1 STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM The structure of the land-use capacity classification system comprises three levels: classes, subclasses, and management units.
1.1 Land-use capacity classes It is defined as a class: groups of lands that present similar conditions in the relative degree of limitations and risk of deterioration for their sustainable use.
1.2 Land-use capacity subclasses Subclasses are groups of lands within a class that have limitations of the same type.
1.3 Management units They constitute a subdivision of the land-use capacity subclasses, which indicate the limiting or conditioning factors that restrict their use in agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities. These lands are sufficiently homogeneous to require similar management and conservation systems.
The system also includes within its technological level the soil management and conservation practices specified for each capacity class, as indicated in table 2 and their definition in Anexo 1.
The level used in the studies will depend on the detail employed in the survey according to Anexo 2 and 3.
For the purposes of this methodology, land uses and covers have been classified as indicated in Anexo 4.
2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LAND-USE CAPACITY CLASSES This methodology consists of eight classes represented by Roman numerals, in which there is a progressive increase in limitations for the development of agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities. Each of these land-use capacity classes is based on the maximum permissible limits for the development of a given agricultural, livestock, and forestry activity.
Classes I, II, III allow the development of any agricultural, livestock, or forestry activity. The selection of activities will depend on socio-economic, technological, and technical assistance criteria.
In classes IV, V, VI, their use is restricted to the development of semi-perennial crops, perennial crops, and forestry activities. In class IV, annual crops can only be developed occasionally, depending on intensive soil management and conservation practices.
Class VII has such severe limitations that they only allow the management of primary or secondary forest. On denuded lands, the reestablishment and management of natural vegetation must be sought.
Class VIII is composed of lands that do not allow any productive agricultural, livestock, or forestry activity.
A detailed description of the different classes is presented below, whose parameters for the operational purposes of the system are found in table 1.
2.1 Class I This class includes lands that present no limitation whatsoever for the development of agricultural, livestock, or forestry activities, ecologically adapted to the zone.
The lands of this class are found on flat or nearly flat surfaces, with no suffered erosion, with very deep soils, surface medium textures over moderately coarse or moderately fine textures in the subsoil, without stones, without problems of copper toxicity or other elements, salinity, good drainage, no flood risk, in life zones with humid conditions, moderate dry period, and no adverse effects from fog (neblina) and wind.
2.2 Class II The lands of this class present slight limitations that, alone or combined, reduce the possibility of choice of agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities to be developed or increase production costs due to the need to use soil management and conservation practices.
The limitations that can occur alone or combined are: slightly undulating slope, slight suffered erosion, deep soils, moderately fine or moderately coarse surface textures over fine textures in the subsoil, slightly stony, medium fertility, slight toxicity of copper or other elements, slight salinity, moderately excessive or moderately slow drainage, slight flood risk, very humid life zones, except bosque muy húmedo Montano (bmh-M), with a strong or absent dry period, and moderate fog (neblina) and wind conditions.
2.3 Class III The lands of this class present moderate limitations, alone or combined, that restrict the choice of agricultural, livestock, or forestry activities to be developed or increase production costs. To develop annual crops, intensive soil and water management and conservation practices are required.
Among the presenting limiting factors in this class are: moderately undulating slope, moderate suffered erosion, moderate effective depth, fine or very fine surface textures over very fine textures in the subsoil, moderate stoniness, copper toxicity or other elements, slight to moderate flood risk, in life zones of bosque seco Tropical (bs-T) and bosque muy húmedo Montano (bmh-M), with a very strong dry period.
2.4 Class IV The lands of this class present strong limitations, which, alone or combined, restrict their use to semi-perennial crops, perennial crops, and forestry activities.
Annual crops can only be developed occasionally and with very intensive soil and water management and conservation practices, except in pluvial climates, where this type of activity is not advisable.
Among the limitations that can occur alone or combined in this class are: undulating slope, stoniness, and low fertility.
