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Res. 00600-2020 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 30/06/2020
OutcomeResultado
The court partially reversed the judgment by classifying the house as a fixture, recognizing retention until necessary improvements are paid, and exempting all parties from costs, while affirming the remainder.El Tribunal revocó parcialmente la sentencia para calificar la casa como accesión, reconocer la retención hasta pagar las mejoras necesarias y exonerar a todas las partes de costas, confirmando lo demás.
SummaryResumen
The Agrarian Court decided appeals in two consolidated ordinary proceedings concerning superior possessory rights over a farm, restoration of possession, improvements made to the property, and a house built with the titleholder’s knowledge. It rejected the claimed nullity and affirmed most of the trial judgment but modified two issues. The court held that the house was not a useful improvement but a fixture built with the owner’s knowledge and tolerance. During enforcement, the titleholder may acquire the building by paying its actual value or elect co-ownership, with shares proportionate to the value of the land and the construction. The court also recognized the occupant’s right to retain the property until payment for necessary improvements, even though the occupant had been characterized as a bad-faith possessor, because article 330 of the Civil Code makes that consequence mandatory. Finally, it exempted all parties from personal and procedural costs because each side had prevailed and lost on material claims.El Tribunal Agrario resolvió las apelaciones en dos procesos ordinarios acumulados sobre el mejor derecho de posesión de una finca, la restitución del inmueble, las mejoras realizadas y una casa construida con conocimiento del titular. Rechazó la nulidad alegada y confirmó la mayor parte de la sentencia de primera instancia, pero modificó dos extremos. Determinó que la casa no constituía una mejora útil, sino una accesión edificada a ciencia y paciencia del dueño. En ejecución de sentencia, el titular podrá adquirir la edificación pagando su valor real o escoger la copropiedad, con cuotas proporcionales al valor del terreno y de la construcción. También reconoció al ocupante el derecho de retener el inmueble hasta recibir el pago de las mejoras necesarias, aun cuando había sido calificado como poseedor de mala fe, por mandato del artículo 330 del Código Civil. Finalmente, exoneró a todas las partes de costas personales y procesales debido al vencimiento recíproco.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The house built by [[Nombre3] ] is determined to be a fixture. Accordingly, during enforcement of the judgment, [[Nombre5] ] may acquire the building by paying its actual value if that is convenient, or may elect the creation of co-ownership between them, with their shares determined according to each party’s contribution based on the building’s actual value; a period of five days from the date the judgment becomes final is granted for this purpose. As to the improvements: [[Nombre3] ] is granted the right to retain the property until payment of the necessary improvements, whose value will be determined during enforcement of the judgment. The judgment is affirmed as to all other matters appealed.Se determina que la casa construida por [[Nombre3] ] es una accesión. Por lo que en etapa de ejecución de sentencia [[Nombre5] ] podrá hacer suya la edificación, pagando el valor real si ello le conviniere, también podrá optar por la constitución de la copropiedad entre ambos, fijando las cuotas en función de los aportes de uno y otro según el valor real de la construcción para lo cual se le concede el plazo de cinco días a partir de la firmeza de la sentencia. En cuanto a las mejoras: Se le concede a [[Nombre3] ] el derecho de retención del bien hasta la cancelación de las mejoras necesarias que serán fijadas en etapa de ejecución de sentencia. En lo demás apelado se confirma.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Por otra parte, y a mayor abundamiento de razones, no interesa en este supuesto la buena o mala fe. Lo que es necesario es que se materialicen en actos tendientes, claros y evidentes del deseo expreso de quien es el titular para evitar las edificaciones lo cual no ocurrió en este caso."
"Moreover, and as an additional reason, good or bad faith is immaterial in this situation. What is required is that the titleholder's express desire to prevent the construction be manifested through clear and evident acts, which did not occur in this case."
Considerando XIV
"Por otra parte, y a mayor abundamiento de razones, no interesa en este supuesto la buena o mala fe. Lo que es necesario es que se materialicen en actos tendientes, claros y evidentes del deseo expreso de quien es el titular para evitar las edificaciones lo cual no ocurrió en este caso."
Considerando XIV
"Dado lo anterior, en cuanto al pago de las mejoras necesarias, sí se concede el derecho de retención a [[Nombre3] ]; aunque ha sido poseedor de mala fe, ello no es obstáculo para que retenga el bien hasta la cancelación de las mejoras necesarias que fueron otorgadas en la sentencia dado que es un imperativo del artículo 330 del Código Civil."
"Accordingly, with respect to payment for the necessary improvements, [[Nombre3] ] is granted the right of retention; although he has been a bad-faith possessor, that does not prevent him from retaining the property until the necessary improvements awarded in the judgment are paid, because this is mandated by article 330 of the Civil Code."
Considerando XIV
"Dado lo anterior, en cuanto al pago de las mejoras necesarias, sí se concede el derecho de retención a [[Nombre3] ]; aunque ha sido poseedor de mala fe, ello no es obstáculo para que retenga el bien hasta la cancelación de las mejoras necesarias que fueron otorgadas en la sentencia dado que es un imperativo del artículo 330 del Código Civil."
Considerando XIV
"La regla contenida en la transcrita norma refleja el principio del vencimiento objetivo, lo cual implica, la pauta es condenar por el hecho de ser perdidoso de sus pretensiones. Empero, de manera extraordinaria podrá exonerarse a quien fuere vencido a honrar esos extremos."
"The rule contained in the quoted provision reflects the principle of objective defeat, meaning that the usual course is to impose costs because a party has lost its claims. Exceptionally, however, the defeated party may be exempted from paying those amounts."
Considerando XV
"La regla contenida en la transcrita norma refleja el principio del vencimiento objetivo, lo cual implica, la pauta es condenar por el hecho de ser perdidoso de sus pretensiones. Empero, de manera extraordinaria podrá exonerarse a quien fuere vencido a honrar esos extremos."
Considerando XV
Full documentDocumento completo
*090002070391AG * * * * CASE FILE:
PROCEEDING:
ORDINARY PLAINTIFF:
[[Nombre5] ] DEFENDANT:
[[Nombre3] ] * * * * JUDGMENT No.* 000600-F-2020 * * * * AGRARIAN COURT (TRIBUNAL AGRARIO). SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSÉ.- At fourteen hours and eleven minutes on treinta de junio de dos mil veinte.* * * * * * * * * * * * * * CONSOLIDATED ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS (PROCESOS ORDINARIOS ACUMULADOS):*
—He explains that the judgment reasoned that [[Nombre6] ] should have alleged a breach of contract, but none of the claims in the complaints or counterclaims are connected with this; conversely, the donation instrument is declared null by the Court. In any event, neither party alleged this or that there had been an agreement breached by [[Nombre1] ] from which claims could be derived. It has been asserted since the complaint that the party holding the real right of possession (derecho real de posesión) over the property is the defendant-counterclaimant [[Nombre3] ], who, in his view, has just title (justo título) for those purposes under the applicable legislation. He lists the counterclaim’s requests for relief, reiterating that they make no mention of any breach. Rather, [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre5] ] seek the same relief, and the former states that he acquired the land from [[Nombre6] ] through an assignment of rights (cesión de derechos), a circumstance that, he alleges, was declared false.
Nevertheless, he states that the judgment ultimately fails to decide how that falsity affects the claims of [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre5] ]. He describes the acquisition instrument of [[Nombre3] ], which states that the sale made to [[Nombre1] ] is rescinded because he failed to pay. He asks that the sale be annulled because the reasoning employed is contradictory and incongruous, given that, on the one hand, the judgment states that there is a dispute concerning the validity of the acquisition instrument presented by [[Nombre1] ], but then elects not to rule on the significance of that issue and instead relies on a consideration unrelated to the subject matter of the proceeding, namely breach of contract. —He returns to the issue of the date on which the official stamped paper used to prepare the purported sale by [[Nombre6] ] to [[Nombre1] ] was issued, because the Banco Central de Costa Rica issued it years after the date of the events recorded therein, and he therefore characterizes it as false.
The issue, he explains, is the legal implication of the declaration of falsity, which was not resolved in the judgment; this constitutes a deficiency in obtaining effective judicial protection (tutela judicial efectiva) and discredits the counterclaim. He believes that this situation avoids deciding everything submitted for adjudication by minimizing it. Counsel states that he made submissions concerning the merits of the matter, without specifying at what procedural stage, but that they do not concern the judgment. Broadly speaking, he states that [[Nombre1] ] attempted to dispossess [[Nombre3] ] of the property that the latter received from his grandfather [[Nombre6] ]; he attempted to do so by presenting an instrument executed on official stamped paper. However, when the instrument was issued on 10 de febrero de 1972, the sheet had not yet been placed on sale, and he proceeds to recount the matter as he did in point one of the appeal.
He reiterates that he does not know why full credence is given to the existence of a transaction between [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre1] ] when it was extensively challenged during the proceedings, and why the judgment ultimately uses the instrument submitted by [[Nombre3] ] against him, alleging that the instrument proves a purported breach of contract. He says that it was assessed only partially and quotes the passage mentioning that the sale to [[Nombre1] ] is rescinded for failure to pay. In his view, that text constitutes [[Nombre6] ]’s denial that he entered into a transaction with [[Nombre1] ], notwithstanding the way it was drafted. He says that it is a public donation instrument by which title to the property is conveyed and that it contains assertions intended to deny any prior legal relationship; accordingly, he believes that it might appear to prove the existence of a contract, when in fact it denies it.
He contends that the judgment should have applied article 1049 of the Código Civil, which he reproduces, because the instrument stated no price and the price was not paid to him; in other words, in his view, there was no agreement as to the thing and the price between [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre1] ]. For that reason, the counterclaim’s theory regarding the invalidity of [[Nombre1] ]’s acquisition instrument should have been accepted, and the probative value of [[Nombre3] ]’s instrument should have been recognized; if so, it should have been treated as the lawful basis (causa lícita) for the very fact of possessing, rather than as an instrument. To that conclusion he adds the fact of possession, because the person holding the right of possession over the parcel is [[Nombre3] ], who acquired it while a minor through the conveyance made in his favor by his family, which exercised it in his name during his minority, while he exercised it specifically and personally after reaching adulthood; this is a proven and undisputed fact in the proceeding.
He argues that [[Nombre3] ] is the person who has possessed the estate, that he has standing by virtue of the conveyance made in his favor, and that his possession cannot be characterized as being in bad faith because he acquired it as a child and, as an adult, no one disturbed him until [[Nombre5] ] attempted to seize possession through force and violence. He adds that judgments were entered in criminal proceedings between the parties, thereby undermining the legitimacy of the possession claimed and, conversely, consolidating the possession of [[Nombre3] ]. He insists that his client has always exercised possession in good faith, under a claim of ownership, and with the other attributes necessary to acquire the parcel by adverse possession (usucapir), because he is fully convinced that it belongs to him. He explains that the instruments should not be evaluated in isolation from the circumstances of possession.
He believes that the case does not resolve the merits of the dispute concerning the challenges made to the instrument submitted by [[Nombre1] ], reiterating that it embodies no legal transaction. The proceeding cannot be resolved from a purely documentary perspective because that disregards the legal situation that must be protected by the legal system. He criticizes the judgment for stating that possession belongs to [[Nombre1] ], although exercised through third parties, as opposed to the personal and direct possession of [[Nombre3] ]. He reiterates his criticism of the appealed ruling for assigning greater weight to possession exercised by third parties than to possession exercised directly. He explains that personal possession by [[Nombre1] ] was never explained. That deficiency leads him to conclude that the ruling contains serious contradictions and that the evidence was not weighed in accordance with article 54 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria.
The donation instrument in favor of [[Nombre3] ] is evidence of just cause (justa causa), because it must be analyzed in the context of agrarian law rather than from a civil-law perspective. He believes that other evidence exists to establish just cause even if no probative value were assigned to the instrument in question. He excerpts a passage from judgment number 821 of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, issued at 15 horas 35 minutos on 01 de noviembre de 2000. —He states that the legal system recognizes certain cases in which the fact of possession itself constitutes title, as in the case of [[Nombre3] ]. He cites sections 92 and 101 of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, which do not require just title conveying ownership (justo título traslativo de dominio). He argues that, in such cases, the mere fact of possession over time, together with the other conditions required by those provisions, becomes valid title for possessing and acquiring ownership.
Based on the foregoing, he criticizes the judgment because it does not conscientiously analyze the instrument establishing the transfer of possession (transmisión de la posesión) to [[Nombre3] ] while he was a minor. He explains that this situation arose because of modest circumstances or lack of knowledge, and that the drafting technique used in the instrument can only be understood as expressing [[Nombre6] ]’s unequivocal intent to transfer to [[Nombre3] ] the right of possession that he had been exercising over the estate, as well as to make clear his denial of any obligation-based relationship with [[Nombre1] ]. He explains that the colloquial language used there indicates the opposite of what [[Nombre1] ] asserted, because it identifies who was in possession even before [[Nombre3] ] was born. For that reason, he cannot agree with the judgment, because it analyzes an instrument in a biased manner by removing one phrase from its overall context, reexamining it, and reinterpreting it in an entirely subjective manner, even though those conclusions cannot be inferred from any other evidence.
He states that the matter was never the subject of debate because, on the one hand, one party asserts that possession was exercised through third parties, while, on the other, the defendant-counterclaimant argues that the actual possession is the possession he exercises because he acquired it from the previous possessor while he was a minor and because he performed agrarian acts of possession (actos posesorios agrarios). He summarizes as follows: the possession of [[Nombre1] ] must be discredited because the instrument on which he relies as just title does not constitute such title, since it is an established fact that the paper had not yet been issued by the Banco Central de Costa Rica. Second, [[Nombre1] ] never directly possessed the property; he attempts to establish his possession through third parties. The latter circumstance could constitute an appropriate means of doing so, provided that the manner in which he acquired that purported possession were not disputed.
Third, in the instrument submitted by [[Nombre3] ], the previous possessor denied any legal relationship with [[Nombre1] ]. Fourth, the person who has possessed the property since he was a minor and for years, “his entire life” (sic), is [[Nombre3] ]. Lastly, the answer to the complaint alleged that the plaintiff had submitted two lease agreements purportedly made with his brother and another with his son, but both tenants are close to the plaintiff because they are relatives. That evidence was challenged in the answer to the complaint on the ground that the agreements had been executed between persons close to the plaintiff. He believes that this circumstance should have been addressed in the judgment so that this evidence would not be deemed reliable. He insists that those leases were not entered into with third parties in good faith, but with the plaintiff’s very close relatives. He further argues that the possession of [[Nombre5] ] is discredited for the following reasons: because [[Nombre5] ] acquired it from [[Nombre1] ], whose possession “suffers from all of the foregoing defects”; because [[Nombre1] ] never possessed the property; and because [[Nombre1] ] sued [[Nombre3] ], alleging that he was the person possessing the property, but never informed the Juzgado Agrario that he had purportedly assigned his possession to [[Nombre5] ].
He characterizes this as having been contradicted by [[Nombre5] ] when bringing the proceeding against [[Nombre3] ], in which [[Nombre5] ] alleged having acquired possession from [[Nombre1] ], thereby demonstrating bad faith in litigation. He states that this conduct precludes granting effective judicial protection to either the possession of [[Nombre1] ] or the purported possession of [[Nombre5] ]. Lastly, he says that the possession of [[Nombre3] ] is the only one of the three that merits effective judicial protection for the following reasons: his just title derives from the previous possessor of the property, thereby proving the actual chain of transfers of possession, which culminated in a transfer in favor of [[Nombre3] ] while he was a minor; he received it in good faith and is therefore fully convinced that it belongs to him, given his family relationship with the transferor. If the judge had doubts regarding the legitimacy of the instrument, he should have relied on the mere fact of possession as just title, understood as the lawful basis for acquisition, and possession is held by [[Nombre3] ].
Second, he notes that [Nombre20] did place [[Nombre3] ] in possession of the parcel; in addition to the unequivocal agreement regarding the transfer of possession to [[Nombre3] ], he also has delivery of the property (tradición) in his favor. Third, [[Nombre3] ] does not contradict anyone regarding the fact of possession, because he is the person who exercises possession and who, through the attribute of exclusion, has undertaken to defend his right of possession against third parties.
Lastly, the document transferring the rights from [Nombre20] to [[Nombre3] ] was executed as a private instrument on 15 de noviembre de 1988 at folios 93 and 94 of the case file; it was recorded on official stamped paper that did not enter circulation until 20 de junio de 1973, and that private instrument was also notarized by means of deed number 36 at 16 hours on 11 de junio de 2002, at folio 19 of volume I, at the request of the two witnesses who accompanied [[Nombre6] ] in the private instrument dated 15 de noviembre de 1988; therefore, no argument or evidence has ever existed by which the authenticity or truthfulness of the transaction recorded therein could be questioned. Accordingly, the exercise required to establish possession (posesión) should have been an essential element in rendering judgment, as a reasonable means of addressing the merits of the dispute. The judgment denies any possibility of access to justice because it does not address the essential issue, but rather peripheral matters that do not resolve the dispute.
THIRD: He alleges a contradiction in the judgment because it asserts that [[Nombre3] ] possesses the property by the sufferance (tolerancia) of [[Nombre1] ]. He argues that exercising possession for more than one year excludes the possibility of sufferance, as he understands the case law applying the law. He explains his understanding of Article 480 of the Civil Code and Article 455 of that same body of law. He maintains that registration of the transfer in the Public Registry is not sufficient to become the owner; rather, delivery (tradición) must also occur. The right becomes effective upon delivery, and the property comes under the holder’s control as possession pursuant to section 278 ibidem; however, the absence of occupancy or delivery entails the loss of the right to possess. He transcribes Article 279 of the cited body of law. He reasons that the right to possess must be acquired under a claim of ownership, not derivatively through a contract.
He maintains that [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre3] ] have no contractual relationship or family connection that would justify the latter having been permitted to remain on the property. He notes that [[Nombre1] ]’s possession was never personal because, according to the judgment, it was always exercised through third parties under lease agreements (contratos de arrendamiento). He questions why this person did not enter into a lease agreement with [[Nombre3] ]; there is no other reasonable basis that would justify it. On the contrary, he states, there are many reasons to exclude [[Nombre1] ]. He characterizes the finding regarding sufferance as an error intended to undermine [[Nombre3] ]’s claim and as openly contradictory to the contents of [[Nombre3] ]’s acquisition document, which records the chain of transfer of possession by the only person authorized to make such a transfer, namely, the lawful possessor [[Nombre6] ].
He states that the document was analyzed contrary to its terms and that mere sufferance is therefore ruled out. He identifies as another contradictory error in the judgment its finding that [Nombre20] transferred the property to [[Nombre1] ] in 1972, while stating that the latter’s possession was exercised through third parties on the basis of submitted lease agreements. He requests that they be identified: the first, from 1991, is with [[Nombre16] ]; the second, from 2001, is with the plaintiff [[Nombre5] ]. He therefore questions what happened with possession from 1972 to 1991. He maintains that the judgment neither answers nor explains that question. He emphasizes that there is no chain of transfer of possession involving [[Nombre1] ], nor any sequence of the leasing acts used to establish [[Nombre1] ]’s possession. He refers to the lease agreement between [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre16] ] and reproduces a portion of it.
