In the application and interpretation of this Regulation, the following concepts shall be used:
1. Root ball (Adobe): is the substrate (prepared soil) that covers the roots of a tree within the bag that contains it.
2. Hazard (Amenaza): Latent danger represented by the possible occurrence of a dangerous phenomenon, of natural, technological, or human-induced origin, capable of producing adverse effects on people, property, public services, and the environment.
3. Fruit tree (Árbol frutal): any tree that provides fruits for human consumption, as well as for local and migratory fauna.
4. Urban tree cover (Arbolado urbano): refers to any woody plant, planted or not, that grows in urban areas.
5. Heritage tree (Árbol patrimonial): woody plant, including shrubs, of native origin, that stands out for one or several biological, landscape, historical, cultural, or social characteristics, and which, through the completion of the corresponding procedure, is declared as such.
6. Arboriculture (Arboricultura): science dedicated and specialized to the management of trees, based on biological principles and a culture of respect for the tree. Its objective is to manage individual trees, generally located in gardens or urban areas, to increase their health, longevity, resistance to pathogens, and improve their aesthetic characteristics. It addresses the social needs and those of the urban tree, to generate the well-being of both parties.
7. Arborist (Arboricultor/a): person with a career related to the management of trees and other woody plants or who has knowledge and experience in arboriculture, who is duly registered with their professional association.
8. Urban tree planting (Arborización urbana): refers to the process of planting and maintaining trees in urban areas with the primary purpose of achieving an improvement in scenic beauty, environmental quality, as well as contributing to the physical, social, and economic well-being of the city. It includes post-planting care, through the implementation of best practices in arboriculture, to guarantee that they have the conditions to be able to provide the expected goods and services.
9. Shrub (Arbusto): perennial woody plant, generally with several stems that may be erect or close to the ground. Generally smaller than a tree.
10. Protection areas (Áreas de protección): Those defined by the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575.
11. Urban area (Área urbana): are all zones included within the current partial regulatory plan, where the predominant land use is urban, as defined in the map of areas to intervene in the canton regarding Arboriculture. As well as all areas included within the urban quadrants and the respective expansion areas, defined by the INVU, in areas where there is no regulatory plan.
12. Green area (Área verde): also known as a green zone according to the Construction Regulations, issued by the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo), refers to open grassed or wooded areas, for public use, intended for recreation.
13. Root conservation area (Área de conservación de raíces): is the area surrounding a tree that is essential for its health and survival. This area, regardless of the tree species, shall constitute a circle with a radius of 31 centimeters for every 2.54 centimeters of diameter at Diameter at Breast Height (DBH, Diámetro de Altura de Pecho, DAP), it may be protected with a barrier (TPZ) and its minimum height must be 1.8 meters. The arborist may adjust this area if the documented site conditions justify it.
14. Girdling (Anillado): procedure consisting of the cutting of a circular section made in the tree's bark, in order to interrupt the natural flow of nutrients and cause the slow death of the specimen. In urban trees and plants, it is caused by the misuse of weed whackers during clearing (chapeas).
15. Deciduous (Caducifolias): plant (generally a tree) that loses its foliage at a determined unfavorable time, such as the dry season in the tropics.
16. Pest and disease control (Control de plagas y enfermedades): management activities whose objective is to prevent the increase of populations of living beings that, during their life cycle, produce physiological damage to the plant or a part of it.
17. Interurban Biological Corridor (Corredor Biológico Interurbano): territorial urban extension that provides connectivity between landscapes, ecosystems, and modified or natural habitats, which interconnect micro-watersheds, the green network of cities, or protected wilderness areas. These spaces contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity, enabling migration and dispersal of flora and fauna species and include the cultural, socioeconomic, and political dimensions, as established in Article 5 of Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) 40043-MINAE.
18. Included bark (Corteza incluida): inadequate growth formed as a result of weak unions between two parts of a tree, where the intertwining of the internal fibers of both members does not occur, which generates the creation of a structurally weak area.
19. Damage (Daño): refers to any action that may cause the death or deterioration of a tree, including, among others, girdling (anillado), poisoning, burning, topping (desmoche), root compaction, root cutting, and pruning that does not adhere to the best practices of arboriculture.
20. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) (Diámetro a la Altura del Pecho, DAP): diameter of a tree's trunk measured at a height of 1.30 meters; this measurement is expressed in centimeters.
21. Topping (Desmoche): is when more than 50% of the total crown is cut or the upper part of it is cut, causing the structural imbalance of the tree, producing significant effects on its natural development.
