Shark fishing shall only be permitted when the species are landed at landing sites (sitios de descargue) with their respective fins attached to the carcass (vástago). On-site landing (descargue in situ) shall be supervised by INCOPESCA.
[.] Likewise, INCOPESCA shall exercise control in the territorial sea and in the exclusive economic zone over those national or foreign vessels, for the purpose of determining that the captured sharks retain their respective fins.
The Executive Branch, in coordination with INCOPESCA, shall determine, by means of the Regulations of this Law, the shark species lacking commercial value and shall establish their use for other purposes of the fishing activity.
Regarding norms of infra-legal rank, the Regulation for the Protection, Use, and Commercialization of Sharks and Shark Fins must be highlighted, approved by the INCOPESCA Board of Directors Agreements (AJDIP) AJDIP-415-2003 and AJDIP 067-2018. In the latter, the entire procedure associated with the capture, landing, and oversight of shark fishing in Costa Rica is provided, under the charge of INCOPESCA. For its part, the INCOPESCA Board of Directors Agreement AJDIP/431 of August 31, 2005, establishes the obligation for all national or foreign commercial fishing vessels arriving at a National Port with shark to present to INCOPESCA the request for landing inspection (inspección de desembarque) of said product. At the same time, AJDIP-026-2018 approves the size at first sexual maturity (tallas primera madurez sexual, TPMS) of several shark species.
The INCOPESCA Board of Directors Agreement AJDIP/028-2009 of January 23, 2009, formalizes the direct antecedent of this document: the first National Action Plan for the Conservation and Management of Sharks in Costa Rica (PANT) and its respective guide. Likewise, AJDIP 289-2017 includes "the list of species of fishery and aquaculture interest, according to faithful and exact compliance with Leyes Nº7384, N°8436, and Ley N°7317, precisely in what is stipulated in its Article 1", which includes the species of elasmobranchs that are of fishery interest (Anexo II).
For its part, in 2012 and 2013, two new Decretos Ejecutivos were enacted that extend protection to sharks in the national territory. Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 37354-MINAET-MAG-SP-MOPT-H of October 10, 2012, prohibits shark finning (aleteo de tiburón) of any species. Likewise, the importation of fins is prohibited unless a certification demonstrates that they were shipped naturally attached to the shark. Sanctions are also contemplated for the owners of vessels that land, transport, import, transship, and carry shark fins within the vessel.
Meanwhile, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 38027-MAG of November 19, 2013, establishes minimum catch sizes for shark fishing, as a strategy for conservation and sustainable use of the resource. Similarly, what is indicated in Resolution C-11-10 of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), of which Costa Rica is a member, is taken up again, regarding that the retention on board, landing, storage, transshipment, sale, or offering for sale as a product of the fisheries covered by the Antigua Convention, of the oceanic whitetip shark is not permitted (art. 5).
Finally, the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) has also pronounced on the subject of the sustainable use of sharks, indicating the need to bleed and eviscerate the shark in order to use its meat. By means of the previously mentioned Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 37354-MINAET-MAG-SP-MOPT-H of October 10, 2012, it is established that totally detaching any of the shark fins from its body or carcass (vástago) is prohibited.
Shark fisheries in Latin American countries, whether coastal, demersal, or oceanic, are a complex activity with different socioeconomic, technological, and logistical components. The most common problems and difficulties in these fisheries are primarily of a: i) ecological nature (habitat degradation, lack of biological data); ii) socioeconomic nature (culture, socioeconomic relevance, lack of community participation); iii) fishing regime (multispecies, seasonal dependence, limited autonomy, storage, fishing technology); iv) management (low priority, inadequate management, scarce institutional coordination, lack of stock assessment, lack of knowledge regarding selectivity, bycatch, and traceability). However, prevailing problems afflicting shark fisheries can include, on one hand, the high catch of juveniles and pregnant females that are susceptible to capture in areas close to the coast; and, on the other hand, the deficiency of production statistics by species that would allow for understanding historical trends and limit their usefulness in fisheries research.
Coastal artisanal fishing carried out by the small-scale commercial fleet in Costa Rica is of great social and economic importance for local communities. Sharks form part of the catches of this fishery, which operates with different capture systems. However, the largest volumes come from longline fishing by the medium-scale and advanced commercial fleet.
