Lands located within this class are used for forestry production, as well as permanent crops such as fruit trees and coffee, although the latter require intensive management and soil and water conservation practices" This zone has a total area of 7 ha 858 square meters.
. Buffer zone: encompasses an area of 241 Ha 220 square meters made up of the micro-watersheds surrounding the community of Vieja Cinchona and that will be described later. It is a more extensive area, and the soils have varied topographic, geomorphological, and edaphological characteristics, so three areas with distinct categories are distinguished:
Category III: areas with slopes less than 15%, allows residential houses and buildings for recreational activities and other activities (9 has). Structures for recreational activities shall not operate as permanent dwellings, except for persons performing care, maintenance, and surveillance work, likewise, the density of dwellings must be within the low-density range.
Category VI: areas with slopes from 15% to 40%, an area where the cultivation of fruit trees and other agricultural crops that do not require intensive practices or a mechanization process is permitted (40 has).
Category VII and VIII: protection zones and areas with slopes greater than 40%. Inasmuch as the soils "do not meet the minimum conditions for agricultural or forestry activities. Lands of this class have utility only as zones for preservation of flora and fauna, protection of aquifer recharge areas, genetic reserve, and scenic beauty".
These categories could change for specific cases, for which it is necessary to conduct studies according to the methodology described in Decree No. 23214-MAG-MIRENEN.
b. Land tenure. Each of the properties registered with the Municipality of Alajuela and the Public Property Registry (Registro Público de la Propiedad) has been linked, both within the quadrant of Vieja Cinchona and its surroundings. Among the results found, it stands out that the size of the properties in the perimeter of the Cinchona quadrant is very variable, ranging from 116 m² to more than 177 thousand m² in area.
In total, the segregated lands correspond to 187 hectares of land, for a total of 82 segregations, of which 4 are under the name of various types of associations (Catholic Church, Asociación Centro Cristiano Cristo Vive, Development Association, and Education Board), 63 segregations are under the name of one or various private individuals, and 7 of the segregations do not have an associated cadastral map.
Additionally, there are 7 properties belonging to private companies, one to Vista Cinchona S.A. and 6 to Isla Bonita S.A.
It should be clarified that part of the information has been taken from the official registry of the Municipality of Alajuela, and is therefore subject to updates and changes.
LIST OF SEGREGATIONS IN THE COMUNIDAD DE CINCHONA (OFFICIAL REGISTRY, MUNICIPALITY OF ALAJUELA)
| 0 | No Info/Map | Non-existent Map |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | No Info/Map | Non-existent Map |
| 1987 | Jacob Duarte Ruiz | |
| 0 | Rio | Non-existent Map |
| 1993 | María Vargas Sánchez | |
| 0 | No Map | José Antonio Porras Mora and Cecilia Francisca Jiménez Jiménez |
| 1995 | Asociación Centro Cristiano Cristo Vive | |
| 1969 | Efraín Arroyo Sanchez | |
| 1969 | Saúl Rodríguez Cubero | |
| 1969 | Raúl Murillo Sibaja | |
| 1995 | Non-existent Map | |
| 1996 | Duglas and Manuel Antonio Morera Rodríguez | |
| 1987 | Cecilia González Hernández | |
| 0 | No Map | Berta Barrantes Murillo |
| 1969 | Miguel Álvarez Fuentes | |
| 1990 | Francia Morera Rodríguez | |
| 1989 | Francia Morera Rodríguez | |
| 1988 | Vianney Morera Solano | |
| 1986 | Efraín Arroyo Sánchez | |
| 1969 | Alexix Rodríguez Gómez | |
| 1988 | Humberto Rodriguez Campos | |
| 1969 | Leonidas Tenorio Umaña | |
| 1969 | Jorge Prendas Bogantes | |
| 1969 | Carlos Acuña Montero | |
| 0 | No Map | José Francisco López Masís |
| 1969 | Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodriguez | |
| 1994 | Lorenzo Ramírez Medina and Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodríguez | |
