt to establish radio communication with the intercepting aircraft or with the appropriate intercept control unit, by making a general call on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, giving the identity of the intercepted aircraft and the nature of the flight; and if no contact has been established and if practicable, repeating this call on the emergency frequency 243 MHz; 4) If equipped with an SSR transponder, must immediately select Code 7700, in Mode A, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit; 5) If equipped with ADS-B or ADS-C, must select the appropriate emergency functionality, if available, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit.
RAC 20-AP1.025 Standardized emergency hand signals b) If any instructions received by radio from any source conflict with the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft by visual signals, the intercepted aircraft shall immediately request clarification while continuing to comply with the visual instructions given by the intercepting aircraft.
- c)If any instructions received by radio from any source conflict with the instructions given by radio by the intercepting aircraft, the intercepted aircraft shall immediately request clarification while continuing to comply with the radio instructions given by the intercepting aircraft.
RAC 20-AP2.005 Radiocommunication during interception If during interception radio contact has been established, but communication in a common language is not possible, attempts shall be made to convey instructions, acknowledge receipt of instructions, and transmit any other essential information by using the phrases and pronunciations in table RAC 20-AP2.005:
Table RAC 20-AP2.005 APPENDIX 3. TABLE OF CRUISING LEVELS RAC 20-AP3.001 Areas where RVSM applies (feet) In areas where altitude is measured in feet and where, by regional air navigation agreements, a minimum vertical separation of 1 000 ft is applied between FL 290 and FL 410 inclusive; see table a) of Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 3.
RAC 20-AP3.005 Areas where RVSM applies (metres) In areas where altitude is measured in metres and where, by regional air navigation agreements, a minimum vertical separation of 300 m is applied between 8 900 m and 12 500 m inclusive; see table b) of Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 3.
RAC 20-AP3.010 Areas where RVSM does not apply (feet) In other areas where altitude is primarily measured in feet; see table c) of Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 3.
RAC 20-AP3.015 Areas where RVSM does not apply (metres) In other areas where altitude is primarily measured in metres; see table d) of Annex 2 of ICAO, Appendix 3.
APPENDIX 4. REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS RAC 20-AP4.001 General operating rules a) No remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) engaged in international air navigation shall be operated without the appropriate authorization from the State from which the take-off of the remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) is made.
- b)No RPA shall be operated over the territory of another State without special authorization granted by the State over which the flight is to be made. This authorization may be made in the form of agreements between the States concerned.
APPENDIX 3. TABLE OF CRUISING LEVELS c) An RPA shall not be operated over the high seas without prior coordination with the appropriate ATS authority.
- d)The authorization and coordination referred to in b) and c) shall be obtained and performed before take-off if there is reasonable expectation, when planning the operation, that the aircraft may enter the airspace concerned.
- e)RPAS shall be operated in accordance with the conditions established by the State of registry and, if different, the State of the operator, and the State or States over which the flight is to be conducted.
- f)Flight plans shall be submitted in accordance with Chapter II, Subpart C, RAC 20.060, or as directed by the State or States in which the flight is to be conducted.
- g)RPAS shall meet the performance and equipment carriage requirements for the specific airspace in which the flight is to be conducted.
APPENDIX 5. UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS RAC 20-AP5.001 Classification of unmanned free balloons a) Light. An unmanned free balloon which carries a payload of one or more packages with a combined mass of less than 4 kg, unless considered "heavy" in accordance with c) 2), 3) or 4); or b) Medium. An unmanned free balloon which carries a payload of two or more packages with a combined mass of 4 kg or more, but less than 6 kg, unless considered "heavy" in accordance with c) 2), 3) or 4); or c) Heavy. An unmanned free balloon which carries a payload that:
- 1)Has a combined mass of 6 kg or more; or 2) Includes a package of 3 kg or more; or 3) Includes a package of 2 kg or more with an area density of more than 13 g/cm2; or 4) Uses a rope or other device for the suspension of the payload that requires an impact force of 230 N or more to separate the suspended payload from the balloon.
(CCA 20-AP5.001) RAC 20-AP5.005 General operating rules a) No unmanned free balloon shall be operated without the appropriate authorization from the State from which the launch is made.
- b)No unmanned free balloon, other than a light balloon used exclusively for meteorological purposes and operated in the manner prescribed by the competent authority, shall be operated over the territory of another State without the appropriate authorization from that State.
