- 1)In cases of extreme urgency, the respective court or judge, upon request of a party, may order the precautionary measures, without the need to grant a hearing. (.)" (All emphasis is supplied).
The administrative procedural system establishes an open and flexible precautionary system. Consequently, precautionary measures, such as the suspension of the execution of an administrative act, can be adopted both ex officio by the Administration and at the request of a party.
In doctrinal terms, the suspension of an administrative act is a mechanism for provisional or precautionary protection that temporarily halts the effectiveness of the act, after a weighing of the conflicting interests. Professor Luciano Parejo Alfonso describes it as a measure that negates the enforceability of the act until its validity is definitively resolved. He cites in this regard:
(...)
"The suspensive measure, in addition to being able to be agreed upon ex officio through administrative channels, can be requested at any time during the administrative procedure (of appeal) or the judicial process and, if agreed upon, negates the enforceability of the act, until it is definitively decided -in the corresponding channel- on the validity of the same, creating a precautionary and, therefore, provisional situation.1 1 PAREJO ALFONSO, Luciano (2003). Derecho Administrativo. 1st edition, Barcelona, Spain. Editorial Ariel S.A. page 918. " (...)
The Procuraduría General de la República (PGR), in its opinion C-206-2010, has reiterated that the precautionary suspension of an administrative act can be legitimately ordered, both through administrative and judicial channels, to prevent serious or irreparable harm to the interested party or to safeguard the public interest, by citing what is of interest:
"[.]
III. The temporary cessation of effectiveness due to precautionary suspension
As a manifestation of the power of declaratory or decisional self-tutelage, the Administration defines rights and creates obligations unilaterally and in an executory manner; thus its decisions, but especially those which, as declarations of will, solely grant rights in favor of the administered parties, are immediately effective, as they are presumed valid and produce effects from the date they are issued (art. 140 LGAP).
Now then, the effectiveness of those and other acts, understood as their capacity to produce legal effects foreseen by the legal system (enforceability), can cease temporarily or definitively. However, for the present case, it is relevant to address only that cessation with a temporary, provisional, or transitory nature, also called "suspension of the act"; a precautionary or preventive measure par excellence, which can occur both through administrative channels (Article 148 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública) and through jurisdictional channels (Articles 19 et seq. of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo and 41 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); both are indisputably a manifestation of what in doctrine is called "precautionary protection (tutela cautelar)", as an integral part of the fundamental right to effective judicial protection (arts. 41 and 49 of the Constitution).
In this regard, national doctrine has pointed out:
"The suspension of the act is the temporary paralysis of its effects. Suspension occurs when there is a subsequent event that requires halting the effectiveness in order to duly satisfy the public interest. Its normal basis lies in a maladjustment of the act to that interest and in a reason of expediency. If this maladjustment is temporary, it is appropriate to suspend the act instead of definitively revoking it. It is in any case a precautionary and preventive measure, destined to disappear once the situation that motivated the maladjustment with the public interest is defined, and the definitive revocation or the lifting of the suspension itself may be ordered in its place.
Normally, the power to revoke includes the power to suspend, by virtue of the principle that he who can do more can do less, unless explicit provision to the contrary. The limits of the revocatory power (...) are the same as those of the power to suspend and are, above all, acquired rights.
The suspension corresponds to the body capable of revoking, unless a different explicit rule states otherwise. That is to say: the same body that issued the act (sic) or its hierarchical superior. These are the ones who have the competence to judge the accommodate it to the public interest when the facts so require. Exceptionally, such power corresponds to another body, if the law expressly allows it (...)
The power to suspend - like that of revoking - is one of principle, and it exists even though there is no express law granting it. To eliminate it, there must be an express rule that denies it (...)
The suspension may be regulated or discretionary as to the grounds (...)" (ORTIZ ORTIZ, op. cit. pp. 392 and 393). (Quoted in pronouncement OJ-148-2005 of September 27, 2005).
Undoubtedly, the Public Administration can temporarily and exceptionally suspend the execution of an administrative act for reasons of public interest, to prevent serious harm to the interested party (suspension by way of appeal), or while a definitive decision on its validity is reached (as a measure of protection or control against potential original defects). But once that decision is reached, the situation of provisionality created by the suspension agreement ceases, so that if the act is valid, its temporarily suspended effectiveness reappears, and if, on the contrary, it is invalid or is revoked, the effectiveness ceases definitively.
[.]" Emphasis is supplied.
Thesis reiterated by the Procuraduría General de la República, in opinion C-035-2015, of February 24, 2015, which quotes regarding the possibility of suspending the execution of administrative acts, the following:
"[.] Now then, in exceptional cases the execution of administrative acts may be suspended, when the same could cause serious harm or harm that is impossible or difficult to repair, according to the provisions of Article 148 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
(.) "As derived from Article 148, the principle of executory nature may be exempted by the Administration. Indeed, the power is recognized to the competent body so that, prior to resolving the appeal, it reasonably weighs the harm that the suspension will cause to the public interest or to third parties and the harm caused to the appellant as a consequence of the immediate efficacy of the appealed act. The provision tends to maintain a balance between the need to realize the public interest and the constitutional imperative of guaranteeing the rights of defense and protection of the interested party. From there arises the possibility of a suspension agreement that causes the provisional cessation of the efficacy of the appealed act. [.]" Emphasis is supplied.