He states that the judgment holds that [[Nombre3] ] entered the property by sufferance in order to occupy the dwelling with his family, which he considers inconsistent with the documentary evidence. This is so because [[Nombre16] ] was purportedly granted the right to use the house; the judgment therefore contradicts that evidence by deeming a purported sufferance established when the protected factual situation is excluded. With respect to the lease agreement between [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre5] ] dated 27 de junio de 2001, he transcribes clause six. In his view, the judgment once again disregards, without explanation, the proposition that [[Nombre3] ] is on the property merely by sufferance, making the judgment contradictory in light of the evidence relied upon. He questions how, if the property was leased, [[Nombre3] ] could simultaneously have been allowed to occupy the house by sufferance.
He states that those contracts existed only on paper and never produced legal effects of any kind or were performed on the property. He believes there are indications that the terms and conditions of both contracts are untrue. As an example, he cites their two-year terms, which are unusual for leases, whether of a dwelling or of farms. The price, in the case of [[Nombre21] ], is nominal, in the amount of one thousand colones; as for [Nombre22], it is twenty thousand colones per month, neither of which reflects the economic circumstances at the relevant times. In his view, the judgment contains speculation without establishing a legal situation because [[Nombre1] ] never held the property. He reiterates that sufferance cannot be accepted; the possessor was [Nombre20], who transferred it to [[Nombre3] ]. He maintains that it was an error to use testimonial evidence to discredit the contents of an unchallenged document.
He refers to the assignment agreement (contrato de cesión) from [Nombre20] to [[Nombre3] ], which explains the reasons for the transfer; accordingly, contrary to the judgment’s findings, testimonial evidence could not validly be used, as provided by section 353 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which he reproduces. He emphasizes that the witnesses’ statements are inadmissible because they are not competent to discredit the agreement between [Nombre20] and [[Nombre3] ]. That matter should have been addressed in the judgment, but because it was not, the judgment is affected by a defect rendering it void. FOURTH: He alleges inadequate reasoning arising from the omission of evidence from consideration (preterición de la prueba). He states that he has already addressed this issue above. First, he challenges the weight given to the witnesses offered by plaintiff [[Nombre5] ], maintaining that the court afforded their testimony weight it does not possess.
He states that nothing is said about the witnesses for the counterclaim (contrademanda), except in a cursory manner that reflects a lack of reasoning. This is because the judgment does not state why those testimonies are not useful in establishing the facts underlying the counterclaim. He transcribes a portion of the testimony given by witness [Nombre23]. In his view, those statements prove the possession that [[Nombre3] ] has always exercised and that [[Nombre1] ] never said anything about it; this evidence establishes [[Nombre3] ]’s right, contrary to the judgment’s findings. As to the witness Inocente, he understands the testimony to show that [[Nombre3] ] has always maintained possession and that [[Nombre1] ]’s valid title (justo título) in favor of [[Nombre3] ] is genuine. He also reproduces the testimony of [Nombre8], on the basis of which he asserts that there is conclusive proof of [[Nombre3] ]’s right because it refers to true facts concerning [[Nombre3] ]’s possession of the property.
Regarding the witness [Nombre24], he states, based on the reproduced testimony, that she is a neighbor who lives near the property and proves that the land belongs to [[Nombre3] ]. He characterizes the testimony of [Nombre25] as accommodating to the party who called him. The portion he transcribes from that testimony concerns a fact unrelated to the complaint. A purported lease between other persons is mentioned, but it is apparent that the witness remembers nothing else, and he characterizes the witness as accommodating. In his view, witness [Nombre26] shows that the account was rehearsed and accommodating, noting that [[Nombre1] ] had died before [[Nombre1] ], which is false because the latter died before [[Nombre1] ]. He maintains that the witness was untruthful and that they are attempting to establish a purported lease as a means of demonstrating some legality in alleged acts of possession, although the rentals are not proven.
Lastly, he refers to the testimony of [Nombre26] and asks the court to note that this witness confirms [[Nombre3] ]’s possession and the existence of [[Nombre6] ] many years earlier. For that reason, he considers the claims discredited. He asserts that the right sought in the counterclaims is confirmed and has been amply proven by everything set forth above. He characterizes the stratagem of purported leases as “fabricated” (sic), but states that there is no proof of possession. Regarding the omission of documentary evidence from consideration (preterición de la documental), he specifically refers to the judgments ordering final dismissal (sobreseimiento definitivo) in two criminal proceedings brought against [[Nombre3] ], in which he was accused of unlawfully occupying the property. He maintains that these were not weighed in the judgment and constitute evidence establishing the facts of the counterclaims.
This document is not mentioned. He refers to the judgment issued in case file EXPN4, which he understands to have the effect of substantive res judicata (cosa juzgada material) regarding the facts contained therein. He reproduces part of the criminal judge’s ruling and asserts that it shows that [[Nombre3] ], not the plaintiff, has possessed the property for more than 10 years. He again questions how [[Nombre1] ]’s possession could be deemed proven through leasing. He cites the established facts in that judgment, which deemed the donation from [[Nombre6] ] to his grandson [[Nombre3] ] proven; he therefore asks why, if that Authority deemed it proven, the court did not do so in this judgment. He also cites the criminal proceeding conducted under case file EXPN5 before the Nicoya Criminal Court, which contains the final dismissal entered at 14 hours 11 minutes on 30 de setiembre de 2008, appearing at folio 415 et seq. of volume II of this proceeding.
He reports that an objection based on res judicata (excepción de cosa juzgada), raised by [[Nombre3] ]’s defense in his capacity as defendant, was sustained. That complaint was filed by [[Nombre1] ] against [[Nombre3] ]. He explains that another judgment of dismissal had already been entered in investigative file EXPN4; because the claim was the same, the cited defense was upheld. He reproduces a portion of that decision. He understands that the criminal judge was correct in determining that the same facts were involved and that [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre5] ] have repeatedly relied on them in bringing claims. The matter of possession had already been established by documentary evidence in those judgments. Nevertheless, the trial judge never addressed them. He alleges that the assignment agreement recorded on ¢1.00 official stamped paper number [Valor 008], purportedly executed on 10 de febrero de 1972, was omitted from consideration when the court afforded it evidentiary value that, in his view, it lacks.
He explains that the document was given evidentiary value it does not possess because evidence shows that it is ineffective and that the result reached in the judgment should therefore have been different. He emphasizes that the document is false, carries no weight in the judgment, and that the legal consequences of its falsity were not considered. He challenges the omission from consideration of the certification issued by Banco Central de Costa Rica, which is not mentioned in the judgment. This issue is important because it concerns the document submitted by [[Nombre1] ] as proof of the transfer. That documentary evidence shows that the official stamped paper used was first offered for sale on 01 de octubre de 1979, at folio 192 of the case file, and therefore could not have documented the transfer of possessory rights on 10 de febrero de 1972 as stated therein. He asks the Court to observe the trial judge’s procedural conduct in failing to resolve that objection.
Instead, the judge uses a document belonging to [[Nombre3] ] against him, stating that the transfer was made in favor of [[Nombre1] ], even though [[Nombre6] ] denied that the transaction had occurred. He characterizes the reasoning employed in the judgment as contradictory and concludes that the document relied upon by [[Nombre1] ] in his complaint is unreliable because documentary evidence and other elements contradict it.
He reiterates that the transfer document is false, carries no weight in the judgment, and that the legal consequences of that declaration of falsity were not weighed. -He disagrees with the evidentiary value assigned to the lease agreements (contratos de arrendamiento) submitted by [[Nombre1] ], when they have none. He emphasizes that the judgment states that those agreements are useful to establish that person’s possession (posesión), but that conclusion cannot be reached. He reasons that, if [[Nombre1] ] acquired the property in 1972, it was not until 1991 that he entered into an agreement with [[Nombre16] ], and then in 2001 with [[Nombre5] ]. He calculates that there is a period from 1972 to 1991, that is, 19 years, for which the judgment provides no explanation. It is unknown who possessed it during that period, although it has been established that [[Nombre6] ] placed [[Nombre3] ] in possession.
Nor is it explained what happened after 2002 because, if the lease agreement was signed by [Nombre22] for one year, it does not mention any extensions. For that reason, the appealed decision contains incomplete information, and he considers that there are serious contradictions. He identifies as a contradiction the finding that [[Nombre1] ] tolerated [[Nombre3] ] remaining in the house on the property, even though there are lease agreements showing that the dwelling was rented to [[Nombre16] ] and [[Nombre5] ]. -He objects to the failure to consider public deed (escritura pública) 03 executed at 10:00 a.m. on 26 de julio de 1988 before notary Anselmo Pérez Castro. He asserts that the challenged decision says nothing about that document. It is the notarization (protocolización) of a private document in which [[Nombre6] ] ratifies the sale made to the plaintiff. He states that this document was not addressed in the judgment, although in his view it is contradictory.
He considers that the original document was not submitted so that it could be assigned its proper weight in relation to the document declared false. -He also considers that there was a failure to consider the document transferring the rights to the real property to [[Nombre3] ]. It was executed as a private document on 15 de noviembre de 1988 at folios 93 to 94 and was notarized on 11 de junio de 2002. He considers the weight assigned to it erroneous because it serves to establish that [[Nombre6] ] had transferred the property to [[Nombre1] ]. He believes that any pretext is used to dismiss the claims in the counterclaims (reconvenciones). In it, the transaction with [[Nombre1] ] was denied in colloquial terms. He states that this document should have been considered together with others, such as the orders of dismissal (sentencias de sobreseimiento) in favor of [[Nombre3] ]. That criminal proceeding establishes that the latter’s possession of the estate (heredad) is lawful and that all he did was exercise the right of exclusion and defense under Article 264 of the Código Civil, to which he is entitled.
He considers this an error in the construction of the judgment and that the judgment is therefore void. Even if that document were declared void, it establishes the just cause or lawful acquisition (justa causa o lícita adquisición) that confirms [[Nombre3] ]’s act of possession. -He alleges a failure to consider the evidence from the possessory information proceeding (proceso de información posesoria) brought by [[Nombre1] ]. He refers to the initial pleading, where, at folio 25 of volume I, that person stated that he was submitting deeds of sale because more than 10 years had elapsed. In this proceeding, he seeks to sue [[Nombre3] ] in an attempt to substantiate possession that he never had. He characterizes as serious the statements made under oath in the possessory information proceeding because he said that he had no deeds of sale. This now contradicts the explanations in his complaint and must affect [[Nombre5] ]’s position.
Another contradiction by [[Nombre1] ] in that possessory information proceeding is that he states that he purchased the property from other persons, such as [Nombre27] and [Nombre28], the latter of whom signs in [Nombre6] of [[Nombre1] ] (sic), who appears in an assignment in favor of [[Nombre1] ]. He states that, if those observations are considered together, they reveal contradictions concerning the fact that the plaintiff, [[Nombre1] ], possessed the real property originally and had acquired it from [[Nombre1] ] (sic), which is untrue and contradicts what was stated in the possessory information proceeding. He adds that the proceeding was never concluded, the notice was not published, and there was no judicial inspection or soil study. Nor was there a survey plan identifying the property or providing details about the public road, or information about the boundary with the maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre), or any of the other steps required to obtain title.
This failure to consider the evidence invalidates the judgment because it was stated under oath that there were no deeds of sale. -He alleges a failure to consider deed number 148 executed at 9:00 a.m. on 19 de junio de 2004, at folio 14 of volume I, because it was assigned a value it does not have. The judgment validates [[Nombre5] ]’s acquisition of the right, but there are documents that contradict it. In 2009, [[Nombre1] ] told the Authority that he was the possessor of the real property and asserted this in the complaint. He characterizes that situation as bad faith because [[Nombre1] ] had already assigned his rights, but it reveals that the alleged acquisition document was not accompanied by the delivery (tradición) required for the assignment actually to operate as a means of acquiring ownership or possession of the parcel. He considers this to be so because [[Nombre5] ] asserts in his complaint that he was fully aware that [[Nombre3] ] had occupied the estate since 2001, and therefore there was no delivery.
The document is merely a written assignment of possessory rights (cesión de derechos posesorios) over real property that he does not possess. That contradiction was not addressed by the judgment and was among the disputed facts. -With respect to costs (costas), he mentions the issue of exemption because the estate of [[Nombre1] ] should have been ordered to pay them, since it was unsuccessful at least in part; such an award was legally warranted. Furthermore, the order against [[Nombre3] ] in [[Nombre5] ]’s action will have to be reviewed because good faith has been demonstrated. [[Nombre3] ] firmly believes that the land belongs to him because he has possessed it in good faith and has met all legal requirements. He requests that the unsuccessful plaintiffs be ordered to pay the costs arising from the counterclaims granted in favor of [[Nombre3] ]. -He returns to the procedural issues, insofar as the judgment does not decide all the relief requested in the counterclaim.
In his view, the court adopted plaintiff [[Nombre5] ]’s theory of the case without explaining why it chose to dismiss the counterclaims. Consequently, as to the requests in the counterclaims to declare the documents void, the legal consequences of such declarations were not fully assessed. The dimensions of the parcel were updated through a topographic survey (levantamiento topográfico) submitted by [[Nombre3] ] because it borders the maritime-terrestrial zone; moreover, the challenges to [[Nombre1] ]’s and [[Nombre5] ]’s documents regarding possession and improvements (mejoras) were never addressed in the judgment. He considers that many matters submitted for debate were not decided and asks the Court to conduct a legal review of the decision. In addition, it denies the right of retention (derecho de retención) without explaining why. -Lastly, he alleges the defect of contradictory reasoning, based on the entire body of evidence considered together in a proper and ordinary manner.
He states that the evidence, when evaluated as a whole, clearly reveals bad faith in both complaints. The circumstances concerning the property have been clear for many years. [[Nombre3] ] holds the original possession and also has just title (justo título), which entitled him to take possession. There are contradictions between the opposing party’s facts and evidence because it never possessed the property, and [[Nombre5] ]’s complaint is reckless and brought in bad faith. He adds that [[Nombre1] ] submitted a document proven to have been backdated because the official paper entered circulation years later, and therefore he lacks just title. Furthermore, [[Nombre6] ] is the original possessor, and [[Nombre3] ]’s just title derives from him. He reiterates his previous grounds for appeal concerning the assignment of rights from [[Nombre1] ] to [[Nombre5] ] and the matters related to the criminal cases.
He repeats that [[Nombre3] ] has possession of the land and the work performed thereon, as well as rights unquestionably transferred to him by his foster grandfather. He requests that the judgment be vacated; that the merits be decided; that the complaints be dismissed; and that the counterclaims be granted.* * * IV. Given the length of the appellate brief, the recurring nature of the challenged issues, and in order to facilitate their resolution, the issues are grouped as follows: I. On procedural grounds: 1. Defects of incongruence (vicios de incongruencia); 2. Absence of a declaration that the evidence could not be produced (declaratoria de inevacuabilidad) due to failure to submit the original document ratifying the sale from [[Nombre6] ] to [[Nombre1] ]; 3. Failure to consider the testimonial and documentary evidence (preterición de las pruebas, testimonial y documental); and 4. Lack of reasoning (falta de fundamentación).
II. On the merits, there are claims concerning the evidentiary value, the weight assigned or omitted, and the application of the law. For that reason, there are specifically a large number of claims concerning standing to sue and be sued (legitimación activa y pasiva), grouped into three major issues: 1. Transfer from [[Nombre6] ] to [[Nombre1] ]; 2. Transfer from [[Nombre1] ] to [[Nombre5] ]; and 3. Transfer from [[Nombre6] ] to [[Nombre3] ]. Other issues: 4. Identity of the property; 5. Right of retention (derecho de retención); and 6. Costs. Each of these major issues includes subissues that will be resolved in the corresponding recital (considerando). Another important matter requiring clarification is the applicable body of procedural law. According to the filing stamp on folio 1 of volume I of the physical case file, the matter commenced on September 1, 2009. Pursuant to transitory provision I.3 of Ley 9343 and transitory provision II of Ley 9342, the repealed Labor Code must first be applied on a supplementary basis; and, in the absence of procedural rules, the 1989 Code of Civil Procedure must be applied, in accordance with section 6 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria.
Regarding the parties. This matter is a consolidated proceeding (proceso acumulado). The first proceeding, whose case number EXPN6 predominates, was brought by the current Estate of [[Nombre1] ] against the Estate of [[Nombre4] ] and [[Nombre3] ]. Defendant [[Nombre3] ] filed a counterclaim against the current Estate of [[Nombre1] ]. The second proceeding, under case number EXPN7, is an action brought by [[Nombre5] ] against the Estate of [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre3] ]. The latter filed a counterclaim against [[Nombre5] ]. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * V.* On procedural grounds. The first procedural claim concerns the defect of incongruence. Throughout the appellate brief, the appellant reiterates the request to annul the judgment. In the appellant’s view, there is a forged document, yet the court ultimately rules in favor of plaintiff [[Nombre1] ]. Regarding that same issue, the document is annulled on the one hand, but that effect is minimized when the judgment is rendered.
Taken as a whole, the appellant claims that matters not submitted for adjudication were decided, specifically where the judgment states that [[Nombre1] ] breached a contract with [Nombre29] . According to the parameters established by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, the defect of incongruence is understood as follows: “III.- Regarding the issue of incongruence, the Chamber has emphasized the following: ‘...the relief sought, together with the facts relating to the cause of action, establishes the boundaries within which the judgment must be rendered... Every complaint must contain a statement of facts. This is not merely an account or simple narrative. The facts, like the substantive claims, must be stated precisely and clearly so that they may support the declaration of a right or legal status in the judgment. The facts in a complaint constitute the factual basis of the asserted claim... the parties possess absolute authority to determine the relief sought in the proceedings and its factual basis, which establishes the sphere within which the judge must operate when ruling on whether the claims submitted for consideration should be granted or denied.
The judge must rule solely on the basis of the alleged and proven facts that are relevant to the decision’ (judgment No. 589 at 14:20 on October 1, 1999). From this standpoint, it is clear that the connection between the facts alleged in the complaint and the relief or substantive claim sought establishes the boundaries of the dispute, identifies the matters concerning which the defendant will exercise the right of defense, restricts the judge’s examination, and defines the final decision. This is the purpose of the principle of congruence (principio de congruencia), embodied in articles 99, 153, and 155 of the Code of Civil Procedure, noncompliance with which entails annulment of the ruling pursuant to article 594, subsection 3, of that same body of law’ (decision Nº00787 at 09:45 on November 26, 2003).” In this matter, the relief sought in the complaints and counterclaims was compared (the complaint and counterclaim in case file EXPN6, on folios 12 and 234 of physical volume I, respectively), as was that in case file EXPN7 (the complaint and counterclaim on pages 905 and 1066, respectively, of physical volume III), with the rulings made in the judgment in entries 72 through 122 of the electronic case file; this shows that each claim submitted for adjudication was addressed.