- c)The authorization referred to in b) shall be obtained before the launch of the balloon if there is reasonable expectation, when planning the operation, that the balloon may drift into the airspace over the territory of another State. Such authorization may be obtained for a series of balloon flights or for a specific type of recurring flight, such as atmospheric research balloon flights.
- d)Unmanned free balloons shall be operated in accordance with the conditions established by the State of registry and the State or States overflown.
- e)An unmanned free balloon shall not be operated in such a manner that the impact of the balloon, or any part thereof, including its payload, with the surface of the earth, creates a hazard to persons or property not related to the operation.
- f)A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated over the high seas without prior coordination with the appropriate ATS authority.
RAC 20-AP5.010 Operating limitations and equipment requirements a) A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated without authorization from the appropriate ATS authority, at or through any level below a pressure altitude of 18 000 m (60 000 ft), where:
- 1)There is more than 4 oktas of cloud or obscuration; or 2) The horizontal visibility is less than 8 km.
- b)Heavy or medium unmanned free balloons shall not be launched so as to fly below 300 m (1 000 ft) above congested urban areas, towns or settlements, or persons assembled in the open air not associated with the operation.
- c)A heavy unmanned free balloon shall not be operated, unless:
- 1)It is equipped with a minimum of two payload flight termination devices or systems, either automatic or activated by remote control, that operate independently of each other; 2) For polyethylene zero-pressure balloons, at least two independent methods, systems, devices, or combinations thereof, that function independently of each other are employed for terminating the flight of the balloon envelope; (CCA 20-AP5.010) 3) The balloon envelope is equipped with either radar reflective devices or materials that will present an echo to surface radar operating in the 200 MHz to 2 700 MHz frequency range, or the balloon is equipped with such devices as will permit its continuous tracking by the operator beyond the range of ground-based radar.
- d)Heavy unmanned free balloons shall not be operated under the following conditions:
- 1)In areas where ground-based SSR equipment is used, unless said balloons are equipped with a secondary surveillance radar transponder, with pressure-altitude reporting capability, which is continuously operating on an assigned code, or which can be turned on when necessary by the tracking station; or under specific operating instructions issued by the ATS authority (specific times, specific areas, among others).
- 2)In areas where ground-based ADS-B equipment is used, unless said balloons are equipped with an ADS-B transmitter, with pressure-altitude reporting capability, which is continuously operating or which can be turned on when necessary by the tracking station.
- e)Unmanned free balloons equipped with a trailing antenna that requires a force greater than 230 N to break it at any point shall not be operated unless the antenna has colored pennants or streamers placed at intervals not exceeding 15 m.
- f)Heavy unmanned free balloons shall not be operated at a pressure altitude below 18 000 m (60 000 ft) between sunset and sunrise, or any other period between sunset and sunrise (as corrected for the operating altitude) stipulated by the competent ATS authority, unless the balloon, its attachments and payload, whether or not they become separated during the flight, are lighted.
- g)A heavy unmanned free balloon equipped with a suspension device (other than a highly visible open parachute) longer than 15 m shall not be operated between sunrise and sunset at a pressure altitude below 18 000 m (60 000 ft), unless the suspension device is colored in alternate bands of highly visible colors or has colored pennants.
- h)In cases of emergency, the descent shall be coordinated with the air traffic services involved.
RAC 20-AP5.015 Flight termination a) The operator of a heavy unmanned free balloon shall activate the appropriate flight termination devices stipulated in RAC 20-AP5.010 c) 1) and 2):
- 1)When meteorological conditions are known to be less than the minima prescribed for the operation; 2) In the event of a malfunction or any other reason that makes the operation hazardous to air traffic or to persons or property on the surface; or 3) Prior to unauthorized entry into the airspace of another State.
- 1)Prior notification of the intended flight of a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon shall be made to the appropriate air traffic services unit not more than seven days before the date of the intended flight.
