Principle No. 1 Observance of Laws and Principles Forest management conforms to national legislation, international treaties, and agreements -ratified by the country- that regulate forestry activity, and complies with the current national principles, criteria, and indicators.
Criteria:
1.1 Forest management is carried out within the legal framework that regulates forestry activity and the current technical and administrative provisions.
Indicators:
1.1.1 The forest management plan complies with the provisions of national legislation and international agreements duly approved by the Legislative Assembly.
1.1.2 The execution of forestry activities complies with the provisions of national legislation and international agreements ratified by the country.
1.1.3 There is a Sworn Statement (Declaración Jurada), according to a format established by the AFE, signed by the property owner, the forest regent (regente), and the forestry entrepreneur, in which each, as applicable, commits to compliance with national legislation and the national Principles, Criteria, and Indicators.
1.1.4 In the case of forestry operations that opt for national certification, there is a certification contract between the property owner and the accredited Certifying Entity (Ente Certificador), in which a commitment to comply with the national Principles, Criteria, and Indicators is presented.
1.1.5 In the case of forestry operations that opt for certification, there is proof of being up to date with the payment of income and municipal taxes, and other applicable legally established charges.
Principle No. 2 Property and Use Rights and Responsibilities The property or use rights to the land and forest resources subject to management are clearly defined, documented, and protected in the long term, in accordance with current legislation and international treaties governing the matter in the country.
Criteria:
2.1 Forest management is implemented on lands with property rights or lease contracts, duly registered in the Public Registry, that guarantee the fulfillment of the management plan.
Indicators:
2.1.1 Documentation exists that proves property rights or a lease contract duly registered in the Public Registry, in accordance with current legal provisions.
2.1.2 There are no disputes or claims over land ownership or use rights. In the case of existing conflicts over property rights or use of the land and timber and non-timber resources, the conflict resolution mechanisms established by current legislation are preferably followed.
2.1.3 The property boundaries are clearly defined on the ground and match the cadastral documentation provided in the management plan.
2.2 Forest management ensures a long-term commitment to the protection of the forest cover (cobertura boscosa).
Indicators:
2.2.1 The management plan establishes the necessary controls and actions to prevent the illegal exploitation of forest resources, including squatting (precarismo).
2.2.2 The forested areas retain their forestry use within the farm, except as indicated in article 19 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575.
2.2.3 The forested areas are subjected to forest management for the period technically justified in the management plan, even if this implies that silvicultural treatments are not carried out.
Principle No. 3 Workers' Rights and Community Relations Forest management shall maintain or enhance the social and economic well-being of forestry workers and respects the rights of communities.
Criteria:
3.1 Forest management complies with or exceeds the provisions indicated in the national and international legislation applicable to worker health and safety.
Indicators:
3.1.1 Workers have the minimum occupational safety equipment, training, and supervision required to reduce occupational health risks.
3.1.2 In the case of forestry operations that opt for certification, compliance is demonstrated with current legal regulations and with international treaties approved by the Legislative Assembly, regarding health and safety for workers, concerning hygiene, working conditions, insurance, and occupational hazards.
3.1.3 In the case of operations that opt for certification, it is demonstrated that foreign labor is duly authorized to work in the country and has the same conditions and guarantees as national workers.
3.2 Communities and local populations benefit directly or indirectly from the use of the forest.
Indicators:
3.2.1 The management plan identifies and protects community assets of vital importance, such as roads, water springs (nacientes de agua) and water intakes for aqueduct supply, protection areas for rivers and streams; as well as, aquifer recharge areas and sites of historical, cultural, or ecological importance, when these are officially established.
3.2.2 In the case of forestry operations that opt for certification, it is demonstrated that the local population has opportunities to work in forest management operations.
3.3 Effective communication exists between communities, through their representatives, and the managers responsible for forest management.
Indicators:
3.3.1 When community assets of vital importance are affected by forest management, the appropriate communication mechanisms are established between community representatives and those responsible for forest management.
3.3.2 The legal mechanisms of constitutional and common administrative law or voluntary agreement between the parties are applied for conflict resolution between the management managers and the community.
Principle No. 4 Indigenous Community Rights The legal and customary rights of indigenous communities to own, use, and manage their lands, territories, and natural resources are recognized and respected.
Criteria:
4.1 Forest management guarantees strict respect for the property and use rights of indigenous communities over natural resources.
Indicator:
4.1.1 Forest management does not threaten or limit, directly or indirectly, the use of resources and the property rights of indigenous communities.
