Just, Equitable, and Satisfactory Conditions of Work The States Parties to this Protocol recognize that the right to work referred to in the previous article implies that everyone enjoys it under just, equitable, and satisfactory conditions, for which purpose said States shall guarantee in their national legislations, in a particular manner:
a. Remuneration that ensures as a minimum to all workers conditions of dignified and decorous subsistence for themselves and their families and an equitable and equal wage for equal work, without any distinction; b. The right of every worker to follow their vocation and to dedicate themselves to the activity that best responds to their regulations; c. The right of the worker to promotion or advancement within their work, for which their qualifications, competence, probity, and time of service shall be taken into account; d. The stability of workers in their jobs, in accordance with the characteristics of the industries and professions and with the causes for just separation. In cases of unjustified dismissal, the worker shall have the right to compensation or to readmission to employment or to any other benefit provided for by national legislation."
II. Legal framework
As a general framework, the actions of the Public Administration are subject to the Principle of Legality enshrined in article 11 of the Political Constitution and article 11 of the General Law of Public Administration. From both normative bodies derives the obligation for the administration to carry out those acts and provide those services that are authorized by law. Under this premise, it is fundamental to know the legal framework governing this plan.
Our country, aware of the importance of electricity in the development and quality of life of its inhabitants, has developed a solidarity-based electrical model that includes, on the one hand, the undertaking of great efforts in the area of electricity coverage and, on the other, the establishment of a tariff structure that seeks to guarantee a subsidy for low-income individuals.
The Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) is an autonomous institution responsible for satisfying the national electricity demand, created through Decree Law 449 of April 1949, which in its article 1 provides Creation and Purposes: ".. The fundamental responsibility of the Institute, before Costa Ricans, shall be to channel the use of hydroelectric energy in order to strengthen the national economy and promote the greater well-being of the people of Costa Rica." The cited normative body in its article 2 establishes that: ".The purposes of the Institute,..., shall be the following: a) To provide a prompt and effective solution to the scarcity of electric power in the Nation,., and to ensure that energy is available at all times to satisfy normal demand and to promote the development of new industries, the use of electricity in rural regions, and its greater domestic consumption. The main efforts of the Institute shall be directed to fulfilling this objective, using for it all necessary technical, legal, and financial means, . its basic work program shall be the construction of new hydroelectric energy plants and distribution networks for the same. within the limits of economically justifiable investments. b) To unify separate efforts. through technical procedures that ensure the best performance of energy developments and their distribution systems. c) To promote industrial development and greater national production by making possible the preferential use of electrical energy as a source of motive power and heating, and helping through advice and technological research to a better understanding and exploitation of the country's sources of wealth. d).. to try to promote the domestic use of electricity. e) . g) To make its technical, administrative, and financial procedures models of efficiency that not only guarantee the good functioning of the Institute, but that can also serve as a standard for other activities of Costa Ricans." Furthermore, in its article 9, Law 449 clearly establishes that: "The Institute shall have the capacity to enter into contracts of any lawful kind; to buy, sell, and lease movable and immovable property, securities, and companies within the purposes of its creation; to lend, finance, and mortgage; and for any other form of commercial and legal management that is necessary for the performance of its mission, and within the normal contracting standards that its financial situation allows it, without incurring undue risks to the stability of the institution." In this sense, the main actor of the electricity sector in Costa Rica is a state-owned company that provides electricity and telecommunications services, develops the country's energy-producing sources, especially hydraulic resources, and possesses the largest capacity of generating plants. ICE is in charge of establishing the parameters to be followed by the generating units connected to the National Electric System, managing the transmission network, and distributing around 40% of the electrical energy.
Electricity generation in Costa Rica is carried out by eight public service companies and several private generators. The public companies in charge of generation are: ICE, the National Power and Light Company (CNFL), a subsidiary of ICE; the Administrative Board of the Electric Service of Cartago (JASEC), the Public Services Company of Heredia (ESPH), the Rural Electrification Cooperative of San Carlos (COOPELESCA), the Rural Electrification Cooperative of Guanacaste (COOPEGUANACASTE), the Cooperative Alfaro Ruiz (COOPEALFARO), and the Rural Electrification Cooperative Los Santos (COOPESANTOS S.R.L.). The distribution and commercialization of electrical energy in Costa Rica is the responsibility of these eight public service companies.