- 2)The notification of the intended flight shall contain such of the following elements of information as may be required by the appropriate air traffic services unit:
i. Balloon flight identification or project code name; ii. Balloon classification and description; iii. SSR code, aircraft address or NDB frequency, as appropriate; iv. Operator's name and telephone number; v. Launch site; vi. Estimated time of launch (or time of commencement and conclusion of multiple launches); vii. Number of balloons to be launched and the scheduled interval between each launch (for multiple launches); viii. Expected direction of ascent; ix. Cruising level(s) (pressure altitude); x. The estimated elapsed time at the pressure altitude of 18 000 m (60 000 ft), or at the cruising level if this is at or below 18 000 m (60 000 ft), and the estimated point of reaching it; (CCA 20-AP5.020 (a)) xi. The date and time of termination of the flight and the planned location of the impact/recovery area. In the case of balloons carrying out flights of long duration, as a result of which the date and time of termination of the flight cannot be forecast with accuracy, the term "long duration" shall be used.
(CCA 20-AP5.020 (b)) 3) Any changes in the pre-launch information notified in accordance with RAC 20-AP5.020 a) 2) shall be communicated to the appropriate air traffic services unit not less than 6 hours before the estimated time of launch, or in the case of solar or cosmic disturbance investigations where the time factor is critical, not less than 30 minutes before the estimated time of the commencement of the operation.
- b)Notification of launch. Immediately after a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon is launched, the operator shall notify the appropriate air traffic services unit of the following:
- 1)Balloon flight identification; 2) Launch site; 3) Actual time of launch; 4) Estimated time at which the pressure altitude of 18 000 m (60 000 ft) will be passed (or the estimated time at which the cruising level will be reached if it is below 18 000 m (60 000 ft), and the estimated point); and 5) Any changes to the information previously notified in accordance with RAC 20-AP5.020 a) 2) vii. and viii.
- c)Notification of cancellation. The operator shall notify the appropriate air traffic services unit as soon as it is known that the intended flight of a medium or heavy unmanned free balloon, previously notified in accordance with RAC 20-AP5.020 a), has been cancelled.
RAC 20-AP5.025 Position recording and reports a) The operator of a heavy unmanned free balloon operating at or below a pressure altitude of 18 000 m (60 000 ft) shall monitor the flight path of the balloon and forward position reports as requested by air traffic services. Unless air traffic services request position reports on the balloon at more frequent intervals, the operator shall record the position every two hours.
- b)The operator of a heavy unmanned free balloon operating above a pressure altitude of 18 000 m (60 000 ft) shall monitor the progress of the balloon's flight and forward position reports as requested by air traffic services. Unless air traffic services request position reports on the balloon at more frequent intervals, the operator shall record the position every 24 hours.
- c)If the position cannot be recorded in accordance with RAC 20-AP5.025 a) and b), the operator shall immediately notify the appropriate air traffic services unit. This notification shall include the last recorded position.
The appropriate air traffic services unit shall be immediately notified when tracking of the balloon is re-established.
- d)One hour before the beginning of the planned descent of a heavy unmanned free balloon, the operator shall forward to the appropriate air traffic services unit the following information regarding the balloon:
- 1)Current geographical position; 2) Current level (pressure altitude); 3) Estimated time of penetration through the pressure altitude of 18 000 m (60 000 ft), if applicable; 4) Estimated time and location of ground impact.
- e)The operator of a heavy or medium unmanned free balloon shall notify the appropriate air traffic services unit when the operation has ended.
JOINT ADVISORY CIRCULARS (CCA) SUBPART A. RESERVED SUBPART B. APPLICATION OF THE RULES OF THE AIR CCA 20.025 Territorial application of the Rules of the Air In adopting Annex 2 of ICAO in April 1948 and Amendment 1 to said Annex in November 1951, the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization resolved that the Annex constituted the Rules relating to the flight and manoeuvre of aircraft within the context of Article 12 of the Convention. Therefore, these rules apply over the high seas without exception.
The phrase "regional air navigation agreement" refers to an agreement approved by the ICAO Council, normally on the advice of a regional air navigation conference.
CCA 20.030 Compliance with the Rules of the Air a) RAC-ATS.050 (found on the official DGAC website, www.dgac.go.cr) contains information regarding the services provided to aircraft flying in accordance with visual flight rules and to those flying in accordance with instrument flight rules in the seven classes of ATS airspace.
- b)Under visual meteorological conditions, the pilot may fly in accordance with instrument flight rules, if so desired, or the competent ATS authority may require such compliance.
SUBPART C. GENERAL RULES CCA 20.050 Protection of persons and property See RAC 20.105 d) regarding minimum heights for VFR flights and RAC 20.130 b) regarding minimum levels for IFR flights.