In conclusion, the Board of Directors of Aresep, as the highest hierarchical body in tariff matters, has the power, in accordance with Articles 102 and 180 of the LGAP, to adopt precautionary measures, including the temporary suspension of the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, when risks of serious or potential harm exist. This measure must be reasoned and justified in accordance with the principles of good administration and the current legal framework, in compliance with the provisions of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda through the order of 13:35 hours on October 20, 2024, in the precautionary process processed within judicial file No. 24-007738-1027-CA, when it admits the pre-action and extremely provisional precautionary measure filed by Ingenio Taboga S.A. and Azucarera El Viejo S.A., and provisionally suspended the effects of the Methodology for the setting of tariffs for electricity cogeneration with different biomass sources (RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024) and expressly at the same time, given the ordered suspension of effects, accepted the dimensioning requested by the plaintiffs, given that, according to the parameters of suitability and necessity, the value of legal certainty requires that, while this summary precautionary process is resolved, the efficacy of resolution RJD-004-2010 published on May 21, 2010, be maintained.
That, in accordance with the facts and grounds set forth, this collegiate body considers it convenient, timely, and urgent to temporarily suspend the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, "Ordinary methodology for the setting of tariffs for electricity cogeneration with different biomass sources." "[.] Now then, in exceptional cases the execution of administrative acts may be suspended, when the same could cause The temporary suspension is based on the need to prevent possible serious harm or potential damages, both for the operators of the sector and for the public interest in general, derived from the eventual application of the questioned methodology, given that the tariffs that must be set for these private cogenerators must comply with the principle of service at cost, in order to avoid affecting third parties and the entire national electrical system. Among the objective elements supporting this decision are the three administrative motions for reconsideration and concomitant nullity filed against resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, as well as the extremely provisional precautionary measure issued by the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo cited above.
These factors provide a reasonable degree of certainty for the adoption of the temporary precautionary protection, in accordance with the principle of predictability regarding the possible adverse effects alleged by the appellants and petitioners, which could derive from the implementation of this tariff methodology.
Firstly, the motions for reconsideration filed by Ingenio Taboga S.A., Azucarera El Viejo S.A., and Cogeneradora Tempisque S.A. point out apparent irregularities in the approved tariff methodology. Furthermore, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, in its order of October 20, 2024, recognized the urgency and relevance of the risks that the entry into force of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, could generate in the electricity sector, particularly in the context of the sugarcane harvest, which begins in December. The judicial decision, which provisionally suspended the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, reinforces the existence of a possible risk of serious harm for the actors involved.
Consequently, the reasoned weighing of these elements concludes that the immediate application of the tariff methodology established in resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, could generate eventual direct economic harm for the biomass electricity cogenerators, and possible imbalances in the equilibrium of the public electricity service. These possible harms, current or potential, could affect legal certainty in the sector and compromise the operational stability of a service of general interest. Thus, given the possibility that the effects of the resolution may generate serious harm, it is reasonable and prudent to temporarily suspend its application.
Secondly, the principle of social stability and the need to maintain legal certainty in the energy sector are essential considerations in this decision of the Board of Directors. The sugarcane harvest, which begins in December 2024, is key for the operations of the energy cogenerators, and the application of the tariff methodology, without having definitively resolved the filed administrative appeals, could have negative immediate effects on the industry, both economically and operationally.
This measure not only protects the public interest and social stability, but also responds to the principle of foreseeing consequences and the principle of administrative prudence, which requires making decisions by weighing their effects and adhering to the applicable legal framework.
Therefore, in light of the background and the identified risks, it is reasonable to temporarily suspend resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, as a necessary measure to guarantee the protection of the appellants' rights and to avoid serious harm to them, while a definitive decision is made on the validity of the challenged administrative act.
In this regard, based on Article 148 of the LGAP and in compliance with the provisionalísima precautionary measure (medida cautelar provisionalísima) issued by the Administrative Litigation Court (Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo) (expediente 24-007738-1027-CA), the Board of Directors proceeds to temporarily suspend the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024. This decision guarantees that, while the filed administrative appeals (recursos administrativos) are being resolved, the serious harm alleged by the appellants does not materialize.
Whereas, for reasons of social stability and legal certainty, the administrative legal system, through the principle of self-integration, empowers Public Administration bodies to graduate and dimension the effects of their acts in time, space, or subject matter when necessary.