Some were granted and others denied, but a reading of the various recitals shows that the assertions made by the appellants concern the value assigned to specific evidence or the effects that, in their view, should have resulted from weighing a particular document. However, as explained by the High Chamber of Cassation, in conjunction with section 54 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, the defect arises when the matters submitted for adjudication are not decided. In this matter, those issues will be analyzed when the merits are examined because they concern the weight of the evidence in the case at bar (subjúdice).* *
VI.The second procedural claim concerns the absence of a declaration that the evidence could not be produced due to failure to submit the original document ratifying the sale from [[Nombre6] ] to [[Nombre1] ]. The following occurred: when answering the complaint, [[Nombre3] ] and [[Nombre4] ] responded, among other matters, to the fourth allegation in [[Nombre1] ]’s complaint as follows: “...And as if that were not enough, in the usurpation proceeding, public deed number 3, executed at 10:00 on July 26, 1988, was submitted, whereby the plaintiff requests Notary Licenciado Don Anselmo Pérez Castro to incorporate a private document into the notarial record...” (page 227 of physical volume I). In the evidentiary section of that answer, the following specific request was made: “Request for private document: Since this party is challenging the contents of the instrument incorporated into the notarial record, which appears in deed number 3 at 10:00 on July 26, 1988, and on the front of folio 2 of volume 30 of the notarial record of Notary Public Licenciado Don Anselmo Pérez Castro, I request that the plaintiff be compelled to produce the private document incorporated into the notarial record, as required by article 107 of the Notarial Code, which provides as follows: ...” The document was added on pages 949 through 951 of physical volume IV of the case file, as a certified copy of the original instrument from that notary public’s notarial record.
It was offered by the complaining party in the reply to the second counterclaim. The request was reiterated in the second counterclaim in the same terms set forth above (folio 1071, at the same location previously indicated). The oral hearing was scheduled by an order issued at 10:39 on November 17, 2015, added on page 1254 of physical volume V of the case file. That order directed that party-examination evidence (prueba confesional), testimonial evidence, and a judicial inspection (reconocimiento judicial) be taken. The appellant filed a motion for reconsideration and clarification (recurso de revocatoria y aclaración) against that decision concerning the admitted evidence, but did not refer to this request and addressed only matters relating to the testimonial evidence and the examination, party testimony (declaración de parte), and authentication of documents by [[Nombre5] ] (brief on folio 1260 of physical volume V).
That motion was decided by an order issued at 16:04 on January 05, 2016, on page 1269 at the same location previously indicated, without any mention of the matter under discussion. As can be seen, the appellant did not pursue the evidence whose absence is now challenged; it is therefore deemed waived because the appellant was required to alert the court to the omission of an order requiring its production at the oral hearing, since that was the procedurally appropriate time for it to be taken under section 46 of the agrarian procedural law. The other challenges raised by that party concerning that document will be resolved when the merits are analyzed. *
VII.The claim seeking annulment of the judgment for failure to consider testimonial and documentary evidence will be denied as unfounded. The appellant challenges the failure to assess or omission of evidence, or claims that the reasoning is contradictory or incomplete. A reading of the judgment, compared with the grounds for disagreement, shows that the challenge concerns the value assigned to some of the evidence or the fact that other evidence was assigned no weight in the decision. According to the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, the scope of failure to consider evidence is as follows: “XI. - This Chamber has stated that failure to consider evidence occurs: ‘[…] when judges fail to consider, in whole or in part, the evidence submitted in the proceedings. This entails disregarding the value conferred on it by law and, as such, constitutes an error of law. It follows that disregarding an evidentiary item that was properly submitted and bears upon the dispute will constitute such an error.
This is because it may produce an inaccurate representation of the factual circumstances of what occurred and was disputed in the proceedings, with the resulting indirect violation of the substantive law applied to the specific case’ (Decision number 771-F-S1-2011 at 13:30 on June 30, 2011, of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice).” In the case at bar (súblite), the claim is based on the appellant’s view that the evidence was not assessed as a whole because only part of the testimonial evidence was considered, while certain witness statements or documents that the appellant believes have a decisive bearing on the judgment were omitted, such as an official communication issued by the Banco Central de Costa Rica or records from two criminal proceedings. However, according to the party’s own assertions, the grievance concerns the weight assigned to those evidentiary items. When the appellant’s assertions are compared with the appealed judgment, they do not provide grounds for annulment because no incongruence or lack of reasoning occurred, given that the judgment decided every matter submitted for adjudication in accordance with article 54 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria. As stated, this case may involve an improper assessment of the evidence, which does not violate due process; the requested annulment must therefore be denied.*
VIII.The final procedural ground concerns lack of reasoning. However, a reading of the judgment reveals a statement of the facts, an analysis of various items of evidence, and an examination of the law; the judgment is therefore deemed to contain reasoning that is restrained but sufficient to allow the parties to understand the value assigned to the various items of evidence, as it explains the reasons that led the court to the decision set forth in the operative portion (parte dispositiva). The judgment extensively sets out its assessment of the value of each item of evidence and the law that must be applied, but this is not a matter that may be analyzed as a procedural error, and the claim must therefore be denied. *
IX.* On the merits (por el fondo). Before analyzing the grounds of appeal on the merits, and in accordance with the complaints and counterclaims, the action filed is an action for the better right of possession (mejor derecho de posesión). The issue is whether that right belongs, on the one hand, to [[Nombre5] ] (who claims to have acquired it from his father, the counterclaimed co-plaintiff [[Nombre16] ], also identified in this judgment by his surnames, [[Nombre1] ]), or whether it belongs to the counterclaiming defendant [[Nombre3] ] (who asserts that he acquired it from [[Nombre6] ]). Regarding the scope and procedural prerequisites (requisitos de procedibilidad), Judgment No. 34 of January 24, 2003, at 10:15 a.m., issued by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, defined this legal doctrine as follows: “IV.- If the relief sought is the recovery of a right of possession, the appropriate course is to bring an actio Publiciana (acción publiciana), which is developed and grounded in Articles 277, 317, 318, 319, and 322 of the Civil Code and is specifically designed to protect a lawful possessor (poseedor legítimo) against an unlawful possessor (poseedor ilegítimo), with a view either to restoring possession of that which the former has been improperly deprived or to declaring the former’s preferential right over another possessor.
In such an event, as this Chamber has repeatedly held, a series of requirements must be met for the action to succeed: a) Active standing (legitimación activa), by being the possessor of a right over the property sought to be recovered. b) Passive standing (legitimación pasiva), by demonstrating that the defendant is an unlawful possessor of the property or holds a lower-ranking right than the plaintiff. c) Identity of the thing (identidad de la cosa). It must be demonstrated that the property over which the plaintiff holds a right of possession is the same property possessed by the defendant. This type of proceeding concerns real property not recorded in the Public Registry because, as to registered property, its owner may proceed against anyone possessing it as owner by bringing a recovery-of-title action (acción reivindicatoria), which remains legally available unless another person has acquired ownership through adverse possession (usucapión), as provided in Article 320 of the Civil Code.
(See, among others, the judgments of this Chamber No. 75 at 2:50 p.m. on July 7, 1995, No. 63 at 3:30 p.m. on July 23, 1997, and No. 221 at 11:15 a.m. on March 1, 2002). Accordingly, the purpose of the actio Publiciana is to obtain a ruling establishing the plaintiff’s better right of possession and, consequently, restoring possession to the plaintiff as against the defendant, who either has no such right at all or, if the defendant does have one, holds a right of lower rank than the plaintiff’s. In the case under review, as the lower-court judges correctly ruled, the actio Publiciana is inadmissible because the plaintiff seeks, on the one hand, recognition of his right of possession not as against another possessor but as against the registered owner and, on the other hand, seeks to derive therefrom the nullity of a registered title (título registral) recording the ownership right of his transferor, alleging that it was granted over property belonging to another, when in fact what his father transferred to him was possession, not ownership, which his father did not hold at that time.” In this case, because there are complaints and counterclaims, both [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre5] ], on the one hand, assert that they have active standing. [[Nombre1] ] alleges that he acquired it from [[Nombre6] ] and subsequently transferred it to [[Nombre5] ].
The counterclaiming defendant [[Nombre3] ] alleges that he is the possessor with the better right because he acquired it from [[Nombre6] ] through a private instrument (documento privado) that was subsequently “ratified” with witnesses. As stated supra, the appeal includes claims concerning the probative value (valor de las probanzas), the weight assigned to or omission of evidence, and the application of the law. For that reason, it is apparent that there are specifically a large number of claims concerning active and passive standing, grouped into three broad subjects, which are analyzed below. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * X. The first group of claims against the judgment concerns the transfer from [[Nombre6] ] to [[Nombre1] ]. X.1. The first issue within this set of grounds of appeal concerns the value of the bill of sale (carta venta), which was prepared with a date preceding the issuance of the official stamped paper (papel de oficio).
It is deemed established that [[Nombre1] ] submitted a private instrument recorded on official stamped paper No. 452396Z, which appears at folio 3 of Volume One. That copy states that [[Nombre6] ] sold [[Nombre1] ] a parcel of land that he asserts is the property at issue in this litigation, and it is dated February 10, 1972. However, a certification issued by the Banco Central de Costa Rica was entered into the record at page 192 of Volume I, stating: “Furthermore, official stamped paper 452.396, series ‘Z,’ with a value of one colón (¢1.00), was offered for sale on October 1, nineteen seventy-nine, having been legalized through record number two hundred eighty-five (285), although the exact date on which it was offered for sale cannot be determined.… This certification is issued… on the thirtieth day of October of the year two thousand nine.” From the foregoing, it is evident that the date stated in the sale predates the date on which the official stamped paper bearing it entered circulation.
Moreover, the record contains no other information explaining what occurred or allowing the date stated therein to be treated as the date on which the legal transaction (negocio jurídico) took place. As to the appellant’s claim that this circumstance is sufficient to modify the established fact (hecho probado) that a sale occurred between those parties, it must be stated that the evidence is assessed as a whole; accordingly, the other evidence must be analyzed to determine whether that transfer actually occurred between the parties. Although, as noted, the counterclaimed co-plaintiff [[Nombre1] ] offered no rebuttal evidence (contraprueba) explaining what occurred, these documents cannot be weighed in isolation from the remaining evidence, pursuant to Section 54 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria. There is a second document submitted by [[Nombre1] ], and the weight it should carry in deciding the matter is also challenged.
It is the copy of the certified transcript (testimonio) of the deed executed before Notary Anselmo Pérez Castro in the city of Puntarenas at 10:00 a.m. on July 26, 1988. It states that the document is “entered into the notarial record” (protocoliza) and then transcribes it in full. Broadly speaking, it ratifies a sale of the land at issue by [[Nombre6] ] to [[Nombre1] ]. It mentions that the information was taken from the cadastral survey plan (plano del catastro) dated May 19, 1976; it states that the price of three thousand colones was paid at the time of the sale and that the transaction occurred in 1972. It states that [[Nombre6] ] has always lived there by permission (tolerancia). This document further adds: “…At my request, it is signed by Mr. [[Nombre17] ], of legal age, married, retired, and a resident of Puntarenas, who accompanies Mr. [[Nombre1] ], who is present….” The wording of the document shows that it was not signed by [[Nombre6] ], but by another person.
It was explained in the recital (considerando) addressing matters of form that no declaration that the evidence could not be taken (declaratoria de inevacuabilidad) was issued due to the failure to produce the original document ratifying the sale, because that evidence was not timely requested by the party. Nevertheless, to assign evidentiary value to that document specifically regarding the date on which the transaction could have taken place as against third parties, this Chamber finds that the act performed by the identified notary cannot be regarded as establishing a date certain (fecha cierta). It should be noted that the term “incorporation into the notarial record” (protocolización) is used, but the document does not comply with the formalities of Section 380 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which applies supplementally, because it lacks a certification establishing a date certain (razón de fecha cierta) and, specifically, omits the formalities required for such a documentary act (acto cartular); consequently, it is not a document suitable for proving the date.
It must be emphasized that the incorporation of documents into the notarial record (protocolización de piezas) is a different notarial function under Section 105 of the Notarial Code. * X.2. The other issue addressed in this group of grievances concerns the weight given to the document between [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre3] ], a copy of which appears at folio 93 of physical volume I. Because this document will also be analyzed in subsequent recitals (considerandos), it is partially reproduced here: “I, the undersigned, [[Nombre1] ] . , single, farmer, resident of Carazo de Copal de Nicoya, holder of identity card CED9 (sic), hereby donate my unregistered property of approximately thirteen hectares, which I have possessed for more than thirty-five years, where I have a hut in which I live and which I use for agriculture; I DONATE it to my grandson [[Nombre3] ], a minor, born on November 13, 1973, who has lived with the undersigned since his birth; I donate it solely to [Nombre30], because it is my will, and because the undersigned is unable to sign because he is blind, they sign as proof and so that the sale to [[Nombre1] ] may be annulled, since he never paid me, that is, to this day he has not paid me a single cent, although he (sic) goes around saying that the land belongs to him and intends to have those documents deemed valid, all because he has influence in the court of justice (sic); as eyewitnesses to my intention to donate and that (deque) (sic) this property is for [Nombre30], Messrs. [Nombre24], holder of identity card CED10, and [Nombre31] , holder of identity card CED11, both residents of Copal de Nicoya, shall sign; I entrust a copy of the document to them, and I entrust my grandson to them until he reaches 18 years of age, and I repeat that I give them a copy of this document.
However, I must state that this document renders any prior sale, assignment (cesión), or donation null and void, all because I entered into a transaction involving part of my farm with [[Nombre1] ] years ago and, to date, he has not paid me a single cent; he only gave me a pack of cigarettes from the agreed transaction. For that reason, and because of my health limitations, I hereby authorize my grandson to take whatever action the law may protect in the future and thereby defend what I have possessed for more than thirty-five years as though it were his own (sic), consisting of a thatched hut, fruit trees, plantings of plantains, tiquisques, yams, rice, corn, beans, and an area of pasture. I ask only that [Nombre30] respect the permission granted to the fishermen on my small parcel, which I donate hereby. It is bounded to the north by: [Nombre32] () . and [[Nombre12] ]; South: [Nombre33] .
East: [Dirección3]; West: [Nombre34] () and [Nombre35] . I further add and ask my son not to allow [[Nombre1] ] to take possession until he pays the price that the farm is worth as of that date; that is, (any (sic) ) any transaction must be conducted with [Nombre30] for the amount he charges; the foregoing is invalid and has no legal effect because he has not performed as agreed. That is all. In light of the foregoing, I ask [Nombre24] AND [Nombre31] to sign at my request because of my physical disability and because the donee is a minor, whom I leave in possession after my death. NOTE: ON LINE THREE, INSTEAD OF SON READ GRANDSON. We (sic) signed it on Wednesday (sic), November fifteen, nineteen eighty-eight.” The foregoing document must be assessed as a whole, placing its statements within the temporal and personal context of the person involved. For that reason, contrary to the appellant’s assertion, certain statements cannot be selected and given weight while the others are disregarded.
On the one hand—and this is what is analyzed in this recital—the document colloquially recounts a series of events, as the appellant states. It should be clarified that this evidence was incorporated into a notarial instrument executed before Notary Public Xinia Paniagua Durán at 16:00 hours on June 11, 2002 (pages 441 to 443 of physical volume II), in which four persons appeared and stated: “…That they hereby ratify the donation of the farm belonging to [[Nombre6] ] () [ ], who during his lifetime was a resident of Copal… we request that the undersigned officiating notary notarize and enter into the notarial record (protocolización) the private donation document bearing the official two-colón paper serial number three eight three six one six [Nombre36], an act that we ratified and signed on Wednesday, November fifteen, nineteen eighty-eight, when the donor asked us to sign at his request (sic) said donation that he made (sic) to his grandson [[Nombre3] ], holder of identity card…, concerning the farm owned by him, which was transferred free of encumbrances and without any legal restriction, and which, in pertinent part, states: ‘…’.
That is all…” (emphasis in the original text). Throughout the lengthy litigation between the parties, the contents of the private document have never been challenged or alleged to be false. In view of that circumstance, the statements made by the witnesses who will be analyzed, and the support provided by other documentary evidence, this Chamber finds it credible for purposes of proving several matters, consistently with the reasoning of the court below (a quo). First, the document reiterates that [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre1] ] entered into a legal transaction (negocio jurídico) involving the disputed property. The exact date cannot be determined, but, in conjunction with other evidence, it may be estimated that it occurred within a certain period. Second, [[Nombre6] ] lived on the property after the aforementioned transaction was completed; [[Nombre6] ] was dissatisfied with the payment; and, lastly, some type of document had been created to substantiate the legal transaction, although neither its nature nor its date was specified.
The document further makes clear that it describes difficulties in collecting the price, stating: “...so that the sale to [[Nombre1] ] may be annulled, since he never paid me, that is, to this day he has not paid me a single cent…” and further declaring: “…I further add and ask my son not to allow [[Nombre1] ] to take possession until he pays the price that the farm is worth as of that date; that is, (any (sic) ) any transaction must be conducted with [Nombre30] for the amount he charges; the foregoing is invalid and has no legal effect because he has not performed as agreed…”. The foregoing shows that these are not random assertions; rather, a central subject of the document is that transaction, which [[Nombre6] ] regarded as incomplete. These circumstances establish the purchase and sale (compraventa) under the terms of Article 1049 of the Código Civil, insofar as it is perfected between the parties once they agree upon the property and the price.
As may be gathered from the foregoing document, which neither party alleges to be false, those elements emerge from the statements made by [[Nombre6] ]; there is therefore certainty in these proceedings that the sale took place. It is also relevant to emphasize that these statements establish that he occupied a house on that property, as confirmed by the testimony that will be analyzed. As stated, it is not possible to establish the exact date of the transaction because the document dated February 10, 1972 is not credible, having been backdated to a date before the issuance of the official paper on which it appears. The ratification does not have a date certain because it refers to an entry in the notarial record that is not suitable for proving that fact. The evidence further shows that the survey plan appearing at folio 2, although prepared by the Instituto de Tierras y Colonización, now INDER, does not constitute proof of possession (posesión) pursuant to section 301 of the Código Civil.