2.5 Class V The lands of this class present severe limitations for agricultural development, so their use is restricted to livestock and forestry use.
The limitations that can occur alone or combined are: shallow soils, coarse soil and subsoil textures, strongly stony soils, moderate copper toxicity or other elements, moderate salinity, slow or excessive drainage, severe flood risk, pluvial forests, strong fog (neblina) and wind conditions.
2.6 Class VI The lands of this class present severe limitations for the development of annual and semi-perennial agricultural and livestock activities, and constitutes the maximum level at which forestry production activities or other perennial crops can be developed. The forest plantations established in this class must be developed with management practices adequate to the land's limitations and the species' requirements.
The limitations that can occur, alone or combined, are: strongly undulating slope, severe suffered erosion, and very low fertility.
2.7 Class VII The lands of this class have severe limitations for agricultural and livestock uses, so only forest management is permitted in the case of forest cover (cobertura boscosa). In those cases where the current use is different from forest, the rehabilitation of forest use or management of natural vegetation will be sought. In the case where the current land use does not include State natural heritage, a change from agricultural-livestock use to another use will be permitted.
The limitations that can occur alone or combined are: steep slope, strong copper toxicity or other elements, and very severe flood risk.
2.8 Class VIII These lands do not meet the minimum conditions for agricultural, livestock, or forestry production activities. In the case where the current land use does not include State natural heritage, a change from agricultural-livestock use to another will be permitted.
The limitations that can occur alone or combined are: very steep slope, very severe erosion, superficial effective depth, extremely stony, strong salinity, no drainage, and a life zone of páramo pluvial Sub Alpino (pp-SA).
3 DESCRIPTION OF LAND-USE CAPACITY SUBCLASSES In this system, erosion, soil, drainage, and climate are recognized as factors to define the subclasses.
To determine the subclasses, the terrain conditions must be compared with respect to those allowed in class I.
3.1 Erosion (e) It is the current soil loss caused by surface runoff or any other causal agent. The current or suffered erosion occurs due to poor land management practices, and potential erosion according to the degree of slope inclination.
3.2 Soil (s) It refers to the limitations that occur, caused by one or several of the following factors: effective depth, texture, stoniness, fertility, toxicity from copper or other elements, and salinity.
3.3 Drainage (d) It groups the limitations caused by excess or deficiency of moisture in the soil or by flood risk.
3.4 Climate (c) These are limitations due to the different climatic characteristics that negatively affect the growth of plants. To characterize the climatic limitations, the system uses the life zones (Holdridge, Leslie R. Ecología basadas en zonas de vida. Fifth reprint-San José, Costa Rica. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura, 1996, c 1978), the dry period, wind, and fog (neblina).
4 MANAGEMENT UNITS Management units constitute a subdivision of the land-use capacity subclasses, which represent the land limitation or limitations for its use in agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities. These lands are sufficiently homogeneous as to require soil management and conservation practices that prevent their degradation.
The management unit is a very specific classification level, which must be correlated with the degree of cartographic generalization of the study.
Symbolically, management units are represented by a Roman numeral indicating the capacity class, one or more lowercase letters indicating the factors defining the land-use capacity subclass, and one or more natural numbers as subscripts corresponding to the limiting factors defining the management unit (Figure 1). This methodology contemplates 14 limiting factors, which are described in point 5.
Figure 1 Representative schematic of land-use capacity limiting factors To define the limiting factors, a comparison must be made with the conditions established for class I; the conditional limiting factor or factors must be underlined and are those defining the land-use capacity class, except in class I and II. In all cases, the different factors will follow the sequence: e, s, d, c.
Example:
5 FACTORS AND LIMITING FACTORS EVALUATING LAND-USE CAPACITY 5.1 EROSION (e) 5.1.1 Slope (e1) The slope of a terrain is expressed as the degree of incline, meaning a relationship between the vertical and horizontal distances of two points in percentage terms. For studies at the detail level or higher, the slope must be given greater consideration in the micro relief, so the frequency of its measurement must be higher, as it affects tillage operations and movement of water over the soil.