Discrepancies exist between landings and exports recorded by Costa Rica and FAO estimates. The sources of these discrepancies are uncertain and require more attention (Dent and Clarke, 2015; Trujillo et al., 2015). From 2004 to 2010, an average of 36 foreign vessels from China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Panama, Georgia, and the United States of America (USA) landed their catch in Costa Rica (Siu and Aires-Da-Silva, 2016). This foreign pelagic fleet had a high fishing capacity and its main target species were swordfish and shark. Since 2015, the increase in regulations discouraged the offloading of foreign longline vessels in Costa Rica. It is likely that foreign fleets captured fish within Costa Rican waters and landed in other countries; however, during that period, Dent and Clarke (2015) did not have sufficient records to be conclusive. Currently, records exist for 100% of the landings from the medium-scale and advanced commercial fleet, and there is a rigorous inventory of exports. Tariff codes have been updated for the main shark species and byproducts.
In Costa Rica, shark meat is primarily destined for direct human consumption and is exported to a lesser extent.
During the period between 2000 and 2012, Costa Rica held the sixth position globally as an exporter of shark meat. The main destination was Mexico (75% of the total exported), and the remaining markets included China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. From 2000 to 2011. In that same period, Costa Rica recorded an annual average of shark fin exports of 4,034 metric tons, valued at five million US dollars. This was because the foreign fleet that landed in the country did so, and those volumes were nationalized and included in the country's tariff codes. Of the total shark landed in that period, Belize (47.8%), Costa Rica (33.4%), and Taiwan (15%) contributed 94.2% of the total. After 2011, Costa Rica descended from the sixth-largest exporter to the twenty-eighth position (Dent and Clarke, 2015).
3.1 Historical Production Costa Rica has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 613,683 km², of which 96% corresponds to the Pacific Ocean and 4% to the Caribbean Sea. The Pacific Ocean has a coastline of 1,016 km and is where the country's most important fisheries operate (Figure 1). Fisheries in the Caribbean region are less developed compared to those in the Pacific, and there is no large-scale commercial fishery in the Caribbean, although they are also socioeconomically relevant for the communities of this littoral. Small-scale fishing is only permitted in territorial waters up to three nautical miles.
In the marine and coastal zone, there are protected wilderness areas with different management categories, such as National Parks, Biological Reserves, National Wildlife Refuges, and Wetlands, under the administration of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE). INCOPESCA has created 12 Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing (AMPR) as participatory governance structures that contribute to the marine protected surface area of Costa Rica's EEZ.
Figure. 1. Map of Costa Rica and its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Source: Instituto Geográfico Nacional, 2018. Republic of Costa Rica. Official continental, insular, and maritime map. Registro Nacional, Edición 1-IGNCR, San José, Costa Rica.
According to data from INCOPESCA, total shark landings on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica during 2004 and 2005 were represented by the national medium-scale and advanced fleet that fished in the EEZ and by the foreign fleet that fished in waters outside the EEZ, authorized to land in the country. This fleet was responsible for more than 80% of meat and fin landings; however, these vessels no longer operate in Costa Rica, because the activity was discouraged by restrictions and regulations.
With the purpose of correcting the discrepancies observed between official Costa Rican reports and FAO statistics, Trujillo et al. (2015) propose a reconstruction of Costa Rica's historical shark catch (Figure 2) for the 1950–2010 period, suggesting that by the year 2000, catches could have exceeded 15,000 metric tons. Shark production reported by the Fisheries Statistics Department of INCOPESCA during the 2010–2018 period for the medium-scale and advanced fleet is below 5,000 metric tons. The group of shark species represents 39% of the catch of pelagic species in said fleets, with the most dominant species of the group being the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), which contributed 77% of the sharks landed in the 2010–2018 period. This species represented 29% of the total shark landed nationally, followed by the thresher group (Alopias sp.) with 12%, and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna sp.) with 5%. There is a difference in the information from Trujillo et al., (2015) and the data from the fisheries authority, making it necessary to improve the national production series by fleet and at the species level.
3.2 Types of Fisheries The largest volume of shark landings from the Costa Rican fleet comes mainly from the Pacific Ocean. There are three main fleets with direct and indirect catch of shark:
- the small-scale commercial fleet, which is coastal and multispecies; - the national medium-scale longline fleet; and - the advanced longline fleet.