| 1969 | Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodríguez | |
| 1988 | Isaias Villanea Venegas | |
| 1987 | Desarrollo Integral De Cinc and Itco | |
| 0 | No Map | Non-existent Map |
| 1987 | Leticia Méndez Arrieta and Itco | |
| 0 | No Map | Olman Alfaro Vargas |
| 0 | No Map | Isla Bonita S.A. |
| 1987 | Clarisa Rojas Sibaja | |
| 1988 | Leonidas Tenorio Umaña | |
| 1986 | Jorge Mora Robles | |
| 1987 | Jorge Mora Robles | |
| 0 | No Map | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1997 | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario | |
| 1998 | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario | |
| 1987 | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario | |
| 0 | No Map | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1987 | Vista Cinchona S.A. | |
| 1986 | José Martín Zamora Valerio | |
| 1987 | Francisco Martín Zamora Valerio | |
| 1987 | Eduardo Brenes Melendez and Itco | |
| 1986 | Ana Isabel Cambronero González and Itco | |
| 1987 | Róger Zamora Calvo and Itco | |
| 1987 | Félix Cascante Loría and Itco | |
| 1986 | José Abelardo Sanabria Sanabria and Itco | |
| 1987 | Vianney Morera Solano | |
| 1987 | Rosalina Zamora Sanchez and Itco | |
| 1982 | Non-existent Map | |
| 1987 | Vianney Morera Solano and Itco | |
| 1987 | Educación de Cinchona and Itco | |
| 1987 | Iglesia de Cinchona and Itco | |
| 1987 | Roberto Rodríguez Morera and Itco | |
| 1987 | Froilan Rodríguez Rodríguez | |
| 1987 | Isla Bonita S. A. | |
| 1987 | Ana Cristina Calvo Murillo | |
| 1987 | Erick Victor Kopidlansky | |
| 1987 | Lesvia Sibaja Sibaja and Itco | |
| 1987 | Non-existent Map | |
| 1987 | Hugo Alberto Arias Vargas and Itco | |
| 1987 | Rafaela Arias Vargas and Itco | |
| 1987 | Orlando Arias Vargas and Itco | |
| 1988 | Víctor Manuel Arias Vargas | |
| 1987 | Francisco Rodríguez Morera | |
| 1987 | Desarrollo Integral de Cinc and Itco | |
| 1991 | María Cecilia Vásquez Alvarado | |
| 1994 | Francia Morera Rodríguez | |
| 1995 | Emilse María Rojas Sibaja | |
| 1995 | Ricardo Rojas Sibaja | |
| 1995 | Édgar Antonio Rojas Sibaja | |
| 1995 | María de Los Ángeles Zamora Valerio | |
| 1995 | Francia Morera Rodríguez | |
| 1992 | José Antonio Rojas Rojas | |
| 1991 | Lorenzo Ramírez Medina | |
| 1995 | Oliver Muñoz Monestel | |
| 1996 | Carlos Luis Rodríguez Bolaños | |
| 1991 | Carmen Alvarado Meléndez |
According to the Municipality of Alajuela, Isla Bonita is the titleholder of the following farms:
| Folio Real | Map Number | | --- | --- | | 2 -152147 | A- 583488- 1999 A- 672766- 1987 A- 664375- 1987 A- 664112- 1987 A- 664110- 1987 A- 664109- 1987 | | 2 -245185 | | | 2 -245191 | | | 2 -245199 | | | 2 -245200 | | | 2 -245201 | | AREAS OF EACH OF THE SEGREGATIONS.
| MUNICIPAL ID | AREAS | Perimeter | Area Mts 2 | FARM | MAP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 987 | 116.01000000000 | 45.12742002180 | 116.01 | 146537 | 240941 |
| 1028 | 157.74000000000 | 56.27267157510 | 157.74 | 0 | 0 |
| 1026 | 158.29000000000 | 54.39898740560 | 158.29 | 0 | 0 |
| 1023 | 172.35000000000 | 54.00476580930 | 172.35 | 308832 | 238089 |
| 1029 | 199.76000000000 | 56.39154819590 | 199.76 | 146565 | 907368 |
| 1042 | 204.41000000000 | 63.16807189090 | 204.41 | 146581 | 1965 |
| 1024 | 210.30000000000 | 61.31772685960 | 210.30 | 308831 | 956662 |
| 1044 | 214.01000000000 | 71.73786484950 | 214.01 | 291987 | 225183 |
| 1047 | 247.99000000000 | 82.26812726280 | 247.99 | 300490 | 233225 |
| 1022 | 257.65000000000 | 65.44749862940 | 257.65 | 308830 | 77772 |
| 1050 | 373.06000000000 | 82.69370326740 | 373.06 | 245191 | 664375 |
| 1077 | 376.24000000000 | 82.36577469310 | 376.24 | 245199 | 664112 |
| 984 | 417.32000000000 | 89.09607963820 | 417.32 | 230144 | 689698 |
| 1020 | 529.32000000000 | 108.13696344200 | 529.32 | 245202 | 737766 |
| 1055 | 538.42000000000 | 101.92703564100 | 538.42 | 300465 | 231689 |
| 1057 | 558.27000000000 | 95.72924590750 | 558.27 | 245178 | 657759 |
| 1045 | 608.87000000000 | 159.61238226600 | 608.87 | 146589 | 225184 |
| 1071 | 650.65000000000 | 101.92085195700 | 650.66 | 299987 | 231691 |
| 1027 | 696.47000000000 | 128.33540853000 | 696.47 | 0 | 664113 |
