IV.-That in accordance with the legal regulations cited in the preceding Recitals, it is the responsibility of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional to define and make official Technical Standards for Geographic Information (NTIG) that guide officials and users of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, and in general, the public sector, private sector, individuals, and the general public, both producers, managers, and users of geographic information, to generate and exchange geographic data and information, that show consistency, compatibility, interoperability, and comparability in their processes, as a result of standardization in their production and publication processes for decision-making.
V.-That within this framework of action, the SNIT stands out as a cornerstone, which has as its general objective to promote the generation of basic and thematic geographic products, services, and information of national, regional, and local coverage, and to publish in an integrated and georeferenced manner the territorial information produced by public entities and bodies, as well as by private persons, individuals or legal entities, and to standardize standardized geospatial information within the framework of a common data infrastructure.
VI.-That the Instituto Geográfico Nacional has defined a base group of technical standards for geographic information whose purpose is to guarantee the use and management of basic and thematic geographic information about the territory, with standards that ensure the interoperability thereof, as well as its integrated publication through the geoportal (geoportal) of the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial; these standards are defined as individual technical documents of geographic information regulation, called Technical Standards for Geographic Information of Costa Rica (NTIG_CR00_00.0000), where the two digits after CR correspond to the identifier of the standard, the following two digits to the month, and the last four digits to the year of publication of the standard).
VII.-That the Technical Standards for Geographic Information constitute the foundation defined by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional as necessary and fundamental required by officials and users of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, and in general, by the public sector, private sector, individuals, and the public in general, for the production, management, and publication of georeferenced geographic data, that is, of data that come from or are used in geographic applications, and that represent the earth's surface or the geometry of objects in geographic space. Therefore:
To issue the following:
TECHNICAL STANDARD FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ON STANDARDS FOR THE WEB PUBLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF COSTA RICA 1.-Nomenclature: NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica.
2.-Purpose: The purpose of this Technical Standard for Geographic Information is to establish the minimum provisions that must be considered to develop Web services for geographic information, as well as the nodes of the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial, that guarantee the interoperability of the information and the platforms that support it.
3.-Scope of Application: This Technical Standard is of mandatory observance. The application and interpretation of this Technical Standard, for administrative and technical purposes, shall be the responsibility of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, which shall resolve cases not foreseen by it, and shall ensure its updating as appropriate according to the needs that motivate changes in the Technical Standard.
4.-Reach: This directive constitutes a general reference framework on the minimum requirements that must be observed by this Institute, other public entities, the private sector, and the general public: producers, managers, and users of georeferenced geographic information.
5.-Technical Approval: The Technical Standard for Geographic Information called NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica, is the product of work carried out by officials of various professional levels of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, and it was reviewed, validated, and finally technically approved at fifteen hours on January 12, 2016, as recorded through official communication N° DIG-0014-2016 of that same date, signed by MSc. Max A. Lobo Hernández, Director of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional.
6.-Publication: The Technical Standard for Geographic Information called NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica is available in full for public access through the official website of the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT): www.snitcr.go.cr.
(Note from Sinalevi: The present standard was extracted from the website of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, therefore, the following is transcribed:)
NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica Presentation I am pleased to present the Technical Standard for Geographic Information of Costa Rica (NTIG_CR05) called Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica, January 2016 version, which comprises a series of computer programming protocols intended to improve and organize the activities related to the publication of geographic information of a national, regional, and local nature.
In this process, the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) has used international norms and standards in the geospatial field, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), through the ISO/TC 211 Committee on Geographic information/Geomatics, which began its work in 1994 and has produced standards for global use since the year 2000, as a reference.
At the level of Web services for geospatial information, the IGN has adhered to the standards defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an international entity that establishes the necessary parameters to ensure the interoperability and transfer of geospatial information published on the Web.
We hope that the technical standard on standards for the web publication of geographic information will be an instrument that facilitates individuals and organizations, both public and private, that use and produce geospatial data, to have the appropriate tools to publicize them.
The Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica have their origin in the exercise of fulfilling the legal competencies of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional in matters of standardization, generation, and standardization of geospatial information. This first version is an initiative that will facilitate the exchange of inter-institutional information, in addition to promoting in a precise and orderly manner the dissemination and use of geographic data. Our stance is inclusive and open regarding the contributions of the producing, managing, and using community of geospatial information at the national level.