The nominal fishing effort (number of vessels) varies according to said fisheries and localities. According to the license registry held by INCOPESCA, the small-scale commercial fleet operates in the coastal strip, and there is a total of 1,911 vessels with fishing licenses; of these, 1,755 are located on the Pacific coast and 156 on the Caribbean coast. For the medium-scale fleet, 272 vessels are reported, 261 in the Pacific and 11 vessels registered for the Caribbean. The advanced fleet has 71 vessels on the Pacific side and they operate in waters further from the coast.
The main landing site for large pelagics on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica is in the community of Puntarenas, and there are also significant shark landings in Cuajiniquil, Playas del Coco, Quepos, and Golfito. On Costa Rica's Caribbean coast, collection centers are distributed in Barra del Colorado, Moín, Portete, Cieneguita, Cahuita, Puerto Viejo, and Manzanillo (INCOPESCA, 2005).
3.2.1 Small-Scale Commercial Fleet The small-scale fleet operates with vessels (boats and pangas) averaging 7 m in length, using 40–70 hp outboard motors. They have reduced autonomy and limited product storage capacity. Their operating radius, by regulation, is limited to distances less than 3 miles from the coast. They are minimally technified. They use various capture systems, including gillnets (agallera), longlines, and handlines or lines. Their main fishing communities are located on the Pacific Ocean in the province of Guanacaste, in Quepos, along the Gulf of Nicoya and Golfo Dulce. It is a multispecies and heterogeneous fishery (due to the diversity of fishing gear). The main target species groups of this fleet are corvina, snapper, and shrimp, in addition to incidental catches of small sharks.
3.2.2 Medium-Scale Commercial Fleet The vessels of the medium-scale fleet have an operating radius, according to regulations, of up to 40 nautical miles, with an autonomy of between 8 and 25 days. They are built of wood, fiberglass, and some of iron, with lengths between 7.30 m and 19.77 m. They use stationary diesel engines, with power ranging between 200 and 400 HP. The main capture systems are longlines for the medium-scale vessels; most of the vessels are equipped with modern hydraulic equipment to retrieve the fishing gear. The catch is mostly preserved in ice, although some vessels are already using onboard freezing systems, and it is transported to port. Fishing is mainly directed at demersal species and large pelagics.
3.2.3 Advanced Commercial Fleet The vessels of the advanced commercial fleet have an operating radius of more than 40 nautical miles with an autonomy exceeding 25 days of fishing trip. The operations of this fleet are throughout Costa Rica's EEZ and international waters. They are built of fiberglass and iron, with a length of 10–24 m. All use stationary diesel engines of 12–400 HP. The main capture system is the longline, and similar to the medium-scale fleet, it is retrieved with hydraulic equipment. The longline can reach up to 50 nautical miles in length. The catch is preserved fresh and frozen during the trip. The fleet directs its fishing towards large pelagics.
3.3 Current Status of Shark Fisheries 3.3.1 State of Knowledge on Biology The geographical position of Costa Rica, its bathymetric and oceanographic characteristics, and the diversity of fishing fleets have allowed for understanding the diversity of chondrichthyan species in Costa Rican waters (Espinoza et al., 2018). Recent studies report the presence of twelve orders distributed in the two Subclasses Holocephali (7%) and Elasmobranchii (93%) in the EEZ of both Costa Rican littorals. Three orders represent around 60% of the species diversity, of which one is sharks (Carcharhiniformes, 31%) and two are rays (Myliobatiformes 16.6%; Rajiformes 13.3%). In the Pacific littoral, diversity is dominated by Carcharhiniformes (30%) and Myliobatiformes (24.2%). In the Caribbean littoral, the most representative orders are Carcharhiniformes (32%), Rajiformes (19.8%), and Myliobatiformes (13.5%). The proportion of species inevitably varies depending on the type of habitat, including shallow waters where artisanal fisheries operate and in deeper, epipelagic waters, fishing zones for the more technified fleets with greater autonomy and draft. 79% of coastal species are found in the Pacific Ocean and 21% in the Caribbean Sea.
As for pelagic species, 74% of the reported species are found in the Pacific Ocean and 26% in the Caribbean (Espinoza et al., 2018).