The same applies to the copies of applications to cut trees filed with the competent Ministry at folio 4 of physical volume I, and to a complaint concerning the entry of persons appearing on page 5 of physical volume I of the case file, because they reflect circumstances that unquestionably place the property within the disputed area but do not prove the legal transaction between the parties that is analyzed here. The record contains documents from possessory-title proceedings (información posesoria) processed before the Juzgado Civil de Nicoya under case number 191-1987, which appear at folios 453 to 494 of physical volume II and constitute a public document pursuant to Article 369 of the Código del Proceso Civil applicable to this matter. Those proceedings were initiated by [[Nombre1] ]; point three of the initial petition stated: “3°) I purchased this farm in portions in 1969 from the following persons: [[Nombre6] ], of legal age, single, farmer, and resident of Carazo; [Nombre34], known as [Nombre37] , of legal age, single, farmer, and from the same neigh (sic) borhood (sic); [Nombre27] , of legal age, married, farmer, and resident of Copal; [Nombre35] , of legal age, married, farmer, and resident of Copal; [Nombre28] , of legal age, single, farmer, and resident of Copal de Nicoya; the transactions took place on July 12, except for the first two (sic), which took place on June 17, in 1969.” This judicial case file contains, before the competent Authority, the transcripts of testimony by three persons who appeared to testify.
The first was Inocente [Nombre38] ; [Nombre39] and [Nombre31] (folios 469, 470, and 471, respectively, of physical volume II of the case file). This documentary evidence establishes that, by that date, the legal transaction between [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre1] ] had already taken place, as all three witnesses attest to [[Nombre1] ]’s presence at that location. Accordingly, it is deemed proven that, without specifying a date, the sale of the disputed farm between [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre1] ] took place between 1980 and 1987. Page 1367 contains the record of the oral trial at which testimonial and examination-of-party evidence (prueba confesional) was taken. It must be noted that the examinations of [[Nombre3] ] and [[Nombre5] ], pursuant to section 338 of the Código Procesal Civil de 1989 applicable to this matter, contain no personal facts contrary to their interests and therefore do not constitute useful evidence.
A compact disc added to the record contains two files holding all the testimony and examinations, the latter being those identified above. Numerous persons testified and placed one party or the other on the property, but the decisive point is that none was present at any point during the transaction or could provide precise information concerning the legal transaction between [[Nombre6] ] and [[Nombre1] ] . The remaining documentary evidence concerns events that occurred after the death of [[Nombre6] ] (which occurred on June 04, 1990, according to the certification at folio 280 of volume I). There are numerous documents from judicial case files, but they cannot provide information concerning the purchase and sale; what is noteworthy is that [[Nombre3] ] used the document from [Nombre29] analyzed above to defend his possession of the property. Those judicial proceedings are as follows: summary proceedings for protection and possession (interdicto de amparo y posesión) brought by [[Nombre3] ] against [[Nombre5] ] and [[Nombre1] ], folio 13, number EXPN8; criminal complaint for unlawful occupation (usurpación), case number EXPN4, in which [[Nombre3] ] appeared as the accused and [[Nombre1] ] as the injured party, pages 24 to 184 of volume I of the case file.
Proceedings for insults and defamation (injurias y difamación), processed under number EXPN9; the accused is [[Nombre3] ] and the complainant and injured party is [[Nombre1] ], in physical [Dirección4]. Summary proceeding number EXPN10, in which a complaint for theft and other offenses against [[Nombre3] ] was processed and to which a report concerning harm to [Nombre40] was added; copies appear at folios 1095 to 1099 of physical volume IV. Another factor connecting them is that all the disputes began in 2001, whereas the legal transaction occurred in the 1980s, as reasoned above. X.3. It is alleged that the document dated February 10, 1972, which was backdated to a date before the issuance of the official paper, demonstrates bad faith (mala fe) on the part of [[Nombre1] ], because the right claimed derives from that document. However, as explained, that document cannot establish when the purchase and sale occurred and does not, in itself, constitute evidence of possession.
Indeed, given the reasoning set forth supra, it will be through other evidence that it may be established who has been in possession of the property and when. It bears repeating that, although no date can be specified, it has been established that a sale of the disputed estate took place between [Nombre29] and [[Nombre1] ], and the evidence, weighed as a whole, establishes that this occurred in the 1980s, fundamentally on the basis of [Nombre29]’s own statements. But the fact that this document circulated does not support a finding of bad faith in [[Nombre1] ]’s possession, because the transaction did in fact take place.* X.4. In connection with the above-mentioned document, it is alleged that, in the judgment, the court a quo stated that there might have been a breach, and included that circumstance in the first unproven fact. It stated: “Neither the defendant-counterclaimant, [[Nombre3] ]* .
(sic), nor the codefendant estate proved the existence of a failure to pay money related to the sale entered into between [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre6] ], now both deceased and represented by their respective estates.” The Chamber considers this point irrelevant to the resolution of the matter and therefore disregarded it. At issue here is a superior right to possession (mejor derecho de posesión), with two opposing positions: on the one hand, [[Nombre3] ] and the Estate of [[Nombre6] ] claim to hold that right; and, on the other, [[Nombre1] ] and [[Nombre5] ] assert it. The point of agreement is that the possession exercised by [[Nombre6] ] is the first recorded with respect to the property. However, the already-analyzed document issued by [[Nombre6] ] in 1988, in which, among other things, he states that he donated the land to [[Nombre3] ], carries weight in proving the transaction with [[Nombre1] ], as well as the account of the vicissitudes of the negotiations with [[Nombre1] ]. * X.5.
In this group of grounds for appeal under review, it is alleged that [[Nombre1] ] did not possess the land. The appellant argues that possession serves as title, invoking the provisions of Articles 92 and 101 of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización. However, those provisions govern a legal institution entirely different from the one examined here. At issue here is an action asserting a superior right to possession (acción de mejor derecho de posesión), which, according to the complaints and counterclaims, concerns a property originally possessed by [Nombre41] . The purpose of this action for the protection of property is to recover the exercise of the right of possession and its attributes over an asset of which the claimant has been dispossessed. It concerns the restoration of physical possession (restitución de la posesión material) (right-possession) of an asset to which no ownership right is held; that is, it does not involve issues arising from an unregistered asset as opposed to one having registration or formal recognition of ownership.
This action is governed by the Código Civil, specifically Sections 322 and 317, as well as Sections 319, 319, and 324, in relation to Sections 277 and 286, all of that same body of law. The provisions of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización invoked in the appeal concern special agrarian acquisitive prescription (usucapión especial agraria), which is not the issue under dispute in this matter; consequently, the appellant’s argument cannot be accepted. It should be noted that this is a legal institution with entirely different admissibility requirements (requisitos de procedibilidad), because although neither legal basis (título)—that is, just cause (causa justa)—nor good faith (buena fe) is required, the position maintained by [[Nombre3] ] throughout the litigation is that his legal basis lies in the donation document issued by [[Nombre6] ] and analyzed above; moreover, in the various judicial disputes between the parties, that document has been one of the elements used in exercising the right of defense. * * * XI.
A second group of grounds for appeal concerns the transfer from [[Nombre1] ] to [[Nombre5] ]. XI.1. It is deemed proven that, on 19 de junio de 2004, by means of a public deed (escritura pública) executed before Notary Public Eusebio Agüero Araya, the rights to the property at issue, depicted in cadastral plan number 255-G-243, were donated. The contracting parties stated that they were transferring public, peaceful, uninterrupted possession, held in good faith as owner for more than 10 years, over that property (image 444 of physical volume II). Two points are reiterated in the grounds for appeal. The first is that the transfer arose from an unlawful act and that there was no delivery (tradición). Regarding the first point, it was already analyzed supra: although the document dated 1972 was backdated to a time preceding the issuance of the official stamped paper, the second document, entitled “ratification of sale,” does not bear a legally certain date (fecha cierta).
Although there is this third document issued by [[Nombre6] ] in 1988, it is clear that the sale occurred, although its date cannot be determined. It is therefore considered that [[Nombre1] ] had standing to donate the rights to his son, [[Nombre5] ], because the transfer requirements under Section 1393, in relation to Section 1101, both of the Código Civil, were satisfied. What must subsequently be analyzed is whether the rights stated in that public deed actually existed, namely, possession of the property. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that, from a formal standpoint, those rights were transferred in accordance with the law. Whether or not delivery occurred is not an element determining the validity of the transfer, because, as it was a donation of rights, execution by public deed was sufficient. * XI.2. Within this group of grievances, it is disputed that [[Nombre1] ] possessed the property, because it is considered that such possession (posesión) was proven only through documentary evidence.
First, through a lease agreement between [[Nombre1] ] and his brother [[Nombre16] ]; and later, through another lease agreement between [[Nombre1] ] and his son [[Nombre5] ], neither of which is suitable for proving possession. Also in connection with that issue, it states that, based on the calculations derived from the cited lease agreements, there is a period for which [[Nombre1] ] provides no proof, namely from 1972 to 1991. On this point, it is reiterated that it has been deemed proven that [[Nombre1] ] entered into the transaction in the 80s. This Chamber assigns the weight of a public instrument to the documentary evidence appearing on folios 469 to 471 of volume II of the physical case file, because it was executed before a Judicial Authority pursuant to provision 369 of the 1989 Código Procesal Civil, which is applicable to this matter. Those documents are parts of the possessory-title proceeding (información posesoria), specifically the records of testimony given on that occasion by [Nombre38], [Nombre39], and [Nombre31].
Those persons attest to possession through January 1988. They stated unequivocally that, on the property that was the subject of the titling proceeding, the acts of possession were performed by [[Nombre1] ], relating their testimony to the registered survey plan that said counterclaim defendant alleges encompasses his property. With respect to the testimony given in the proceedings, the following must be clarified: with the consent of [[Nombre1] ], the transferor, [Nombre29], moved a dwelling that he had elsewhere on the property to an area near the public road, where he, his daughter, and [[Nombre3] ] continued to live. For that reason, the assessment of the testimonial evidence may become complex, because there is no separation from the area where [[Nombre6] ]’s family unit remained. Several persons testified in this matter. It must be stated that their testimony will be assessed under the rules of provision 54 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, together with the other evidence.
It is also understood that some of the persons who testified are related to some of the parties, but in each case the weight assigned to their testimony will be explained, as will whether any testimony should be discounted and the reasons for doing so. [[Nombre19] ], who is [[Nombre1] ]’s nephew, testified beginning at minute 06:10 of the audio recording. He could not specify the year in which the agreement between his father and his uncle was entered into. He stated that they leased the property for approximately 20 years, until it was turned over to [Nombre22]. Regarding the activities carried out there, he said that they kept livestock and that there was a well, a trough, and fences. At minute 07:22, he placed [[Nombre3] ] on the property and stated that he lived in the house on the property together with his mother. He placed the house at the edge of the road. He stated that they merely lived there, while his own family kept the livestock and maintained the fences and cleared strips.
He said that he understood they were there with his uncle’s consent and that they planted a few “little things,” but he did not specify the reasons for or terms of that arrangement. This witness stated that he personally worked on the land. He provided no information regarding the lease agreement between his father and uncle and reiterated that they left the property when it was turned over to [Nombre22]. At minute 11:57, he returned to the location of the house occupied by [[Nombre3] ]; he stated that it was a “small little lot” and that they had to put up a partial fence because the livestock would enter the house plot. He recounted that, during his childhood, he remembered the house being farther inside the property, but that it was later moved to the edge of the road. The witness [Nombre26], known as [Nombre42], beginning at minute 19:24, stated that he was the son of [[Nombre21] ], [[Nombre1] ]’s brother.
He also recounted the existence of the lease and the care of the property. He stated that they had that property for approximately 20 or 25 years because his uncle gave it to his father, acknowledging that this was done through a lease agreement. He stated that they planted winter crops and grazed livestock there during the summer, with the difficulty that there was no water. He recounted that he and his brothers dug a well by hand using traditional methods. Regarding the nature of the parcel, he stated that part of it was pasture, part was forest or woodland, and another part was used for agriculture. He recounted that the entire family worked together at that time (minute 24:32). He explained that [[Nombre6] ] was still alive and a little house was built because he had always lived in a shack located well inside the property, and “we, with my father, don [[Nombre1] ] told him to set aside a small lot because we had the livestock there, and it would pass by where the little house was in which don [Nombre30]’s mother lived at that time, so we built a fence there.” He also mentioned that the fence was intended to avoid disturbing the gentleman, who had quadrado banana plants, cassava, and other crops.
He did not know the terms under which that lot was held. He said that they left the property because don [[Nombre1] ] sent his father a letter instructing him to turn it over to [Nombre22]. At minute 27:56, he recounted that, during the time they had the property, they never had problems with anyone, except with the young men who passed through to retrieve gill nets; friction sometimes arose because they left the gates open and the livestock got out. He also stated that [[Nombre3] ], his mother, and [[Nombre6] ] planted crops on the small piece of land they had (minute 28:33). Except for that small piece, which doña [Nombre43] cared for after don [[Nombre6] ]’s death, they cared for the remainder, clarifying that by “they” he meant his brothers and father. He stated that [[Nombre3] ] lived in the house with his mother and that he had known him since childhood (minutes 29:50). The witness [Nombre26] (beginning at minute 34:08) said that he was the son of [[Nombre21] ] and that they had leased that property.
He agreed with the first witness that, during the summer, they put livestock on that property and that he would go help after school (minute 38:17). He did not know how long the property was held under that arrangement, but stated that they left it because it was given to [Nombre22]. At minute 38:54, he said that he saw [Nombre30], his mother, and his grandfather on the property; they were children and would play. His grandfather lived on the property on a small lot. He explained that the house had been farther inside the property but was later moved closer, although this occurred before his father had the property. At minute 40:13, he stated that he did not know what they were doing on the property if they said it belonged to his uncle. [Nombre44] was approximately 12 or 13 years old when that occurred. He reiterated that it happened when he was a child and his father kept livestock on that property, and that don [Nombre29] lived on the small lot within the property, but that he did not know the details of the transactions.
The other audio file contains the recording of [Nombre45]’s testimony (beginning at minute 23:25). He knows all the parties except the representative of [Nombre29]’s estate. He said that he had known [[Nombre3] ] on that property all his life (minute 25:52). He had known him as a child for 40 years. He explained that he himself had planted crops only with [[Nombre3] ]’s consent, and that his father had previously done so with don [[Nombre6] ]’s consent. He identified [[Nombre3] ], his mother, and his grandfather as the occupants. He recounted that he lives approximately [Dirección5] from that property. He explained that [[Nombre3] ] plants twice a year, during what they call the second and first planting seasons. He maintains the fences. He said that he had never seen [[Nombre21] ]. He knows [[Nombre1] ] but never saw him on the property (minute 30:34). Next, [Nombre46] testified beginning at minute 31:08.
She stated that she knew the property because it belonged to her uncle, [[Nombre1] ]. She recounted that [[Nombre3] ] lived on that property with his grandfather, whom she identified as [[Nombre1] ]; she said that “he had a little house over in that area.” She recounted that her uncle purchased the property and that his children cared for it; afterward, they moved to Puntarenas and her father began leasing it. At minute 35:04, she stated that it was her father who owned the livestock, kept it there during certain periods and at other times on their own property, and came to give the livestock water. She recounted the water problems on that property and how they constructed a well and a trough. She stated that, while her father had the property, don [[Nombre3] ] was a child from the community, and her father had no problems at that time. She commented that they lived on one portion, while the remainder was the part that her uncle leased to her father, and it was fenced (minute 37:01).
She mentioned that there was an area of forest that has now been deforested. At minute 38:25, she stated that she could not specify the date on which her father entered the property because she was young at the time. She stated that it was in 2001 when her uncle notified her father that, for health reasons, he could no longer continue with the property, and that her father was also ill and could no longer continue managing it. She did not specify the date on which the property was purchased because she believed she had been very young. Inocente [Nombre38] testified, with his recording beginning at minute 41:30. At the time of his testimony, he was 78 years old and had been born in that area. He recounted that he had known the property since he was 7 years old because his father owned adjoining land. He said that the property belonged to [[Nombre1] ]. He lived on that property, “a little farther down,” with a daughter who remained there to care for him.
He recounted that [[Nombre3] ] had lived there as a child but had to leave the property for a time; he later returned and remained there again. He stated that [[Nombre1] ] was his friend, gave him that land so that he could plant crops, and told him that he had purchased it from don [[Nombre6] ]. He worked with [Nombre26] throughout his life; he planted the corn, and they divided it between themselves. At minute 45:30, he stated that [[Nombre3] ] had always planted crops, but he did not know whether he did so alone because there was a period of several years when the witness traveled through those areas. The house on the land has been renovated, and [[Nombre6] ] sought him out to build the house because he intended to stay there. He stated that the house was renovated by [[Nombre3] ], whom he called “the young man.” He mentioned that [[Nombre21] ] leased the property because he also worked there; he later turned it over to [[Nombre1] ]’s son, [Nombre22].
He did not know whether there had been a dispute between [[Nombre1] ] and don [[Nombre6] ]. At minute 48:09, he stated that don [[Nombre6] ] “became impaired; he was blind.” Regarding [[Nombre3] ]’s return (minute 49:13), he did not know when it occurred, but he did know that he had returned years ago and remained there. He left when he was young and unmarried. He concluded by stating that don [[Nombre16] ] held that lease for several years. [Nombre47] testified (minute 50:34) and stated that [[Nombre3] ] lived with his stepdaughter. He said that [[Nombre3] ] had lived on the property throughout his life; he left to work elsewhere out of necessity, but had lived there with his grandfather and mother. He explained that they moved from where they had been living, built a small shack “here,” and that he had lived there ever since. They maintained the property, planted corn for sale, and sometimes fished.
The witness recounted that he moved to Puerto Cortés for a time and later came to see them after they were already settled there. He asserted that he did not know [[Nombre5] ], his siblings, or his father, and knew only that he lived in Puntarenas. He was a friend of [[Nombre16] ] [Nombre26], but did not plant crops on the property. He recalled that, on one occasion, they tried to take possession of the property for the purpose of caring for livestock. He stated that people would pass through, but that [[Nombre16] ] later arrived and erected the fence. He did not know whether don [[Nombre6] ] sold the property to [[Nombre1] ] (minute 56:27). He explained that he did not know how long don [[Nombre6] ] lived there with his daughter, estimating approximately 22 or 25 years, and stated that they built the house. At minute 58:44, he stated that they repaired the house because it was falling down.
He did not know whether Inocente was the person who repaired the house, although Inocente was going to help him. Finally, [Nombre24] testified (at minute 1:00:11). She said that she was [[Nombre3] ]’s cousin. Regarding the house, she stated that it had been “a little farther down” and that they later moved “over here.” She recounted that he lived with his mother, [Nombre43], who is still alive. She stated that [[Nombre3] ] tends the property, installs posts, and repairs the fences. She mentioned that he has lived on the property for approximately 40 years. She did not know whether [[Nombre6] ] sold the property to [[Nombre1] ] (minutes 1:04:59). She knew that [[Nombre21] ] had some cows there, but “he did not stay long; he took them away very quickly” (minute 1:05:41).