Article 131 of the CPCA, by supplementary application (as permitted by Article 229 of the LGAP), is the rule that empowers Public Administration bodies to modulate the effects of their acts to avoid a significant impact on the system or on a specific group of persons. This power to graduate or dimension the effects confers discretion on the competent body, such as the Board of Directors, to delimit or frame the temporary suspension of the effects of the administrative act in question (in a similar sense, see judgments of the First Chamber (Sala Primera) No. 01353-F-S1-2011 of 10:40 a.m. on October 25, 2011, and No. 01692-F-S1-2012 of 10:10 a.m. on December 13, 2012).
In this case, the temporary suspension of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, in compliance and in line with the provisions of the Administrative Litigation Court, through the order (auto) of 1:35 p.m. on October 20, 2024, which admitted the provisionalísima precautionary measure filed by Ingenio Taboga S.A. and Azucarera El Viejo S.A. and dimensioned the effects of the suspension of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, likewise obligates Aresep to maintain the effectiveness of resolution RJD-004-2010 "Tariff methodology according to the typical cost structure of a model electricity generation plant using sugarcane bagasse for sale to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its indexation formula" (Metodología tarifaria según la estructura de costos típica de una planta modelo de generación de electricidad con bagazo de caña para la venta al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y su fórmula de indexación), published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 98 of May 21, 2010. This ensures and guarantees that the serious harm alleged by the appellants and petitioners does not materialize through the application of the methodology contained in resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024.
The suspension of the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, and the effectiveness of resolution RJD-004-2010 "Tariff methodology according to the typical cost structure of a model electricity generation plant using sugarcane bagasse for sale to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its indexation formula," published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 98 of May 21, 2010, shall remain in effect temporarily until the Administrative Litigation Court orders otherwise, and failing that, for a maximum period of six months or until the three administrative appeals filed against resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, are definitively resolved.
This decision provides legal certainty regarding the duration of the suspension, thus avoiding serious impacts on legal certainty and social stability, in accordance with the provisions of Article 131 of the CPCA.
Whereas, in accordance with the preceding findings (resultandos) and recitals (considerandos), the collegiate body has determined that the appropriate course of action is: 1. To temporarily suspend the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 "Ordinary methodology for setting tariffs for electricity cogeneration with different biomass sources" (Metodología ordinaria para la fijación de tarifas para cogeneración de energía eléctrica con diferentes fuentes de biomasa). 2. To maintain the effectiveness of resolution RJD-004-2010 "Tariff methodology according to the typical cost structure of a model electricity generation plant using sugarcane bagasse for sale to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its indexation formula," published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 98 of May 21, 2010. 3. The suspension of the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, and the effectiveness of resolution RJD-004-2010 "Tariff methodology according to the typical cost structure of a model electricity generation plant using sugarcane bagasse for sale to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its indexation formula," published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 98 of May 21, 2010, indicated in the operative provisions (Por Tanto) I and II hereof, shall remain in effect temporarily until the Administrative Litigation Court orders otherwise, and failing that, for a maximum period of six months or until the three administrative appeals filed against resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, are definitively resolved. 4.
To instruct the Secretariat of the Board of Directors to publish this resolution in the official gazette La Gaceta. 5. To notify the Energy Superintendency (Intendencia de Energía), the General Directorate of the Center for Regulatory Development (Dirección General Centro de Desarrollo de la Regulación), and the General Directorate of Legal and Regulatory Advisory (Dirección General de Asesoría Jurídica y Regulatoria) of this agreement, for their appropriate actions.
Whereas, in ordinary session 90-2024, on October 23, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Public Services Regulatory Authority, based on the considerations set forth in the preceding findings and recitals, agrees with the character of firm to issue this resolution:
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICES REGULATORY AUTHORITY AGREES To temporarily suspend the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, "Ordinary methodology for setting tariffs for electricity cogeneration with different biomass sources," published in Supplement (Alcance) No. 114 to La Gaceta No. 110, of June 18, 2024.
To maintain the effectiveness of resolution RJD-004-2010 "Tariff methodology according to the typical cost structure of a model electricity generation plant using sugarcane bagasse for sale to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its indexation formula," published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 98 of May 21, 2010.
The suspension of the effects of resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, and the effectiveness of resolution RJD-004-2010 "Tariff methodology according to the typical cost structure of a model electricity generation plant using sugarcane bagasse for sale to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and its indexation formula," published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 98 of May 21, 2010, indicated in the operative provisions (Por Tanto) I and II of this agreement, shall remain in effect temporarily until the Administrative and Civil Treasury Court (Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda) orders otherwise or until the three administrative appeals filed against resolution RE-0038-JD-2024 of May 28, 2024, are definitively resolved.
To instruct the Secretariat of the Board of Directors to publish this resolution in the official gazette La Gaceta.
To notify the Energy Superintendency, the General Directorate of the Center for Regulatory Development, and the General Directorate of Legal and Regulatory Advisory of this agreement, for their appropriate actions.