For the application and interpretation of this Executive Decree, in addition to the definitions included in Article 7 of the Biodiversity Law of April 30, 1998, published in La Gaceta No. 101 of May 27, 1998, in Article 6 of Executive Decree No. 31514-MINAE of October 3, 2003, published in La Gaceta No. 241 of December 15, 2003, Article 2 of the Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317 of October 30, 1992, published in La Gaceta No. 235 of December 7, 1992, and Article 2 of the Regulation to the Wildlife Conservation Law, Executive Decree No. 32633-MINAE, of March 10, 2005, published in La Gaceta No. 180 of September 20, 2005, the following shall be used as reference:
4.1 ACCESSION (ACCESIÓN): A set of one or more specimens maintained in a living or preserved collection for their conservation or use, which may be samples of a plant, strain, cell line, or other organisms; originating from the same population, habitat, and geographical location. Also known as an entry.
4.2 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. A macromolecule that is normally composed of antiparallel polynucleotide chains, linked by hydrogen bonds, in which the sugar residue is deoxyribose. It is the principal molecule that contains genetic information.
4.3 ALLELES (ALELOS): Any of the two or more alternative forms of a gene or non-coding molecular marker that can occupy the same position -locus- on a chromosome.
4.4 DOMESTICATED ANIMAL (ANIMAL DOMESTICADO): An organic being that lives, feels, and moves by its own impulse, which through human effort has changed its wild condition and, on some occasions, has become accustomed to coexistence with humans.
4.5 ELITE TREE (ÁRBOL ELITE): A tree whose genetic superiority has been proven by means of progeny trials or clonal trials.
4.6 PLUS TREE (ÁRBOL PLUS): A tree that is phenotypically outstanding -superior- for several given characteristics.
4.7 ARTHROPODS (ARTRÓPODOS): Invertebrate animals with a body having bilateral symmetry, endowed with an external skeleton, covered by a cuticle, formed by a linear series of segments, and provided with appendages composed of articulated pieces.
4.8 AUTOTROPH (AUTÓTROFO): An organism that is capable of producing its own organic matter from inorganic substances.
4.9 SEED BANK (BANCO DE SEMILLAS): A collection of seeds and other types of germplasm from a broad, representative sample of plants, which serves as an option for ex situ plant conservation. It is also a reserve of latent and viable seeds buried under the soil, which will germinate when environmental conditions are favorable.
4.10 GENE BANK (BANCO DE GENES): A collection of propagative materials that are stored under conditions that maintain their viability for long periods. These may include seeds, pollen, tissue culture, plant propagation material, DNA, and even whole plants growing as plantations, as well as animal genes.
4.11 SPERM BANK (BANCO DE ESPERMA): A place where samples of frozen animal semen are stored for future use in artificial inseminations.
4.12 CHARACTERIZATION (CARACTERIZACIÓN): Determination of the structural, functional, or molecular attributes of a plant, an animal, or a microorganism, or other forms of life or parts or organs thereof, for the purpose of distinguishing or differentiating them.
4.13 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER (CENTRO DE INSEMINACIÓN ARTIFICIAL): A semen processing center that is composed of the laboratory and the animal housing in the same area.
4.14 STRAIN (CEPA): A group of individuals derived by descent from a single individual within a species.
4.15 ZYGOTE (CIGOTO): The cell resulting from the union of the female gamete with the male gamete in the sexual reproduction of animals and plants.
4.16 CLONE (CLON): A set of genetically identical individuals.
4.17 ACTIVE COLLECTION (COLECCIÓN ACTIVA): A set of germplasm samples or accessions stored for short to medium term and maintained for purposes of study, distribution, or use.
4.18 BASE COLLECTION OR BASE COLLECTION (COLECCIÓN BASICA O COLECCIÓN DE BASE): The broadest and most complete collection of germplasm accessions stored for long periods, with conservation purposes. It is only used to fill gaps in the active collection.
4.19 SYSTEMATIZED EX SITU COLLECTION (COLECCIÓN EX SITU SISTEMATIZADA):
A set of specimens of biological diversity preserved under specialized curatorial standards for each of the groups deposited in it, which must be duly cataloged, maintained, and organized taxonomically, such as herbaria, natural history museums, germplasm banks, tissue and DNA banks, genomic libraries (genotecas), and collections of microorganisms.
These are systematized collections in which the entries or accessions and other types of related information, such as the scientific name, the provenance of the origin, are identified.
(The preceding subsection was thus amended by Article 3 of Executive Decree No. 41591 of September 18, 2018) 4.20 COMPOUND (COMPUESTO): In autogamous plants, a mixture in equal quantities of a set of pure lines that are identical in a series of favorable agronomic characteristics, but distinct in their response to diseases.