| 1048 | 724.39000000000 | 121.07288704900 | 724.39 | 245190 | 680802 |
| 1080 | 737.16000000000 | 124.57061061000 | 737.16 | 245201 | 664109 |
| 1072 | 747.77000000000 | 110.68428250600 | 747.77 | 299986 | 231692 |
| 985 | 788.04000000000 | 112.90073136200 | 788.04 | 230143 | 657758 |
| 1079 | 800.85000000000 | 113.07860211600 | 800.85 | 245200 | 664110 |
| 1053 | 820.24000000000 | 131.81959790200 | 820.24 | 332890 | 349145 |
| 1074 | 903.21000000000 | 170.76842620500 | 903.21 | 245195 | 672563 |
| 1056 | 909.32000000000 | 123.69126805800 | 909.32 | 245177 | 673933 |
| 1075 | 941.55000000000 | 155.74969482500 | 941.55 | 245196 | 672769 |
| 1063 | 958.23000000000 | 127.65757334800 | 958.23 | 245187 | 672562 |
| 1051 | 962.42000000000 | 133.96522892400 | 962.42 | 245193 | 664374 |
| 988 | 1111.26000000000 | 137.12826768800 | 1111.26 | 146575 | 724411 |
| 1054 | 1130.97000000000 | 150.44619811000 | 1130.97 | 245179 | 664108 |
| 1070 | 1152.10000000000 | 137.25939296000 | 1152.10 | 146639 | 680801 |
| 1078 | 1158.07000000000 | 166.25751496600 | 1158.07 | 245198 | 644111 |
| 1064 | 1207.21000000000 | 139.50158628000 | 1207.21 | 245186 | 672767 |
| 1073 | 1330.52000000000 | 156.88535381900 | 1330.52 | 299985 | 231690 |
| 1065 | 1434.44000000000 | 180.84674073000 | 1434.45 | 245184 | 657760 |
| 1061 | 1468.45000000000 | 157.78467547300 | 1468.45 | 146641 | 680799 |
| 1059 | 1502.30000000000 | 163.27890734900 | 1502.30 | 245182 | 672768 |
| 1060 | 1599.05000000000 | 163.95671978300 | 1599.04 | 245183 | 680798 |
| 1046 | 1638.22000000000 | 161.14127063700 | 1638.22 | 245188 | 664636 |
| 1068 | 1851.92000000000 | 177.36067656900 | 1851.92 | 245180 | 672765 |
| 1076 | 1994.61000000000 | 184.22281022000 | 1994.61 | 245197 | 664107 |
| 1043 | 2098.84000000000 | 187.61265427300 | 2098.84 | 146653 | 0 |
| 1069 | 2142.92000000000 | 193.26882992600 | 2142.92 | 245189 | 680800 |
| 994 | 2145.56000000000 | 231.17776301000 | 2145.56 | 265652 | 953478 |
| 1119 | 2178.59000000000 | 352.73075514800 | 2178.60 | 146543 | 394508 |
| 1066 | 2191.37000000000 | 206.30979615800 | 2191.37 | 154318 | 664637 |
| 1058 | 2196.07000000000 | 198.22215373800 | 2196.07 | 245181 | 648888 |
| 1067 | 2470.74000000000 | 211.45013570400 | 2470.74 | 152147 | 0 |
| 1049 | 2592.01000000000 | 227.86847179700 | 2592.01 | 245192 | 664373 |
| 1041 | 2665.58000000000 | 255.08608163000 | 2665.58 | 176178 | 724410 |
| 1062 | 3119.11000000000 | 327.28086676900 | 3119.12 | 245185 | 672766 |
| 976 | 3699.94000000000 | 305.44383039100 | 3699.93 | 146535 | 0 |
| 980 | 3811.67000000000 | 255.05915959000 | 3811.67 | 146541 | 1951 |
| 1052 | 3874.04000000000 | 302.29481000300 | 3874.04 | 245204 | 680803 |
| 1021 | 5512.02000000000 | 320.51685228700 | 5512.02 | 146639 | 0 |
| 977 | 6890.16000000000 | 384.19079291200 | 6890.16 | 146537 | 1949 |
| 993 | 8946.62000000000 | 495.85158392700 | 8946.62 | 339314 | 953479 |
| 979 | 9425.25000000000 | 436.46997243800 | 9425.25 | 146539 | 1950 |
| 981 | 9778.46000000000 | 478.74721512100 | 9778.46 | 146567 | 778614 |
| 991 | 10324.55000000000 | 484.27661389100 | 10324.55 | 146579 | 1964 |
| 1040 | 12388.83000000000 | 893.48471561100 | 12388.83 | 146589 | 1968 |
| 986 | 14338.61000000000 | 567.99825842300 | 14338.62 | 146573 | 1962 |
| 1025 | 15312.24000000000 | 654.49400945700 | 15312.23 | 245203 | 664372 |
| 983 | 23029.28000000000 | 849.79860926700 | 23029.28 | 146571 | 657756 |
| 990 | 25555.11000000000 | 792.79100390900 | 25555.10 | 245176 | 0 |
| 1039 | 34505.24000000000 | 925.43105893800 | 34505.24 | 146585 | 0 |
| 1085 | 45058.99000000000 | 927.63865440600 | 45058.99 | 146609 | 724290 |
| 992 | 47785.63000000000 | 1360.01982841000 | 47785.63 | 245176 | 427653 |
| 1032 | 68746.88000000000 | 1237.34340502000 | 68746.88 | 146583 | 1966 |
| 989 | 71576.07000000000 | 1396.85025745000 | 71576.07 | 245176 | 513864 |
| 1018 | 82961.71000000000 | 1283.71265492000 | 82961.70 | 146557 | 714496 |
| 1016 | 85523.02000000000 | 1279.20518574000 | 85523.03 | 146561 | 0 |
| 1031 | 86020.30000000000 | 1297.95563390000 | 86020.29 | 146587 | 1967 |
| 1030 | 89206.34000000000 | 1641.85698226000 | 89206.35 | 146565 | 804479 |