4.2 Planning, execution, and monitoring of forest management in forested areas included within indigenous reserves are carried out with the consent of the autochthonous communities represented by the respective Integral Development Association (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral).
Indicators:
4.2.1 The management plan has the approval of the legal representative of the Integral Development Association (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral) and according to an agreement of the Board of Directors.
4.2.2 The regency (regencia) execution reports of the management plan are endorsed and signed, in addition to the owner, by the legal representative of the Integral Development Association (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral).
4.3 Sites of special cultural, ecological, economic, or spiritual significance for indigenous communities are recognized, protected, and respected by those responsible for forest management.
Indicators:
4.3.1 In the management plan, special sites of interest to indigenous communities are clearly identified and located on the base map.
4.3.2 In the management plan, actions are defined to protect the sites of special significance for indigenous communities.
4.3.3 Forest harvesting (aprovechamiento) activities do not cause damage to the special sites identified in the management plan.
4.3.4 In the management plan, trees and other plant species of special interest to indigenous people are respected or protected.
Principle No. 5 Benefits from the Forest Forest management promotes the efficient use of the different forest products and services, in order to ensure their economic viability and the production of a wide range of environmental and social benefits.
Criteria:
5.1 Forest management promotes the optimal use and processing of the different products, as long as it contributes to improving their financial profitability.
Indicators:
5.1.1 The management plan identifies the goods and services of the forest of economic interest to the owner.
5.1.2 The management plan describes the applicable guidelines for the optimal use and processing of forest products, identified in Indicator 5.1.1.
5.1.3 Timber waste associated with harvesting and on-site ("in situ") transformation operations is minimized.
5.2 The proposed operations ensure the financial viability of forest management.
Indicators:
5.1.1 The management plan demonstrates that the income from the goods and services of the harvesting (aprovechamiento) will be greater than the costs incurred by the owner.
5.1.2 In the case of operations that opt for certification, a financial analysis exists that demonstrates the viability of forest management for the area to be certified (individual or group) for a period equal to a cutting cycle.
5.3 Forest management seeks production diversification, through the integration of other forest goods and services of economic interest to the owner.
Indicators:
5.3.1 A specific management plan exists for the harvesting (aprovechamiento) of other forest goods and services that the owner wishes to harvest.
5.3.2 The specific management plan for the harvesting (aprovechamiento) of other forest goods and services complies with the provisions of current legislation and international treaties ratified by the country.
5.3.3 Where applicable, it is demonstrated that the harvesting (aprovechamiento) of other goods and services of the forest has the permits and professional supervision required by current legislation.
Principle No. 6 Environmental Impact of Management Forest management maintains the ecological functions of forest ecosystems, ensuring the conservation of biodiversity and water and soil resources.
Criteria:
6.1 Forest management minimizes negative impacts on the structure and composition of the forest, soil erosion, water pollution from erosion, and sedimentation of the natural drainage system.
Indicators:
6.1.1 The management plan establishes measures that mitigate and minimize the negative impact on the ecosystem.
6.1.2 The measures that mitigate and minimize the negative impact on the ecosystem established in the management plan are applied in the field.
6.1.3 No timber harvesting (aprovechamiento maderable) is carried out in areas with a slope greater than 60%.
6.1.4 No timber harvesting (aprovechamiento maderable) is carried out in the protection areas described in article 33 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575.
6.1.5 Felling and extraction are carried out when meteorological conditions allow minimizing the negative impact on the ecosystem and on infrastructure works relevant to the local community.
6.1.6 There is no elimination of the understory (sotobosque) (clearing (socola)) or palms, directed at land-use change (cambio de uso).
6.1.7 There are no intentional burns.
6.1.8 No type of agricultural cultivation or grazing activities are carried out within the forest.
6.1.9 In the case of operations that opt for certification, written guidelines exist and are implemented for the control of erosion and damage to the forest caused by road construction and forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal).
6.2 Forest management maintains the natural processes and vital ecological functions of the forest ecosystem. These include: a) natural regeneration and succession; b) conservation of biodiversity; c) natural biogeochemical cycles that maintain the productivity of the forest ecosystem; and d) protection of water resources.
Indicators:
6.2.1 Silvicultural treatments, if applied, maintain the uneven-aged structure (estructura disetánea) of the forest.
6.2.2 Only a maximum of 60% of the individuals of each commercial species with DBH (DAP) greater than or equal to the minimum cutting diameter (60 cm) are felled, based on census information.