5.1.1.1 Slope categories and parameters based on relief a. Flat or nearly flat 0 to 3% b. Slightly undulating 4 to 8% c. Moderately undulating 9 to 15% d. Undulating 16 to 30% e. Strongly undulating 31 to 55% f. Steep 56 to 75% g. Very steep >75% 5.1.2 Active erosion (e2) It refers to the visible damage caused to soils by accelerated, uncontrolled erosion. To measure the degree of erosion, observation is used in the field, of pedestals, bare roots, the existence of rills, terracettes, furrows, gullies, landslides, mass removal, and the accumulation of sediments at the foot of slopes and drainage ways.
5.1.2.1 Erosion categories a. None: No evidence of erosion.
b. Slight or light (Light laminar or rill erosion): Soils show few rills of scarce centimeters in depth after rains, the presence of pedestals of low height (less than 3 cm) can be an index of slight erosion, as well as slight signs of cattle trampling in pastures.
c. Moderate (Laminar or shallow rill erosion): Evidence of erosion is observed through the generalized presence throughout the entire crop cycle of shallow rills and furrows, or tall pedestals (3 to 5 cm).
d. Severe (Laminar erosion, deep rills, or incipient gullies): The presence of abundant furrows is observed, even after tillage, deep rills and furrows during the entire crop cycle, and the presence of deep unvegetated trails and small landslides on hillsides, with grass clumps on soil pedestals (5 to 10 cm); as well as the effects of poorly channeled waters from road infrastructure works.
e. Very severe: Deep and dense gullies are present. Soils are practically destroyed or are heavily truncated. This category includes landslides and mass removal.
5.2 SOIL (s) 5.2.1 Effective depth (s1).
Effective depth is defined as the thickness of the soil layers that allow the penetration and normal development of root systems. Its lower limit is defined by contrasting layers or strata that impede root development. Some examples of impediments are: very fine, compacted clays, cemented strata, or hardened pans, gleyed layers, anthropic strata (landfills), horizons with toxic concentrations of some element (Al, Cu, Mn, Na, others), and continuous rocky, stony, gravelly, or sandy strata. In the case of the latter, strata <15 cm thick are not considered as limiting factors for effective depth.
5.2.1.1 Categories and parameters of effective depth a. Very deep: >120 cm.
b. Deep: 91 to 120 cm.
c. Moderately deep: 61 to 90 cm.
d. Shallow: 31 to 60 cm.
e. Superficial: ≤ 30 cm.
5.2.2 Soil texture (s2).
Texture refers to the relative proportion of particles of the fine fraction of the mineral soil (˂2 mm), namely: clay, silt, and sand.
The determined textures will be those predominant in two strata of the control section: from 0-30 cm and 31-60 cm depth, with respect to the soil surface level.
5.2.2.1 Categories and parameters of texture a. Coarse: sandy (a), loamy sand (aF) b. Moderately coarse: sandy loam (Fa) c. Medium: loam (F), silt loam (FL), silt (L) d. Moderately fine: clay loam (FA), silty clay loam (FAL), sandy clay loam (FAa) e. Fine: clay (A) with less than 60% clay, sandy clay (Aa), and silty clay (AL) f. Very fine: clay (A) with more than 60% clay 5.2.3 Stoniness or rockiness (s3) It is the content of stones or rocks that interfere with tillage operations, root growth, and water movement. For purposes of this methodology, stoniness is defined as the content of gravel (2 to 7.5 cm), stones (from 7.5 cm up to 60 cm), and rockiness as the relative proportion of rock exposure, either by outcropping in very thin soils or by conglomerates.