4.21 CRYOPRESERVATION (CRIOCONSERVACIÓN): Conservation of germplasm in a latent state by storing it at very low temperatures, normally submerged in liquid nitrogen. It is applied for the storage of seeds and pollen from plants, microorganisms, animal sperm, and tissue culture cell lines.
4.22 CELL AND PROTOPLAST CULTURE (CULTIVO CELULAR Y DE PROTOPLASTOS): In vitro growth of cells or protoplasts isolated from multicellular or unicellular organisms.
4.23 EMBRYO (EMBRIÓN): The first stage of development of a multicellular organism that arises from the first cellular division of the zygote until the beginning of the formation of differentiated organs.
4.24 PROVENANCE TRIAL OR TEST (ENSAYO O PRUEBA DE PROCEDENCIA): A test established to determine, in one or more characters, the best provenance -geographical and/or genetic origin of an individual- of germplasm for one or several environments. The provenance can be native, in which case it coincides with the origin, or introduced, in which case it is called derived provenance.
4.25 PROGENY TRIAL OR TEST (ENSAYO O PRUEBA DE PROGENIE): Trials to evaluate the genetic potential of the material, where the genotypic value of different families of full-siblings or half-siblings is established and compared for a set of given characteristics.
In animals, a genetic improvement trial used to decipher a genotype of a species by examining the phenotypes of its offspring.
In trees, each family comes from a mother tree, whose genetic value is also estimated through the performance of its offspring in the trial. Trials where the descendants of plus trees are planted together under a defined experimental design to evaluate the genetic quality of the best families.
4.26 GENETIC EROSION (EROSIÓN GENÉTICA): Loss or degradation over time of genetic diversity, between species or within species, caused by processes that are both natural and human-directed.
4.27 DOMESTICATED SPECIES (ESPECIE DOMESTICADA): A living organism that has evolved in close relationship with humans and has achieved its reproduction outside its natural habitat, changing its wild condition for use in human activities.
4.28 EXTRACT (EXTRACTO): Simpler components separated from a more complex liquid or solid substance, which may also come from a complete organism.
4.29 EXTRACT LIBRARY (EXTRACTOTECA): A place where a collection of extracts is kept.
4.30 FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
4.31 PHENOTYPE (FENOTIPO): The physical or external appearance of an organism that reflects the interaction of its genotype with its environment. Measurable and observable characteristics of an individual.
4.32 GENOMIC LIBRARY OR GENE LIBRARY (GENOTECA O BIBLIOTECA GENÓMICA): It is the total DNA of the genome of an organism which has been first cut into fragments by digestion with a restriction endonuclease enzyme to generate a population of sequences that overlap. The fragments produced are ligated to the appropriately chosen vector, transferred to a living cell, and cloned. A collection of DNA clones made from a set of overlapping DNA fragments, representing the genome of an organism.
4.33 GENOTYPE (GENOTIPO): The total genetic constitution of an individual -a particular set of alleles-. The set of hereditary factors that regulate the forms of reaction of the organism to external stimuli.
The genetic structure of an organism at a locus (or loci) that produces a specific phenotype.
4.34 GERMPLASM (GERMOPLASMA): Plants, seeds, or other plant parts useful in reproduction, research, and conservation of crops when they are maintained for purposes of study, management, or use of the genetic information they possess.
4.35 HERBARIUM (HERBARIO): Collections of pressed and dried plants, arranged in a certain order and accessible for reference or study. A traditional means by which desiccated plants are stored for a long period. They include the botanical description, the collection site, distribution, phenology, and variability of the plant specimens.
4.36 HETEROTROPH (HETERÓTROFO): An organism incapable of producing its own organic matter from inorganic substances, and therefore must nourish itself from other living beings.
4.37 HYBRIDIZATION (HIBRIDACIÓN): Production of descendants (hybrids) from genetically distinct progenitors, whether by natural processes or through human intervention -artificial selection-, which generates new genetic combinations or variability. Offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties.
4.38 SEED ORCHARD (HUERTO SEMILLERO): A plantation of clones or progenies of trees that have been intensively selected based on certain characteristics of economic importance, isolated or managed to reduce contamination from pollen from inferior trees, and intensively managed to increase seed production and facilitate its collection.
The Genetically Tested Seed Orchard is one that has the backing of progeny tests established and evaluated in potential planting sites, and that has been subjected to the necessary genetic thinnings to conserve only the clones or individuals that have demonstrated their superiority.