| 1019 | 97569.59000000000 | 1684.22460293000 | 97569.59 | 146563 | 1958 |
| 1015 | 126453.54000000000 | 1550.15041739000 | 126453.54 | 146543 | 322975 |
| 1126 | 140266.33000000000 | 14855.93935070000 | 140266.35 | 0 | 0 |
| 995 | 182404.46000000000 | 1990.29202625000 | 182404.46 | 245176 | 707832 |
| 982 | 329459.90000000000 | 3384.27826165000 | 329459.89 | 245176 | 0 |
| 1014 | 177279.56000000000 | 1809.05352581000 | 177279.57 | 146525 | 131076 |
| 1876064.53 | |||||
| 187.61 | |||||
| 187 | |||||
| HECTARES |
In the case of the buffer area, the vast majority of the area consists of properties of the company Isla Bonita S.A.
| Farm Number | Owner | Map | | --- | --- | --- | | 172695 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-877154-2003 | | 389911 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-131076-1993 | | 421427 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-593978-1999 | | 469476 | Fiduciaria AML* *It is under Fiduciary property where El Ángel S.A. is trustor. | A-596017-1999 | | 146643 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-1959-1966 | | 146533 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-773624-2002 | | 389911 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-131076-1993 | | TOTAL | | | c. Socioeconomic activities (i) Characterization of the socioeconomic dynamic Due to the environmental and scenic richness and the proximity of this zone to the metropolitan area, this territory constituted one of the main visitation sites for national and foreign tourists and was even a mandatory stop on the route to the northern zone of the country within a broad tourist circuit. Furthermore, this territory contains environmental protection areas that include the Poás volcano and other attractions such as forests, the Catarata de la Paz, Laguna de Hule, the Sarapiquí River, among others, which allowed it to define a supply profile clearly oriented toward rural, ecological, mountain, and adventure tourism that generated important activity for the benefit of its inhabitants.
This community was characterized by its sales of fruits, crafts, handmade goods, typical foods, by its people characterized by their friendliness, their willingness to work, help visitors, and share their traditional way of life. Even the studies highlight the pride of these families in communicating what they are and what they do and in sharing the natural wealth they have and the cultural roots they have inherited. The population that inhabited the old Cinchona was of a rural type, mostly landowners with sufficient living conditions for the development of small family businesses linked to the agricultural and tourism sectors, activities that allowed the generation of decent employment in the zone where dairy production, cultivation of strawberries and ornamental plants, and the already prominent tourism, which generated the settlement of large hotel companies that employed a significant percentage of the population, stood out.
Thanks to these socioeconomic characteristics, the zone came to experience accelerated growth in its economic indicators, which was affected by the earthquake of the year 2009 (January 8th) and which even currently generates a significant recession in the zone. For this reason, it is established that a reconsideration of territorial planning must consider in "Nueva Cinchona" the generation of economic activities that guarantee the permanence of people in the community, and not that, due to the scarcity of employment sources, people are forced to migrate to other zones of the country or even to rebuild the evacuated zone without any technical knowledge.
This hamlet known as Nueva Cinchona comes to add to the town of Cariblanco and Ujarraz, causing greater pressure in the area regarding the availability of activities that generate economic sustenance for the inhabitants.
(ii) Agricultural activities The population of Vieja Cinchona and the current one of Nueva Cinchona and its surroundings depends heavily on the activities that take place around the food processing plant El Ángel S.A., so the economic activity of this company is of special importance.