5.2.3.1 Categories and parameters of stoniness and rockiness a. Absent. There are no stones or they are so few that they do not interfere with soil preparation.
b. Slightly Stony. The stone content only allows the use of light machinery or hand tools to prepare the land. The area occupied by exposed stones varies from 1 to 1000 m²/ha, i.e., 0.01-10% of the area.
c. Moderately Stony. The stone content is sufficient to prevent any use of agricultural machinery in land preparation, so only manual implements can be used. The area occupied by stones exceeds 1000 m2, up to 2000 m²/ha, i.e., from 11 to 20%.
d. Stony. The surface is covered with stones, which occupy between 21 and 50% of the surface. Only manual implements can be used occasionally.
e. Strongly stony. The surface is covered with stones, which occupy between 51% and 75% of the surface. For land preparation, only manual implements can be used occasionally.
f. Extremely stony: The surface is practically covered with stones, with more than 75% of these covering the surface.
5.2.4 Fertility (s4).
For classification purposes, the fertility criterion shall be used in those terrains with slopes less than 55%.
To evaluate soil fertility, the determination of the following must be used:
a. Sum of exchangeable bases (Olsen Modified, which is a soil laboratory methodology developed by the United States Department of Agriculture - USDA) b. pH in water (potentiometrically, soil:water ratio 1:2:5) c. Exchangeable acidity (extracted with 1N KCl) d. Percentage of acidity saturation (extracted with 1N KCl), which will be determined by the following formula: % AS = exchangeable acidity X 100 / CICE (exchangeable acidity + sum of exchangeable bases) 5.2.4.1 Fertility categories and parameters a. High. Sum of bases greater than 15 cmol(+)/l, acidity < 0.3 cmol(+)/l, neutral pH (> 6.5 to 7), and acidity saturation less than 10%.
b. Medium. Sum of bases greater than 5 cmol(+)/l, acidity < 0.5 cmol(+)/l, slightly acidic pH (> 5.5 to 6.5), and acidity saturation less than 30%.
c. Low. Sum of bases less than 5 cmol(+)/l, acidity from 0.5 to 1 cmol(+)/l, strongly acidic pH (from 4.5 to 5.5), and acidity saturation less than 50%.
d. Very low. Sum of bases less than 5 cmol(+)/l, acidity > 1 cmol(+)/l, pH extremely acidic (<4.5), and acidity saturation greater than 50%.
5.2.5 Copper toxicity (s5).
It refers to the concentrations of copper in the soil, which can become toxic for the majority of crops.
5.2.5.1 Categories and parameters of copper toxicity a. None 0 - 25 mg/l b. Slight 26 - 75 mg/l c. Moderate 76 - 150 mg/l d. Strong more than 150 mg/l 5.2.6 Salinity (s6).
It is the total concentration of soluble salts in the soil, which is determined by the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil paste.
5.2.6.1 Salinity categories and parameters a. None to Slight: 0 - 4 dS/m.
b. Moderate: 4.1 - 16 dS/m.
c. Strong: more than 16 dS/m.
5.3 DRAINAGE (d) 5.3.1 Drainage (d1).
It is the speed with which water moves, either by surface runoff (external drainage) or by its movement through the profile to underground spaces (internal drainage). In this sense, the drainage category has a direct relationship with the slope and textural class.
5.3.1.1 Drainage categories a. Excessive. Water is removed from the soil rapidly, either because it has coarse textures; or undulating slopes or greater associated with fine textures.
b. Moderately excessive. Water is removed from the soil in a moderately rapid way. Many of these soils have moderately coarse textures or moderately undulating to strongly undulating relief associated with moderately fine to fine textures.
c. Good. Water is removed from the soil with ease. Well-drained flat soils commonly have medium textures; however, soils with fine textures, with good structure, on slopes up to moderately undulating, can be included within this class. Furthermore, it must not have redoximorphic features within the first 90 cm of depth.
d. Moderately slow. In this category, water is removed from the soil with some slowness, such that the profile remains saturated for periods of less than three months. Moderately slow drainage generally occurs in soils on flat to nearly flat reliefs, with redoximorphic features after 30 cm depth; gleyed layers may occasionally appear after 60 cm depth.
e. Slow. Water is removed from the soil with enough slowness to keep it saturated for very appreciable periods of time (3 to 9 months per year). Soils with slow drainage may have redoximorphic features within the first 30 cm depth, and gleyed layers frequently appear after 30 cm depth.
f. None. Water remains on the soil surface most of the year (more than 9 months per year). These soils present hydromorphism or gleyzation throughout the entire profile.