Furthermore, the definition and dissemination of this document are in accordance with the guidelines established in decree N.° 37773-JP-H-MINAE-MICITT (La Gaceta N.° 134 of July 12, 2013), through which the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) is officially created as an instrument for the production, publication, regulation, and standardization of geospatial information in our country. Through SNIT, the IGN is promoting the generation of georeferenced geographic products, services, and information of national, regional, and local coverage, and the publication in an integrated and georeferenced manner of territorial information produced by public entities and bodies, as well as by individuals or legal entities, and the standardization of standardized geospatial information within the framework of a common spatial data infrastructure (IDE).
The SNIT is a very important step in the process of consolidating the Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de Costa Rica (IDECORI), which is defined as the set of policies, organizations, standards, and technologies that work together to produce, share, and use the geographic information necessary to support the country's development in various fields.
M.Sc. Max A. Lobo Hernández Director Instituto Geográfico Nacional Registro Nacional Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................... ..................................... 1 2. Background .................................................................................... .................................... 1 3. General Provisions ......................................................................... .............................. 2 3.1 Nomenclature and Name of the Technical Standard ............................................................. 2 3.2 Purpose ......................................................................................... ................................... 2 3.3 Scope of Application .................................................................................................... 2 3.4 Reach ........................................................................................ ................................. 2 3.5 Technical Approval and Officialization.............................................................................. 2 3.6 Mandatory Nature ................................................................................. ............................. 3 3.7 Effective Date ....................................................................................... ................................. 3 4. Acronyms and Definitions ................................................................................................... 3 5. Standards and Requirements for Publication ................................................................................. 5 6. Publication Architecture ................................................................................................ 7 6.1 Publication Components .................................................................................... 7 6.2 Data Repository ........................................................................... ........................... 7 6.3 Map Server .............................................................................. ........................... 8 6.4 Catalog Server ................................................................................................... 10 6.5 Information Clients .............................................................................................. 10 Thin Clients (Viewers) .................................................................................................... 11 Thick Clients (GIS Software) ........................................................................................ 12 6.6 Attribute Query .................................................................................................. 12 6.7 Other Basic Requirements ...................................................................................... 13 Communications Requirements ................................................................................... 13 Online Applications Manager (IT Manager) ............................................ 13 Spatial Information Editors ....................................................................................... 13 Geoservices Manager (GIS Administrator) .............................................................. 13 7. Final Considerations ......................................................................... ............................ 14 8. Bibliography .................................................................................... .................................... 14 Anexo 1 ............................................................................................ ........................................ 15 List of Figures Figure 1. Publication Components ............................................................................. 7 Figure 2. Client Query Model ........................................................................ 11 1. Introduction In the administration of information, different levels and responsibilities are implemented both in the context of a small business and a country; such organization is present in the different national spatial data infrastructures (IDE) at an international level, which are constituted by a network of servers spatially located in different places, and that represent the administering and owning entities of the data, servers that are connected to a central node that organizes the information from all the different data sources and makes it available to users from a single query and visualization portal, recognized as the medium for publishing the country's official spatial data.
The Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial must be understood as the central node of IDECORI; consequently, it does not refer to any software or application that must be installed on the computers of the publishers or users of the system. Each publishing entity of spatial data is responsible, not only for the administration of its data, but also for the implementation of the software and hardware architecture that allows the publication thereof both from its own portal, if desired, as well as through SNIT, as the central node of national publication.
In this organization, each publishing entity represents a spatial database, a source of information that is queryable on its own, and that simultaneously feeds the national geoportal (geoportal), facilitating users' utilization, query, and search of the information, which allows improving the administration and quality of the data and at the same time makes available to society an important tool for decision-making at the national level.
2. Background At the national level, this is the first formal regulation for the Web publication of geographic information; however, the use of the standards defined by the OGC has been implemented since the publication of the geoportal (geoportal) of SNIT, as a product of Component 1 of the Programa de Regularización del Catastro y el Registro (PRCR), and the geoservices (geoservicios) and nodes that have been incorporated since 2010 until the month of May 2014, and from this date the IGN, as administrator of this platform, promotes them in new developments and the renewal of the geoportal (geoportal) of SNIT and the associated geoservices (geoservicios).