Remote areas not covered by networks of distribution companies are supplied through solar panels and other systems implemented by ICE. Thus, access to the electric service has been part of the national policy to contribute to the eradication of poverty, through the use of tariff subsidy policies for the residential sector, which aim for the protection of social groups with fewer resources.
The legal framework governing ICE's actions is composed of the following regulations: Law No. 449: Law for the Creation of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE), of April 1949. - Law No. 7593: Law for the Creation of the Regulatory Authority of Public Services, of August 1996. - Executive Decree # 25903- MINAE-MOPT, Regulation to Law No. 7593: Regulation of the Executive Branch to the Law of the Regulatory Authority of Public Services, of February 1997 - Law No. 7200: Law on Autonomous or Parallel Generation, of October 1990. Reformed by Law No. 7508, of May 1995. - Regulation to Law No. 7200: Regulation of the Executive Branch to the Law on Autonomous or Parallel Generation, of April 1991. - Law No. 8345: Participation of Rural Electrification Cooperatives and Municipal Public Services Companies in National Development, of March 2003. - Law No. 7152: Organic Law of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, of June 1990. - Law No. 8723: Framework Concession Law for the Use of Hydraulic Forces for Hydroelectric Generation, of May 2009. - Law No. 5961: Declares Public Interest Geothermal Resources, of December 1976.
Another actor related to the energy sector is the Regulatory Authority of Public Services (ARESEP), created through the aforementioned Law No. 7593. This governmental institution is in charge of carrying out the quality and economic regulation of public services, including the tariff aspect. On the topic of interest, it is the regulating entity of the electricity sector and the one in charge of establishing the corresponding prices from generation to distribution.
These powers derive from article 1 of the cited Law, which establishes that ".the National Electricity Service is transformed into an autonomous institution, hereinafter and for the purposes of this law called the Regulatory Authority. it shall not be subject to the guidelines of the Executive Branch. however it shall be subject to the National Development Plan, the corresponding sectoral plans and the sectoral policies issued by the Executive Branch.". Further on, in article three of the same regulatory body, the concept of "public service" is defined and the principle that determines the setting of tariffs and prices thereof is established, such that only the costs necessary to provide a service that allows a competitive return and guarantees the adequate development of the activity are contemplated.
Along the same lines, article 4 of the aforementioned rule establishes as objectives of ARESEP, the obligation to harmonize the interests of consumers, users and public service providers; as well as to seek a balance between the needs of users and the interest of providers. For the optimal provision of public service, the Regulatory Authority is responsible for formulating and overseeing the requirements of quality, quantity, reliability, timeliness and continuity as well as assisting the competent State entities in matters of environmental protection. Among the public services defined in the Law in its article 5, is the: ". supply of electric energy in the generation, transmission, distribution and commercialization stage.".
Authorization for the provision of public service corresponds to MINAE, while the setting of tariffs and prices falls exclusively to ARESEP, which also has the obligation to ".Regulate and supervise, in accounting, financial and technical terms, the public service providers, to verify the correct management of the factors affecting the cost of the service, be they the investments made, the indebtedness incurred, the levels of income received, the costs and expenses carried out or the income received and the profitability or profit obtained." (Article 6, Law No. 7593 cited above).
Regarding the possibility of establishing tariff differentiations as social needs require, it is important to refer to article 12 of the same legal body, which establishes that ". Providers may not establish any type of discrimination against a particular group, sector, class or individual consumer. Tariff differences established for reasons of social order shall not constitute discrimination." The regulation of the process for setting prices, tariffs or rates by ARESEP is regulated in article 31 of the same law, which establishes that ".To set prices, tariffs and rates for public services, the Regulatory Authority shall take into account the model productive structures for each public service, according to the development of knowledge, technology, the possibilities of the service, the activity in question and the size of the provider companies. In this last case, it shall seek to promote small and medium-sized enterprises. If there is a proven impossibility of applying this procedure, the particular situation of each company shall be considered. The criteria of social equity, environmental sustainability, energy conservation and economic efficiency defined in the National Development Plan, must be central elements for setting prices, tariffs and rates for public services. Fixations that threaten the financial balance of the public service provider entities shall not be permitted.".