Few studies have been conducted on commercially important chondrichthyans in Costa Rica. Among the most relevant life history studies, research on reproductive ecology stands out (Clark et al. 2014). Life history studies are useful for understanding the demographic aspects of populations, such as length at maturity, fecundity, gestation, pupping zone and season, and other population structure factors (e.g., sex ratio, maturity stages), necessary for adequate fisheries management.
3.3.2 Exports of Products and Byproducts Regarding the exports of products and byproducts of shark species for the year 2019 and their respective tariff codes. Table 1. Also reflects how each shark byproduct is described.
3.3.3 International Conservation and Management Important steps have been taken in species management and conservation at the regional level through agreements signed between regional agencies that facilitate collaboration between countries and institutions, mainly within the framework of the resolutions and management and conservation measures of the regional fisheries management organizations of the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, IATTC and ICCAT, respectively, and other conventions such as CITES and CMS. Additionally, Costa Rica is a member of the Organization of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector of the Central American Isthmus (OSPESCA), which has the Regional Action Plan for the Management and Conservation of Sharks in Central America (PAR-TIBURON), which is binding.
According to the IUCN classification, of the chondrichthyan diversity reported in Costa Rican waters, close to 38% of the species are labeled with some level of threat, and 41% are labeled as "Data Deficient" (Espinoza et al., 2018). However, the classification of each species at this moment may be the result of how it has been captured in the past in other areas of its distribution and not necessarily by Costa Rican fisheries.
The level of impact of fisheries on chondrichthyan populations depends on the dynamics of each fishery and its regime. In many Latin American and other developing countries, shark fishing is sequential, where the same resource is utilized by different components of the fishing sector, thus generating coastal and oceanic fisheries. These fisheries, in turn, represent a diverse impact on chondrichthyan populations. For example, artisanal fishing, by operating in areas close to the coast, inevitably impacts some species that inhabit that zone, and also some species that are eventually in the area, either for feeding or reproductive purposes.
It has been documented that coastal artisanal fisheries frequently capture juveniles and pregnant females; however, this situation is mitigated by the management provisions specific to each country (Castillo et al., 1998). For their part, oceanic fisheries generally have access to larger organisms that may or may not be of the same species captured in coastal artisanal fishing. Research efforts should be extended towards generating knowledge of species in the "Data Deficient" category and also to update the classification of some species.
Bycatch of chondrichthyans exists in basically all fisheries. The level of impact is variable and depends on the selectivity of the capture systems, the fishing regime, and resource availability, among other factors (Shoton, 1999). The incidence of chondrichthyans in shrimp trawl fishing is common worldwide; however, in 2019, Costa Rica suspended the renewal of shrimp trawl fishing licenses.
4.1 Definition The PANT-CR is the set of permanent guidelines and programs for research, regulation, education, and surveillance, to manage and optimize the modalities of use and conservation of sharks and their fisheries by the Costa Rican fleet. The PANT-CR is a binding, public, transparent, adaptive, permanent, and flexible instrument that considers the participation of the diverse sectors interested in the use and conservation of the resource.
4.2 Goal The goal of the PANT-CR is to ensure that commercially important sharks are conserved and responsibly utilized in Costa Rican fisheries, and to contribute to their long-term sustainability.
4.3 General Objective To establish a set of programs and actions that guarantee the conservation and the optimal, responsible, and sustainable use of the shark resource, considering the economic and social benefit of the national sectors that depend on the directed or incidental catch of Costa Rican fisheries.
The implementation of the PANT-CR (2020) is based on a series of guidelines upon which four specific programs are founded that contribute to the fulfillment of the general objective. The guidelines are consistent with the FAO IPOA-SHARKS and are aligned with Costa Rica's fisheries and environmental policy.
5.1 Guidelines o Decision-making for planning, management, and conservation should be based both on the best information derived from scientific research and on the empirical or traditional knowledge of the fishing sectors (small-scale, medium-scale, and advanced).
o Actions will seek to promote and strengthen the systems for control and surveillance of shark fishing products and their traceability, defined as the visible legal and commercial route of the product (legal origin and marketing chain from capture to the final consumer).
o The socioeconomic dimension of the fishery as a source of employment, income, and food security at the national level will be considered in fisheries management.
o Ensuring the integration of participatory management and governance into fisheries management will be ensured.
o Dissemination, education, and training for the fishing sector and society in general regarding the shark fishery will be promoted, with the collaboration of higher education and research institutions and other educational entities.
o It is essential that reliable information on fishing operations be provided to government inspectors with the participation of the sectors involved in all shark fisheries.
o Actions will be monitored, and the progress of the plan will be evaluated systematically to make timely adjustments, under the coordination of COPANT.
o The reduction and eradication of illegal fishing activities will be promoted in order to foster and incentivize responsible fishing in accordance with national and international regulations.