3. General Provisions 3.1 Nomenclature and Name of the Technical Standard NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica 3.2 Purpose The purpose of this Technical Standard is to establish the minimum provisions that must be considered to develop Web services for geographic information, as well as the nodes of the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial, that guarantee the interoperability of the information and the platforms that support it.
3.3 Scope of Application This Technical Standard is of mandatory observance. The application and interpretation of this Technical Standard, for administrative and technical purposes, shall be the responsibility of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, which shall resolve cases not foreseen by it and shall ensure its updating as appropriate.
3.4 Reach The Technical Standard NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica, constitutes a general reference framework on the minimum requirements that must be observed by officials and users of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, and in general, the public sector (Branches of the Republic, autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions, entities attached to autonomous institutions, state public enterprises, non-state public enterprises, non-state public entities, entities administering public funds, municipalities and attached municipal bodies), the private sector, individuals, and the general public, producer, manager, and user to improve and organize the activities related to the publication of geographic information of a national, regional, and local nature.
3.5 Technical Approval and Officialization The Technical Standard for Geographic Information called NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Standards for the Web Publication of Geographic Information of Costa Rica, was approved technically at fifteen hours on January 12, 2016, as recorded through official communication N° DIG-0014-2016 of that same date, signed by MSc. Max A. Lobo Hernández, Director of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, and the same is made official through the publication of Directive DIG-005-2016 of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional of January 12, 2016, in the Official Gazette La Gaceta.
3.6 Mandatory Nature The provisions contained in this Directive and respective Technical Standard are of mandatory observance.
3.7 Effective Date This Technical Standard becomes effective upon the publication of Directive DIG-005-2016 of January 12, 2016, in the Official Gazette La Gaceta.
| 4. Acronyms and Definitions CRTM05 | Transverse Mercator Projection for Costa Rica of 2005 (Proyección Transversal de Mercator para Costa Rica del 2005) |
|---|
| CR05 | Horizontal datum for Costa Rica of 2005 (Datum horizontal para Costa Rica del 2005) |
| CSW | Catalog Service for the Web |
| IDE | Spatial Data Infrastructure (Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales) |
| IDECORI | Spatial Data Infrastructure of Costa Rica (Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de Costa Rica) |
| IGN | Instituto Geográfico Nacional |
| OGC | Open Geospatial Consortium |
| SIG | Geographic Information System (Sistema de Información Geográfica) |
| SNIT | Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial |
| WFS | Web Features Services |
| WMS | Web Map Services |
| WMTS | Web Map Tiles Services |
| WCS | Web Coverages Services |
| WGS84 | World Geodetic System 84 |
CRTM05: Official coordinate system for Costa Rica, according to decree N° 33797-MJ-MOPT. It is associated with the horizontal datum for Costa Rica CR05 and the ellipsoid of the World Geodetic System (WGS84).
Open Geospatial Consortium: It is an international organization that defines open and interoperable standards for the publication of geographic information on the Web, fostering agreements among the different companies in the sector. http://www.opengeospatial.org/ Geoportal (Geoportal): Website that provides geospatial information, includes tools for communication and collaboration among users, must comply with certain parameters that allow its standardization and interoperability, in order to facilitate the integration and exchange of information among different institutions and citizens.
Geoservice (Geoservicio): Web interface that provides geographic information, which must comply with the standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium.
Geographic/Geospatial Information (Información geográfica/geoespacial): Information on specific topics of a territory, positioned according to a coordinate system and datum, that represents geographic features through points, lines, and polygons.
Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDE): From the technological point of view, it is a computer system that integrates and organizes a decentralized network of servers, which have an architecture of interconnected resources composed of databases, data catalogs, management programs, map servers (software), Web clients (viewers), and Web pages; designed for the publication, access, and management of geographic data sets and services, that complies with a series of norms, standards, and specifications that regulate and guarantee the interoperability of geographic information.
Interoperability: It is the capacity of information systems and the procedures they support, to share and combine sets of geographic data and enable the exchange and interaction of information and knowledge between them, in such a way that the result is coherent and the added value of geographic data and information services is increased.
Geographic Metadata (Metadatos geográficos): Information that describes geographic data sets and geographic information services and that makes it possible to locate, inventory, and use them.