CCA 20.055 Prevention of collisions a) It is important, for the purpose of preventing potential collisions, to exercise vigilance aboard aircraft, regardless of the type of flight or the class of airspace in which the aircraft is flying, and while moving on the movement area of an aerodrome. Operational procedures regarding the use of ACAS detailing the responsibilities of the pilot-in-command are contained in PANS-OPS (ICAO Doc. 8168, found on the official ICAO website), Volume I, Part III, Section 3, Chapter 3. Requirements for carrying ACAS equipment are contained in MRAC OPS1 (found on the official DGAC website).
- b)See the description of an aircraft overtaking in RAC 20.055 b) 4).
- c)See Annex 14 of ICAO (found on the official ICAO website), Volume I, 5.2.10 and 5.4.2 regarding the corresponding signs and markings for runway holding positions.
- d)The characteristics of the lights intended to meet the provisions of RAC 20.055 c) for aeroplanes are specified in Annex 8 of ICAO (found on the official ICAO website). The provisions relating to navigation lights for aeroplanes are in the Appendices of MRAC OPS1, and in Annex 6 of ICAO (found on the official ICAO website), Part II. Detailed technical specifications for aeroplane lights are in Volume II, Part A, Chapter 4, of the Airworthiness Manual (ICAO Doc. 9760, found on the official ICAO website), and those for helicopters are in Part A, Chapter 5, of said document.
- e)In the context of RAC 20.055 c) 2) iii., and RAC 20.055 c) 4) i., an aircraft is understood to be operating when it is taxiing, or being towed, or when it has stopped temporarily during the course of taxiing or in the act of being towed.
For aircraft on water, see RAC 20.055 f) 2).
- f)Lights installed for other purposes, such as landing lights and airframe floodlights, may be used in addition to the anti-collision lights specified in Volume II of the Airworthiness Manual (Doc. 9760 of ICAO) to make the aircraft more conspicuous.
- g)If the navigation lights referred to in RAC 20.055 c) 1 ii. are suitably located on the aircraft, they may also satisfy the requirements of RAC 20.055 c) 2) ii. The red anti-collision lights, installed to satisfy the requirements of RAC 20.055 c) 1) i., may also satisfy the requirements of RAC 20.055 c) 2) iii., and RAC 20.055 c) 2) iv., provided they do not cause detrimental glare to observers.
- h)See RAC 20.075 e) 1). Other provisions may also be applicable in aerodrome traffic zones.
- i)In addition to the provisions contained in RAC 20.055 f) 1), in certain cases the rules established in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, prepared by the International Conference on Revision of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (London, 1972), may be applicable.
- j)The specifications corresponding to the lights to be displayed by aircraft on the water are contained in the Appendices of MRAC OPS1 found on the official DGAC website, and in ICAO Annex 6 Part II. The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea specify that the rules concerning lights shall be observed from sunset to sunrise. Therefore, in regions where the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea apply, such as on the high seas, no period shorter than that between sunset and sunrise, as established in accordance with RAC 20.055 f) 2), may be applied.
CCA 20.060 Flight Plans a) The term "flight plan" applies, as appropriate, to the complete information concerning all items contained in the flight plan description, covering the entire route of a flight, or to the limited information required when obtaining clearance for a minor portion of a flight, such as crossing an airway, taking off from a controlled aerodrome, or landing at one.
- b)In flight plans filed during flight, the information provided regarding this item shall be an indication of the location from which supplementary information concerning the flight can be obtained, if necessary.
- c)In flight plans filed during flight, the information to be provided regarding this item shall be the time over the first point of the route to which the flight plan relates.
- d)The term "aerodrome," in flight plans, is intended to also include sites other than those defined as aerodromes, but which may be used by certain types of aircraft, such as helicopters or balloons.
- e)Information submitted before departure regarding endurance or the total number of persons carried on board, if inaccurate at the time of departure, constitutes a significant change to the flight plan and must be reported as such. Procedures for submitting changes to repetitive flight plans are contained in the PANS-ATM (Doc. 4444 of ICAO, found on the official ICAO internet page).
- f)Whenever an arrival report is required, failure to comply with these provisions may cause serious disruption to air traffic control services and incur significant costs by necessitating unnecessary search and rescue operations.