To the foregoing must be added Opinion number C-142-2002 of June 6, 2002 of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, which indicates that ".The Executive Branch guides state action through initiative in the formation of laws and its power of political direction. On the other hand, the important power available to the Executive to guide state action, is limited by the function of regulating public services,.". Indeed, article 1 of the Law of the Regulatory Authority determines the impossibility of the Executive to direct the regulatory function and, consequently, the setting of prices.
In this way, the Regulatory Authority of Public Services must consider the model productive structures for each service, according to the development of knowledge, technology, the possibilities of the service, the activity in question and the size of the company. The criteria for setting shall be those of social equity, environmental sustainability, energy conservation and economic efficiency, among others, contemplated in Law 7593 and defined in the National Development Plan, guaranteeing the financial balance of the provider entities. ARESEP is subject to the National Development Plan, the corresponding sectoral plans and the sectoral policies issued by the Executive Branch in accordance with the current legal system.
Finally, the Organic Law of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, No. 1860, provides that it shall be in charge of directing matters relating to labor and social welfare; and shall oversee the development, improvement and application of labor legislation. In addition, that the National Directorate of Labor Inspection is a technical body of that Ministry, whose purpose is to ensure, monitor and supervise compliance with labor legislation and the protection of workers. For this reason, the participation of this Ministry is important for the proper supervision of compliance with labor legislation, as a minimum requirement for companies wishing to be considered as beneficiaries of this plan.
III. Diagnosis of the situation
In societies such as ours, there are two fundamental sources of access to resources for human well-being: those provided through public management and those accessed through the labor market and the market for goods and services.
"In the Costa Rican economic structure, income from employment constitutes the fundamental vehicle for characterizing the sufficiency or insufficiency of personal and family consumption capacity. Therefore, the structure of employment and forms of wages are fundamental for understanding this dynamic" (IMAS, 2016).
In this regard, it is necessary to keep in mind the notes of some researchers who point out, for example, that an increase in the lowest wages allowing them to reach the minimum wage would have a positive impact on reducing extreme poverty by 1.6% and total poverty by 4.4% (Trejos and Sauma, 2014).
For this reason it is necessary to strengthen productive, institutional, organizational and political capacity in order to generate real opportunities. Macroeconomic stability constitutes a fundamental factor in creating a favorable environment for such economic growth, employment generation and poverty reduction.
Employment indicators According to the Continuous Employment Survey (Encuesta Continua de Empleo, ECE) of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), in the first quarter of 2017 (INEC, 2017) the country had an unemployment rate of approximately 9.13%, for a total of 207,047 people without work (table "Population according to general indicators of activity status"); added to the difficulty of finding work is underemployment, that is, those people who work fewer hours than they wish, which causes an increase in informality.
In tables 2 and 3 provided by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MTSS) – both updated to the II quarter of 2016 –, statistics are shown that reveal different conditions at the gender level, special characteristics, unemployment rates, among other important aspects that allow describing the general employment situation in Costa Rica.
Labor market, wages and competitiveness in Costa Rica In Costa Rica, a recurrent unemployment problem has been identified, linked, among other factors, to the inability of the productive apparatus to create the necessary jobs to compensate for the increasing rise in the number of job seekers.
The figure recorded by INEC on unemployment during the last quarter of 2016 was 9.5%; similar to the same period in 2015 when it stood at 9.6%. Data from the Continuous Employment Survey show that, as of the IV quarter of 2016, there were some 217,623 unemployed people and, for the same period in 2015, there were 215,401.
For the country, it is a priority task to seek an improvement in the conditions of the macroeconomic environment, associated with the pursuit of competitiveness and also related to the ease of doing business and continuing to create adequate conditions for national and foreign investors. For this reason it is also an explicit purpose to impact competitiveness, economic growth, productive linkages, the strengthening of a quality labor market and the diversification of wealth-generating sources at the national level.
Energy and its impact on employment Electricity is a fundamental input for production; however, the intensity with which it is used can vary according to the branch of economic activity in question. In graph 1 it can be observed that in Costa Rica, industry is the activity where electricity has the greatest weight.
On the other hand, if the relationship between electricity consumption and the number of employees is analyzed, industry is the most intensive activity, as can be seen in table 4, where industry far surpasses other sectors, consuming an average of 8,308 kWh/employee.
In the industrial sector there is a group of companies that make more intensive use of electricity (electro-intensive) than the rest of the industries. Given their high consumption, these companies can opt for more favorable tariffs, which reflect the lower cost of supplying them the service, thanks to the cost reduction allowed by the scale factor with which they consume electricity.