Geographic Information System (Sistema de información geográfica): Geographic Information Systems (SIG) are the result of the application of so-called Information Technologies (IT) to the management of Geographic Information (GI). The term Geographic Information System (SIG) has three meanings: SIG as a discipline; SIG as a project, each of the practical implementations, the existing projects; SIG as software, i.e., the programs and applications of a SIG project.
Reference System (Sistema de referencia): Set of conventions, values, formulas, and concepts that define the framework from which position values for a geographic object can be determined in a unique form.
5. Standards and Requirements for Publication Listed below are the Web standards for publishing geographic information, established by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), that are currently contemplated for publication in the geoportal (geoportal) of the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial, as the IDECORI platform:
Web Map Service (WMS): is a standard that allows visualizing geographic information in raster or vector format as an image (Jpeg, Gif, Png), and querying its attributes; the data can come from a GIS (SIG) or a database.
Web Feature Service (WFS): This is a standard oriented to thick clients, that allows visualizing geographic information in vector format, querying its attributes, and downloading the data, which can come from a GIS (SIG) or a database.
Web Coverage Service (WCS): Standard that provides an interface allowing requests for geographic coverage through the Web; coverages are images of a specific geographic area, which can be spatially analyzed and edited by users.
Web Map Tile Service (WMTS): is a scalable and cacheable service, which uses a tiling model (tiling model) parameterized in such a way that a client can make requests for a discrete set of values and quickly receive from the server fragments of pre-rendered images (tiles) that do not require any subsequent manipulation. Each of the layers (layers) of a WMTS server follows a pyramidal structure of scales, in which each scale or level of the pyramid is a rasterization and fragmentation of the geographic data at a specific scale or pixel size.
Catalog Service for the Web (CSW): Standard designed for the search of geographic data and Web services for geographic information. In which the metadata corresponding to each product available in a Geoportal (Geoportal) or IDE is compiled, following the selected metadata profile, in our case, the Official profile of geographic metadata of Costa Rica.
As well as any other standard established by the OGC that may be required to be implemented in the future for IDECORI.
As the coordinate reference system (sistema de referencia) for geographic information, the one defined as official by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional of Costa Rica must be used, currently the one called CRTM05, datum CR05, as well as any update or adaptation made to the reference system (sistema de referencia) by the IGN; at the international level, the valid projection is the one called WGS84, which is a world geographic coordinate system that allows locating any point on Earth, and is the one used by the global positioning system (GPS).
In relation to the foregoing and its implication in defining the reference system (sistema de referencia) for Web services for geographic information, clarity must be had regarding the corresponding EPSG (European Petroleum Survey Group) codes, which must be the following:
| Reference System (Sistema de Referencia) | EPSG Code |
|---|
| CRTM05-CR05 | 5367 |
| WGS84 | 4326 |
At the level of the requirements that entities publishing Web services for geographic information as nodes of SNIT must meet, the following are initially contemplated:
The entity must provide all the technological means that are necessary to publish the information, contemplating for this purpose the basic technical standards.
The entity must publish those topics that fall within its institutional competence.
The entity must keep the information updated according to the frequency they determine, and it will be solely responsible for its content.
The entity must assign at least one official responsible for ensuring the correct functioning of its geoservices.
The entity must generate and publish the corresponding metadata for the geographic information it is publishing through the SNIT geoportal, using the official geographic metadata profile (NTIG_CR04).
Upon integrating into the SNIT, the entity commits to using basic cartographic information, regulations, etc., so that all cartographic products it publishes on the SNIT are homologated and positionally compatible with the fundamental bases published in the SNIT geoportal.
Comply with the technical conditions established by the IGN, necessary to guarantee the correct functioning of the geoservices.
Report via email the publication or update of a specific geographic layer or geoservice and the corresponding metadata, to the email [email protected].
6. Publication Architecture Information exchange in an SDI is carried out using the Internet, through map and catalog services in standard formats, allowing access to information from remote locations and using multiple platforms. Each participant in the national SDI that consumes and publishes information is known as a "node," and each node must implement or adapt certain components that enable publication.
6.1 Publication Components The publication of information consists of computer components (equipment, internet services, computer programs, etc.) and non-computer components (people, policies, etc.)