5.2 Programs Some of the Guidelines support permanent Programs oriented towards fulfilling the objectives of the PANTCR. Each of the Programs that structure the PANT-CR will operate with respective Tasks (Table 1). The timeframes and responsibilities for the Tasks will be defined by each sector in coordination with COPANT. It is recommended that timeframes be established as short (<2 years), medium (<3 years), and long term (<6 years). Some Tasks will be permanent once initiated, such as those supporting the Research and Monitoring Program.
Table 1. Structure of the Programs, Subprograms, Tasks, and Timeframes of the PANT-CR. Timeframes are short (<2 years), medium (<3 years), and long term (<6 years).
5.2.1 Research and Monitoring Program The Research Program was divided into three subprograms that will generate the necessary supporting information to identify fisheries management recommendations.
5.2.1.1 Biological-Fisheries Research Subprogram General Objective: To generate scientific and traditional knowledge on the biology, ecology, and fisheries of sharks, as a basis for their management and handling by the Costa Rican fleet.
Biological-fisheries research will represent one of the basic pillars for decision-making aimed at the conservation and management of chondrichthyan species in Costa Rica.
To understand the biology of the species, their correct taxonomic determination is necessary, which is fundamental for having reliable statistics, achieved, among other ways, through training of personnel assigned to biological and fisheries data collection, biologists and inspectors, and data quality control. Training in species identification will also be directed at captains so that they rigorously complete the logbooks. Species identification must be simple and clear.
Likewise, the training of qualified institutional personnel will be strengthened and should include methodological aspects for data analysis oriented towards the quantitative assessment of populations. The analyses should consider what the Costa Rican fleet catches, inside and outside the EEZ, for which it will be necessary to integrate satellite monitoring, oceanographic, meteorological, and climate change variable information.
To ensure the participation of the fishing sector in biological work, participatory research that includes local traditional and ecological knowledge will be developed. Likewise, it is important to communicate scientific language adapted to different audiences so that the importance of biological sampling and the objective of fisheries biology research is understood. The research will include all fisheries that catch sharks.
Collaboration on research with universities, the fishing sector, and international organizations will be promoted through existing or new memoranda of understanding3.
3 For example, a memorandum of understanding between the Universidad Nacional and INCOPESCA to collaborate on the research program, conduct biology studies, and theses.
Information from the observer program and monitoring will be taken into account. Technological development and innovation in the fishery will be sought.
The main tasks must include:
- Develop a training program for the identification of shark species - Strengthen the biological monitoring of landings - Promote research in fisheries biology and reproductive biology - Standardize databases and information systems - Determine population parameters - Conduct life history and ecology studies - Conduct demographic analyses - Contribute to population assessments - Estimate fisheries management parameters - Evaluate technology and selectivity of capture systems 5.2.1.2 Onboard Observers Subprogram General Objective: To generate biological and fisheries information, regardless of whether the fishery is directed or incidental, with the necessary elements for the safety of observers and quality standards in management. The information obtained from an onboard observers program is of great importance for the fishing sectors, for scientific research, and for resource management. The observer program should include humans for observing and electronic monitoring, operating in the small-scale fleet, medium-scale fleet, and advanced fleet.
The design of the program must define the financing mechanism, the observer profile, their safety and contracting arrangement, complementary options such as electronic monitoring, and the implementation structure, among other aspects. Additionally, it will consider the information that allows for fulfilling national and international commitments.
The tasks that will support the observers subprogram should be:
- Design the observer program - Adapt the onboard observers manual - Develop a program for the selection and training of observers - Develop or adjust a database - Manage the observer program - Report results periodically The information generated by the observer program should be oriented towards:
- Recording fishing effort and catch by species - Determining relative abundance indices by species - Spatiotemporal distribution of catch and effort - Bycatch - Information on the biology of the species - Documenting fishing operations 5.2.1.3 Catch and Fishing Effort Monitoring Subprogram General Objective: To consolidate the monitoring system for shark landings by species, in all fisheries, and where applicable, cross-checking the sets with the satellite monitoring system or other tracking systems.