CCA 20.070 Time This verification is normally carried out with an air traffic service unit, unless otherwise agreed by the operator or the competent ATS authority.
CCA 20.075 Air Traffic Control Service a) A flight plan may cover only part of a flight, as necessary to describe the portion thereof or the maneuvers subject to air traffic control. A clearance may affect only part of the current flight plan, as indicated by the clearance limit or by reference to specific maneuvers such as taxiing, landing, or takeoff.
- b)If a clearance issued by air traffic control is not satisfactory to a pilot-in-command of an aircraft, they may request its amendment and, if feasible, an amended clearance will be issued.
- c)The purpose of this provision is to facilitate the renewal of a clearance to fly to a new destination aerodrome, normally located beyond that stated in the flight plan.
- d)The conditions and circumstances under which ADS-B or SSR Mode C transmission of pressure-altitude satisfies the requirement for level information in position reports are indicated in the PANS-ATM, (Doc. 4444 of ICAO).
- e)The SELCAL system or similar automatic signaling devices satisfy the requirement to maintain air-ground voice communications. The requirement for the aircraft to maintain continuous air-ground voice communication remains in effect once CPDLC is established.
- f)The provision of air traffic control service to other aircraft flying in the airspace concerned shall be based on the premise that an aircraft experiencing communications failure will observe the provisions of RAC 20.075 e) 2) ii. See also RAC 20.130 b).
CCA 20.080 Unlawful Interference a) The responsibility of ATS units in cases of unlawful interference is contained in RAC-ATS, found on the official DGAC website. The measures to be taken by aircraft subjected to acts of unlawful interference and equipped with SSR, ADS-B, and ADS-C are indicated in RAC-ATS, PANS-ATM (Doc. 4444 of ICAO), and PANS-OPS (Doc. 8168 of ICAO). The measures to be taken by aircraft subjected to acts of unlawful interference and equipped with CPDLC are indicated in RAC-ATS and PANS-ATM (Doc. 4444 of ICAO). Guidance texts on this matter are contained in the Manual of Air Traffic Services Data Link Applications (Doc. 9694 of ICAO, found on the ICAO internet page).
- b)Requirements for state authorities concerning aircraft on the ground subjected to unlawful interference are contained in MRAC 17 (found on the official DGAC website). See RAC 20.040 regarding the authority of the pilot-in-command.
- a)The word "interception," in this context, does not include the interception and escort service provided, upon request, to an aircraft in distress, in accordance with Volumes II and III of the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual (IAMSAR) (Doc. 9731 of ICAO, found on the official ICAO internet page).
- b)Recognizing that it is essential for flight safety that any visual signal used in the event of interception, which should only be resorted to as a last resort, be correctly employed and understood by civil and military aircraft worldwide, the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization, when adopting the visual signals contained in Appendix 1 to ICAO Annex 2, urged Contracting States to ensure that their state aircraft strictly comply with said visual signals. As interception of civil aircraft represents a possible hazard in all cases, the Council has also formulated special recommendations and urges Contracting States to implement them uniformly. These special recommendations are contained in Attachment A to ICAO Annex 2.
SUBPART D. RESERVED SUBPART E. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES CCA 20.130 Rules Applicable to All IFR Flights The estimated position of the aircraft shall take into account the navigation accuracy achievable on the route segment concerned, considering the ground-based and airborne navigation facilities available. See also RAC 20.050 b).
CCA 20.140 Rules Applicable to IFR Flights Conducted Outside Controlled Airspace Aircraft deciding to use the air traffic advisory service while flying under IFR within specified advisory service areas are expected to comply with the provisions of RAC 20.075, but the flight plan and changes made thereto are not subject to clearances, and two-way communications shall be maintained with the unit providing the air traffic advisory service.
SUBPART F. APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. SIGNALS CCA 20-AP1.001 Distress and Urgency Signals a) None of the provisions of this section shall prevent any aircraft in distress from using any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position, and obtain help. For complete details on the telecommunication transmission procedures for distress and urgency signals, see ICAO Annex 10, Volume II, Chapter 5, found on the official ICAO website.
For details of visual search and rescue signals, see ICAO Annex 12 (found on the official ICAO internet page).
- b)Article 41 of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union, found on the official ITU internet page) Radio Regulations provides information on alarm signals for actuating automatic radiotelegraph and radiotelephone alarm systems.