As indicated above, the extensive testimony is consistent in stating that [[Nombre3] ] lived on the estate together with [[Nombre6] ] and his mother. However, it is also evident that the witnesses—particularly the children of [[Nombre21] ], all surnamed [Nombre26], who directly assisted with the cattle-raising work on the estate—gave credible testimony, had no interest in the matter, and had personal knowledge of the acts of possession (actos posesorios). They do not recount precise details concerning the transaction between [[Nombre21] ] and [[Nombre1] ], and this Chamber considers it reasonable that, as boys and a girl, they would not have known those details. Nevertheless, their testimony is supplemented by the initial agreement included at page 6 of physical volume I, which records the commencement of the lease relationship in 1991. Note that the witnesses state that they were young at the time and were between 45 and 50 years old when they testified, so it is reasonable that the dates are approximate.
Another important detail is that they recount having lived in the area during their childhood, and they are also in agreement with all the witnesses regarding the presence of [[Nombre3] ] on the estate. Some even claimed to have played with him during childhood. As for the testimony of [Nombre38], who was 78 years old at the time of his testimony, he placed first [[Nombre1] ] and later [[Nombre21] ] on the estate, growing corn. He also revealed that [[Nombre3] ] had left for a time but later returned to the farm. [Nombre47], who had a family relationship because [[Nombre3] ] lived with a stepdaughter, testified along the same lines. He described the presence of [[Nombre21] ], tending cattle and having problems with people who crossed the estate. Lastly, [Nombre24], a cousin of [[Nombre3] ], also explained that [[Nombre21] ] kept some cows on the estate. Thus, contrary to what is asserted in the appeal, the alleged lease agreement between [[Nombre1] ] and his brother [[Nombre21] ] was performed, because all the witnesses except [Nombre45] place him on the estate.
The testimony of the [Nombre26] siblings establishes their father’s indirect possession (posesión mediata) until the early 2000s, which is also consistent with the second lease agreement entered into the record at folio 7 of physical volume I of the case file, signed on 27 de junio de 2001. Two matters must be clarified. First, indirect possession is permissible under national law. In decision number 603-F-15 at 09 horas 23 minutos del 19 de junio de 2015, this Chamber stated the following: “…the concept of the servant of possession (servidor de la posesión), such that a person may exercise possession over a tract of land through third parties whom that person has placed there to maintain or look after the property, which does not preclude that person from having actual and effective control over the property. As stated above, agrarian practices and customs in our country reflect situations of this kind, in which property is entrusted to a third party, primarily for its maintenance, often consisting of brush clearing (chapias) and allowing that servant to maintain the pasture by bringing in cattle, but always under the authority of the true possessor.
The witness presented by the plaintiff did indeed state that there was overgrown scrubland that the plaintiff cleared and onto which cattle were subsequently brought, which has been deemed proven at this level of proceedings; however, this must be considered together with the account of the witness ...., which was not assessed by the court below, who specified that the defendant had first placed him on that tract, so that the witness used it as pastureland, and that later, in diciembre del dos mil trece, he ‘returned it’ to the defendant. He adds that subsequently, when it began to become overgrown, the defendant entrusted it to *… (the plaintiff’s father), at which point it was cleared and cattle were brought in. In other words, pursuant to the rules of logic, psychology, and human experience, it must be understood that it was under that authorization or relationship between the defendant and the plaintiff’s father that the plaintiff was allowed to use the land for cattle, as is normal within a family unit.
Therefore, that possession cannot be categorized as having been exercised exclusively on the plaintiff’s own behalf; rather, the plaintiff is a servant of possession and consequently lacks standing for possessory-injunction protection (tutela interdictal). Legal scholarship has specifically established: ‘It sometimes happens that the person who appears to be the “possessor” of real property is merely an employee, administrator, foreman, or caretaker of the property, who acts in the [Nombre6] and on behalf of another person who does hold the right of possession. This phenomenon is known as a servant of possession or “indirect operation,” which occurs when the owner does not personally work the land but another person does so in the owner’s name and receives orders, directives, or instructions from the owner. The indirect possessor does not possess alone but requires the participation—not to share possession, but to exercise it through—an intermediary possessor or sub-possessor.
That servant of possession is not granted possessory protection because that person’s possession is not relevant in his own right; his acts and the effects of his “possession” are intended for and benefit solely his principal or the person on whose behalf [Nombre48].’ () and another. Los interdictos en materia civil y agraria, San José, Dupas, 2007, p.231. To the same effect, TRIBUNAL AGRARIO, Decisions No. 243 at 9:40 horas del 14 de mayo de 1997, No. 540 del 27 de agosto de 1998, ....” Likewise, decision number 288-F-06 of this Court stated: “IV. An analysis of the grounds of appeal shows that the entire challenge to the appealed judgment concerns the alleged employment relationship between the parties. Although, as the appellant points out, that issue falls outside this litigation, the central question for resolving this matter is to determine the type of possession exercised by .... over the disputed land.
This is of fundamental importance in determining whether or not active standing (legitimación activa) has been established. For a person to have active standing, that person must be the current and immediate possessor of land having an agrarian nature or suitability. The exercise of acts of possession must not be confused with a requirement that the petitioner hold title to the property, because what matters is mere possession (mera posesión) pursuant to Article 461 of the Código Civil. In this case, the employment relationship between the parties is not at issue. Legal scholarship has recognized the existence of several types of possessors. It distinguishes among a possessor who is not the titleholder, a possessory representative (representante posesorio), and a servant of another’s possession (servidor de la posesión ajena). The latter is defined by legal scholarship as follows: ‘The servant of possession is the person who physically carries out the possessor’s dominion of possession (señorío posesorio), whose will governs the situation, with the possessor being the sole person afforded protection (for example, by being granted possessory injunctions (interdictos)) and the sole person with respect to whom the effects of possession arise (for example, the possessor is the person who acquires through acquisitive prescription (usucapión) or is entitled to the fruits of the possessed thing),’ (ALBALADEJO (Manuel), Derecho Civil; Derecho de bienes; Bosh, Tomo III, 1994, Barcelona, p.p..62).
It follows from the foregoing quotation that the servant of possession is an ‘intelligent instrument,’ according to the aforementioned scholarship, but the exercise of such acts of possession benefits the person who holds possession, because such persons are servants of another’s possession. V. A review of the case file and the extensive evidence establishes that the plaintiff’s acts of possession were performed as a servant of possession, because for many years they were carried out throughout the entire property, including the portion where he lives with his family, in his capacity as the person physically acting on behalf of the defendants.” As is evident from the explanation in the extensive quotation, a third party may exercise possession for the benefit of the holder of the right. For that reason, it is deemed established that, until the early 2000s, the possession exercised by [[Nombre21] ] was in the capacity of a servant of possession for the benefit of [[Nombre1] ].
In addition, according to the document, from the time [[Nombre3] ] claims to have entered into possession, when he was 14 years old, he does not prove that anyone exercised possession of the estate in his name, since the witnesses who refer to his possession do not place him there during childhood or adolescence, but rather as a young adult. Indeed, it bears repeating that they cease placing him on the estate for a time, but state that he later returned. This matter is particularly substantiated by the fact that all the [Nombre26] siblings state that, during the period when their father [[Nombre21] ] leased the property, he had no problems with anyone; they even recount the presence of [[Nombre3] ] as a young man, because they interacted with him. Other objections to the lease agreements are that they include the house, which was shown to have been occupied first by [[Nombre6] ], his daughter, and [[Nombre3] ].
Following the former’s death, the house was repaired, and [[Nombre3] ] lived there with his partner up to the present. However, this circumstance is irrelevant, as are the price—which the appellant characterizes as “ridiculous”—and the family relationship between the tenants and [[Nombre1] ]. For purposes of proving [[Nombre1] ]’s active standing and the possession exercised over the tract, none of these matters carries sufficient weight to alter the factual circumstances. It bears repeating that, as explained above, all the witnesses place [[Nombre21] ] on the estate, using it to care for animals. His sons and daughter assisted with that work and have personal knowledge of those acts of possession and the capacity in which they were performed. Their testimony is consistent and accords with the other evidence entered into the record. The cited testimony also establishes that, once [[Nombre21] ] ceased exercising indirect possession of the estate, [[Nombre5] ] succeeded him.
What occurred from that point forward is analyzed next, while reiterating that the chain of possession (cadena posesoria) claimed by the appellants to be missing has been established.* XI.3. It has also been established that, beginning in the 2000s, specifically in 2001, a fairly significant dispute arose—at least according to the evidence—between [[Nombre1] ], [[Nombre5] ], and [[Nombre3] ]. This is further shown by examining the records of several proceedings submitted in this case, such as the possessory-protection injunction (interdicto de amparo y posesión) brought by [[Nombre3] ] against [[Nombre5] ], at folio 13, number EXPN8; the criminal complaint for unlawful occupation (usurpación), expediente number EXPN4, in which [[Nombre3] ] appeared as the accused and [[Nombre1] ] as the injured party, pages 24 to 184 of Volume I of the physical case file; proceedings for insults and defamation (injurias y difamación), conducted under number EXPN9, in which the accused is [[Nombre3] ] and the injured private complainant is [[Nombre1] ], in [Dirección4] physical; and summary proceedings number EXPN10, in which a complaint for theft and other offenses against [[Nombre3] ] was processed and a report concerning harm to [Nombre40] was added; the copies are found at folios 1095 to 1099 of physical Volume IV.
All of these reveal the aforementioned dispute over possession (posesión) of the property, but [[Nombre5] ], or [[Nombre1] ] before his death on October 18, 2010 (certification at folio 265 of Volume I of the physical case file), were unable to enter the land on a permanent basis. Indeed, it should be noted that although [[Nombre3] ] was discharged from prosecution (sobreseimiento) in the first criminal proceeding, res judicata (cosa juzgada) was entered in the second. This counterclaiming co-defendant, [Nombre1], was convicted in the insults and defamation proceeding based on statements relating to the property. These proceedings took several years to adjudicate. * XI.4. Another challenged issue relates to the criminal proceedings because, in the appellants’ understanding, the judgment in criminal proceeding EXPN4 has res judicata effect in these proceedings. The records of that matter are found in Volume I of the physical case file, at folios 24 to 184.
The trial-court judgment was issued at 13:00 on March 12, 2003, by the Juzgado Penal de Nicoya, which ordered the final discharge of [[Nombre3] ] from prosecution for the offense of unlawful occupation to the detriment of [[Nombre1] ] (pages 146 to 152 of physical Volume I). That decision was affirmed in all respects by the Tribunal de Juicio de Guanacaste in a judgment issued at 08:00 on May 30, 2003, appearing in [Dirección6]. The trial-court decision analyzes some of the documents transferring rights that are disputed in these proceedings; however, a reading of that decision does not show that any right was declared in favor of [[Nombre3] ] or that any right of [[Nombre1] ] was invalidated. It should be emphasized that Article 164 of the 1989 Code of Civil Procedure, which applies to this matter, identifies the circumstances under which a criminal judgment has substantive res judicata effect (cosa juzgada material). Those circumstances are as follows:
XIII.With respect to the identity of the property, objections are raised against the survey plan (plano) submitted by [[Nombre1] ], appearing at folio 2 of volume I, and also based on the assertion that the land was assembled from other properties acquired. The preceding recitals stated that the initial application in the possessory information proceeding (información posesoria), at folio 455 of physical volume II of the case file, mentions that the property was formed from other parcels acquired from various persons. However, that circumstance does not affect the matter in dispute, since the counterclaiming defendant alleges that the entire property corresponds to the property he claims belonged to his grandfather, [[Nombre6] ]. By contrast, [[Nombre1] ], and subsequently [[Nombre5] ], allege in their complaints that the property claimed is the property unlawfully possessed by [Nombre1]; that issue has not been disputed and is now being raised at this stage of the proceedings.
Regarding the evidentiary value of the survey plans, both the one submitted by [[Nombre1] ] at folio 2 of volume I and the one prepared by [[Nombre3] ], appearing on page 243 of the same referenced location, are documents prepared unilaterally and, pursuant to article 301 of the Civil Code, do not constitute proof of possession; consequently, as a matter of law, they have no evidentiary value on this point in dispute. It must be recalled that, in this protective action (acción protectora), the requirement concerning the identity of the property is satisfied by evidence that the property claimed is the same property unlawfully possessed by the defendant. Accordingly, it must be clearly stated and effectively proven that the property to be recovered belongs to the plaintiff and is the same property being unlawfully possessed. That has occurred in this matter, and there is no evidence that would permit the identity of the property to be called into question at this stage of the proceedings, notwithstanding the assertions made in the aforementioned documentary evidence, because they do not materially alter what has been established regarding this issue.*
XIV.Regarding the claim concerning the right of retention (derecho de retención), the appeal states: “In addition, the right of retention is denied without any justification as to why it is denied, even though the legal system establishes that the right of retention does apply until the corresponding compensation has been paid; and this decision is made without any justification whatsoever, thereby rendering the judgment defective for insufficient reasoning, for which reason it must be declared null and void.” On this point, the judgment denies the right of retention over the improvements (mejoras) because it finds that he is a possessor in bad faith (poseedor de mala fe). This Court clarifies that it will refer solely and specifically to the grievance concerning the right of retention, and not to any other issue, because the party has so limited its appeal. In this case, the law was improperly applied because, by focusing on the construction of the house as the sole useful improvement (mejora útil), the judgment characterizes it as accession (accesión): “Indeed, improvements are regulated differently and have a different connotation from plantings or new structures erected by a person on another’s land, and the two concepts must therefore be distinguished.
Improvements are governed by a principle of appurtenance (principio de accesoriedad), insofar as they are made to enlarge, modify, or repair a preexisting thing. Thus, with reference to land used for agricultural production, the replacement, expansion, modification, or enhancement of preexisting plants or crops; repairs to the infrastructure used to conduct the agricultural activity; among other things, could be considered improvements. In contrast, new buildings, structures, or permanent crops (fruit trees) established on another’s land where no works of that nature previously existed, or where any existing works were entirely separate from the new ones, cannot be regarded as improvements in the legal sense of the term, even if they ‘improve the property’; accordingly, in such matters, the doctrine of accession of immovable property (accesión de bienes inmuebles, o inmobiliaria) applies.
(Judgments No. 1 of 14 hours 55 minutes on 6 de enero de 1993, No. 65 of 14 hours 40 minutes on 17 de agosto de 1994, and No. 4 of 14 hours 45 minutes on 28 de enero de 1998 follow this approach.) In this line of reasoning, this Chamber stated in judgment No. 37 of 14 hours 55 minutes on 10 de abril de 1996: ‘Buildings erected on land cannot, under sound legal doctrine, be deemed improvements. Improvements consist of additions, repairs, or favorable changes to preexisting property, with respect to which, depending on whether the possessors acted in good or bad faith, reimbursement may be sought upon return of the property when the owner has not held possession. Payment for improvements is governed by articles 328 to 332 of the Civil Code and may be ordered in cases where accession through planting or construction on another’s land has not occurred. If accession has occurred, the applicable rules shall be those established in articles 508 and 509, as appropriate’” (voto 233 del 14 de abril del 2005 de la Sala Primera).
Moreover, as a matter of law, it is not essential for the party claiming them to state the legal framework under which relief is sought, and the party may even use an incorrect legal designation. This is because what matters is that the party clearly express the desire to recover the amount invested in real property. “Whether certain items fall within the technical concept of improvements while others instead fall within the doctrine of accession is a matter of legal characterization that does not prevent the adjudicator from granting them under their proper designation, since deciding the matter in this manner falls within the scope of judicial activity in accordance with the principle iura novit curia” (sentencia 233 del 14 de abril del 2005 de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justica). The facts established show that this is a structure that was initially erected by [[Nombre6] ] and was later rebuilt when it was in very poor condition (testimony of [Nombre38] ); furthermore, that structure was erected with the knowledge and acquiescence of the person who first held title, [[Nombre1] ], and later of [[Nombre5] ].
Accordingly, section 509 of the Civil Code applies. Because the works were performed “with the owner’s knowledge and acquiescence” (“a ciencia y paciencia”), the owner may take ownership of the planting or structure by paying its value if doing so is advantageous, but may also elect to establish co-ownership (copropiedad) between them, with their respective shares determined according to each party’s contributions, as provided by the cited rule. Furthermore, and for the sake of completeness, good or bad faith is irrelevant in this situation. What is required is that the titleholder’s express desire to prevent the construction be manifested through clear and evident acts directed toward that end, which did not occur in this case. Under this doctrine, the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, in sentencia número 1385 de las 09 horas 30 minutos del 17 de octubre de 2013, established the distinction between sections 508 and 509 ibid; as relevant here, it states: “At this point, it should be noted that the Civil Code governs the matter at issue in articles 508 and 509, depending on whether the building or planting was carried out with ‘the owner’s knowledge and acquiescence.’ In this regard, the first provision stipulates: ‘The owner of land on which another person, without the owner’s consent, has built, planted, or sown shall have the right either to take ownership of the building, planting, or crop, or to require that it be removed or destroyed at the expense of the person who made it, who may also be ordered to compensate the landowner for the loss and damage caused.
If the owner prefers to retain the planting or structure, the owner must reimburse the value of the materials and labor, without regard to any increase or decrease in value that the property may have received. However, if the good faith of the person who built, sowed, or planted is established, the owner may not request the destruction of the work performed, but shall have the option either to reimburse the value of the materials and wages or to pay an amount equal to the increase in value acquired by the property.’ The second provision, in turn, establishes: ‘If a building, planting, or sowing has been made on another’s land, but with the owner’s knowledge and acquiescence, the owner may take ownership of the planting or structure by paying the amount it cost; and if that is not advantageous to the owner, full ownership shall be held in common in proportion to the value of the land before the building or planting and the value of the planting or building.’ It bears emphasizing that, in the latter situation, because the owner is aware of the buildings or plantings being established on the property, whether the third party acts in good faith is irrelevant, since the owner was able to exercise the remedies provided by law” (emphasis not in the original).
The evidence, analyzed and assessed as a whole, shows that because the land had been disputed for such a long time, the situation involving the structure being erected on the land was known. This aspect of the appealed judgment shall therefore be reversed. Accordingly, the portion stating that “because it was determined that the sole useful improvement is the house occupied by the defendant and counterclaimant [[Nombre3] ], which, with the acquiescence of Mr. [[Nombre1] ], was built on a small portion of the property pursuant to article 330 of the Civil Code, claim number 3 is denied because the right of retention is not granted,” shall be reversed; instead, it is determined that the house built by [[Nombre3] ] constitutes accession and not a useful improvement. Therefore, at the judgment-enforcement stage (ejecución de sentencia), [[Nombre5] ] may take ownership of the structure by paying its actual value if doing so is advantageous, or may elect to establish co-ownership between them, with their shares determined according to each party’s contributions based on the actual value of the structure, within five days after the judgment becomes final.