The shark catch landed on each trip must be monitored and quantified at the species level, documenting the fishing effort associated with the catch. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring system at the level of biological sampling permanently in all locations.
The catch per trip, together with information from the satellite monitoring system (VMS) or other tracking systems (e.g., AIS) of the vessels, will serve to identify the fishing zones per trip. This information is extremely useful for population assessments and for identifying management and handling actions for the fishery. A database must be built that links the landings and the fishing zone derived from VMS and other tracking systems.
To carry out the catch and effort monitoring subprogram, the following tasks will be performed:
- Conduct refresher courses for inspectors on the application of the FID - Standardize sampling formats (FID and new tracking technologies) - Develop and standardize databases 5.2.2 Traceability Program General Objective: To design and strengthen an online traceability system from capture to commercialization. A national computer system will be implemented that simplifies procedures, allowing the linkage and standardization of data, of great utility for determining the origin and the chain of custody of information between different departments and institutions. Primarily, it will seek to digitize the Landing Inspection Form (FID) and integrate the institutional procedures of INCOPESCA and SENASA.
The system will have different accesses depending on the users. The traceability systems used by companies will be taken into account. Given that international traceability is developed, an effort will be necessary to improve national traceability and use existing instruments such as the FID. The system must be adapted to the conditions of the country, the fishery, and the product.
The tasks of the traceability program are:
- Design and implement the digital system - Conduct a diagnosis and inventory of traceability systems - Design a traceability system for byproducts. - Train the private and public sector on the traceability process (to identify where to improve) - Inter-institutional digital data management system (linkage and standardization). - Audits of origin and chain of custody - Ensure constant and permanent customer service for certificates.
5.2.3 Dissemination, Education, and Training Program General Objective: To disseminate the strategy outlined in the PANT-CR to induce the responsible use of sharks in Costa Rica. The purpose is to train, inform, and raise awareness among the sectors of the shark fishery and the general public about the biology and ecology of sharks, the different fisheries, and to achieve a common vision on the need for sustainable use.
With technical assistance from the competent institutions and all stakeholders, the communication strategy will be developed in a coordinated manner to publicize the guidelines, specific programs, and tasks established to achieve the general objective of the PANT-CR. The profile of different audiences will be considered, for example, consumers, schools, and fishers, as well as topics such as food security, nutritional value, and conservation.
This program has a fundamental component in the training of vessel captains and their coordination with the technical staff supervising catches. In the case of artisanal fishing in fishing communities, the capacities of men and women fishers will be strengthened so that their work and knowledge oriented towards responsible fishing and the management of their fishing territories with particular care for these species is promoted.
The tasks to be performed are:
- Design a communications strategy and the main messages - Carry out education and communication campaigns - Develop an educational program on sustainable use - Produce guides and posters on the species - Train on the use of identification guides - Conduct workshops on the use of Fishing Logbooks; awareness-raising to reduce the impact of neonate capture; handling and release of sharks. - Conduct courses on research, management, and fisheries regulation 5.2.4 Socioeconomic Program General Objective: To seek the integration of the communities, guilds, associations, and chambers where shark fishing activity takes place, inducing their involvement and a shared vision of sensitivity toward the resource, thereby strengthening shared governance models for the fishery, such as Marine Areas of Responsible Fishing (Áreas Marinas de Pesca Responsable, AMPR) and management committees.
Through this program, it will be possible to understand the socioeconomic characteristics and dimension of the fishery as a source of employment, income, and food for coastal communities and populations. It will study the productive chain and the participation of the entire community structure from a gender-equity perspective. Marketing options and alternative consumption strategies will be analyzed to increase the added value of shark products and by-products. Encourage the participation of sectors in the management of the shark fishery by collaborating in national committees or in the AMPR.
The tasks of the socioeconomic program are:
- Establish national working groups - Address the issue of information on the small-scale commercial fleet - Include shark conservation and utilization programs in the governance committees of the AMPR - Conduct a socioeconomic study of the shark fishery (contribution of incidental and targeted shark fishing to the fishers' economy. Relative importance.)