Figure 1. Publication Components 6.2 Data Repository This consists of the physical storage of the spatial information to be published. This storage must be arranged in a spatial database or in file directories of the operating system, so that they are accessible both to the users responsible for updating them, and to the computer program arranged as a map server.
It is important to consider that whether a file scheme or a spatial database is chosen, the necessary procedures must be implemented at the institutional level so that the data layers are always kept updated, reflecting the most recent state of their management process.
File directories or spatial database?
Spatial databases offer great advantages in terms of ease of information management and publication, among them: high speed to execute processes, ease of implementing user and permission schemes, possibilities of executing automatic backup and restoration processes, monitoring and audit trails on data changes, dynamic queries, and real-time geoprocessing, among many benefits.
File directories offer benefits when work schemes are very simple, typically when one or two users edit a small set of layers, subject to few changes over time. In these cases, it could be more costly to implement and manage a spatial database than simply saving files in a shared directory.
6.3 Map Server Web map servers are software packages that allow the visualization and query of geographic attributes remotely, producing maps of spatial data dynamically from geographic data, which may be located on servers of different institutions.
A map server basically uses together the capabilities of the software (package developed as a map server), and the hardware (physical server), to achieve the publication of geographic information on a network (Internet and/or Intranet) and in this way, enable users to interact with it.
The map server accepts requests from a client through parameters in standard format, interprets the type of request, reads the geographic data, and returns the requested information, either in image or literal format according to the type of query.
The main objective of map servers is to allow interaction with geospatial information. The user accesses the information in such a way that they can visualize it, consult it, and depending on the characteristics of the servers and the services provided, download it or perform spatial analyses; normally, in correspondence with the information administration, it is stored on various servers.
The responses (services) provided by the map server can be visualized through desktop applications, including the GIS applications used for information management, as well as through Web applications (map viewers) or applications for mobile devices. This ease of exchange is due to the use of standards in the implementation of each service, making it possible that the choice of a map server is completely independent of the applications used for visualization, including the applications used for data management.
The basic modules of which a map server is composed are three: the generic GIS (Geographic Information Systems) visualization component, the map producer, and the capabilities manager. The GIS visualization component is the module with management capabilities for the visualization of maps and geospatial information. The map producer is responsible for translating the visualization requests received by the server, according to the specifications defined by the user, and converting them into specific maps on the GIS visualization module. The last module, the capabilities manager, manages and configures the available services and data to respond to all capability requests on the map server.
The variety of options in map servers, databases, operating systems, internet browsers, and information formats established the need to define protocols and standards for publication. In the environment of Spatial Data Infrastructures, map servers must be interoperable; that is, they must be queryable through standardized specifications independent of the specific server or client used. As mentioned previously, these standards or specifications are developed by international organizations, such as the ISO-TC 211 Committee and the OGC.
In selecting the software to be used as a map server, aspects such as the publisher's needs, the types of service customization, and licensing must be considered. These variables, added to the maintenance and updating of services, are directly linked to human and financial resources; therefore, the options present in the market must be analyzed in detail. In the market, there are two large blocks: proprietary software and open-source software. Additionally, due to the existence of open-source software and according to the publisher's capabilities, it is possible to consider the option of an in-house development that meets user needs and international standards.
| Examples of Map Servers | |
|---|
| Proprietary Software | Open-Source Software |
| ArcGIS Server | MapServer |
| MapXtreme | GeoServer |
| Bentley Geo Web Publisher | MapGuide |
| Geomedia Web Map | Deegree |
It is necessary to clarify that in relation to the degree of customization of the map server, programming knowledge is required to obtain the desired results, and in the case of proprietary software, the corresponding licensing and modules.
The Web server is the software that establishes the communication between a computer or server and a network (Internet and/or Intranet); map servers are compatible with any Web server, and the software packages of some map servers even include a Web server. Regarding the operating system, not all map servers are transparent with the two main platforms, Windows and Linux.
Servers are generally independent of the use of a GIS program; however, if proprietary servers are used, they require the license of a GIS program since they function as modules of said programs.
6.4 Catalog Server The catalog server serves to develop what is known as "discovery services," which is essentially the mechanism through which SDI users find the information that is of interest to them, including the link to the map service if it is enabled.
Each geographic information layer or theme must be documented, describing basic information known as metadata. The set of metadata for an entity will be accessible via the internet through the catalog server, which, analogously to the map server, interprets requests and returns search results through a standard format (CSW).
