2004-01923, regarding the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, defines the following competencies:
1- In the case of protection perimeters of aquifer mantles, in order to conserve the resource and its surroundings, it recognizes authority to AyA and MINAE, in their declarations, which must be observed by local governments (Municipalities) and INVU, so that said declarations are incorporated into the respective Regulatory Plans.
2- Based on article 31 and article 32 of the Water Law No. 246, it clarifies that AyA has the power, when there exists a danger of contamination in surface waters, in an area larger than the perimetric protection of the wells or catchment areas of 200 meters ("...and, of course, of the recharge areas of the aquifer mantles - zone where "the infiltration of drinking water occurs" - that have or should have a forest layer for their protection which are so sensitive for their conservation and protection"...), to order the measures it deems appropriate to avoid the danger of contamination. The Chamber indicates that the Executive Branch must collaborate and cooperate with AyA so that it can adopt all appropriate and convenient administrative acts and measures to "avert the danger of contamination in an area larger than the protection perimeters of the aquifer recharge areas and catchment zones," enabling it to take any appropriate measure to avoid irreversible damages and losses.
In turn, Ruling No. 2008-004790, of the Constitutional Chamber, ruled regarding the obligation of coordination for the purpose of protecting Water Resources:
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III.Coordination among public agencies must guarantee the protection of the environment. On various occasions, constitutional jurisprudence has indicated that environmental protection is a task that corresponds to everyone equally, that is, there exists an obligation for the State -as a whole- to take the necessary measures to protect the environment, in order to avoid degrees of contamination, deforestation, extinction of flora and fauna, excessive or inadequate use of natural resources, which endanger the health of the administered parties. In this task, by public institution, must be understood as included both the Central Administration -Ministries, such as the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Ministry of Health, which by reason of the subject matter, have broad participation and responsibility regarding the conservation and preservation of the environment; which act, the majority of the time, through their specialized agencies in the matter, such as, the General Directorate of Wildlife, the Forestry Directorate, and the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA); as well as also decentralized institutions, in the case of the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism, the National Service of Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute, or the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers; a task in which, of course, the municipalities have great responsibility, regarding their territorial jurisdiction.
It is for this reason that one might think that this multiple responsibility would cause chaos in administrative management, which is not true, because in order to avoid the simultaneous coexistence of spheres of power of different origin and essence, the duplication of national and local efforts, as well as the confusion of rights and obligations among the various parties involved, it is necessary to establish a series of coordination relations among the various agencies of the Executive Branch and the decentralized institutions, and between these and the municipalities, in order to carry out the functions that have been entrusted to them. This Chamber previously -and quite clearly- referred to the principle of coordination of public agencies with municipalities in the realization of common goals -which, obviously, should be extended to the relationship that Central Administration institutions and decentralized institutions carry out in this important function-, for which it refers to what was indicated on that occasion (Judgment No. 5445-99, of fourteen hours thirty minutes of July fourteenth, nineteen ninety-nine):
"So, coordination is the ordering of relations among these various independent activities, which takes charge of that concurrence on the same object or entity, to make it useful to a global public plan, without suppressing the reciprocal independence of the agent subjects. As there is no hierarchical relationship of decentralized institutions, nor of the State itself in relation to municipalities, the imposition of certain behaviors on them is not possible, with which the essential inter-institutional «concert», in the strict sense, arises, as the autonomous and independent centers of action agree on that preventive and global scheme, in which each one plays a role with a view to a mission entrusted to the others. Thus, the relations of municipalities with other public entities can only be carried out on a plane of equality, resulting in agreed-upon forms of coordination, excluding any imperative form to the detriment of their autonomy, which would allow subjecting corporate entities to a coordination scheme without their will or against it; but which does admit the necessary subordination of these entities to the State and in the interest of the latter (through the 'administrative oversight' of the State, and specifically, in the function of control of legality that corresponds to it, with powers of general surveillance over the entire sector)." On the other hand, omissions in the duty of environmental protection and compliance with environmental regulations are of constitutional relevance, because as a consequence of the inertia of the Administration in this matter, damage to the environment and natural resources can be produced, sometimes, with similar or greater consequences than those derived from the actions of the Administration; such as the authorization of regulatory plans, or constructions without the approval of the environmental impact study by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, or the lack of control and oversight in the execution of the management plans of protected areas by the General Directorate of Wildlife of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, or allowing the operation of businesses without health permits regarding the treatment of black or wastewater (Aqueducts and Sewers and Ministry of Health), or not verifying sound controls in bars, karaokes, and discotheques (municipalities and Ministry of Health), among others (see in this regard judgment number 2006-005159 of thirteen hours four minutes of April seventh, two thousand six).