According to PRODUS (2010), based on an interview with one of the top executives of the company, it emerged in the region beginning in 1976 with the purchase of land in Cinchona. Starting in 1982, the processing plant was inaugurated, and by 2009 the production level reached 87 different products in 387 presentations.
The company is part of a business group that employs more than 1000 people, whose percentage of men and women is very similar. The average schooling of the workers in the rural zone is primary in the majority of cases.
The company Isla Bonita S.A. owns 720 has in the zone, 300 has dedicated to forest (with Payment for Environmental Services-PSA-), 400 has are pastures. Of those hectares, 241 Ha 220 square meters are located in the buffer zone and 1 Ha is located in the restricted zone. Of the hectares located in the buffer zone, 37 Ha 1929 square meters are used for agricultural production, especially for the planting of guava.
The company has 340 dairy cows (Jersey), whose production is used 100% for processing at the El Ángel S.A. plant. It also has a small fish-farming project.
This agro-industry generates productive and commercial linkages in various zones of the country (Papaya from La Fortuna, strawberry from Poasito, milk is bought from various producers in the region, blackberry, mango, pineapple from various farms in the zone).
It is also estimated that 30% of the employees of El Ángel S.A. are inhabitants of the new housing project of Cinchona (Nueva Cinchona), so undoubtedly there will always be a link between this community and the company, before and after the earthquake.
(iii) Other activities In addition to the agricultural activity carried out in the buffer zone, there are other activities of importance.
The company El Ángel S.A. itself has tourism promotion activities on the farms of its property, where part of the residential areas of this company are also located.
Likewise, there is in the zone a hydroelectric project owned by El Ángel S.A., whose energy is used as an input in the company's industrial plant, and the surplus is sold to the ICE. From this project, El Ángel has an electrical power distribution network located parallel to highway 126 and situated on properties of Isla Bonita S.A., which supplies electrical power to the agricultural, warehouse, residential, and tourist activities located in the buffer zone.
Currently, El Ángel S.A. has submitted an eligibility application before the ICE for a new hydroelectric project that would be located in the buffer zone defined in the regulation.
e. Slopes of the terrain. The topographic characteristics of the surroundings of the community of Vieja Cinchona are very important because they allow the application of two norms that, in restriction terms, are decisive, but first it is necessary to know the particularities of that area.
According to PRODUS 2010 and GEOTEC 2012, using as primary sources the IGN, JICA, and CENIGA, the sector in question presents reliefs between strongly steep and mountainous, which are characterized by slopes between 50-75% the former and more than 75% the latter.
Additionally, in a smaller proportion, there are sections within the buffer zone with slopes between 15% and 40%, and other sectors with slopes less than 15%. Likewise, there are sectors with slopes between 40% and 60%.
It was possible to identify that all the economic activities currently developed within the buffer zone are all in zones with slopes between 0% and 40%:
The areas where low-density residences are located and tourist activities take place have a slope of 0%. In the same situation are the areas where the industrial activity of El Ángel was developed, which is currently used as warehouses and as a logistics center.
The planted areas and some where eco-tourism activities and the fish farm are located have slopes that go up to 40%.
In general terms, the soils of the areas where these activities are carried out are classified under category III.
Based on these results, two legal norms apply in the study area, linked to restrictions regarding land use, which are the following:
. Regulation for the National Control of Subdivisions and Urbanizations (Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones) (section III.3.2.9 "On land with slopes greater than 15%, a preliminary soil and terracing study must be submitted to determine the size of the lots and their slopes. On land with slopes greater than 30%, a land stability study must be submitted") . Forest Law (Ley Forestal), 7575 (article 33, subsection b., A strip of fifteen meters in a Rural zone and ten meters in an urban zone, measured horizontally on both sides, on the banks of rivers, streams, or creeks, if the land is flat, and fifty horizontal meters, if the land is broken.)- greater than 40%-.
f. Geomorphology. Knowing the geomorphology of the study area is very important, given that from it one can identify the external processes of the atmosphere's own dynamics (rain, winds, climatic conditions) that have interacted with the existing rocks, to give the current landforms.
According to Salazar for PRODUS 2010, the Vieja Cinchona region and surroundings are mainly formed by two geomorphological units, Denudational Slopes and Erosion Scarps.
In the case of the Cinchona earthquake, field observations conclude that most of the lower slope areas were the ones that slid, due to their constitution of pyroclastic deposits, and the higher slope areas remained intact, where only the forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and the superficial vegetation layer were mobilized (GEOTEC, 2012).
The following photographs show very high slope hillsides in the Santiaguito and La Paz river basins, in which no mass movement occurred, other than the vegetation cover.
Photograph 1 Very high hillside on the left bank of the Santiaguito River. It can be observed that the slipped area occurred in the upper part of the hillside. The lower part, marked by national route 126, still conserves vegetation on a very steep slope.