6.2.3 The trees to be felled are marked in the field with an "X" and a consecutive number, and are located on the harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento).
6.2.4 The stumps of harvested trees remain marked with the corresponding tree number.
6.2.5 Changes in harvesting intensity or in the minimum cutting diameter are supported by a technical study according to a research program, demonstrating their viability.
6.2.6 The commercial trees that are not felled (at least 40% of the total commercial stock), hereinafter referred to as "remaining commercials" (comerciales remanentes), have dimensions and phenotypic characteristics similar to the harvested stand.
6.2.7 The remaining commercial trees (comerciales remanentes) are marked in the field with the code "R" and a consecutive number, and are located on the harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento).
6.2.8 The harvest rate for timber and non-timber forest products does not exceed the growth rate of the resource during the determined cutting cycle, based on information from permanent plots or, failing that, on verifiable secondary information.
6.2.9 The cutting cycle has been determined based on available technical information on the growth of natural forests, taking into account the particular dynamics of the forest under management. In the event that this information is not available, the cutting cycle (period between the last and the next harvest) shall not be less than 15 years.
6.2.10 In intervened forests without a management plan, harvests are not executed when, according to the census, the number of commercial trees with DBH (DAP) greater than or equal to the minimum cutting diameter is less than six trees per hectare, excluding trees of low-abundance, restricted, and prohibited species. In this type of forest, no harvesting shall take place before 15 years after the last harvest.
6.2.11 Standing dead trees and trees that have fallen naturally within the forest are only harvested if it is technically justified that their removal does not affect the continuity of ecological functions and natural processes of the forest.
6.2.12 Measures are applied to prevent water erosion and alteration of the natural drainage system.
6.2.13 During the execution of harvesting (aprovechamiento) and management, the minimum negative impact on the remaining forest stand (masa forestal remanente), soil, and water is sought, contemplating the following aspects and corresponding applicable levels:
- a)The gap area caused by felling does not exceed 12% of the area defined as production forest.
- b)The area of log yards (patios de acopio) located within the forest does not occupy more than 1% of the production forest area.
- c)Primary roads located within the forest, on which trucks circulate, do not occupy more than 1% of the production forest area; likewise, the verges of these roads do not exceed 1% of the production forest area.
- d)Primary roads have the necessary conservation works to minimize erosion and damage to soil and water.
- e)Upon completing the harvest (aprovechamiento), the maintenance of primary roads is ensured with the necessary measures to prevent erosion.
- f)Secondary roads, where only the tractor or 'skidder' circulates, do not exceed 5% of the production forest area.
- g)Secondary roads have slopes equal to or less than 40%, water crossings are functional, and roads have water bars on long stretches with high slopes.
- h)At the end of the harvest (aprovechamiento), secondary roads are closed; in addition, measures are taken to prevent erosion and to restore the functions and processes of the natural drainage system.
- i)Skid trails occupy a maximum of 3% of the production forest area.
- j)In mechanized skidding operations, the use of cable is maximized to reduce the area impacted by skid trails.
- k)The sum of the above impacts does not exceed 15% of the production forest area.
6.3 Forest management protects low-abundance, prohibited, and restricted forest species, as well as their habitats.
Indicators:
6.3.1 Forest species with an abundance less than or equal to 0.3 trees per hectare (low-abundance species) are not harvested, as estimated by the preliminary inventory of trees with DBH (DAP) greater than or equal to 30 cm.
6.3.2 Trees of prohibited species are not harvested.
6.3.3 The harvesting of restricted species via executive decree is subject to what is established in current legislation and in international treaties duly approved by the Legislative Assembly.
6.3.4 The non-harvestable trees of restricted species and trees with DBH (DAP) greater than 60 cm of low-abundance and prohibited species are marked in the field and located on the forest harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento forestal) with the code "NO".
6.3.5 Trees of low-abundance, prohibited, and restricted species are not considered as part of the 40% of commercial retention (remanencia comercial).
6.4 Forest fires and hunting, capture, and collection activities of wild flora and fauna species are controlled, in accordance with current legislation and international treaties ratified by the country.
Indicators:
6.4.1 Measures exist to control hunting, capture, and collection activities of wild flora and fauna species.
6.4.2 In zones of high and medium incidence of forest fire risk, according to the SINAC classification, preventive measures for forest fire control are established.
6.5 Forest management promotes, as part of silvicultural tasks, the substitution of agrochemicals for pest and disease control.