5.3.2 Flood risk (d2).
It refers to the probability and frequency of occurrence of overflows from rivers or streams flooding adjacent areas.
5.3.2.1 Categories of flood risk a. None. Soils do not present any risk of suffering floods.
b. Slight. They occur occasionally and generally in exceptionally rainy years; however, their duration is not more than one week.
c. Moderate. Floods generally occur every year, but their duration is less than two weeks.
d. Severe. Floods occur several times a year and remain for short periods (less than two weeks).
e. Very severe. Floods occur several times a year and for periods greater than two weeks.
5.4 CLIMATE (c) 5.4.1 Life zones (c1).
A life zone is a set of specific ambits of the main climatic factors, constituted by the biotemperature, precipitation, and humidity, which characterize a particular environmental condition for a given geographic area. According to the ecological map of Costa Rica, the country has twelve different life zones.
5.4.1.1 Categories of life zones Name Acronym Bosque Húmedo Tropical bh -T Bosque Húmedo Premontano bh -P Bosque Húmedo Montano Bajo bh -MB Bosque Seco Tropical bs -T Bosque Muy Húmedo Tropical bmh -T Bosque Muy Húmedo Premontano bmh -P Bosque Muy Húmedo Montano Bajo bmh -MB Bosque Muy Húmedo Montano bmh -M Bosque Pluvial Premontano bp -P Bosque Pluvial Montano Bajo bp -MB Bosque Pluvial Montano bp -M Páramo Pluvial Subalpino pp -SA 5.4.2 Dry period (c2).
A dry period is understood as the number of consecutive dry months during the year. For comparative purposes, dry months are considered those where precipitation is less than half of the potential evapotranspiration.
5.4.2.1 Categories and parameters of dry period a. Absent: ≤1 Month b. Moderate: 2 - 3 Months c. Strong: 4-5 Months d. Very Strong: ˃5 months 5.4.3 Fog (Neblina) (c3) The presence of fog (neblina) fosters easily interpretable characteristics on tree vegetation, through the presence of mosses and liverworts, their frequency, and density.
5.4.3.1 Fog (Neblina) categories a. Absent. This includes sites where fog (neblina) does not represent any obstacle to the normal development of productive agricultural activities. It is recognized in the field by the absence or infrequency of moss on trees, which may even appear partially covering some branches of the majority of trees in the area.
b. Moderate. This category corresponds to places affected by fog (neblina) almost daily during the rainy season and less frequently during the dry season. In the field, such conditions are determined by the abundance of moss, which covers a large part of the branches and trunks of almost all trees. It may be hanging (5 to 15 cm long) or shorter but forming layers. The proliferation of beard moss (Tillandsia sp.) is excluded from this category.
c. Strong. Corresponds to areas where fog (neblina) is so frequent that it occurs almost every day and is produced by the daily contact between the clouds and the ground. These are sites easily recognizable by the abundance of moss, which covers all or almost all of the tree, forming in most cases a true "carpet" over the branches or trunk of mature or old trees. It is common to observe under such conditions that fence posts, road cuts, soils, and rocks are covered with mosses. The natural forests of such sectors are of low height.
