"UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE The Parties to this Convention, Recognizing that changes in the Earth's climate and their adverse effects are a common concern of all humankind, Concerned that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and that this increase intensifies the natural greenhouse effect, which will result, on average, in an additional warming of the Earth's surface and atmosphere and may adversely affect natural ecosystems and humankind, Noting that, both historically and currently, the largest share of global greenhouse gas emissions has originated in developed countries, that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low, and that the share of total emissions originating in those countries will increase to enable them to meet their social and development needs, Conscious of the role and importance of greenhouse gas sinks and natural reservoirs for terrestrial and marine ecosystems, Noting that there are many uncertainties in predictions of climate change, particularly with regard to its timing, magnitude, and regional characteristics, Recognizing that the global nature of climate change requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities, respective capabilities, and social and economic conditions, Recalling the relevant provisions of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972, Recalling also that States, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, Reaffirming the principle of sovereignty of States in international cooperation to address climate change, Recognizing that States should enact effective environmental legislation, that environmental standards, management objectives, and priorities should reflect the environmental and developmental context to which they apply, and that standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and represent an unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries, Recalling the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/228 of 22 December 1989 on the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and resolutions 43/53 of 6 December 1988, 44/207 of 22 December 1989, 45/212 of 21 December 1990, and 46/169 of 19 December 1991 on the protection of the global climate for present and future generations, Recalling also the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/206 of 22 December 1989 on the possible adverse effects of sea-level rise on islands and coastal areas, particularly low-lying coastal areas, and the pertinent provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/172 of 19 December 1989 on the implementation of the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, Recalling further the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985, and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987, as adjusted and amended on 29 June 1990, Noting the Ministerial Declaration of the Second World Climate Conference, adopted on 7 November 1990, Conscious of the valuable analytical work being carried out on climate change by many States and of the important contribution of the World Meteorological Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, and other organs, organizations, and bodies of the United Nations system, as well as other international and intergovernmental bodies, to the exchange of the results of scientific research and the coordination of that research, Recognizing that measures required to understand and address climate change will be most effective at the environmental, social, and economic levels if they are based on relevant scientific, technical, and economic considerations and are continually re-evaluated in the light of new findings in this field, Recognizing also that various measures to address climate change can be economically justified in their own right and can also help solve other environmental problems, Recognizing also the need for developed countries to act immediately in a flexible manner on the basis of clear priorities, as a first step towards comprehensive response strategies at the global, national, and, where agreed, regional levels, that take into account all greenhouse gases, with due consideration to their relative contributions to the intensification of the greenhouse effect, Recognizing further that low-lying countries and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal areas, arid and semi-arid areas, or areas exposed to floods, drought, and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, Recognizing the special difficulties of those countries, especially developing countries, whose economies are particularly dependent on the production, use, and export of fossil fuels, as a consequence of measures taken to limit greenhouse gas emissions, Affirming that responses to climate change should be coordinated in an integrated manner with social and economic development with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the latter, taking fully into account the legitimate priority needs of developing countries for the achievement of sustained economic growth and the eradication of poverty, Recognizing that all countries, especially developing countries, need access to the resources necessary to achieve sustainable economic and social development, and that developing countries, to advance towards that goal, will need to increase their energy consumption, taking into account the possibilities for achieving greater energy efficiency and for controlling greenhouse gas emissions in general, including through the application of new technologies on terms which make such application economically and socially beneficial, Determined to protect the climate system for present and future generations, Have agreed as follows:
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