Photograph 2. In yellow, the area of Antigua Cinchona. Note how the hillside of the La Paz River remains stable, without any landslide, and still with patches of vegetation that the earthquake did not remove.
Photograph Right bank of the Sarapiquí River, in front of the regulated area; on the way to Virgen del Socorro. Two areas of the road affected by the same landslide are indicated.
The only landslides that occurred in areas of steep slopes were those generated near the summit of the Poás Volcano and the Congo Volcano, which were the landslides directly related to the mudflows in the Sarapiquí, La Paz, and Santiaguito rivers.
Photograph No. 4 Congo Volcano. Image showing the landslides on the summit parts of the volcanic edifice, which were the generators of part of the avalanches.
Therefore, it is possible to conclude that there are duly identified areas in which certain types of buildings and activities can be carried out, under certain guidelines that will be set forth later, because the existing soils and slopes allow it.
g. Land-use capacity (capacidad de uso de la tierra) (various sources CARTA Mission, TERRA Project, CENIGA, MAG, Fundación Neotrópica, PRIAS-CENAT, MINAET, ICE compiled by PRODUS, 2010, GEOTEC, 2012) With knowledge of soil characteristics, it is possible to ascertain their capabilities and weaknesses, combining them with the effect caused by different types of uses. Knowing the current land use and its capabilities, it is possible to establish regulations that promote a more sustainable use of resources and prevent irreversible deterioration.
Regarding current land use, as referenced in section a) the area whose use is to be conditioned/restricted is characterized by large extensions of forest, which continue to the vicinity of the town of Cariblanco. However, within this extension are important areas where agricultural, residential, tourism, commercial-industrial, and electricity generation and transmission activities are carried out, predating the Cinchona earthquake and which are suitable for this.
According to the official classification of the country, of agricultural and forestry aptitude of the soils in the sector of Vieja Cinchona and its buffer areas, they are classified into categories III, VI, VII, and VIII, in accordance with what is established by Executive Decree No. 23214-MAG-MIERENEM, published in La Gaceta No. 107 of June 6, 1994):
According to PRODUS (2010), land uses by category would be as follows:
Executive Decree No. 32214-MAG-MIREMEN establishes several variables for carrying out soil classification, not solely the slope. It is therefore possible to change the categorization of a soil on the site following the methodology defined in Executive Decree No. 23214-MAG-MIRENEM.
h. Life zones and wild areas. Through knowledge of life zones, it is possible to know the predominant ecosystem in a particular area.
The study area is classified, according to PRODUS 2010, and according to the Life Zones classification of L.R. Holdridge (1978), as a Premontane Rain Forest (bosque pluvial premontano, bp-P), which is characterized by rainfall exceeding 4000 mm annually, an average annual temperature range between 17 and 24 ⁰C, without a defined dry period or one of very short duration (less than 2 months). The forests are evergreen, with abundant epiphytes, high biodiversity, and very dense.
This type of ecosystem turns out to be limiting for agricultural or forestry activities.
Considering this type, these characteristics of the prevailing ecosystem in the sector of Vieja Cinchona and surroundings, one must take into account that the area is located in the middle of two protected wild areas, which are of importance at a national level, these are:
Volcán Poás National Park (Parque Nacional Volcán Poás); it is located just under 5 km in a straight line towards the southwest. This park comprises an area of 6,506 Ha, is one of the most spectacular volcanoes in the country, with several types of habitats. It is one of the most important attractions for the tourism sector in the country.
Cordillera Volcánica Central Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central, ACCVC); it is a mountainous chain in which 7 volcanic massifs stand out. It has an approximate extension of 594 Ha in the canton of Alajuela. It is important to highlight that geographic factors, coupled with the extremely high annual rainfall of around 5,500 mm, cause the production of a large number of springs (nacientes) and aquifers, which gives it enormous economic and social importance.
San Juan de la Selva Biological Corridor; this strip of land contains the area of interest (Vieja Cinchona and surroundings), and represents a natural passage zone between landscapes, ecosystems that facilitates the migration and dispersal of species.
In that same sense, the Forestry Directorate, through the intermediation of the Volcán Poás National Park, has favored several farm owners with Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), covering an important sector of the right hillside of the La Paz river and the lower and middle part of the Planta stream.
i. Most relevant threats.
· Volcanic Threat:
From the point of view of potential threat sources for the Vieja Cinchona sector, the proximity of the Poás Volcano stands out, at less than 5 km distance. Thanks to the predominant wind direction in this sector, products such as ash and gases are displaced towards other sectors of the volcanic massif, mainly the south and southwest hillside, while the study area is located on the north hillside. However, it must be considered that in some periods of the year, substantial changes in climatic conditions occur, which can expose this sector to the direct effect of these volcanic processes.