The central node of the SNIT will include a link to each active catalog server duly reported to the administration, so that searches in the IDECORI catalog include all metadata from the linked catalogs.
6.5 Information Clients The end user of the spatial data published on the network (Internet and/or Intranet) has the ability to connect to the services provided by the map servers through both a thin client, which consists of a web application that allows querying these map servers from a browser, and a thick client, using desktop GIS applications with modules that allow connection to map servers.
The format of the data read by the client can determine the type of client. When the format of the cartography arriving at the client is an image (generic formats like JPG, PNG, or GIF, for example), a simple HTML browser (language completely transparent to the browser) is generally sufficient. In contrast, when the client must read a vector format, it requires using GIS software that allows reading the data in its native format.
Figure 2. Client Query Model Thin Clients (Viewers) The architecture of map servers is of the client/server type. In the case of a thin client, it refers only to the use of an internet browser that requests server resources from a web page; the server manages all requests and responds to them in an orderly manner. The network is the physical structure through which the client and server communicate; upon receiving data from the server, the client interprets it and presents it to the user.
The browser communicates with the generic GIS visualization component of the map server to respond to the user's requests and show the results on screen. It is at this point, regarding the needs of the publisher and the end user of the services, where the level of customization of the map server is defined, specifically of the GIS visualization component, called a viewer, and the different query modules that one wishes to develop and add.
The cartographic viewer is a visualization client that allows the overlay, attribute query, and customization of the various information layers stored in the publishing entity's database, offering users an integrating vision of the territory under study. Furthermore, if the map server is connected to or has a tool for connecting with geographic data located on different servers, it is possible to query different information sources, which could be in various formats and have different coordinate systems, as long as they meet the OGC specifications related to Web Map Services (WMS).
It is not necessary for participating entities to develop online map viewers, as the SNIT has a robust cartographic viewer that allows adding any map service in WMS format. The development of cartographic viewers requires advanced knowledge of programming tools, and this effort would be undertaken at the expense of each publishing entity, so it is recommended to assess the need to make this investment.
It is necessary to ensure that the cartographic viewer used is compatible with the different internet browsers and that all its tools function in the same way.
Thick Clients (GIS Software) Querying data with a thick client uses the same client/server architecture of map servers; however, the difference lies in that a thick client refers to the use of a program or software developed for the generation, editing, and processing of geographic data (GIS software), installed on the end user's computer.
GIS software has specific modules to connect to one or several external spatial databases simultaneously, visualize the data, consult its attributes, download and edit them if the service allows it, and perform geoprocessing with datasets from various sources, which can be in vector or image format.
The thick client does not require a viewer because the software's query and editing screen functions as such. Therefore, the URL addresses to access the data are different, directing the GIS software to the specific web service that contains the data or dataset, produced by the map server. These URL addresses must be published on the web page or geoportal of the entity that publishes and manages the data.
In the market, as for map servers, there are two large blocks for the different existing GIS software options: proprietary software and open-source software. Both groups have the capabilities for connection with external spatial databases, reading different data formats, and a wide variety of data editing and geoprocessing tools; therefore, the selection of GIS software is always at the discretion of the user of such software type and their needs.
| Software Examples | |
|---|
| Proprietary Software | Open-Source Software |
| ArcGIS | GRASS GIS |
| Mapinfo | Quantum GIS |
| Manifold | gvSIG |
| Idrisi | SAGA GIS |
6.6 Attribute Query The information published through the different types of standard geographic data services on the Web, defined by the OGC, queried with both thick and thin clients, must have queryable attributes in order to easily read the data, understand its structure, conduct studies or spatial analyses, and geoprocessing to obtain new results.
The attributes of the data are intended to facilitate and guide the reading of the information; however, it is the administrator or owner of the data who defines which attributes can be queried in a Web service. This may be due to multiple aspects, such as safeguarding the confidentiality of the information, it being in the process of development, or policies of the publishing entity.
Consequently, for data publication, it is essential that the data have queryable attributes for reading and understanding them. However, the attributes available for querying will always be defined by the administrator or owner of the data.
It is necessary to clarify that the data and its queryable attributes must conform to the guidelines defined in the Object Catalog of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional.