22. Leaf dynamics (Dinámica de hojas): refers to the persistence or shedding of leaves as part of the physiological characteristics of the foliage. Vegetation can be divided into evergreen (perennifolias) and deciduous (caducifolias) species.
23. Species diversity or biodiversity (Diversidad de especies o biodiversidad): is the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur.
24. Technical Tree Team (Equipo Técnico de Arbolado): Set of departments elected or designated to act in favor of the Regulation (Parks and Ornamentation Department, Urban Planning Office, Urbanism Directorate, Aqueduct Area, Risk Management, Road Management Area, Operations Area, Community Safety, and Municipal Police). Without prejudice to the competencies that correspond to each particular dependency regarding Disaster Risk Management in the matter of tree felling, pruning, and other direct and individualized interventions related to trees or similar through administrative or judicial channels.
25. Species (Especie): group of animal or plant organisms that morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically differs from other groups of individuals, and which also have the capacity to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
26. Appropriate species (Especie apropiada): that which, due to its natural architecture, ecological and silvicultural conditions and potentials, adequately adjusts to the requirements of a specific site, considering its bioclimatic characteristics, edaphic conditions, existing physical spaces, landscape elements, and planting objectives. The suitability of a species must be demonstrated by the professional person in charge of planning the tree planting project, for which they must consider the Best Practices of Arboriculture.
27. Large-sized species (Especie de porte grande): are species that in their adult state can reach 15 meters or more in height, where physical space does not represent a limitation for their growth. 28. Medium-sized species (Especie de porte mediano): are species that in their adult state can have a height range between five and 14.9 meters, where physical space does not represent a limitation for their growth.
29. Small-sized species (Especie de porte pequeño): are species that in their adult state can have a height range between three and 6.9 meters, where physical space does not represent a limitation for their growth.
30. Native species (Especie nativa): species whose natural area of dispersal corresponds to the life zone or floristic composition in the natural history of the site, which is why it provides cultural, supporting, regulating, and provisioning ecosystem benefits, even though it may also be found outside of it.
31. Introduced species (Especie introducida): species whose natural area of dispersal does not correspond to the cantonal territory and is found in the country as a product of voluntary or involuntary human activities.
32. Public urban green spaces (Espacios verdes urbanos públicos): refers to tree-lined streets and avenues, railway rights-of-way, urban parks, boulevards, green buffer strips of sidewalks, and other green areas that are of public domain in urban areas. Protection areas are excluded.
33. Private urban green spaces (Espacios verdes urbanos privados): refers to green areas and gardens that are on private property, in urban areas.
34. Ornamental structure (Estructura ornamental): aesthetic attributes or qualities, used to adorn the immediate environment or places, whether related to the color, texture, or shape of parts such as leaves, bark, trunk, flowers, and fruits.
35. Exotic species (Especie exótica): non-native or non-indigenous species. Being that is introduced into a continent or geographic region coming from another area, outside its natural range.
36. Epiphyte (Epífita): plant that lives on the bark or leaves of other plants without obtaining food from them.
37. Green strip (Franja verde): grassed and wooded area located within the right-of-way. It may be located between the roadway and the sidewalk or between the sidewalk and the property line.
38. Stem (Fuste): woody element of the tree, meaning its trunk, which constitutes its main structure of mechanical support.
39. Herbaceous plants (Herbáceas): non-woody vascular plant, which can grow at ground level, as a climber, or on trees and other surfaces (epiphyte).
40. Public urban green infrastructure (Infraestructura verde urbana pública): refers to an interconnected network of green cover or blue spaces that conserve the functions and values of natural ecosystems and provide associated benefits to the human population, such as essential services for productive activities, temperature regulation, conservation of water resources, soil rehabilitation, landscape recovery, and complements or replaces gray infrastructure works.
These spaces include protection areas, riparian vegetation, urban wetlands, public urban green spaces, and other green areas of public domain. Also known as the green network.
41. Intervention (Intervención): actions executed to achieve processes of promotion, diagnosis, treatment, maintenance, rehabilitation, and ecological recovery in a site.
42. Injury (Lesión): Any intentional damage or damage due to negligent actions, including the various practices of climbing, nailing, pruning, flush cutting, entering an area intended to protect roots, and the use of spurs or gaffs for climbing trees not subject to removal, exposing the tree's cambium to insects or organisms that allow decomposition.
43. Tree management (Manejo del arbolado): set of technical-scientific activities that foster the correct development, growth, and production of an individual or its population and the site where it develops, guaranteeing its conservation and use.