In the "Mapa de Reconocimiento de los Peligros Volcánicos de la Cordillera Volcánica Central de Costa Rica", by Paniagua & Soto (1988, modified from Paniagua & Soto, 1986), the center of Cinchona and the lands towards the west and southwest are included as a high-risk area with the possibility of falling pyroclasts with a diameter ≤6.4 cm. The rest of the zone that comprises the majority of the study area is outside volcanic threat.
No pyroclastic flow threat is included for this zone.
The eventual occurrence of mudflows in the canyons of the Sarapiquí, La Paz, and El Ángel rivers is included on the map. In fact, mudflows occurred in these rivers and in others further west, in the Toro river basin, as a consequence of the January 2009 earthquake. However, as the rivers are very deeply canyoned in this zone, these flows are limited to the lower zone of the canyons, and indeed the impacts occur when these flows arrive at the flatter and lower zones, outside the study zone.
The most important eruptions of the Poás have been recorded in the following years; 1834, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1910, 1953-1955, 1988-1990, 1994.
· Seismic Threat: (taken from Barquero et al., 2009: RSN/ICE/ESCUELA DE GEOLOGIA-UCR) On January 8, 2009, an earthquake occurred whose destructive characteristics the country had not experienced for nearly 18 years, since the last one was on April 22, 1991.
This earthquake occurred in a wide region where historically at least five other similar earthquakes have occurred in the last 160 years, in all cases associated with local faulting.
In this region of the country, the main seismic source is cortical faulting. The faults identified to date are generally of medium length (20 km), with the exception of the San Miguel, Volcán Viejo-Aguas Zarcas, Zarcero, and Alajuela faults.
Given that these faults cross volcanic rocks with ages less than 600 thousand years (the majority between 300 and 100 thousand years), they are considered potentially active.
El Angel-Varablanca Fault; this fault system is of special importance, given that it is considered the source where the January 8, 2009 earthquake was generated. It is expressed on the surface as a series of segments with a north to northwest strike, they have an extension of approximately 15 km, and have been studied by different authors.
It presents faceted scarps both to the east and to the west, and locally linear valleys and adapted or displaced rivers and fault saddles. A dextral or normal movement component is suggested, which demonstrates its great activity.
HISTORICAL ACTIVITY IN THE REGION WHERE THE COMMUNITY OF VIEJA CINCHONA IS LOCATED
| Date | Ms | Depth |
|---|---|---|
| 1851 | 5.5 | 15.5 |
| 1888 | 5.7 | 15 |
| 1911 | 5.8 | 18 |
| 1912 | 5.1 | 18 |
| 1955 | 5.5 | 18 |
| Alvarado et al, 1988 in Barquero et al, 2009 |
The "Estudio de amenaza sísmica para el Proyecto Hidroeléctrico El Ángel", dated June 2010 (Laporte & Soto, 2010), presents a map with the location of the epicenters of these earthquakes.
Main structures in the vicinity of Vieja Cinchona and the study area, and epicenters of the main historical earthquakes produced by those sources (based on Alvarado et al., 1988; Borgia et al., 1990; Montero et al., 1998; Soto, 1999). Modified from Laporte & Soto, 2010.
The previous figure presents the location of the epicenters and faults, which are aligned according to the earthquake epicenters and the interpretation of these authors (ibid.).
. Cinchona Earthquake (January 8, 2009) Event Characteristics Local Time: 13:21 Magnitude: 6.2 Mw Location: 1 km south of Cinchona, on the Ángel Varablanca geological fault.
The intensity recorded at the Vieja Cinchona site was IX on the Mercalli scale, where accelerations greater than 1g were estimated.
This generated extremely serious damage with the destruction of almost 90% of the infrastructure including houses, school, church, businesses, and industry, and a total of 30 deceased persons.
The magnitude of the event forced the declaration of a National Emergency in nine cantons belonging to two provinces; Alajuela (Alajuela, Grecia, Poás, Alfaro Ruíz, and Valverde Vega) and Heredia (Heredia, Barva, Santa Bárbara, and Sarapiquí).
The estimated losses were $492 million dollars, with significant impacts on the agricultural, Health, Transportation, Housing, Tourism, Energy, and other sectors.
As specialists on the subject point out, the probability of a strong earthquake occurring in this same sector in the near future is very low, given that the fault has released a large part of its energy; however, it is worth considering that in our seismic history, there are several cases of earthquakes due to superficial faulting, very close in time and space (Barquero et al., RSN/ICE/ESCUELA DE GEOLOGIA), for example:
There are historical examples that evidence earthquakes due to superficial local faulting very close in time and space . 1841/1842 (1st destruction of Cartago, 6.5 months apart.
. 1910 (2 earthquakes in Cartago 21 days apart.
. 1911/1912 Toro Amarillo 10 months apart.
. 1990 Alajuela and Puriscal with 7 months interval.
