44023 published in La Gaceta No. 120 on July 4, 2023, the Nogal Private Wildlife Refuge created through Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32818 was renewed for an additional ten-year term, automatically renewable for equal periods if the owner does not express, within the term of three months before the expiration of the term, their desire not to submit their property to the category of Private National Wildlife Refuge.
10.-That after a process of analysis and modification of the documentation presented by the company, on September 15, 2022, in ordinary session No. 05-2022 of the Technical Committee of the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area, the PGM proposal for the Nogal Reserve was presented as a requirement to qualify for the Category of Private National Wildlife Refuge, where it was reviewed and recommended to be elevated to CORAC for its approval of the respective General Management Plan for the Nogal Private National Wildlife Refuge, according to Agreement No. 02-2022.
11.-That the General Management Plan for the Nogal RNVSP was approved by the Regional Council of the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area (CORAC-ACAHN) and recommended to be elevated to the National Council of Conservation Areas (CONAC), through Agreement No. 0003 of Ordinary Session No. 09-2022, held on September 30, 2022.
12.-That CONAC reviewed and approved the General Management Plan for the Nogal Private RNVS, through Agreement No. 15 of Ordinary Session No. 23-2022, held on October 11, 2022.
Therefore; THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CONSERVATION AREAS RESOLVES:
First: To validate and approve the update of the General Management Plan for the Nogal Private National Wildlife Refuge.
Second: To publish the following Executive Summary of the General Management Plan for the Nogal Private National Wildlife Refuge for the purpose of its officialization.
- 1)General Objective of the General Management Plan To manage all management strategies and programs within the local and regional context of the Nogal Reserve, leading to the fulfillment of the established conservation objectives.
- 2)Specific Objectives of the General Management Plan a) To declare the reserve as a Wild Protected Area recognized by the Costa Rican State under the category of Private National Wildlife Refuge.
- b)To zone the reserve for its use.
- c)To identify those biodiversity elements of greatest conservation importance.
- d)To identify work priorities within the different management programs.
- e)To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the development of the reserve and, based on this, to make the best decisions within an institutional strategic framework.
- 3)Focal Management Elements of the Nogal Private Wildlife Refuge.
Through the selection of these elements, the General Management Plan will be directed and focused. For the management of the Nogal Reserve, seven focal elements were prioritized, which correspond to the categories of ecological systems, ecological processes, and species.
- a)Sucio River and Riparian Habitat Due to the importance of rivers and this type of habitat, and because the reserve is located on the river margin, it is considered extremely important to include the Sucio River and its margins in the transect contemplated by the Nogal Reserve as a focal management element to promote its adequate conservation and protection.
- b)Rainforest or Tropical Humid Forest Tropical forests are perhaps the most important terrestrial ecosystem in terms of biodiversity, and are therefore considered high-priority areas for conservation. Furthermore, they are a fundamental pillar in maintaining the planet's environmental balance, due to their crucial role in physical and chemical cycles such as the hydrological cycle and the carbon cycle. Therefore, for the Nogal Reserve, it is extremely important to include its forest within the Focal Management Elements to thus ensure the protection and conservation of all the biodiversity it harbors. Forests offer a wide diversity of ecosystem services, among which were identified the following for the rainforest of the Nogal Reserve: seed dispersal, CO2 fixation, oxygen production, pollution filtration, erosion and flood control, scenic beauty, ecosystem balance, scientific knowledge, and environmental education.
- c)Great Green Macaw (Ara ambiguus) This species provides a series of ecosystem services such as: spiritual, cultural, environmental education, and scientific knowledge. It is a species considered endangered, and in Costa Rica it is included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and globally it is in a threatened state. For this reason, it has been selected as a focal management element. In addition to being a species with a limited distribution, as well as a specific diet and nesting site, all sites with the presence of this species must direct efforts towards its protection and conservation, as well as its habitats and the mountain almond tree, to benefit this emblematic bird species of the Zona Norte in perpetuity.
- d)Spider Monkey and Howler Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi & Alouatta palliata).
The status of both species in Costa Rica is populations in danger of extinction. These two species provide ecosystem services such as: the dispersal of a wide diversity of seeds that favors forest development, environmental education, and scientific knowledge. The importance of their selection as focal elements of the Nogal Refuge lies in their conservation status, as well as their importance as ecological indicator species and indicators of environmental changes.