6.7 Other Basic Requirements Communications Requirements Includes the equipment and configuration of the tools that allow the institution to publish map and catalog services on the internet.
For the purposes of a publication node, it will be necessary to have a static public IP address, preferably associated with a domain name in accordance with the publishing entity, for example: http://www.institucion.go.cr/mapas/wms Online Application Administrator (IT Administrator) Will ensure the continuity of the map and catalog service as well as the establishment of performance and security conditions, among other associated elements.
Spatial Information Editors This is the group of information users who make modifications both at the information level and the geometric level to each of the topics that are the entity's competence.
Geoservices Manager (GIS Administrator) Will be the person who makes decisions about what is published within an entity (which layers? which attributes of each layer?), manages the visualization of the layers (symbology), and determines the frequency with which the map services are updated.
7. Final Considerations It is necessary to indicate that the SNIT and IDECORI are based on the philosophy of technological independence, so participating entities are not conditioned to the use of any particular computer technology.
Likewise, entities have the freedom to design and implement the technological architecture that is most convenient for them, based on the human and technological resources they have, without failing to consider the expected level of demand for the geographic information they publish.
When it involves entities, whether public or private, that require publishing geographic information in the SNIT geoportal, the formalization of the document called "Convenio para la publicación de información en el geoportal del Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT)" is necessary.
In Anexo 1, the basic fundamentals on the conformation of a spatial database are contemplated.
8. Bibliography Coronel, C. & Morris, S. (2013). Normalization of Database Tables. Database Systems: design, implementation, and management. Boston, Mass.: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.
Date, C. (2012). FD's and BCNF (Informal). Database design and relational theory normal forms and all that jazz. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media.
Dwelle, D. (1997). Conceptual, Logical, Physical Models. Retrieved on 05/15/2013, from Welcome to AIS: http://www.aisintl.com/case/CDM-PDM.html
Spatial Databases A database is a collection of records stored and organized systematically, allowing the exact recovery of any record. One of the best examples of a database is a public library, in which each book is a record identified by a unique index value. Just as in a library, where books are categorized by subject, author, year, and many other criteria, a database has multiple tools to compare records and identify a specific datum from any other.
A spatial database gives the user the ability to enter, index, and retrieve records contextualized in space. A tool of this type has applications in medicine, astronomy, architecture, network design, physics, among many other disciplines. Spatial representation can refer to the position of an organ in a living being's body, the position of a planet from the sun, or the distribution of rooms in an apartment complex.
However, the most exploited use of spatial databases is for geography and related sciences applications, where the spatial reference corresponds to the exact position of any phenomenon on planet Earth, identified by a point, a line, or a polygon and represented in coordinates of latitude, longitude, and occasionally height above sea level. A spatial database with application in geography is called a Geographic Database.
The design and implementation of a traditional database consists of three fundamental modeling stages: conceptual, logical, and physical. In each modeling stage, it is necessary to incorporate special activities that support a better geographic database design.
Conceptual Model Describes, with the support of visual media, the form that information takes from the business point of view, suppresses non-critical data, and focuses on the description of objects and their rules or relationships (Dwelle, 1997).
During the conceptual model, it is necessary to address certain considerations related to spatial objects.
Identification of Necessary Coverages In the design of the conceptual model, it is necessary to identify all the information necessary for the user, both flat data and spatial information.
Figure 1. Identification of spatial and non-spatial entities Identification of Relationships Once the information layers to be incorporated are clear, it is necessary to identify the relationships needed between these layers, both tabular and spatial. Identifying these relationships is crucial to define the geometry that these entities will adopt. The design process is iterative; it is possible that during the identification of relationships, new entities will be discovered.
Figure 2. Identification of relationships between spatial layers Definition of Spatial Representation Using the identified relationships, data sources, and user needs as input, the most suitable representation for each spatial information layer can then be defined. In the case of vector entities, it must be defined at this stage whether they will be represented by points, lines, or polygons, and it is essential to define whether simple or compound geometries will be used (multipoint, multiline, or polygon with multiparts or holes). In the case of raster-type layers, it is necessary to delimit the desired semantics for the value of each tessera, whether it be the color values of a photograph of the earth's surface, degrees in a temperature map, angles in a slope map, or height in a digital elevation map, among others.