It is clarified that, given the reasoning set forth in the judgment and the operative provisions that remain in effect, payment must be made for the necessary improvements (mejoras necesarias), whose value must be determined during enforcement of the judgment, because, as explained, the matter concerning the house constitutes accession, and the house was found to be the sole useful improvement; therefore, there are no useful improvements to be valued in accordance with the findings of the lower court (a quo). In light of the foregoing, [[Nombre3] ] is granted the right of retention with respect to payment for the necessary improvements; although he has been a possessor in bad faith, this does not prevent him from retaining the property until payment is made for the necessary improvements awarded in the judgment, because this is mandated by article 330 of the Civil Code. *
XV.Regarding costs (costas), in this matter those items were divided by treating the award in connection with the counterclaim (reconvención) separately from that relating to the complaint (demanda). This is incorrect, because the adjudicator must issue a single ruling on costs. Note that section 55 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria provides: “Judgments, as well as orders terminating the proceedings, shall include a ruling on costs. The losing party may be exempted from payment of attorney’s fees (costas personales), and even litigation costs (costas procesales), when it is evident that the party litigated in good faith because, in the court’s opinion, sufficient grounds existed for litigation, or because the prevailing party’s claims ultimately proved disproportionate,” (regarding the scope of this provision, see the decision of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia número 26, de las 11 horas 15 minutos del 13 de mayo de 1994).
The rule contained in the quoted provision reflects the principle that costs follow the event (principio del vencimiento objetivo), meaning that the general rule is to order payment because a party did not prevail on its claims. Exceptionally, however, the losing party may be exempted from paying those items. Whether such an exception applies depends on the manner in which the party who would ordinarily be required to pay them conducted the litigation, namely, whether that party litigated in good faith. Another possibility arises when the complaint or counterclaim includes excessive claims; an exemption may also be appropriate when the judgment partially grants the substantive relief sought in the complaint or counterclaim, or when the decision upholds significant defenses raised by the losing party; lastly, there is the situation of mutual defeat (vencimiento recíproco). Exemption from payment of costs is a power granted to the adjudicator that does not violate the legal system, subject to the obligation to state the reasons for adopting such a position.
In this matter, this Court finds that there are grounds for exempting the parties from payment of costs. A review of the relief sought in the complaints shows that the claims were not excessive; and, as to the counterclaims, the parties partially prevailed on the relief requested. Exemption from payment of costs shall therefore be granted for both the complaints and the counterclaims, because the parties were mutually successful. *
* * POR TANTO:* The asserted nullity (nulidad) is denied. The appealed judgment issued at catorce horas cuarenta y ocho minutos del diecinueve de octubre de dos mil dieciocho is partially reversed in two respects: 1. Insofar as it ordered the payment of costs (costas) in the various claims and counterclaims. Instead, all parties are exempted from paying attorneys’ fees and court costs (costas personales y procesales), because they were mutually unsuccessful. 2. It is reversed insofar as it stated: “Given that it was determined that the only useful improvement (mejora útil) is the house occupied by the defendant-counterclaimant, [[Nombre3] ], which, with the tolerance of Mr. [[Nombre1] ], was built on a small portion of the property pursuant to Article 330 of the Civil Code, claim number 3 is denied because no right of retention (derecho de retención) is granted.” Instead: The house built by [[Nombre3] ] is determined to constitute accession (accesión).
Accordingly, during the judgment-enforcement stage (etapa de ejecución de sentencia), [[Nombre5] ] may take ownership of the building by paying its actual value if deemed advisable, or may elect to establish co-ownership (copropiedad) between them, with their respective shares determined according to each party’s contributions based on the actual value of the construction; for this purpose, a period of five days from the date the judgment becomes final is granted. As to the improvements (mejoras): [[Nombre3] ] is granted the right to retain the property until payment is made for the necessary improvements (mejoras necesarias), whose value shall be determined during the judgment-enforcement stage. The appealed judgment is affirmed in all other respects.* *IOP0LT4YG1Q61* [Nombre49] - DECIDING JUDGE *8CUMGEGTSZA61* [Nombre50] - DECIDING JUDGE *UJQOOZVU12A61* [Nombre51] - DECIDING JUDGE * * CASE: EXPN1* * *
*090002070391AG * * * * ORDINARIO ACTOR/A:
[[Nombre5] ] DEMANDADO/A:
[[Nombre3] ] * * * * VOTO N°* 000600-F-2020 * * * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO. SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSÉ.- A las catorce horas y once minutos del treinta de junio de dos mil veinte.* * * * * * * * * * * * * * PROCESOS ORDINARIOS ACUMULADOS:*
VI.El segundo reclamo por la forma concierne a la ausencia de declaratoria de inevacuabilidad por no presentación del documento original de ratificación de compraventa de [[Nombre6] ] a [[Nombre1] ]. Lo ocurrido es lo siguiente: al contestar la demanda [[Nombre3] ] y [[Nombre4] ] respondieron entre otros aspectos al hecho cuarto de la demanda de [[Nombre1] ] lo siguiente: “…Y por si fuera poco en el proceso de usurpación se presenta una escritura pública número 3 de las 10:00 horas del 26 de julio de 1988 que consiste en que el actor le solicita al Notario Licenciado Don Anselmo Pérez Castro que proceda a protocolizar un documento privado…” (foja 227 del tomo I físico). En el segmento de prueba de tal respuesta se pidió de manera puntual: “Solicitud de documento privado: Como el contenido de la protocolización visible en la escritura número 3 de las 10:00 horas de 26 de julio de 1988 y visible al folio 2 frente del tomo 30 del protocolo del Notario Público Licenciado Don Anselmo Pérez Castro se está cuestionando por esta parte, solicito se le obligue al actor la presentación del documento privado que se protocolizó, a como lo exige el artículo 107 del Código Notarial, el cual dispone lo siguiente: …”.
El documento se agregó en página 949 a 951 del tomo IV del expediente físico, certificada la matriz del protocolo de tal notario público. Fue ofrecido por la parte quejosa en la réplica de la segunda contrademanda. La petición fue reiterada en la contrademanda segunda en los mismos términos arriba señalados (folio 1071 misma ubicación anterior). La convocatoria para juicio verbal fue señalada mediante resolución de las 10 horas 39 minutos del 17 de noviembre de 2015 agregada en foja 1254 del tomo V del expediente físico. Ahí se ordenó la práctica de la prueba confesional, testimonial, reconocimiento judicial. A esa decisión la parte apelante, opuso recurso de revocatoria y aclaración en lo concerniente a la prueba admitida pero no se refirió a esta gestión, únicamente a aspectos de la testimonial y la confesión, declaración de parte y reconocimiento de documentos de [[Nombre5] ] (pliego en folio 1260 del tomo V físico).
La cual fue resuelta en decisión de las 16 horas 04 minutos del 05 de enero de 2016, página 1269 misma ubicación anterior, sin que se hiciera mención al punto en comentario. Como se denota la parte recurrente no gestionó la prueba que ahora extraña, por lo que se tiene por renunciada pues era su obligación señalar a la oficina judicial la omisión de hacer el señalamiento para que se presentara en el juicio oral, pues ese era el momento procesal oportuno para su práctica según lo indica el canon 46 de la ley procesal agraria. En los aspectos concernientes a tal documento será al analizar el fondo que se resolverán los otros aspectos cuestionados por esa parte. *
VII.Tocante al reclamo de nulidad de la sentencia por preterición de las pruebas testimonial y documental el mismo perecerá por infundado. Se recrimina la falta de valoración u omisión de probanzas; o, la substanciación es contradictoria o de incompleta motivación. De la lectura de la sentencia se denota cotejado con los motivos de disconformidad que se refiere al valor dado a algunas de las probanzas, o bien porque a otras no les concedió ningún peso en la decisión. De acuerdo con lo explicado por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia el alcance de la preterición es la siguiente: “XI. - Esta Sala ha expresado que la preterición de prueba ocurre: “[…] cuando los jueces dejan de considerar, total o parcialmente, las probanzas aportadas a los autos. Ello implica el desconocimiento del valor que la ley les otorga, y como tal, constituye un error de derecho. De lo anterior se colige que, desconocer un elemento demostrativo, aportado en forma debida y con incidencia en la lite, configurará ese yerro.
Esto, por cuanto puede apreciarse una representación inexacta del cuadro fáctico de lo sucedido y debatido en el proceso, con el mediato quebranto que ello implica sobre el derecho sustantivo aplicado al caso concreto” (Voto número 771-F-S1-2011 de las 13 horas 30 minutos del 30 de junio de 2011 de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia). En el súblite, el reclamo radica en que a criterio del recurrente no se hizo la valoración integral de la probanza tomando solo una parte de la testimonial, omitiendo el análisis de determinadas declaraciones testimoniales o documentos que estima tienen un valor que incide en la sentencia de manera protagónica como un oficio emitido por el Banco Central de Costa Rica o piezas de dos procesos penales. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con lo expresado por la parte el agravio radica en el peso dado a esos elementos probatorios. Lo señalado por quien recurre confrontado con la sentencia apelada, no es razón para decretar la nulidad pues no se generó incongruencia o falta de motivación, dada la sentencia resolvió todos los aspectos sometidos a debate de conformidad con el artículo 54 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria. Como se expresó, en la especie se puede tratar de una indebida valoración de la prueba, lo cual no lesiona el debido proceso, por lo que procederá el rechazo de la nulidad invocada.*
VIII.El último motivo por la forma es tocante a la falta de fundamentación. Empero de la lectura de la sentencia, se denota la existencia de un cuadro fáctico, análisis de diversas probanzas y analizado el derecho, con lo cual se estima la sentencia se encuentra motivada de manera tímida, pero suficiente para que las partes logren comprender el valor dado a las diversas probanzas al razonar los motivos que llevaron al órgano judicial a la decisión plasmada en la parte dispositiva. De manera amplia en la sentencia expone el criterio del valor que tiene cada probanza, el derecho que se debe emplear, pero esto es una situación que no es dable analizar como un yerro de forma por lo que procederá su rechazo. *
IX.* Por el fondo. Previo al análisis de los agravios por el fondo, y de acuerdo con las demandas y contrademandas la acción formulada es una acción de mejor derecho de posesión. Se debate si ese derecho lo tiene por un lado [[Nombre5] ] (quien reclama lo adquirió de su padre el coactor reconvenido [[Nombre16] ] o identificado en esta sentencia por sus apellidos [[Nombre1] ]) o si es el demandado reconventor [[Nombre3] ] (el que aduce lo adquirió de [[Nombre6] ]). Respecto a los alcances y requisitos de procedibilidad la sentencia número 34 del 24 de enero de 2003 de las 10 horas 15 minutos de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia delimitó este instituto de la siguiente manera: “IV.- Si se intenta reivindicar un derecho de posesión, lo propio es establecer una acción publiciana, que se desarrolla y fundamenta en los artículos 277, 317, 318, 319 y 322 del Código Civil, y está concebida precisamente para tutelar al poseedor legítimo frente al ilegítimo, con miras a restituirle de la que hubiere sido indebidamente privado o bien a que se declare su derecho preferente ante otro poseedor.
En tal evento, como en reiteradas oportunidades ha expresado esta Sala, debe cumplir con una serie de presupuestos para que la acción prospere: a) Legitimación activa siendo poseedor de derecho sobre el bien a reivindicar. b) Legitimación pasiva demostrando que el demandado es un poseedor ilegítimo del bien o de grado inferior frente al del demandante. c) Identidad de la cosa. Deberá demostrar que el bien, del cual es poseedor de derecho, es el mismo poseído por el demandado. Este tipo de procesos está referido a bienes inmuebles no inscritos en el Registro Público, porque en cuanto a los registrados, su propietario puede dirigirse contra quien posea como dueño instando la acción reivindicatoria, legalmente viable mientras otro no haya adquirido la propiedad por usucapión, según lo dispone el artículo 320 del Código Civil. (Véase, entre otras, las sentencias de esta Sala No. 75 de las 14 horas 50 minutos del 7 de julio de 1995, No. 63 de las 15 horas 30 minutos del 23 de julio de 1997 y No. 221 de las 11 horas 15 minutos del 1 de marzo del 2002).
Así las cosas, la finalidad de la acción publiciana es lograr un pronunciamiento que establezca el mejor derecho de posesión del actor y por ende, su restitución frente al demandado, quien del todo no tiene ese derecho o teniéndolo, es de inferior categoría con respecto al otro. En el caso bajo estudio, como con acierto lo dispusieron los juzgadores de instancia, la acción publiciana resulta improcedente, en el tanto el actor pretende por una parte, el reconocimiento de su derecho de posesión no sobre el de otro poseedor sino frente al de un propietario registral y por otra, quiere derivar de ello la nulidad de un título registral que asienta el derecho de propiedad de su trasmitente, alegando que le fue otorgado sobre cosa ajena, cuando en realidad, su padre lo que le traspasó fue la posesión y no la propiedad que a ese momento no ostentaba". En la especie dado que hay demandas y contrademandas; tanto [[Nombre1] ] y [[Nombre5] ] por un lado aduce tener legitimación activa. [[Nombre1] ] alega la adquirió de [[Nombre6] ] y luego le traspasó a [[Nombre5] ].
En el caso del demandado reconventor [[Nombre3] ], alega ser el mejor poseedor de mejor derecho dado que lo adquirió de [[Nombre6] ] en un documento privado que posteriormente se “ratificó” con testigos. Como se indicó supra, en la apelación hay reclamos vinculados al valor de las probanza, peso dado u omisión, aplicación del derecho. Por esa razón se denota hay específicamente gran cantidad de reclamos tocantes a la legitimación activa y pasiva, ubicados en tres grandes temas los cuales son analizados de seguido. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * X. El primer grupo de reclamos contra la sentencia son relacionados con el traspaso de [[Nombre6] ] a [[Nombre1] ]. X.1. El primer tema de este segmento de agravios es el concerniente al valor de la carta venta que se confeccionó antedatada a la emisión del papel de oficio. Se tiene por demostrado que [[Nombre1] ] presentó un documento privado asentado en el papel de oficio número 452396Z el cual se ubica en foja 3 del tomo primero.
En esa copia se indica que [[Nombre6] ] le vende a [[Nombre1] ] un terreno que aduce es el que se encuentra en litigio, el cual se data 10 de febrero de 1972. Empero se aportó a los autos una certificación emitida por el Banco Central de Costa Rica, en página 192 del tomo I, donde se hace constar: “Además, el papel oficio 452.396 serie “Z”, de un colón (¢1.00) fue puesto a la venta el día 1° de octubre de mil novecientos setenta y nueve, legalizado mediante el acta número doscientos ochenta y cinco (285), sin que se pueda precisar la fecha exacta en que fue puesto a la venta… Se extiende esta certificación… a los treinta días del mes de octubre del año dos mil nueve”. De lo anterior es evidente la fecha consignada en la compraventa es anterior a la data en que es puesta en circulación el papel de oficio que la soporta. Además, no hay otros datos en autos que permitan comprender lo acontecido, y tampoco que se pueda tener como momento del negocio jurídico la fecha ahí indicada.
Sobre el reclamo del apelante en cuanto esta situación es suficiente para modificar el hecho probado que existió una compraventa entre esas partes, se debe indicar que la prueba es valorada en conjunto, por lo que se deben analizar otras probanzas para verificar si esa transmisión realmente se dio entre las partes. Si bien, como se indicó, el coactor contrademandado [[Nombre1] ] no ofreció contraprueba para explicar lo sucedido, estos documentos no pueden ser ponderados de manera aislada a las restantes probanzas de conformidad con el canon 54 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria. Hay un segundo documento aportado por [[Nombre1] ], sobre el cual también se reclama el peso que tenga en la decisión del asunto. La copia del testimonio de la escritura otorgada ante los oficios del notario Anselmo Pérez Castro en la ciudad de Puntarenas, a las 10 horas del 26 de julio de 1988. En tal se indica que “protocoliza” el documento el cual procede a trascribir integralmente.
Grosso modo se ratifica una compraventa del terreno en litis de [[Nombre6] ] a favor de [[Nombre1] ]. Se hace mención a que los datos provienen del plano del catastro, del 19 de mayo de 1976; se indica que el precio fue pagado al momento de la venta que fue de tres mil colones y el negocio fue en 1972. Se indica que [[Nombre6] ] siempre ha vivido ahí por tolerancia. Este documento además agrega: “…Lo firma a ruego mío don [[Nombre17] ] , mayor, casado, pensionado y vecino de Puntarenas, quien acompaña a don [[Nombre1] ] que se encuentra presente…”. De la letra del documento se denota no fue firmado por [[Nombre6] ] sino por otra persona. Se explicó en el considerando donde se analizó por la forma la falta de declaratoria de inevacuabilidad por no presentación del documento original de ratificación de compraventa, esa prueba no fue gestionada por la parte oportunamente. Sin embargo, para darle valor a ese documento específicamente en cuanto a la fecha para efectos de terceros en que pudo realizarse, estima esta Cámara, no se puede entender como una fecha cierta lo realizado por la notaría indicada.
Nótese que se emplea la expresión “protocolización” pero no se ajusta a las formalidades del canon 380 del Código Procesal Civil de empleo supletorio, puesto que carece de razón de fecha cierta y específicamente se omiten las formalidades de tal acto cartular, motivo por el cual no es un documento útil para demostrar la data. Debe subrayarse que la protocolización de piezas es de otra función notarial de acuerdo con el canon 105 del Código Notarial. * X.2. El otro tema abordado en este grupo de agravios tiene que ver con el valor dado al documento entre [[Nombre6] ] y [[Nombre3] ], cuya copia se encuentra agregado en folio 93 del tomo I físico. Dado que este documento será también analizado en considerandos siguientes se hace una copia parcial de tal: “El suscrito [[Nombre1] ] . , soltero, agricultor, vecino de Carazo de Copal de Nicoya, con cédula CED9 (sic), por medio de la presente dono mi propiedad sin inscribir de aproximadamente trece hectáreas a la cual he poseído por más de treinta y cinco años donde tengo un rancho en el cual vivo y la dedico a la agricultura, la DONO a mi nieto [[Nombre3] ], menor de edad, nacido el 13 de noviembre de 1973, quien vive con el suscrito desde su nacimiento, únicamente le dono a [Nombre30], en razón de ser mi voluntad todo porque el suscrito tiene impedimento para firmar por estar ciego firman en fe y para que anulen la venta a [[Nombre1] ], ya que nunca me pagó es decir hasta el día de hoy no me ha pagado centavo alguno aunque el (sic) anda diciendo que ese terreno es de él y pretende hacer que tenga valides esos documentos, todo porque tiene influencias en la corte de justicia (sic), como testigos presenciales de mi voluntad de donar y deque (sic) esa propiedad es para [Nombre30] firmaran los señores [Nombre24] con cédula CED10 y [Nombre31] , con cédula CED11, los dos vecinos de Copal de Nicoya, a quienes confío copia del documento, a quien le encomiendo a mi nieto hasta que cumpla los 18 años y repito le doy copia de este documento.