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XI.Contamination of groundwater in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. The main threat of contamination of the aquifer mantles in Costa Rica and, consequently, of the groundwater, consists of two factors: a) population growth and uncontrolled urban expansion over recharge areas, phenomena that generate leachates from solid and liquid waste of domestic and industrial origin, the inability of the soils to infiltrate, the impermeabilization of recharge zones, and the overexploitation of aquifers; b) the use of agrochemicals in intensive agriculture of coffee, banana, cotton, ornamental plants and c) impermeabilization of recharge areas due to land-use changes (cambios en el uso del suelo), deforestation, and extensive livestock farming. In the case of the aquifers that supply the Greater Metropolitan Area (Colima Superior and Inferior, La Libertad, and Barva), evidence has been observed of some impact of bacteriological and industrial contamination and an increase in nitrates, due to urban expansion and intensive agriculture in the recharge areas.
In relation to nitrates, despite the good physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of the water, a tendency toward an increase in nitrate concentrations has been detected, downgradient, which denotes that the groundwater is being affected, directly or indirectly, by the discharge of septic tanks and the use of nitrogenous fertilizers used in vegetable crops and coffee plantations. Likewise, an overexploitation of groundwater due to concentrated extractions has been detected, which has caused a decline in water levels and in the flow of springs (manantiales) and an eventual impermeabilization of the recharge areas since the aquifers are located in the zones of greatest urban growth with accelerated housing development through urbanizations, the effects of which, it is estimated, would be significant if a zone greater than 20% of the recharge area is impermeabilized.
XII.Protection of groundwater. Due to the characteristics of the contamination of aquifer mantles destined for public supply and their difficult regeneration, the measures to avoid contamination must be preventive and protective, by prohibiting certain human activities in certain zones or ordering safety measures regarding certain potentially contaminating activities. Our legal-administrative order (legislation, regulations, and decrees) lacks, unfortunately, a precise, clear, and complete regulation for the protection of aquifer mantles, recharge zones, and groundwater catchment areas. In foreign legislation (e.g., Spanish Water Law 29/1985 of August 2) some extraordinary powers of administrative intervention in the water economy are provided for that directly concern the protection of aquifer mantles, in order to achieve sustained use of water resources, that is, to guarantee a availability of water in sufficient quantity and required quality to meet present and future human and ecological needs.
These extraordinary administrative powers, which must be admitted in our legal system -despite their lack of regulation- as implicit in the express and general competence for protection and conservation of groundwater attributed to the State and the decentralized entities of the water sector, are based on the need to achieve rational and balanced use of water. Scarcity and degradation of the natural conditions of the water resource impose the administrative possibility of adopting such measures to avoid its exhaustion or irreversible deterioration and to temporarily overcome the harmful effects that a water crisis may generate. This type of administrative measures implies various restrictions and drastic controls on the multiple uses or
uses- and on pre-existing activities that may affect the resource insofar as they are justified in a public interest, and therefore do not affect property rights or the integrity of assets. In essence, such measures must be deemed as limitations of social interest that do not empty the content of property rights or expand the public domain over groundwater without prior compensation, but rather shape their essential content, which must be borne, as they are a sacrifice or a general burden, by all users, who, ultimately, are the beneficiaries of these, insofar as they are aimed at correcting a conjunctural situation of scarcity or imminent contamination that affects the economy of the water resource in a determined zone. Such administrative intervention measures, virtually contained in articles 32 of the Water Law of 1942 and 10 of the Regulation for the Drilling and 2002)...." OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at twelve hours and thirty-nine minutes of March twenty-seventh, two thousand eight.