5.4.4 Wind (c4) Wind exerts a direct mechanical effect on plants, desiccation of the environment, and causes erosion.
5.4.4.1 Wind categories a. Absent. Corresponds to the wind category that does not cause problems in agricultural production. Includes constant or frequent winds, with average speeds less than 15 km/hour. Under these conditions, trees grow vertically and develop their branches or canopy normally.
b. Moderate. Comprises constant or very frequent wind, with speeds between 15 and 30 km/hour, which causes moderate problems in agricultural, livestock, or forestry activities. It also encompasses higher speeds, but with less frequency. This wind category is recognized in the field by the tendency of directly exposed trees to have their canopies slightly inclined in the wind's direction (leeward).
c. Strong. Corresponds to the wind category that reaches speeds greater than 30 km/hour and has a frequency greater than 50% of the time. This has very damaging effects on agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities. It is recognized in the field because the branches and tree stems develop in the same direction as the wind; consequently, the trees are found leaning due to this effect (flag effect).
The quantification of the factors and limiting factors for evaluating land-use capacity are described below in summarized form in table No. 1.
Table 1.| Factors and limiting factors for evaluating land-use capacity | C L A S S E S | EROSION | SOIL | DRAINAGE | CLIMATE | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Slope (%) | Erosion | Effective depth (cm) | TEXTURE | Stoniness | Fertility | Copper Toxicity | Salinity | Drainage | Flood Risk | Life Zone | Dry Period | Fog | Wind | | | | Surface texture (0-30 cm) | Subsoil texture (31-60 cm) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | e1 | e2 | s1 | s2 | s2 | s3 | s4 | s5 | s6 | d1 | d2 | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | | | I | 0-3 Flat or nearly flat | None | >120 Very deep | Medium | Medium; Mod. Coarse, Mod. Fine | Absent | High | None | None to Slight | Good | None | bh-T, bh-P, bh-MB | Moderate | Absent | Absent | | II | 4 - 8 Gently undulating | Slight | 91 - 120 Deep | Mod. Fine or Mod. Coarse | Fine | Slightly stony | Medium | | | Mod. Slow or Mod. Exc. | Slight | bmh-T, bmh- P, bmh-MB | Absent or Strong | Moderate | Moderate | | III | 9 - 15 Moderately undulating | Moderate | 61 - 90 Moderately deep | Fine or Very fine | Very Fine | Moderately stony | | Slight | | | Moderate | bs-T, bmh-M | Very Strong | | | | IV | 16 - 30 Undulating | | | | | Stony | Low | | | | | | | | | | V | | | 31 - 60 Shallow | Coarse | Coarse | Strongly stony | | Moderate | Moderate | Slow or Excessive | Severe | bp-P, bp-MB, bp-M | | Strong | Strong | | VI | 31 - 55 Strongly undulating | Severe | | | | | Very low | | | | | | | | | | VII | 56 - 75 Steep | | | | | | | Strong | | | Very severe | | | | | | VIII | > 76 Very steep. | Very Severe | ≤ 30 Very shallow | | | Extremely stony | | | Strong | None | | pp-SA | | | | 6 USE OF THE SYSTEM To carry out the classification of a land unit, it is necessary, first, to have the field data, which must be collected after having performed an adequate separation of physiographic units, preferably through photointerpretation.
Limitations for the evaluation of land-use capacity (capacidad de uso de la tierra), such as copper toxicity and salinity, must be supported by quantifiable laboratory or field criteria, only in those areas where they are recognized as limitations at the local level, as is the case of the South Pacific and the coastlines, respectively.
After completing all the data concerning the quantification of the system's limitations, the class, subclass, or management unit is determined, as appropriate.