The medium voltage tariff (TMT) was created with the purpose of giving these companies a tariff that reflected the lower cost of supply in relation to other types of consumers. The current requirement for this tariff is to consume at least 120,000 kWh per year.
Subsequently, the medium voltage tariff b (TMTb) was created, which is applicable only to those subscribers who meet the condition of demonstrating, in a sustained manner for at least three months, a load factor of 0.90; this behavior entitles them to enter this tariff (b). Once this tariff is obtained, if during the last twelve months they do not reach that load factor at least ten times, they lose this condition.
As part of the challenges set forth in the VII National Energy Plan, it was indicated that it was necessary to review the subscription requirements for the medium voltage tariff b (TMT-b), so that it could be utilized by a larger number of companies.
For this reason, an action was included within that plan to prepare a proposal for modifying the requirements and prices of the T-MTb that would set a limit of minimum monthly consumption of maximum power greater than or equal to 2,000 kW and in energy greater than or equal to 1,000,000 kWh/month, in at least 10 of the last 12 months of the calendar year.
The TMTb was in effect during 2016 and included 27 companies. For the purposes of establishing the employment situation, during the months of April and May 2017, MINAE requested these companies complete a questionnaire, which was answered by 26 of them.
One of the results of this survey is that the energy consumption per employee of these industries is significantly higher than the industrial average, amounting to 11,359 kWh/employee year.
This ratio indicates that establishing some type of benefit in the electricity tariff for these industries would have a greater weight in relation to their payroll than for other types of companies. The number of jobs accounted for by these 26 companies is 38,022 employees, of which 8,257 persons belong to vulnerable groups, which is equivalent to 21.7%. Table 5 shows in detail the distribution of vulnerable groups.
Almost all of these companies are competing internationally, so any factor that improves their competitiveness may be critical for them; electricity is one of these factors common to production in the global economy.
For the reasons stated, it has been considered strategic to give these companies a benefit in the electricity tariff that allows them to improve their international competitiveness and thus strengthen and preserve the jobs they generate.
Energy efficiency of macro consumers The VII National Energy Plan indicates that there are consumers in the country that, due to their size, represent a significant part of total electricity consumption. According to data collected for the latest industrial consumption survey (Energy Sector Directorate, 2014), 70% of the electricity consumption under the industrial tariff is destined for 400 clients representing 4.6% of the total companies registered under that tariff.
For this reason that plan establishes as a strategic objective to stimulate energy efficiency in macro consumers. One of the recommended practices to achieve this objective is the establishment of energy management systems in these consumers in order to carry out continuous and systematic improvements in energy performance.
In this regard, the ISO 50001 standard establishes the requirements that an energy management system must possess. Therefore, in line with the objectives of the VII PNE, it is desirable that the certification of this standard be promoted within this plan in order to ensure the establishment of this type of management systems.
IV. General objective and specific objectives
Employment is a fundamental factor in the fight against poverty. The contribution that can be made from the energy sector for this purpose is framed within the granting of a tariff benefit that is used to guarantee the maintenance of jobs, the creation of new sources of work or the improvement in the quality of life for workers that increases their development possibilities.
Based on the foregoing, the general objective is to contribute effectively to state policies for the conservation and improvement of employment in electro-intensive companies through the establishment of an electricity tariff scheme.
It is expected that the preferential tariff will translate into benefits for workers and into linkages that generate development and contribute to poverty reduction.
This policy has in turn the following specific objectives:
1. Maintain or increase the current level of employment in electro-intensive companies.
2. Improve the culture of corporate social responsibility in beneficiary companies.
Target population The target population is the electro-intensive companies that generate direct and indirect employment. The number of jobs accounted for by 26 of these companies is 38,022 employees, of which 8,257 persons belong to vulnerable groups.
Electro-intensive companies shall be understood as those that subscribe to the medium voltage tariff b.
In accordance with the VII National Energy Plan, which establishes as a strategic objective to stimulate energy efficiency in macro consumers, the benefit shall be extended to those industries that are certified in energy efficiency through ISO 50001, even if they do not meet the consumption level requirement for this tariff.
In addition to the requirements indicated for subscribing to this tariff, beneficiary companies must comply with the following obligations:
Maintain or increase the number of directly contracted workers.
Comply with current labor regulations.