Figure 3. Types of spatial representation Logical Model It is the formal, abstract representation of the design to be implemented. In the logical model, it is imperative to identify all the attributes of each entity (Dwelle, 1997). For each layer, it is necessary to perform some normalization tasks that will favor future data analysis.
Spatial Harmonization The information layers should be represented with the same projection, the same scale, and the same resolution. It is recommended to use the highest possible scale and resolution, interpolating the missing information as much as possible.
Unit Harmonization Once all entities and all their possible attributes have been identified, it is necessary to ensure that all measurements of the same domain use the same measurement system, both in spatial and flat tables. This harmonization will allow comparison operations between values of the same domain to be performed without the need to execute intermediate transformations that could generate efficiency problems or induce errors due to rounding or poor conversion between systems. In the case of distances, it is not convenient to maintain a table with data in feet and inches when the other tables present the measurements in meters.
Categorical Value Encoding For each attribute that represents a category, it is necessary to define a limited and mandatory encoding. All values of an attribute of this type must be represented only with one of the defined categories.
Model Normalization There are several schemas that can be applied to the logical model. The schema defines how the records will relate to each other and how records can be retrieved based on information from others. Some examples are the flat schema, which represents data as an ordered list of records; the hierarchical schema, which organizes data in vertical structures; the relational schema, in which all entities are connected to one or more entities in a horizontal organization, among others.
Figure 4. Database model schema The database design must adhere to the normalization rules of the selected schema, thus guaranteeing the integrity and stability of the data in the system. The relational schema is the most used today because it allows representing very complex systems that cannot be designed with other models.
A database designed in the relational schema must comply at least up to the third normal form (Coronel Morris, 2013):
1 First Normal Form: Each record has at most one value, for each attribute, of the data type corresponding to that attribute (number, text, date and time, false or true, etc.) (Date, 2012). In the relational schema, it is required that the attributes be atomic, that is, an attribute cannot have multiple values in the same record. A spatial object such as a polygon, line, or point is considered a single value despite being composed of multiple coordinates.
2 Second Normal Form: Every record must be represented by a unique value in a key attribute called the primary key. The primary key can be composed of several combined attributes that together maintain a unique value for each record. The database is in second normal form if it meets the first normal form and, given a composite primary key, the value of all attributes depends on the entire primary key. If an attribute depends on only part of the primary key, it is considered a partial dependency and produces unnecessary repetition of values and possible inconsistencies in the database. (Coronel Morris, 2013) 3 Third Normal Form: Once normalized up to the second normal form, a database is in Third Normal Form when, for all tables, the value of no non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute. This is called transitive dependencies and also produces unnecessary repetition and inconsistencies in the database. (Coronel Morris, 2013) Physical Model It is the direct implementation of the logical model in a specific database management tool. The rules described in the previous model must materialize in the form of restrictions, integrity checks, appropriate data types, and data preprocessing.
Numerical Normalization To guarantee compliance with unit harmonization, it is necessary to prepare the data through the necessary unit conversions. Even for data represented in the same measurement system, it is necessary to normalize the scale. For example, if distance data are to be represented using the metric system, with the meter as the base unit, all distances should be represented in meters, thousands of meters, and fractions of meters, instead of kilometers and centimeters.
Topological Integrity For all vector layers, rules must be defined that limit topological relationships according to the behavior of objects in reality. For example, one district cannot occupy the same space as another, so the district layer should have a topological restriction that prevents the insertion of two overlapping districts. Likewise, for relationships between layers, a canton should be contained within a province, a district within a canton. This measure, however, must be executed with caution when the original data did not have the same scale, as the difference in scales can induce errors in vector-type layers that are typically difficult to avoid.
Thematic Categorization Navigating a geographic database can become complicated as the number of entered layers increases. During the design of the physical model, it is necessary to identify the represented themes and classify each layer into an independent thematic category, avoiding ambiguous categories as much as possible, and using the target system's own resources to group tables of the same theme. For example, the definition of a "schema" by theme or the use of prefixes in the table names could be very helpful elements for grouping data.
7°-Obligation: The provisions contained in this Technical Standard are mandatory.
8°-Effective Date: The Geographic Information Technical Standard called NTIG_CR05_01.2016: Estándares para la Publicación Web de Información Geográfica de Costa Rica is effective as of its publication in the Official Gazette La Gaceta.