Practical example of the system From the field observations made on a specific terrain under primary forest cover (cobertura de bosque primario), the following data were obtained:
Dominant slope: 12% Active erosion: None Effective depth (profundidad efectiva): 110 cm Soil texture (0-30 cm): Silty Clay Loam (Franco Arcillo Limosa, FAL) (31-60 cm): Silty Clay (Arcillo Limosa, AL) Stoniness (pedregosidad): Absent Fertility: Low Toxicity: None Salinity: None Drainage: Moderately excessive Flood risk: None Life Zone (Zona de Vida): Tropical dry forest (bosque seco Tropical, bs-T) Dry Period: 5.5 months Fog: Absent Wind: Absent To determine the Management Unit (Unidad de Manejo), the data are compared with those in table 1 of this methodology, for which the following field table is used.
| FACTOR | LIMITATIONS | PARAMETERS | CATEGORY | CLASS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erosion | Slope (e1) | 12% | Moderately undulating | III |
| Active erosion (e2) | None | I | ||
| Soil | Effective depth (s1) | 110 cms. | Deep | II |
| Texture (s2) from 0 to 30 cms. | FAL | Moderately fine | II | |
| Texture (s2) from 31 to 60 cms. | AL | Fine | II | |
| Stoniness (s3) | 0 | Absent | I | |
| Fertility (s4) | Low | IV | ||
| Toxicity (s5) | None | I | ||
| Salinity (s6) | None | I | ||
| Drainage | Drainage (d1) | Moderately | II | |
| excessive | ||||
| Flood risk (d2) | None | I | ||
| Climate | Life Zone (c1) | Bs-T | III | |
| Dry Period (c2) | 5.5 months | Very strong | III | |
| Fog (c3) | Absent | I | ||
| Wind (c4) | Absent | I |
From this comparison, it is obtained that the lands of this plot are class IV, that the subclass is IV e s d c and that the management unit is IV e1 s124 d1 c12, where the conditioning limitation that defined the land-use capacity class is fertility, categorized as low.
7 MODIFIABLE LIMITATIONS OF LAND-USE CAPACITY When specific soil management and conservation practices are developed on a land with certain limitations, which correct said limitations, the land could be reclassified according to the limitations that remain on said land.
Thus, for example, slope, active erosion, stoniness, fertility, drainage, and flood risk can be modified with specific soil management and conservation practices; the effect of wind can be corrected with the implementation of windbreaks; and drainage can also be modified with drainage works as long as the soil texture and permeability allow it.
Table 2 presents a series of practices that, if applied appropriately, would enhance the use of such classes in more intensive uses without leading to degradation processes of soil and water resources.
Table 2 Recommendation of soil and water management and conservation practices according to the land-use capacity class
| DESCRIPTION OF PRACTICES | CLASSES | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | |
| Contour tillage | X | X | X | ||||
| Tillage with toothed equipment | X | X | X | X | |||
| Minimum tillage | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Strip tillage | X | X | X | X | |||
| Ridging, earthing up, furrowing, threshing | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Recycling of crop residues | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Fertilization based on soil analysis | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Use of mineral amendments | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Use of organic amendments | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Intercropping | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Relay cropping | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Strip cropping | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Crop rotation | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Interplanted crops | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Green manure planting | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Paddock division (apartos) | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Establishment of live fences | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Improved pasture planting | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Production of cut-and-carry pastures | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Establishment of protein banks | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Use of manure and effluents | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Wastewater treatment | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Silvopastoral systems | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Planting of protection forests | X | ||||||
| Reforestation for aquifer protection | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Planting of windbreak curtains | X | X | X | X | |||
| Road design and maintenance | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Road water evacuation | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Slope design and protection | X | X | X | X | |||
| Hillside ditches (acequias de ladera) | X | X | X | ||||
| Diversion ditch (canal de guardia) | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Retention basins | X | X | X | ||||
| Infiltration pits | X | X | X | ||||
| Individual terraces | X | X | X | ||||
| Bench terraces | X | X | X | ||||
| Orchard terraces | X | X | X | ||||
| Infiltration channel | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Contour furrows in pastures | X | ||||||
| Stone walls | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Contour dikes (border strips) | X | ||||||
| Irrigation systems | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Live barriers | X | X | X | X | |||
| Gully control | X | X | X | ||||
| Flood control | X | X | X | X |