The Untested Seed Orchard is an orchard similar to the previous one, but which has not been subjected to genetic thinnings, either due to the absence of genetic trials or the young age of the trials. Although this orchard does not have the backing of genetic tests, the high genetic gain, superior to that of other types of seed sources, such as seed stands, places it in a higher category.
4.39 IN VITRO: Produced in the laboratory by experimental methods, referring to techniques or experiments that can be performed in a glass or plastic tube, generally under controlled conditions.
4.40 BOTANICAL GARDEN (JARDÍN BOTÁNICO): A center that maintains a documented collection of living plants for purposes of conservation, research, exhibition, and education.
4.41 CELL LINE (LÍNEA CELULAR): A cellular lineage of a group of individuals related by a common ancestor- that can be maintained in an in vitro culture or that can be recognized in vivo.
4.42 LOCI: Plural of Locus.
4.43 LOCUS: The specific physical location of a gene or other genetic marker on a chromosome. The position of a gene on a chromosome.
4.44 MACERATE (MACERADO): A product derived from the action of crushing some tissue of an organism until it has a finer consistency, in some cases in the form of a powder.
4.45 GENETIC OR MOLECULAR MARKER (MARCADOR GENÉTICO O MOLECULAR): It is a segment of DNA whose inheritance can be traced. A marker can be a gene, or it can be a segment of DNA with no known function or non-coding.
Markers are often used as indirect ways to track the hereditary pattern of genes that have not yet been identified but whose approximate locations are known.
4.46 MUSEUM (MUSEO): A non-profit, permanent institution, in the service of society and its development, and open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates, and exhibits, for purposes of education and recreation, material evidence of the evolution of nature and man.
4.47 WILD RELATIVES (PARIENTES SILVESTRES): Relatives of a domesticated species that grow wild.
In plants, wild plant species or varieties that are not cultivated and that possess some degree of genetic kinship with one or more cultivated species.
4.48 POPULATION (POBLACIÓN): A group of individuals of the same species, which occupy a defined area at a specific time and is generally partially isolated from other groups of the species.
4.49 NON-SYSTEMATIZED EX SITU GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL RESOURCES (RECURSOS GENÉTICOS Y BIOQUÍMICOS EX SITU EN FORMA NO SISTEMATIZADA): Any set of specimens, parts or organs thereof, living or dead, representative of plants, animals, microorganisms, or other living beings that is not organized under the parameters and rigor of a systematized ex situ collection.
4.50 STAND (RODAL): A community of trees that possess sufficient uniformity in their composition, constitution, age, spatial distribution, or condition to distinguish them from other adjacent communities, such that they form a silvicultural or management entity.
A continuous group of plants with sufficient uniformity, from the point of view of age and size distribution, as well as composition, structure, and site quality to constitute a distinct unit.
4.51 SEED STAND (RODAL SEMILLERO): A superior stand, improved by the removal of inferior trees, and then managed for early and abundant seed production.
4.52 SEMEN (SEMEN): The set of spermatozoa and fluid substances that are produced in the male genital apparatus of animals.
4.53 CLONAL SILVICULTURE (SILVICULTURA CLONAL): Mass production of plantable material from selected trees, using asexual propagation methods, normally by rooting juvenile cuttings.
4.54 VARIETY (VARIEDAD): A category used in the classification of plants and animals, immediately below that of species or subspecies. A group of individuals with distinctive, genetically inherited characteristics that make them differ from other specimens of the same species.
A set of organisms of a single taxon of the lowest known rank that can be defined by the expression of characters resulting from a genotype or a combination of genotypes, considered as a unit, given its ability to propagate without alteration.
4.55 LANDRACE (VARIEDAD LOCAL): A cultivated plant variety adapted to local environmental conditions.
4.56 SYNTHETIC VARIETY (VARIEDAD SINTÉTICA): In allogamous plants, a variety resulting from the intercrossing of a set of lines or plants selected for possessing a series of common favorable agronomic characteristics, which is maintained by open pollination.
4.57 VIRUS: An infectious particle composed of a protein capsule and a center of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), which depends on a host organism for its replication. A group of microscopic infectious agents, characterized by the absence of independent metabolism and by their capacity to reproduce only within the living cells of their host. Viruses consist of nucleic acid with a protein coat; some viruses are also protected by a membrane. Inside the affected cell, viruses use the host cell's capacity for duplication and synthesis to duplicate themselves or produce progeny.
4.58 NURSERY (VIVERO): It is defined as the management area or site where plants are reproduced, both sexually and asexually by natural or artificial means, or are exhibited, conserved, studied, and/ or commercialized, according to their purposes. A plot of land where plants are sown from the seedbed for transplanting to a definitive place.