44. Best Practices of Arboriculture (BPA) (Mejores Prácticas de Arboricultura, MPA): nursery development, planting, pruning, and tree maintenance practices endorsed by the International Society of Arboriculture.
45. Palm (Palmera o Palma): monocotyledonous plant of the Arecaceae family, generally with one or several non-branching trunks, with fronds that emanate from a meristem at the top of the trunk.
46. Park (Parque): wooded and grassed areas for public use intended for purposes of recreation, rest, and ornamentation for the community.
47. Evergreen (Perennifolias): Tree whose leaves do not all fall off at the same time, as is the case with the deciduous tree, but it is always shedding a small percentage of them.
48. Farm management plan (Plan de manejo de finca): Technical analysis required for the implementation of infrastructure established in any area of the zoning of the Regulatory Plan of the canton of Cartago. It allows a prospective analysis of the farm, where the mission, vision, objectives, responsible parties, management objects, management zones, management programs, and management model of the protected area are identified. It includes management of springs and water bodies, stormwater, wastewater, and solid waste, a reforestation program, landscape management, management of areas susceptible to landslides and/or affected by geological faults, accessibility, and location of infrastructure under the principle of sustainability. The foregoing is the result of the analysis and evaluation of the natural and cultural resources existing in the area and their concordance with current legal provisions.
49. Structural pruning (Poda de formación): pruning carried out on tree and shrub species from the production and development process in the nursery until they reach maturity, in order to obtain a strong structure, free of weak unions, codominance, included bark, and other malformations, facilitating their growth according to their location, obtaining a specific aesthetic, or directing their growth according to the desired purpose.
50. Phytosanitary pruning (Poda fitosanitaria): this consists of extracting the parts that are diseased or infested by insects or pests throughout the tree, crown thinning to increase ventilation and reduce pest problems, as well as the removal of crossing branches or those that deform the natural structure of the tree.
51. Maintenance pruning (Podas de mantenimiento): this is the pruning performed in subsequent years to remove weak branches and suckers (chupones), which deform the tree and take away strength from its development.
52. Planting (Plantación): set of technical activities required for the proper installation and location of plants in the urban soil.
53. Setback (Retiro): open, unbuilt spaces between a structure and the boundaries of the respective property.
54. Taproot/Pivot root (Raíz Pivotante/Axomorfa): when the central root is of greater thickness and size, directed vertically in the soil, and from which secondary roots of lesser length and thickness branch out.
55. Adventitious/Fibrous/Lateral roots (Raíz Adventicias/Ramificada/Laterales): are the roots with a more or less horizontal direction, without dominance of the main root; they are born and develop above ground, instead of below it. It remains in contact with the soil to be able to absorb nutrients and water from it, but it 56. Recovery (Recuperación): process of introducing and managing plants in a degraded site where species different from those present before the disturbance can be used. The original biological diversity is not necessarily recovered, but the generation of other ecosystem services is improved.
57. Natural regeneration (Regeneración natural): mechanism for re-establishing natural vegetation after its elimination or after a disturbance process, which occurs through the natural dispersal of seeds and their germination, or vegetative reproduction, thus initiating a process of gradual ecological succession.
58. Ecological rehabilitation (Rehabilitación ecológica): process that refers to any action focused on recovering structural and functional elements within an ecosystem, without necessarily completing ecological restoration or a specific previous situation. Rehabilitated ecosystems must be healthy (ecologically functional) and sustainable over time (resilient and having the capacity to recover on their own after a disturbance).
59. Ecosystem services (Servicios ecosistémicos): are those multiple benefits that an ecosystem provides to society and that improve the health, economy, and quality of life of people.
60. Felling (Tala): activity that involves a cut in any section of the stem (fuste) that can lead to the death of a plant, regardless of its height and its capacity for regeneration.
61. Risk assessment (Valoración del riesgo): systematic process used to identify, analyze, and evaluate the risk factors in trees. Risk is assessed by categorizing or quantifying the probability of occurrence and severity of consequences.
62. Riparian vegetation (Vegetación ribereña): are relatively narrow strips of plant cover, adapted to hydrological regimes along rivers, lakes, and lagoons; they provide shade, maintain stable water temperature and oxygen content in water, and finally serve as a corridor for wildlife to transit along said geographical space. It serves for connectivity in the landscape, restoration, and rehabilitation in urban spaces. It possesses varied sizes and canopies, where there is variability of individuals per unit area that provides multiple ecosystem services.
63. Tree protection perimeter (PPA) (Perímetro de protección de los árboles, PPA): is the protection zone for roots, trunk, and crown within a protective barrier for the tree cover.