In the case of Cinchona, and up to a period of 10 years, the probability of 2 to 4 events separated from each other by a few months up to 10 years remains.
. Landslides (Méndez et al., 2009) There is no doubt that the most devastating effect of the 2009 Cinchona earthquake was the number of landslides that directly affected the region's transportation infrastructure, communications, homes, crops, and others. Furthermore, they were directly what caused the death of 29 of the 30 people who lost their lives.
The landslides occurred at a distance of 8 km from the earthquake's epicenter, in a region located between the Poás and Barva volcanoes, forming an oval area of approximately 180 km².
The most important damages related to landslides were environmental modifications, damage to homes, public services, agriculture, livestock, tourism, road infrastructure, and above all the loss of human lives.
Route 126, which is located on the left bank of the Sarapiquí River, was affected by about 50 landslides, the majority regolithic flows and a smaller quantity but of greater size in general terms, rotational.
Rotational type landslide (Cinchona church) and b and c) regolithic type (route 126) (Méndez et al., 2009) It is worth considering that the evidence obtained in the field some weeks after the earthquake indicates that although it is true that almost all the dead people were a consequence of landslides, it is also true that the damage to residential infrastructure did not occur mostly as a consequence of these. The images shown attest to this and evidence significant failures in the construction processes and in adherence to the Seismic and Foundation Codes (Código Sísmico y de Cimentaciones) that govern in Costa Rica (GEOTEC 2012).
. Fractures, geological alignments (Sáenz, L, 2010, ICE). A direct effect of the earthquake on the land and infrastructure was the generation of fractures and evidence of geological alignments, suggesting zones of weakness that must be taken into account in future developments in the sector.
The predominant direction of these fractures on the land is North-South, in concordance with the El Ángel-Varablanca fault, but there is also fracturing towards N45⁰E and E-W, which corresponds to other existing fault systems in the region.
It is important to highlight the high density of fracturing that was identified both in the quadrant of what is Vieja Cinchona, as well as in the different micro-basins surrounding this sector.
As can be seen from this map, the zones of "high fracturing density" are located in Vieja Cinchona and to the south of this site.
k. Hydrographic basins and the challenge of their planning. Francisco Jiménez (1995, CATIE) proposes a series of elements that justify why a basin is an ideal planning unit. To do this, he starts from the fact that the basin itself is a system, which means it is a whole, functionally indivisible and interdependent, formed by the dynamic interrelationships in time and space of different subsystems, which are; . Social: demography, organization, participation, quality of life, public services and infrastructure, conflicts, anthropogenic threats and vulnerability, etc.
. Economic: income, profitability, investments, markets, payment and collection for environmental services, vulnerability, etc.
. Political: policies, governance, decision-making, municipalities, etc.
. Institutional: local and governmental, presence, function, coordination, etc.
. Cultural: customs, traditions, beliefs, values, etc.
. Legal: land tenure (tenencia de la tierra), norms, regulations, laws, ordinances, etc.
. Technological: types and levels, competitiveness, etc.
. Productive: land use, productive activities, systems and means, access to markets, land distribution, etc.
. Physical: soil, climate, geomorphology, quantity, quality, and availability of natural resources, natural threats, vulnerability, etc.
. Biological: human beings, plants, animals, etc.
The vision of the basin as a system assumes the recognition of the following elements:
. Interaction between the upper, middle, and lower parts of the basin, and with the marine-coastal zone, when applicable.
. The integral analysis of the causes, effects, and possible solutions to the problems.
. The identification and rational use of the basin's potentialities.
. The role of water as an integrating resource of the basin.
III. Restriction of Land Use for Preventive Purposes
Based on the elements set forth in Chapter II, it is proposed to establish land-use restrictions in the quadrant of Vieja Cinchona and its buffer area taking into consideration the environmental characteristics of the area, current legislation, and the land use and current socioeconomic reality. The foregoing in order to reduce human and economic losses in the event of earthquakes, respect the ecological characteristics of an area with high biodiversity and environmental fragility, and likewise, respect the economic activities that have been carried out for years in the zone, which are compatible with the ultimate objective of the application of this tool, which is not to promote the development of activities that promote population concentrations.
In this way, it is sought that areas suitable for forestry uses and forest remain as such, also supporting the conservation efforts carried out in the Volcán Poás National Parks and Cordillera Volcánica Central Conservation Area (ACCVC), within the San Juan de la Selva Biological Corridor, along the micro-basins of the Santiaguito rivers, Quebrada Planta. Furthermore, residential use and other productive land uses are discouraged in areas vulnerable from the point of view of threats (earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic activity), but the carrying out of economic activities that generate employment for the inhabitants of the zone is encouraged, in certain zones that due to their natural characteristics allow them to be developed safely, and that do not mean the repopulation of Vieja Cinchona or the creation of new population centers.