- Involvement of fishing sectors in processes and decision-making 5.3 Operating Rules of the Programs The strategy of structuring the PANT-CR (2020) by programs is intended to guarantee their permanence, since they can be designed and implemented independently. Each program will require the corresponding financial budget in accordance with the prevailing policy. The strategic design of each program must be carried out among institutions related to the shark fishery or those whose mandate falls within their area of competence.
The operating rules for each Program must be clearly defined by the COPANT, as part of the operational strategy, identifying those responsible for leading or coordinating the program or subprogram. The operating rules of the programs must establish:
- Deadlines for achieving the objectives - Monitoring and evaluation systems with measurable indicators - Level of progress regarding the objectives - Define procedures for the flow of information - Standardized and periodic progress reports - Feedback and supervision meetings for the PANT-CR - Define data management mechanisms - Identify training needs by Program
The Monitoring and Evaluation Commission of the National Action Plan for the Conservation and Management of Sharks in Costa Rica (Comisión de Seguimiento y Evaluación del Plan de Acción Nacional para la Conservación y Ordenación de Tiburones en Costa Rica, COPANT-CR), established by AJDIP 143-2020, is coordinated by INCOPESCA and is responsible for monitoring compliance with the actions that support the programs and for informing the represented sectors and the general community about the progress of the PANT-CR. It will develop an operational strategy for the plan that will identify, among other aspects, those responsible for carrying out the actions, the necessary coordination, and a monitoring, evaluation, and reporting system that ensures its effective execution. It is composed of representatives from governmental institutions, representatives from the productive and marketing sectors, and a representative from NGOs.
For the operation and achievement of the objectives and programs of the PANT-CR (2020), support infrastructure (human, technical, and technological resources) is required for. It is necessary to guarantee the functionality and infrastructure for research, management, and processing. The infrastructure available is not exclusive to the operation of the PANT-CR (2020) programs; rather, much of this infrastructure is used daily for the management of other relevant fisheries in Costa Rica. However, it is opportune to highlight that, to a large extent, to ensure the complete and adequate achievement of the programs, an operating cost will inevitably be generated, and possibly some specific adaptations for the shark fishery, as is the case for the Research and Monitoring Program. By virtue of the above, channeling the necessary financial resources to operate the programs will largely guarantee the achievement of each Program's objectives. It is necessary to identify funding sources and resources to enable the strategic design of each program in the short, medium, and long term.
The monitoring of the PANT-CR will be in charge of the COPANT. The results will serve to strengthen and, where appropriate, reorient the necessary efforts in accordance with the guidelines of the PANT-CR itself. The management recommendations emanating from this PANT-CR must be proposed seeking a balance between rational use, social benefit, and the health of critical habitats, such as nursery areas (áreas de crianza). These recommendations must also consider the reality and regional characteristics of shark fisheries in Costa Rica and contribute to the improvement of the economic conditions under which the different fishing sectors operate. Finally, it is advisable to encourage the participation of the fishing sector and its communities by integrating existing committees, such as those of the AMPR.
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AIS Automatic Identification System AJDIP Acuerdo de Junta Directiva de INCOPESCA AMPR Área Marina de Pesca Responsable CIAT Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical CICCA La Comisión Internacional para la Conservación del Atún Atlántico CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS Convention on Migratory Species INCOPESCA Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FID Formulario de Inspección de Desembarque FIP Fishery Improvement Project GTP Grupo Técnico Permanente del PANT-CR MAG Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería OSPESCA Organización del Sector Pesquero y Acuícola del Istmo Centroamericano PANT-CR Plan de Acción Nacional para la Conservación y Ordenación de los Tiburones en Costa Rica PAI-TIBURONES Plan de Acción Internacional para la conservación y gestión de las poblaciones de tiburones PNUD Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo SENASA Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal SICA Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana SPF Sustainable Fisheries Partnership VMS Vessel Monitoring System (sistema de monitoreo satelital) ZEE Zona Económica Exclusiva
List of shark and ray species with some interaction with fisheries included in the Acuerdo de Junta Directiva of INCOPESCA AJDIP 289-2017 and the reference according to the interest of species included in the Appendices of the CMS, of the UICN: Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD). and according to the CITES Appendix: Reference appendix.