Have no outstanding debts payable to the Dirección de Desarrollo Social y Asignaciones Familiares.
Be up to date with the payment of occupational hazard insurance.
Have no arrears with the Direct Taxation, Ministry of Finance.
Have no outstanding debts with the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, CCSS).
Have no arrears with the Municipality of the canton or cantons where the company and its branches are located (if it has any).
Provide the active employer number(s).
Provide the MTSS and other participating coordinating and executing entities with the information necessary for the monitoring and evaluation tasks of the plan according to the forms and communications that will be established for this purpose.
Communicate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Security the occupations or specialties that companies would need in the short term, so that it may promote and develop intermediation or professional training processes that facilitate the incorporation into participating companies of users of public employment services.
V. Actions and goals
Specific Objective 1: Maintain or increase the current level of employment in electro-intensive companies.
Action 1.1: Establish a differentiated tariff for those electro-intensive or certified companies that meet the requirements.
ARESEP shall review the current medium voltage tariff b (TMTb) so that it is applied with the purposes established in this plan and according to the conditions and criteria indicated below.
In accordance with the VII PNE, the application requirements for the TMTb Tariff must be replaced by the following:
Minimum monthly consumption of maximum power greater than or equal to 2,000 kW Energy consumption greater than or equal to 1,000,000 kWh/month.
The subscribing company must meet these requirements in at least 10 of the 12 months of the calendar year.
As the sole exception to the consumption and demanded power requirements, if a company already on the medium voltage tariff (TMT) does not meet one of these parameters, it may be admitted to the TMTb tariff as long as it presents to the distributor company the documentation validated by the competent authority of the country confirming it is certified under the ISO 50001 energy efficiency management standard and keeps this certification valid while subscribed to the special tariff.
The tariff shall have as a design parameter supporting the competitiveness of the companies that subscribe to it and comply with the employment requirements established in this plan. A floor shall be established for the tariff, for which the cost of generation plus electricity transmission could be taken as a parameter. This tariff shall be competitive in relation to the medium voltage tariff (TMT).
For the determination of the tariff, ARESEP shall consider the revenues from Costa Rica's exports in the Regional Electricity Market -MER-, which shall be transferred through the same compensation mechanism established in the "Intersectoral Plan for the application of support mechanisms for vulnerable social groups from the Electricity Sector". In the event that the resources from electricity exports are not sufficient to grant the established benefit, the additional resources channeled through the indicated compensation mechanism shall be used. The final tariff for beneficiary companies shall depend on the resources available for its financing.
Goal:
Tariff established. Responsible: ARESEP Action 1.2: Establish the procedure and instruments for formalizing entry to the special tariff.
MINAE, MTSS, within the scope of their respective competencies, and the distributor companies must establish the procedures and instruments for formalizing subscriptions to the TMTb tariff by interested companies.
The procedure must establish the steps for processing subscription applications to the TMTb tariff by interested companies.
Those instruments must specify the requirements to be met and the information to be provided by interested companies, as well as the frequency of information delivery, both for subscribing to the tariff and for maintaining it.
Goal:
Procedures and instruments established. Responsible: MINAE, MTSS and electricity distributors.
Action 1.3: Periodic verification of compliance with performance requirements.
The MTSS must monitor compliance with the requirement to maintain or increase the level of employment in beneficiary companies. To this end, it shall take as a reference the Centralized Collection System (SICERE) of the CCSS or another that at its discretion is suitable for this purpose. Based on these records, a specific baseline shall be established for each beneficiary company, with which the evolution of employment in each of the participating companies shall be verified. The baseline may not be lower than the monthly average of directly contracted workers during the six months prior to the date of the application for participation. The National Employment Directorate of the MTSS must maintain a record of the annual behavior of direct employment in each of the participating companies.
The National Employment Directorate must communicate once a year to the Minister of Labor and Social Security which companies have complied with their obligation to maintain or increase the level of employment.
In the event that a company must lay off workers for reasons of process efficiency improvements or technological improvements and this places it below the baseline, it must communicate this within a maximum period of 2 months after the non-compliance has occurred to the MTSS, which shall evaluate together with the Energy Directorate of MINAE whether these justifications are valid and shall issue a technical opinion on whether or not the company should remain on the TMTb.
If the company eliminates jobs without a valid technical reason, it shall be excluded from the TMTb and may only reapply for entry to this tariff after one year from its departure.