CCA 20-AP1.025 Standardized Emergency Hand Signals For more effective communication with the cabin crew, ARFF firefighters may make emergency hand signals from other positions.
CCA 20.140 Rules Applicable to IFR Flights Conducted Outside Controlled Airspace Aircraft deciding to use the air traffic advisory service while flying under IFR within specified advisory service areas are expected to comply with the provisions of RAC 20.075, but the flight plan and changes made thereto are not subject to clearances, and two-way communications shall be maintained with the unit providing the air traffic advisory service.
CCA 20-AP1.001 Distress and Urgency Signals a) None of the provisions of this section shall prevent any aircraft in distress from using any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position, and obtain help. For complete details on the telecommunication transmission procedures for distress and urgency signals, see ICAO Annex 10, Volume II, Chapter 5, found on the official ICAO website.
For details of visual search and rescue signals, see ICAO Annex 12 (found on the official ICAO internet page).
- b)Article 41 of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union, found on the official ITU internet page) Radio Regulations provides information on alarm signals for actuating automatic radiotelegraph and radiotelephone alarm systems.
CCA 20-AP1.025 Standardized Emergency Hand Signals For more effective communication with the cabin crew, ARFF firefighters may make emergency hand signals from other positions.
CCA 20.140 Rules Applicable to IFR Flights Conducted Outside Controlled Airspace Aircraft deciding to use the air traffic advisory service while flying under IFR within specified advisory service areas are expected to comply with the provisions of RAC 20.075, but the flight plan and changes made thereto are not subject to clearances, and two-way communications shall be maintained with the unit providing the air traffic advisory service. The density referred to in c) 3) is determined by dividing the total mass, in grams, of the payload package by the area, expressed in square centimeters, of its smallest surface. See Figure A5-1 of Appendix 5 of ICAO Annex 2.
CCA 20-AP5.010 Operating Limitations and Equipment Requirements Superpressure balloons do not need these devices, as they ascend rapidly after releasing the payload and burst without the need for a device or system to perforate the balloon envelope. In this context, a superpressure balloon is understood to be a simple, non-extensible envelope capable of withstanding a higher pressure differential from the interior to the exterior. This balloon is inflated so that the gas pressure, lower during the night, can also fully extend the envelope. Such a superpressure balloon will essentially maintain a constant level until too much gas has diffused outward.
CCA 20-AP5.020 Flight Notification a) If the operation consists of continuous launches, the estimated times at which the first and the last in the series will reach the appropriate level shall be indicated.
- b)If there is more than one impact or recovery location, each shall be detailed along with the corresponding estimated time of impact. If it is a series of continuous impacts, the estimated times for the first and the last in the series shall be indicated.
APPENDIX 5. UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS CCA 20-AP5.001 Classification of Unmanned Free Balloons APPENDIX 2. RESERVED APPENDIX 3. RESERVED APPENDIX 4. RESERVED APPENDIX 5. UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS CCA 20-AP5.001 Classification of Unmanned Free Balloons The density referred to in c) 3) is determined by dividing the total mass, in grams, of the payload package by the area, expressed in square centimeters, of its smallest surface. See Figure A5-1 of Appendix 5 of ICAO Annex 2.
CCA 20-AP5.010 Operating Limitations and Equipment Requirements Superpressure balloons do not need these devices, as they ascend rapidly after releasing the payload and burst without the need for a device or system to perforate the balloon envelope. In this context, a superpressure balloon is understood to be a simple, non-extensible envelope capable of withstanding a higher pressure differential from the interior to the exterior. This balloon is inflated so that the gas pressure, lower during the night, can also fully extend the envelope. Such a superpressure balloon will essentially maintain a constant level until too much gas has diffused outward.
CCA 20-AP5.020 Flight Notification a) If the operation consists of continuous launches, the estimated times at which the first and the last in the series will reach the appropriate level shall be indicated.
- b)If there is more than one impact or recovery location, each shall be detailed along with the corresponding estimated time of impact. If it is a series of continuous impacts, the estimated times for the first and the last in the series shall be indicated.
APPENDIX 5. UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS CCA 20-AP5.001 Classification of Unmanned Free Balloons APPENDIX 2. RESERVED APPENDIX 3. RESERVED APPENDIX 4. RESERVED