Sin embargo tengo que indicar este documentos deja sin cualquier efecto cualquier otra venta, sesión o donación, anterior todo ello dado a que hice un negocio con parte de mi finca a [[Nombre1] ] años atrás y hasta el momento no me ha pagado un centavo alguno solo me dio un paquete de cigarros, del negocio pactado por tal motivo y por tener limitaciones de salud por la presente faculto a mi nieto para que en el futuro proceda a hacer lo que la justicia legalmente ampare y con ello defender lo que he poseído por más de treinta y cinco años, como si fuera suyo (sic) El cual es un rancho pajizo, Árboles frutales, siembra de plátanos, tiquisques, ñame, arroz, maíz, frijoles y una parte de pasto: solo le pido a [Nombre30] que respete el permiso a los pescadores de mi pequeña parcela que dono por medio de la presente. Colinda al norte: [Nombre32] () . y [[Nombre12] ], Sur: [Nombre33] . Este: [Dirección3], Oeste: [Nombre34] () y [Nombre35] .
Además agrego y solicito a mi hijo que no deje posesionarse a [[Nombre1] ] hasta que no le pague el precio que a esa fecha ha de valer la finca, es decir (cualquier (sic) cualquier negocio tiene que hacerlo con [Nombre30] por el valor que le cobre lo anterior no vale ni surte ningún efecto legal dado a que no ha satisfecho lo pactado. Es todo. En lo antes dicho solicito a [Nombre24] Y [Nombre31] la firma a ruego por mi impedimento físico y por ser menor el donatario a quien dejo en posesión después de mi muerte. NOTA: EN LINEA TRES EN VEZ DE HIJO LEASE NIETO. Lo (sic) firmamos en el día Miércoles (sic) quince de noviembre de mil novecientos ochenta y ocho”. El anterior documento debe ser valorado en conjunto, ubicando sus expresiones en el contexto, temporal y personal de quien interviene. Por esa razón, se asevera que contrario a lo afirmado por el recurrente, no se pueden tomar unas expresiones, darles valor; y, no tomar en consideración las restantes.
Por una parte, y es lo que se analiza en este considerando, este documento de manera coloquial, como lo indica el recurrente, narra una serie de acontecimientos. Se aclara que este prueba, se incorporó en un documento notarial otorgado ante la notaria pública Xinia Paniagua Durán a las 16 horas del 11 de junio de 2002 (páginas 441 a 443 del tomo segundo físico), donde comparecieron cuatro personas que dijeron: “…Que vienen a ratificar donación de finca de [[Nombre6] ] () [ ], quien en vida fue vecino de Copal… solicitamos a la suscrita notaria cartulante que realice la protocolización del documento privado de donación con número de serie de papel de oficio de dos colones tres ocho tres seis uno seis [Nombre36]. acto que ratificación y firmamos el día miércoles quince de noviembre de mil novecientos ochenta y ocho, cuando el donante nos solicitó que firmaramos (sic) a ruego dicha donación que realizara (sic) a su nieto [[Nombre3] ], quien es portador de la cédula…, de la finca de su propiedad misma se hizo sin gravámenes y ninguna restricción legal, misma que en lo conducente dice: “…”.
Es todo…” (lo destacado es del texto original). En el amplio tiempo de litigio entre las partes el contenido del documento privado nunca ha sido cuestionado o argüido de falso. Para esta Cámara dada esa situación, y lo indicado por los testigos que serán analizados, así como el complemento de otras probanzas documentales, le merecen credibilidad para comprobar varios aspectos, en consonancia por lo razonado por el a quo. En primer orden, se reitera en el documento que entre [[Nombre6] ] y [[Nombre1] ] se verificó un negocio jurídico relacionado con el predio en conflicto. No se logra determinar la fecha exacta pero, junto con otras probanzas se puede estimar que se realizó en un lapso. En segundo orden, que [[Nombre6] ] habitó en la heredad después de realizado el negocio supra citado; que existía disconformidad de parte de [[Nombre6] ] en cuanto al pago; y por último, que había generado algún tipo de documento para respaldar el negocio jurídico, pero sin precisar cuál es la naturaleza de tal o bien en qué fecha.
El documento, por otra parte, deja en evidencia que expresa dificultades con el cobro del precio, al expresar: “..para que anulen la venta a [[Nombre1] ], ya que nunca me pagó es decir hasta el día de hoy no me ha pagado centavo alguno…” externando además que: “…Además agrego y solicito a mi hijo que no deje posesionarse a [[Nombre1] ] hasta que no le pague el precio que a esa fecha ha de valer la finca, es decir (cualquier (sic) ) cualquier negocio tiene que hacerlo con [Nombre30] por el valor que le cobre lo anterior no vale ni surte ningún efecto legal dado a que no ha satisfecho lo pactado…”. De lo anterior se denota no se trata de afirmaciones aleatorias, sino que un tema central de lo indicado en tal radica en esa negociación que desde la perspectiva de [[Nombre6] ] la percibía como inconclusa. Con esta situación se tiene por configurada la compraventa en los términos del artículo 1049 del Código Civil, en cuanto es perfecta entre las partes desde que convienen cosa y precio.
Según se extrae del documento anterior, que no es argüido de falso por ninguna de las partes, esos elementos se extraen de lo indicado por [[Nombre6] ] razón por la cual existe certeza en el proceso que la venta se realizó. También es relevante subrayar que de tales manifestaciones se tiene que ocupó una casa en esa heredad, lo cual se constata con las declaraciones, que se analizarán. Se indicó no es posible fijar una fecha exacta de la negociación, pues el documento del 10 de febrero de 1972 no se da credibilidad por haber sido antedatado a la fecha de expedición del papel de oficio que lo soporta. La ratificación no posee una fecha cierta pues se remite a una protocolización que no es idónea para comprobar ese dato. Se denota de la prueba; por otra parte, el plano agregado en foja 2, aunque es levantado por el Instituto de Tierras y Colonización, ahora INDER, de conformidad con el canon 301 del Código Civil no hace prueba de la posesión.
En igual sentido se ubican las copias de gestiones de corta de árboles ante el Ministerio competente de foja 4 del tomo I físico; o una denuncia por ingreso de personas en página 5 del tomo I expediente físico, pues reflejan situaciones que permiten ubicarla indubitablemente en la zona en litis y no son prueba del negocio jurídico entre las partes que aquí se analiza. Existen piezas de una información posesoria tramitada ante el Juzgado Civil de Nicoya, bajo el número de expediente 191-1987 cuyas piezas se encuentran en fojas 453 a 494 del tomo II físico el cual es un documento público de conformidad con el artículo 369 del código del proceso civil de empleo en el asunto. Es promovida por [[Nombre1] ]; en el punto tercero del pliego inicial se indicó: “3°) Esta finca la compré por partes en el año de 1969 a los señores: [[Nombre6] ], mayor, soltero, agricultor y vecino de Carazo; [Nombre34] conocido como [Nombre37] , mayor soltero, agricultor y del mismo vecin (sic) dario (sic); [Nombre27] , mayor, casado agricultor y de Copal; [Nombre35] , mayor casado, agricultor y de Copal; [Nombre28] , mayor, soltero, agricultor y de Copal de Nicoya; realizadas el 12 de julio excepto a los dos primero (sic) que fue el 17 de junio, en el año de 1969”.
En este expediente judicial, ante la Autoridad competente constan las actas de declaración de tres personas que se apersonaron para rendir testimonial. El primero Inocente [Nombre38] ; [Nombre39] y [Nombre31] (foja 469, 470 y 471 respectivamente del tomo II expediente físico). De tal documental se extrae para esa fecha, el negocio jurídico estaba realizado entre [[Nombre6] ] y [[Nombre1] ] pues los tres dan cuenta de la presencia de [[Nombre1] ] en ese sitio. Por tal razón se tiene por demostrado que, sin precisar fecha, pero entre los años ochenta a ochenta y siete se verificó la venta de la finca en conflicto entre [[Nombre6] ] y [[Nombre1] ]. En página 1367 consta el acta de juicio oral donde se practicó la testimonial y confesional. Se debe indicar que de la confesional de [[Nombre3] ] y de [[Nombre5] ], de conformidad con el canon 338 del Código Procesal Civil de 1989 de empleo en este asunto, no hay en sus manifestaciones hechos personales contrarios a sus intereses razón por la cual no es prueba útil.
En disco compacto agregado a los autos se encuentran dos archivos que soportan la totalidad de las declaraciones y confesiones, últimas arriba indicadas. Las personas declarantes son numerosas, ubican a una parte u otra en la heredad, pero lo determinante es que ninguno estuvo presente en algún momento de la negociación y que pueda arrojar datos precisos sobre el negocio jurídico de [[Nombre6] ] y de [[Nombre1] ] . La restante documental da cuenta de hechos acontecidos después del fallecimiento de [[Nombre6] ] (acaecido el 04 de junio de 1990 según certificación de folio 280 del tomo I). Hay piezas de expedientes judiciales abundantes sin que tengan la capacidad de aportar datos de la compraventa; lo que si resalta es que el documento arriba analizado de [Nombre29] es empleado por [[Nombre3] ] para defender su posesión en la heredad. Tales procesos judiciales son los siguientes: interdicto de amparo y posesión de [[Nombre3] ] contra [[Nombre5] ] y [[Nombre1] ], folio 13, número EXPN8; denuncia penal de usurpación número de expediente EXPN4 donde figuró como imputado [[Nombre3] ] y ofendido [[Nombre1] ] páginas 24 a 184 del tomo I del expediente.
Un proceso por injurias y difamación, tramitado bajo el número EXPN9; el imputado es [[Nombre3] ] y el ofendido querellante [[Nombre1] ], en [Dirección4] físico. Una sumaria número EXPN10 donde se tramitó una denuncia por hurto y otros contra [[Nombre3] ], que se agregó un informe en perjuicio de [Nombre40] ; las copias se encuentran en folios 1095 a 1099 del tomo IV físico. Otro factor de conexión que poseen es que todos los conflictos son iniciados en el 2001, cuando el negocio jurídico lo fue en los años 80 según se razonó supra. X.3. Se reclama que el documento antedatado a la fecha de emisión del papel de oficio del 10 de febrero de 1972 demuestra una mala fe de [[Nombre1] ] dado que el derecho reclamado es derivado de tal. Empero, como se razonó, ese documento no tiene la posibilidad de demostrar el momento de la compraventa, por sí no es muestra de la posesión. Incluso, dado lo razonado supra, será mediante otros elementos de pruebas que se puede constatar quién y cuándo se ha estado en posesión del bien.
Se reitera, que se comprueba sin precisar fecha que entre [Nombre29] y [[Nombre1] ] se llevó a cabo una compraventa de la heredad en conflicto, y ponderada en conjunto las probanzas determinan que eso aconteció en los años 80, fundamentalmente por las propias manifestaciones de [Nombre29] . Pero el hecho que circulara ese documento no es equivalente a razonar una mala fe en la posesión de [[Nombre1] ] porque efectivamente la negociación se llevó a cabo.* X.4. Relacionado con el documento arriba indicado, se acusa que en la sentencia el a quo afirmó podría existir un incumplimiento, y esa situación la incluyó en el hecho indemostrado primero. En tal señaló: “No demostró el demandado reconventor, [[Nombre3] ]* . (sic) ni tampoco el sucesorio codemandado, la existencia de un incumplimiento de pago de dinero relacionado a la venta suscrita entre los señores [[Nombre1] ] y [[Nombre6] ] hoy sucesión de ambos ”.
Este punto considera la Cámara es irrelevante para la resolución del asunto, por ese motivo se descartó. En la especie se está debatiendo un mejor derecho de posesión, con dos posiciones antagónicas: por un lado, [[Nombre3] ] y la Sucesión de [[Nombre6] ] aduce tenerlo; y por otro [[Nombre1] ] y [[Nombre5] ] reclaman. El punto de coincidencia es que la posesión ejercida por [[Nombre6] ] es la primera que se registra sobre la heredad. Sin embargo el ya analizado documento expedido por [[Nombre6] ] en 1988, donde entre otros expresa que dona el terreno a [[Nombre3] ], tiene el peso para probar el negocio con [[Nombre1] ]; así como el relato de las vicisitudes de la negociación con [[Nombre1] ]. * X.5.En este grupo de agravios en estudio, se alega la falta de posesión de [[Nombre1] ] en el terreno. Aduce el apelante, que la posesión vale por título, invocando lo reseñado en los artículos 92 y 101 de la Ley de Tierras y Colonización.
Empero esa normativa regula un instituto jurídico totalmente diverso al que aquí se examina. En la especie se debate sobre una acción de mejor derecho de posesión, que de acuerdo con las demandas y contrademandas gira en torno a una finca que originalmente es poseída por [Nombre41] . Esta acción protectora de la propiedad tiene como fin, recuperar el ejercicio del derecho de posesión y sus atributos sobre un bien, del cual ha sido despojado. Se trata de una restitución de la posesión material (derecho-posesión) de un bien sobre el cual no se tiene derecho de propiedad, o sea que no se ven involucrados problemas derivados de un bien no inscrito frente a uno con inscripción o reconocimiento formal del derecho de propiedad. La regulación se ubica en el Código Civil propiamente en los numerales 322 y 317; así como en los artículos 319, 319, 324, relacionados con los ordinales 277 y 286 todos de ese mismo cuerpo legal.
Las normas de la Ley de Tierras y Colonización invocadas en el recurso se refieren a una usucapión especial agraria, que no es el tema de debate en este asunto, razón por la cual no es dable acoger la tesis del recurrente. Nótese, se trata de un instituto que posee requisitos de procedibilidad totalmente diversos, pues si bien no se requiere de título o sea de causa justa o de buena fe, en este asunto la tesis sostenida por [[Nombre3] ] a lo largo del litigio es que su título está en el documento de donación generado por [[Nombre6] ] arriba analizado; e incluso en las diversas contiendas judiciales de las partes, ese documento ha sido uno de los elementos empleados para ejercer el derecho de defensa. * * * XI. Un segundo grupo de agravios se aglutinan en torno al traspaso de [[Nombre1] ] a [[Nombre5] ]. XI.1. Se tiene por demostrado que el 19 de junio de 2004 mediante escritura pública ante los oficios del notario Eusebio Agüero Araya se donó los derechos de la finca en litis dibujada en el plano catastrado número 255-G-243.
Manifestaron las partes contratantes que se transmitía la posesión pública, pacífica, ininterrumpida, de buena fe a título de dueño por más de 10 años sobre tal heredad (imagen 444 del tomo II físico). Se reitera en los agravios dos aspectos. El primero es que esa transmisión proviene de una ilicitud y que no hubo tradición. Tocante al primero, ya se analizó supra, aunque el documento con fecha de 1972 es antedatado al momento de emisión del papel de oficio; y, en cuanto al segundo documento de “ratificación de venta” este no posee fecha cierta. Aunque existe este tercer documento emitido por [[Nombre6] ] en 1988, es claro que la compraventa se verificó, sin poder precisar fecha. Por tal razón se estima que [[Nombre1] ] se encontraba legitimado para donar a su hijo [[Nombre5] ] los derechos pues se cumplieron con los requisitos de transmisión del numeral 1393 relacionado con el canon 1101 ambos del Código Civil.
Lo que si debe de ser objeto de análisis posterior, es si los derechos indicados en la referida escritura pública se verificaron: sea la posesión sobre el bien. Empero, se subraya desde la perspectiva formal la transmisión de esos derechos se da conforme a la ley. El hecho que se verificara o no la tradición, no es un elemento para configurar su valides, pues al tratarse de una donación de derechos bastaba con que se hiciera mediante escritura pública. * XI.2. Dentro de este grupo de agravios se cuestiona que [[Nombre1] ] no poseyó el bien porque estima que esa posesión solo fue comprobada de manera documental. Primero por un contrato de arrendamiento entre [[Nombre1] ] con su hermano [[Nombre16] ] ; y, luego con otro contrato de arredramiento entre [[Nombre1] ] y su hijo [[Nombre5] ], sin que sean idóneos para probar la posesión. También asociado a ese tema, indica que realizados los cálculos entre los contratos de arriendo citados, hay un lapso que no prueba [[Nombre1] ], que es de 1972 a 1991.
En este punto se retoma, que se ha tenido por demostrado que [[Nombre1] ] realizó el negocio en los años 80. De la documental que obra en folios 469 a 471 del tomo II expediente físico, el cual le da peso esta Cámara de documento público a ser otorgado ante una Autoridad Judicial de acuerdo con el precepto 369 del Código Procesal Civil de 1989 de aplicación a la materia, que son las piezas de la información posesoria, en las actas de declaración según lo expresado en aquella oportunidad por [Nombre38] , [Nombre39] y [Nombre31] . Esas personas dan cuenta de una posesión hasta enero de 1988. Expresaron de manera inequívoca que en la finca que era objeto de titulación los actos posesorios eran realizados por [[Nombre1] ], relacionando su declaración con el plano catastrado que ese actor contrademandado alega que alberga su propiedad. De las declaraciones vertidas en autos, se debe aclarar lo siguiente: con el consentimiento de [[Nombre1] ] el transmitente [Nombre29] trasladó una vivienda que tenía en otro sitio de la finca, y la pasó a una zona cercana a la calle pública, y ahí se mantuvo viviendo él, su hija y [[Nombre3] ], razón por la cual al momento de analizar las probanzas testimoniales se puede tornar complejo, porque no hay una separación de la zona en donde se mantuvo el núcleo familiar de [[Nombre6] ].
En este asunto fueron varias personas las que rindieron declaración. Se debe indicar, que tales serán valoradas según las reglas del canon 54 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, en conjunto con las demás probanzas. Además, se comprende que algunas de las personas que rindieron declaración tienen relación familiar con algunas de las partes, pero que en cada caso se hará la explicación del peso que se le da, si en alguna se debe desmeritar y las causas. Declaró [[Nombre19] ], quien es sobrino de [[Nombre1] ], inició en minuto 06:10 del audio. No precisa el año en que se dio el contrato entre su padre y tío. Reseña que la tuvieron en arriendo como 20 años hasta que se la entregaran a [Nombre22]. Respecto a las labores desarrolladas dijo que mantenían ganado, y había un pozo, una pila y cercas. En minuto 07:22 ubicó en la heredad a [[Nombre3] ] y que vivían en la casa de la propiedad junto con la mamá.
Ubicó la casa en la orilla de la calle. Afirmó que ellos solo vivían ahí y ellos eran los que tenían el ganado y cuidaban las cercas y las rondas. Dijo que entendía se encontraban ahí por consentimiento de su tío y sembraban unas “cositas” pero no precisa las razones o términos de ese acuerdo. Indica este testigo que de manera personal trabajó en el terreno. No aporta datos sobre el contrato de arrendamiento entre su padre y tío y reitera que dejaron el inmueble cuando se entregó a [Nombre22]. En minuto 11:57 retoma la ubicación de la casa habitada por [[Nombre3] ]; señaló era un “lotecito pequeño” y que tuvieron que echar una media cerca porque el ganado se metía al solar. Relata que recuerda en su infancia que la casa quedaba más adentro, pero que luego se pasó a la orilla de la calle. El declarante [Nombre26] conocido como [Nombre42] a partir de minutos 19:24, expresó ser hijo de [[Nombre21] ] , el hermano de [[Nombre1] ].