The Labor Inspectorate of the MTSS must annually inspect each of the participating companies in order to determine that compliance with labor legislation is maintained therein. In the event that non-compliance with one or several standards is verified, a reasonable period shall be granted for its correction. If after a second visit it is verified that the company has not remedied the non-compliances warned by the labor inspection, the previously established channel shall be informed of the result of the inspection visit for the purpose of suspending the tariff benefit for the non-compliant company.
For all aspects not detailed in this plan, it shall be the responsibility of MINAE in coordination with the MTSS and the distributor companies to establish the responsibilities and procedures required to adequately verify compliance with the TMTb tariff requirements by beneficiary companies, as well as to apply the pertinent measures in case of non-compliance.
Goal:
Companies monitored in the areas of compliance with employment levels and labor legislation. Responsible parties: MTSS, MINAE.
Action 1.4: Conduct studies in order to have better criteria to determine the limits of the TMTb tariff.
Subsequent studies must be conducted in order to have better criteria to determine the upper and lower limits of this tariff, considering for this purpose criteria of competitiveness.
Goal:
Studies conducted. Responsible: ARESEP Specific Objective 2: Improve the culture of corporate social responsibility in beneficiary companies.
Action 2.1: Establish alliances with organizations specialized in corporate social responsibility.
The MTSS shall establish strategic alliances with specialized organizations, with the purpose of promoting a culture of corporate social responsibility in the industries participating in the special tariff benefit.
Goal:
Alliances established. Responsible: MTSS Table of Goals The following table details deadlines and executors for each goal, according to the objectives and actions.
VI. Term and evaluation
Term The term of this plan is established according to the horizon of the Sustainable Development Goals, so it shall be until the year 2030 with reviews every 4 years.
Evaluation of results on employment The MTSS, through its Planning Directorate, shall conduct an evaluation every two years of the results on employment that the special tariff would have.
The MTSS must create the statistics and indicators related to the labor demands required of these companies.
The evaluation methodology to be followed shall be defined by the General Directorate of Labor Planning of the MTSS at the time of having greater knowledge of the object of evaluation.
General evaluation MINAE shall be responsible for conducting a general evaluation of this plan every 2 years to define the need and nature of necessary changes, as well as the continuity of the policy.
VII. Bibliographic references
Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (2014). Planeación operación y acceso, al sistema eléctrico nacional (AR-NT-POASEN-2014) Acuerdo 01-19-2014. EN: La Gaceta N° 69 del 8 de abril de 2014. San José, CR.
Banco Central de Costa Rica (2011). Matriz Insumo Producto 2011, 77 Productos. Disponible en: http://www.bccr.fi.cr/publicaciones/sector_real/> Consultado el22 julio 2015].
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, División de Estadística y Proyecciones Económicas (2001). La vulnerabilidad social y sus desafíos: una mirada desde América Latina. Chile: CEPAL.
Costa Rica, Leyes y Decretos (1949). Ley de Creación del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). Ley No. 449 del 8 de abril de 1949. San José, CR.
Dirección Sectorial de Energía. (2014). Encuesta de Consumo Energético Nacional en el Sector Industrial. San José, Costa Rica.
Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, Centro Nacional De Planificación Eléctrica (2015). Índice de Cobertura Eléctrica. San José, CR: ICE.
Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social (2016). Puente al Desarrollo Estrategia Nacional para la Reducción de la Pobreza. San José, CR: IMAS.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2013). Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares. San José, CR: INEC.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2016). Encuesta Continua de Empleo: cuarto trimestre 2016 (ECE). San José, CR: INEC.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2016). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO). San José, CR: INEC.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2017). Encuesta Continua de Empleo: Primer trimestre 2017 (ECE). San José, CR: INEC.
Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (2015). VII Plan Nacional de Energía 2015-2030. San José, C.R.: MINAE.
Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica (2014). Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2015-2018 "Alberto Cañas Escalante". San José, CR: MIDEPLAN.
Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (2014). Estrategia Nacional de Empleo y Producción. San José, CR: MTSS.
Naciones Unidas (2017). Crecimiento económico - Desarrollo Sostenible. [en línea] Desarrollo Sostenible. Disponible en: http://www.un.org/ OEA (1988). Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos en Materia de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales sustainabledevelopment/es/economic-growth/ [Consultado el 22 Junio 2017]