- e)Ocelot and Margay (Leopardus pardalis & Leopardus wiedii) Among the ecosystem services provided by both feline species are: ecosystem balance, environmental education, and scientific knowledge. The importance of their selection as ecological focal elements lies in the fact that felines are considered indicator species of habitat quality, in addition to being key species for the conservation of ecosystems.
- 4)Proposed Zoning for the Nogal Private National Wildlife Refuge According to the existing technical and scientific information, and considering land-use aptitude criteria, the reserve was divided into four management zones: zone of minimal or no intervention, zone of low intervention, zone of medium intervention, and zone of high intervention:
- a)Minimal Intervention Zone: corresponds to a total of 584,892 m2 (58.4892 ha). In this zone, absolute protection of the ecosystem is promoted, which is represented by secondary forest with 12.3 ha, representing 21.06% of the total minimal intervention zone; an area dominated by wild cane (caña brava) with 19.2 ha, representing 32.9%; a 5.8 ha area reforested 16 years ago with native tree species, representing 9.93%; and a 21.1 ha area of natural regeneration with the presence of wild cane and various emergent native trees, representing 36.1%. For this zone, only the following activities will be permitted: active management, ecosystem restoration, control and protection, conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity, authorized scientific research, and informational and preventive signage. The following activities are totally prohibited: forest harvesting, land-use change (cambio de uso de suelo), development of tourism activities, construction, illicit activities such as hunting, logging, and extraction of wildlife, and the use of motor vehicles.
- b)Low Intervention Zone: this zone corresponds to an area of great importance for the reserve, as it provides connectivity between the two large fragments of land that make up the Nogal Reserve. This area was previously planted with bananas, and the company Chiquita Brands decided to eliminate the crop to reforest the land and thus generate connectivity. The area is 20,361 m2 (2.0361 ha), a 16-year-old reforestation with native trees. In this zone, activities related to the active management of the site are permitted, such as ecosystem restoration, control and protection, conservation of the ecosystem and its biodiversity, authorized scientific research, and informational and preventive signage. The following activities are totally prohibited: forest harvesting, land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), construction, illicit activities such as hunting, logging, and extraction of wildlife.
- c)Medium Intervention Zone: corresponds to a total of 310,997 m2 (31.0997 ha), and is composed of 25.5 ha of secondary forest, representing 82% of the total medium intervention zone; an area of 4.8 ha dominated by wild cane, representing 15.4% of the area; a 0.6 ha reforestation, which represents 1.9%; and an area under natural regeneration with the presence of wild cane of 0.03 ha, representing 0.7% of the area. In this zone, the following activities are permitted: activities related to the active management of the site, such as ecosystem restoration, control and protection, conservation of the ecosystem and its biodiversity, authorized scientific research, volunteerism supervised by the administration, informational and preventive signage, eco-tourism activities, guided walking activities for which the already established trails are available, environmental education activities and field trips.
The constructions necessary for administrative management will be permitted if necessary. The following activities are totally prohibited: forest harvesting, land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), illicit activities such as hunting, logging, and extraction of wildlife, the establishment of crops, the use of motor vehicles, camping activities, entry of domestic animals (exception: guide/assistance animals[1]), entry of alcoholic beverages and drugs, river navigation promoted by the RN, feeding wildlife, and handling wildlife.
- d)High Intervention Zone: represents 4,084 m2 (0.4084 ha). This area is where all the infrastructure is located. It features a botanical garden with ornamental, fruit-bearing, and medicinal plants; it also has a ranch-style structure for outdoor activities. Furthermore, it includes the office building, the hall for workshops, talks, and activities, sanitary facilities for men and women, and an area designated for forest nursery. The following activities are permitted in this zone: eco-tourism, holding workshops and educational talks, guided and self-guided walks, training, informational and preventive signage, camping activities, environmental education activities and educational field trips, volunteerism, vehicle parking (in the area designated for this purpose), recreational activities, food service, production of ornamental, medicinal, and fruit-bearing plants, production for forest nursery, construction, remodeling, and all activities related to the management of the site.
The following is not permitted: the following activities are totally prohibited: forest harvesting, land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), illicit activities such as hunting, logging, and extraction of wildlife, entry of domestic animals (exception: guide/assistance animals), entry of alcoholic beverages and drugs, feeding wildlife, and handling wildlife.
Third: To publish on the institutional Web page of SINAC, http://www.sinac.go.cr, the complete document of the General Management Plan for the Nogal Private National Wildlife Refuge.
Fourth: The General Management Plan for the Nogal Private National Wildlife Refuge will be valid for 10 years.
Fifth: Effective as of its publication in the Official Journal La Gaceta.