Indicators:
6.5.1 The use of agrochemicals is governed by current legislation and international treaties duly approved by the Legislative Assembly.
6.5.2 After concluding management activities, no waste from agrochemical products and other liquid and solid inorganic waste, nor their containers, remain in the forest or in the log yards (patios de acopio).
6.5.3 The management plan describes the measures to significantly eliminate, reduce, or substitute the use of agrochemicals in management activities.
6.5.4 The measures described in Indicator 6.5.3 are executed in the field.
Principle No. 7 Management Plan Forest management is planned for the long term and is implemented through a written and updated management plan.
Criteria:
7.1 The management plan and supporting documents clearly establish and justify the management objectives and the means to achieve them.
Indicators:
7.1.1 The structure of the management plan includes a general plan and at least one operational plan.
7.1.2 The general plan contains the following aspects:
- a)An executive summary to present to the forest owner, regardless of whether they have delegated the administration of the harvest (aprovechamiento) to another person. This summary comprises:
· Management objective.
· Description and zoning of the forest into annual harvesting areas (áreas de aprovechamiento anual), with their respective surface area classified into effective area and protection areas.
· Harvesting and post-harvest silvicultural activities.
· Number of trees, basal area, and volume of the species to be harvested, with the corresponding minimum cutting diameters (DMC).
· Cutting cycle.
· Effective management area, of primary roads, secondary roads, skid trails, and log yards (if within the forest), expressed in square meters.
· Analysis of income and costs or financial analysis, in accordance with Indicators 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.
· Projections of impacts and most relevant mitigation measures for the harvesting of timber and/or non-timber products.
- b)Management objectives.
- c)Property status, access routes, land use, and adjacent properties.
- d)Description and mapping of forest zoning, at a legible scale, into annual harvesting areas, with their respective surface area classified into effective area and protection areas. The protection areas include, in addition to those established by current forest legislation, those considered by Indicator 6.1.3.
- e)Description of the structure and composition of the forest to be managed, based on the results of a preliminary inventory (IP) starting from 30 cm DBH (DAP). The sampling error in the IP must be less than or equal to 20% with respect to the basal area for all species, calculated with a 95% probability.
- f)Description of the silvicultural operations of the management based on the characteristics of the forest and the information obtained through the preliminary inventory. In addition, the cutting cycle, the list of species, and the harvest intensity for each species are indicated and justified.
- g)Harvest schedule according to the zoning of the management unit defined in point d) of this Indicator.
- h)Monitoring plan in accordance with Criterion 8.1.
- i)Evaluation of the possible impacts of silvicultural operations on the residual stand and water and soil resources, with the corresponding mitigation measures.
- j)List and location on the harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento) of low-abundance, prohibited, and restricted forest species, and proposed protection measures for these species.
- k)Description of measures to control hunting, fishing, capture, and collection of wild flora and fauna species, in accordance with Indicator 6.4.1.
- l)Description of measures for forest fire prevention and control, in accordance with Indicator 6.4.2.
- m)Description of mechanisms for the protection of community assets of vital importance, mentioned in Indicator 3.2.1.
- n)Cartographic location at a scale of 1:50,000 or greater of the project area.
7.1.3 The operational plans for the silvicultural harvest treatment contain the following aspects:
- a)A harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento) prepared using a specialized computer program and at a legible scale.
- b)The harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento) includes contour lines, the hydrographic network, protection areas, primary and secondary roads, log yards, trees to be extracted (X), and remaining commercial trees (R), numbered consecutively, as well as the trees of low-abundance, prohibited, and restricted species (NO).
- c)Description and justification of the silvicultural and harvesting techniques and the equipment to be used.
- d)The management plan describes the marking system for trees to be extracted (X), remaining commercial trees (R), and trees of low-abundance, prohibited, and restricted species (NO), in accordance with Indicators 6.2.3, 6.2.4, 6.2.7, and 6.3.4.
- e)List of harvest trees (X) and list of remaining commercial trees (R), according to Indicators 6.2.2 and 6.2.6.
- f)List of low-abundance, prohibited, and restricted species (NO), according to Indicators 6.3.1, 6.3.2, and 6.3.3.
- g)Technical justification for the harvest of standing dead and/or fallen trees, in accordance with Indicator 6.2.11.
7.1.4 The trees to be extracted (X), the remaining commercial trees (R), and the trees of the low-abundance, prohibited, and restricted species (NO) are marked in the field before starting the harvest (aprovechamiento) tasks.
7.1.5 The primary and secondary roads are laid out in the field before starting the harvest (aprovechamiento) tasks.
7.1.6 The harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento) is used in the field by forestry workers.
7.2 The management plan is periodically reviewed, incorporating the results of monitoring and evaluations, as well as new scientific and technical information available, to respond to changes in environmental, social, and economic circumstances.
Indicators:
7.2.1 Written evidence exists that a forest regent (regente forestal) carried out at least one review of the management plan during the cutting cycle.
7.2.2 The modifications to the management plan are supported by technical and scientific information.
7.2.3 The modified management plan has been approved by the AFE.
7.3 Forestry workers possess the necessary capacity and are adequately supervised to correctly implement the management plan.
Indicators:
7.3.1 Sawyers and tractor drivers possess a certificate issued by a recognized institution, demonstrating that they have the required skills and abilities for the corresponding operations.
7.3.2 If Indicator 7.3.1 is not met, the forestry entrepreneur and the regent (regente) responsible for the operations guarantee, through the Sworn Statement of Commitments (Declaración Jurada de Compromisos) mentioned in Indicator 1.1.3, that these workers have the necessary skill and ability to execute the management plan appropriately.
7.3.3 The regent (regente) verifies that the harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento) is used in the field by forestry workers.
7.3.4 The regency (regencia) reports demonstrate that forestry workers have received adequate supervision by the responsible professional.
Principle No. 8 Monitoring and Evaluation The applied forest management system is evaluated through monitoring the condition of the forest, the yield of forest products, and the social and environmental impacts of the activity.
Criteria:
8.1 The monitoring plan allows evaluating the condition of the forest during and after harvesting, to make the necessary adjustments to management.
Indicators:
8.1.1 A consolidated record exists that includes: production volume and number of logs per species, per annual harvesting area and harvest period, verifiable with the respective transport permits and consistent with what is reported in the regency (regencia) reports.
8.1.2 In the case of harvesting non-timber products, adequate production records exist.
8.1.3 The stumps of felled trees (X) are marked with their respective census number, according to the harvest tree list and the harvesting base map (mapa base de aprovechamiento).
8.1.4 In the case of forestry operations that opt for certification, there are permanent sampling plots (PPM, parcelas permanentes de muestreo) where the dynamics of the areas under management are monitored. The variables to be evaluated are: a) annual DBH increment by species; b) annual increment of basal area and total and commercial volume; c) mortality, regeneration, recruitment, and floristic composition.
8.1.5 Those responsible keep the required forest management reports (informes de regencia) available, along with the proof of receipt from the State Forest Administration (Administración Forestal del Estado).
8.1.6 In the case of a chain-of-custody certification, those responsible must keep available records of the origin of the raw material.
8.2 In the case of forestry operations that opt for certification, the monitoring plan allows for the evaluation of the social impact caused by forest management, in order to make the necessary adjustments to the management. This takes into consideration the scale and intensity of the forest management operations.
Indicators:
8.2.1 There are records of the effects of management on local roads, springs (nacientes) and watercourses used by the community, and sites of historical and cultural importance.
8.2.2 There are records of the cases, causes, and resolutions of conflicts with communities caused by forest management.
8.2.3 There are records of the local workforce employed, in accordance with Indicator 3.2.2.
8.3 In the case of forestry operations that opt for certification, the monitoring plan allows for the evaluation of the environmental impact caused by forest management in order to make the necessary adjustments. This takes into consideration the scale and intensity of the operations.
Indicators:
8.3.1 Periodic evaluations are carried out on the impact of management operations on water erosion, water quality, and the observed changes in flora and fauna, in accordance with Principle No. 6.
8.3.2 The necessary adjustments are made to the management plan based on the results of the periodic evaluations.
8.4 In the case of forestry operations that opt for certification, the monitoring plan allows for the evaluation of the condition and yield of the forest and the social and environmental impact of management operations. This takes into consideration the scale and intensity of the forest management operations.
Indicators:
8.4.1 The monitoring plan contains the following sections:
- a)Forest condition after harvesting.
- b)Forest growth and yield.
- c)Social impact.
- d)Post-harvest environmental impact.
8.4.2 In the corresponding Conservation Area Office (Oficina del Área de Conservación), a summary is available to the public, provided by the Certifying Entity (Ente Certificador), with the results of the monitoring plan, contingency plan, and proposed mitigation measures.