También relató sobre la existencia del arrendamiento y cuido de la heredad. Indicó que fueron como 20 o 25 años cuando tuvieron esa propiedad porque el tío se la dio al papá, reconociendo que fue mediante un contrato de arrendamiento. Manifestó que sembraban agricultura de invierno y se pastoreaba ganado de verano con el inconveniente que no tenía agua. Relata que perforaron un pozo a mano artesanal con sus hermanos. Sobre la naturaleza del predio, indicó era parte pasto, tenía bosque o arboleda y otra en agricultura. Relató que toda la familia trabajaba unida en ese tiempo (minuto 24:32). Explica que [[Nombre6] ] estaba aún vivo y se hizo una casita, pues siempre se mantuvo viviendo en un ranchito que tenía bastante adentro de la propiedad y “nosotros con mi papá, don [[Nombre1] ] le dijo que la apartara un lotecito porque nosotros teníamos el ganado ahí entonces pasaba por donde tenía la casita que vivía la mamá de don [Nombre30] en ese tiempo, y entonces nosotros hicimos una cerca ahí”.
Mencionó además que la cerca era para no molestar al señor, que tenía matas de cuadrado y yuca y otras cosas. Desconoce en qué términos estaba ese lote. Dijo que dejaron la finca porque con una carta don [[Nombre1] ] le indicó al papá que la diera a [Nombre22]. Relató en minuto 27:56 que durante el tiempo que la tuvieron nunca tuvieron problemas con nadie, solo los muchachos que pasaban a traer trasmallo, que algunas veces se daban roces porque dejaban los portillos abiertos y se salía el ganado. También afirmó que [[Nombre3] ], la mamá y [[Nombre6] ] sembraban en el pedacito que tenían (minuto 28:33). Salvo ese pedacito que cuidaba doña [Nombre43] después de la muerte de don [[Nombre6] ], ellos cuidaban el resto, aclarando que eran sus hermanos y papá. Indicó que [[Nombre3] ] vivía en la casa con la mamá y lo conoce desde pequeño (minutos 29:50). El testigo [Nombre26] (inicia en minuto 34:08), dijo ser hijo de [[Nombre21] ] , y que tuvieron esa propiedad en arriendo.
Coincidió con el primer testigo, que en verano echaban ganado en esa finca y él iba a ayudar cuando salía de la escuela (minuto 38:17). No sabe por cuánto tiempo se tuvo la finca en esa condición, pero que cuando la dejaron fue porque se la dieron a [Nombre22]. En minuto 38:54, dijo que veía a [Nombre30], la mamá y el abuelito en la finca; que eran güilas y jugaban. El abuelo vivía en la propiedad en un lotecito. Explicó que la casa estaba más adentro pero después se trasladaron más cerca, pero eso antes de que su papá tuviera la finca. En minuto 40:13 expresó desconocer qué hacían en la propiedad si decían era de su tío. [Nombre44] tenía como 12 o 13 años cuando eso aconteció. Reiteró que eso pasó cuando era niño y su papá tenía ganado en esa finca; así como que don [Nombre29] vivía en el lotecito de la finca pero que no sabe detalles de los negocios. En el otro archivo de audio soporta la grabación de la declaración de [Nombre45] (a partir de minuto 23:25).
Conoce a todas las partes excepto al representante de la sucesión de [Nombre29] . Dice conocer de toda la vida en esa finca a [[Nombre3] ] (minuto 25:52). Lo conoció de güila desde hace 40 años. Explicó que solamente él ha sembrado con el consentimiento de [[Nombre3] ], y antes su papá con el de don [[Nombre6] ]. Ubica como ocupantes a [[Nombre3] ], la mamá y el abuelito. Relata vive como [Dirección5] de esa finca. Explica [[Nombre3] ] siembra dos veces por año lo que llaman la postrera y primera. Las cercas las mantiene él. Dice que nunca ha visto a [[Nombre21] ] . Conoce a [[Nombre1] ] pero nunca lo vio en la heredad (minuto 30:34). Seguidamente rindió declaración [Nombre46] a partir del minuto 31:08. Expresó conocer la finca porque era de su tío [[Nombre1] ]. Relató en esa propiedad vivía [[Nombre3] ] con el abuelito que lo identificó como [[Nombre1] ] ; dijo en “aquella parte de allá tenía una casita”.
Relata, su tío compra la propiedad y son sus hijos quienes la cuidan después se fueron para Puntarenas y fue su papá que pasó a arrendarla. En minuto 35:04 reseñó fue su papá el que tenía ganado, lo cuidaba por unas épocas ahí, en otro momento en la finca de ellos y venían a darle agua al ganado, relatando los problemas de agua que había en esa finca y como construyeron un pozo y una pileta. Expresa, don [[Nombre3] ] mientras tenía la finca el papá era un niño de la comunidad y su papá en ese tiempo no tuvo ningún problema. Comenta que ellos vivían en un pedazo y el resto fue la parte que le alquiló su tío a su papá y se encontraba cercado (minuto 37:01). Menciona que había un sector de bosque y que ahora está deforestado. En minuto 38:25 indica que no puede especificar en qué fecha el papá entró a la propiedad porque ella estaba pequeña en esa época. Afirma fue en 2001 cuando el tío le notificó al papá que por motivos de salud ya no podía seguir en la propiedad y que su papá también estaba enfermo y ya no podía seguir con la finca.
No precisa fecha de compra del inmueble pues estima se encontraba muy pequeña. Depuso Inocente [Nombre38] cuya grabación inicia en minuto 41:30. Para el momento de la declaración tenía 78 años y nació en esa zona. Relata la propiedad la conoce desde que tenía 7 años porque su papá era colindante. Dijo esa heredad era de [[Nombre1] ] . Vivía en esa propiedad, “ahí abajito” con una hija que se quedó cuidándolo. Relató [[Nombre3] ] vivió ahí de pequeño, pero tuvo que salir de la propiedad un tiempo, luego volvió y se quedó otra vez. Reseña que [[Nombre1] ] era amigo de él, le dio ese terreno para que él sembrara y él le dijo que le había comprado a don [[Nombre6] ]. Trabajó con [Nombre26] toda su vida, él sembraba el maíz y se lo repartían. En minuto 45:30 expresó [[Nombre3] ] siempre ha sembrado, pero no sabe si solo, porque él tuvo un tiempo en que viajaba por esos lados por varios años. La casa que está en el terreno está reformada y [[Nombre6] ] lo buscó para que le hiciera la casa porque si iba a pasar.
Refiere que la casa la reformó [[Nombre3] ] el cual llama “el muchacho”. Menciona [[Nombre21] ] tuvo la finca en arriendo porque también trabajó ahí; luego se la entregó al hijo de [[Nombre1] ], [Nombre22]. No sabe si existió conflicto entre [[Nombre1] ] y don [[Nombre6] ]. En minuto 48:09 manifestó don [[Nombre6] ] se “fregó era ciego”. Respecto al regreso de [[Nombre3] ] (minuto 49:13) no sabe cuándo fue, pero sí que hace años volvió y se quedó. Salió cuando estaba joven, soltero. Concluyó indicando don [[Nombre16] ] estuvo varios años en ese arrendamiento. Depuso [Nombre47] (minuto 50:34), expresó que [[Nombre3] ] vivía con la hijastra. Dice en la finca vivió toda la vida [[Nombre3] ], salió a trabajar afuera por necesidad, pero habitó ahí con el abuelo, la mamá. Explica, ellos se cambiaron donde vivían, hicieron un ranchito “aquí” y ahí ha vivido toda la vida. Ellos le daban mantenimiento, sembraban maíz para vender, a veces pesca.
Relata el testigo que se fue un tiempo a vivir a Puerto Cortés y luego venía verlos cuando ya estaban instalados ahí. Aduce no conocer a [[Nombre5] ], a sus hermanos ni al papá, solo sabe que vive en Puntarenas. Fue amigo de [[Nombre16] ] [Nombre26] pero no sembró la finca. Recuerda que una vez quisieron posesionarse en la finca a querer cuidar ganado. Manifestó que pasaba gente, pero que luego [[Nombre16] ] llegó y puso la cerca. No sabe si don [[Nombre6] ] le vendió la finca a [[Nombre1] ] (minuto 56:27). Explicó que con su hija no sabe cuánto tiempo vivió ahí, señala como 22 o 25 años, y que ellos hicieron la casa. En minuto 58:44 expresó que ellos arreglaron la casa porque se estaba cayendo. No sabe si Inocente fue quien arregló la casa, aunque le iba a colaborar. Por último, rindió declaración [Nombre24] (en minuto 1:00:11). Dijo ser prima de [[Nombre3] ]. Respecto a la casa estaba “abajito” y luego se vinieron “para acá”.
Relata que vivía con la mamá [Nombre43] quien está viva. Expone, [[Nombre3] ] asiste la finca, pone postes, arregla las cercas. Menciona tiene como 40 años de vivir en la finca. No sabe si [[Nombre6] ] le vendió la finca a [[Nombre1] ] (minutos 1:04:59). Sabe que [[Nombre21] ] tenía unas vaquitas ahí, pero “no se dilató, rapidito se las llevó” (minuto 1:05:41). De las profusas declaraciones como se adelantó, hay coincidencia en que [[Nombre3] ] vivió en la heredad junto con [[Nombre6] ] y su mamá. Sin embargo, también es evidente que los declarantes, los primeros porque directamente ayudaban en las labores de cría de ganado, los hijos de [[Nombre21] ] todos de apellidos [Nombre26] en la heredad, siendo declaraciones creíbles, sin interés en el asunto, y que personalmente les constan los actos posesorios. No relatan datos precisos sobre la negociación entre [[Nombre21] ] y [[Nombre1] ] , considerando esta Cámara que es razonable, que siendo niños y niña no supieran de esos detalles.
Empero se complementa con el convenio inicial que se encuentra agregado en foja 6 del tomo I físico, donde se da cuenta del inicio de la relación de arriendo en 1991. Nótese los declarantes aducen estar pequeños y rondan al momento de declarar entre los 50 años a 45, y es dable que las fechas se aproximen. Otro detalle importante es que relatan haber vivido en la zona en su niñez, así como ser conteste con todas las personas declarantes en la presencia de [[Nombre3] ] en la heredad. Algunos incluso alegaron haber jugado con él en la infancia. En cuanto a la declaración de [Nombre38] quien en el momento de la declaración tenía 78 años, ubicó en la heredad, primero a [[Nombre1] ], luego a [[Nombre21] ] cultivando maíz. También reveló que [[Nombre3] ] se había ido un tiempo pero que luego regresó a la finca. En igual línea declararon [Nombre47] quien tenía una relación familiar por cuanto [[Nombre3] ] convivía con una hijastra.
Rindió cuenta de la presencia de [[Nombre21] ] cuidando ganado y con problemas con las personas que pasaban por la heredad. Por último, [Nombre24] , prima de [[Nombre3] ], también explicó que [[Nombre21] ] tuvo unas vacas en la heredad. Así que contrario a lo afirmado en la apelación se tiene que el contrato que se alega de arrendamiento entre [[Nombre1] ] y su hermano [[Nombre21] ] se materializó pues todos los testigos lo sitúan en la heredad a excepción de [Nombre45] . Las declaraciones de los hermanos [Nombre26] ubican la posesión mediata de su padre hasta inicios de los años 2000, lo cual también coincide con el segundo contrato de arrendamiento aportado en autos en folio 7 del tomo I expediente físico, que fue suscrito el 27 de junio de 2001. Debe aclararse dos aspectos: el primero que con arreglo a la legislación nacional es dable la posesión mediata. Esta Cámara en voto número 603-F-15 de las 09 horas 23 minutos del 19 de junio de 2015 reseñó lo siguiente: "… la figura del servidor de la posesión, de manera tal que un sujeto puede ejercer posesión sobre un fundo a través de terceros que ha introducido, para que mantengan o cuiden el inmueble, lo que no excluye el hecho que tenga el poder real y efectivo sobre el bien.
Tal y como se indicó supra, los usos y costumbres agrarios en nuestro medio, reflejan este tipo de situaciones en las que se encarga un bien a un tercero, más que todo para que lo mantenga, lo que se concreta muchas veces con chapias y la posibilidad de que ese servidor mantenga el pasto introduciendo ganado, pero siempre bajo la subordinación del verdadero poseedor. Ciertamente el testigo aportado por la parte actora, *.... expuso que había un charral que el actor limpió y que luego metieron ganado, lo cual se ha tenido por demostrado en esta instancia, pero a ello debe de sumarse lo narrado por el declarante .... que no fue valorado por el a quo, quien precisó que el demandado primero había tenido a su persona en ese fundo, de manera que el testigo lo tuvo de potrero, y que luego en diciembre del dos mil trece "se lo entregó" al demandado. Agrega que posteriormente cuando se empezó a encharralar, el accionado se lo entrega a *…
(padre del actor), que es cuando se chapea y se mete ganado. Es decir, y conforme a las reglas de la lógica, la psicología y la experiencia humana, se tiene que es en virtud del marco de esa autorización o relación entre el demandado y el padre del actor, que se le permite al accionante aprovechar con ganado, pues es normal en un núcleo familiar, de manera que esa posesión no se puede categorizar como ejercida exclusivamente por cuenta propia por parte del actor, sino que el actor es servidor posesorio y por ende, carece de tutela interdictal. Particularmente la doctrina ha establecido: "A veces sucede que quien aparece al frente como "poseedor" de un inmueble, sea un simple empleado, administrador, capataz, cuidador de la propiedad, que ejerce a [Nombre6] y cuenta de otro, que sí tiene derecho de posesión, a ese fenómeno se denomina servidor de la posesión o "conducción indirecta" que se produce cuando el propietario no trabaja personalmente la tierra sino que otro lo hace en su nombre, de quien recibe órdenes, directrices o indicaciones superiores.
El poseedor mediato no posee por sí solo, requiere el concurso, no para compartir, sino para superponerse de un mediador posesorio o sub-poseedor. A ese servidor de la posesión no se le da protección posesoria porque su posesión para él, no es relevante, sus actos y los efectos de su "posesión" van destinados y benefician únicamente a su mandador o por cuenta de quien [Nombre48]". () y otro. Los interdictos en materia civil y agraria, San José, Dupas, 2007, p.231. En ese mismo sentido, TRIBUNAL AGRARIO, Votos No. 243 de las 9:40 horas del 14 de mayo de 1997, No. 540 del 27 de agosto de 1998, ..". En igual sentido, en voto número 288-F-06 de este Tribunal se expuso: " IV. Analizados los agravios expuestos, se denotan que todo el combate contra la sentencia recurrida versa sobre la presunta relación laboral entre las partes. Si bien es cierto, tal y como lo apunta el recurrente, ese tema es ajeno de este litigio, pues lo medular para la resolución de este asunto, es determinar el tipo de posesión ejercida por .... en el terreno en litis.
Ello es de relevancia capital para tener por demostrada o no la legitimación activa. Para que un sujeto esté legitimado activamente, debe ser un poseedor actual y momentáneo, de un terreno de naturaleza o aptitud agrario. En cuanto al ejercicio de los actos posesorios, ello no debe confundirse con que el promovente tenga que ostentar la propiedad sobre el bien, pues interesa la mera posesión de conformidad al ordinal 461 del Código Civil. En este caso, no es objeto de litis determinar la relación laboral entre las partes. La doctrina ha determinado la existencia de varios tipos de poseedores. Diferencia entre el poseedor como no titular, el representante posesorio y el servidor de la posesión ajena. Este último es definido por la doctrina de la siguiente manera: “El servidor posesorio es el ejecutor material del señorío posesorio del poseedor, cuya voluntad gobierna la situación, siendo éste el único a quien se protege (así, concediéndole interdictos) y respecto al único que se producen los efectos de la posesión (por ejemplo, él es quien adquiere por usucapión o tiene derecho a los frutos de la cosa poseída)”, (ALBALADEJO (Manuel), Derecho Civil; Derecho de bienes; Bosh, Tomo III, 1994, Barcelona, p.p..62).
De la cita anterior se colige, el servidor de la posesión es un “instrumento inteligente”, según la doctrina antes referida, pero el ejercicio de tales actos posesorios, benefician al que tiene la posesión, pues son servidores de la posesión ajena. V. Del estudio del expediente, y de la abundante prueba, se colige que los actos posesorios del actor fueron como servidor de la posesión, pues fueron ejecutados durante muchos años en todo el inmueble, incluso en la porción donde habita con su familia, teniendo el carácter como ejecutor material de los demandados". Como se denota de lo explicado en la amplia cita es posible que un tercero ejerza la posesión en beneficio del titular del derecho. Por tal razón, se tiene por acreditado que hasta principios de los años 2000 la posesión ejercida por [[Nombre21] ] fue en calidad de servidor de la posesión en beneficio de [[Nombre1] ]. Se suma a lo anterior de acuerdo con el documento que desde que [[Nombre3] ] aduce haber entrado en posesión, cuando contaba con 14 años no prueba que persona alguna ejerciera la posesión en la heredad en su nombre, pues las personas declarantes que refieren a su posesión no lo ubican en la infancia o adolescencia sino en su edad de adulto joven, incluso se reitera, que lo dejan de ubicar por un tiempo en la heredad pero que nuevamente regresa.
Este asunto encuentra asidero, particularmente cuando todos los hermanos [Nombre26] señalan que durante el tiempo que su padre [[Nombre21] ] estuvo alquilando el bien no tuvo problemas con nadie, incluso reseñando la presencia de [[Nombre3] ] joven pues se relacionaban con él. Otros reproches contra los contratos de arrendamiento, es que incluye la casa, que está demostrado que estaba ocupada primero por [[Nombre6] ], su hija y [[Nombre3] ]. Posteriormente al deceso del primero, la casa se arregló y vivió [[Nombre3] ] con su compañera a la fecha. Sin embargo, esta situación es irrelevante, al igual que el precio que es calificado por el apelante de “irrisorio” y la familiaridad que vincula a los inquilinos con [[Nombre1] ]. Todos estos aspectos, para efectos de probar la legitimación activa de [[Nombre1] ] y la posesión ejercida en el fundo, carecen de peso para modificar el cuadro fáctico.
Se reitera, conforme se explicó en líneas supra, todas las personas testigas ubican a [[Nombre21] ] en la heredad, empleándola para el cuido de animales. Sus hijos e hija ayudaron en esas labores y les consta de manera personal esos actos posesorios y la calidad en que se ejercieron, siendo congruentes sus declaraciones y acordes con las demás probanzas vertidas en autos. También de las declaraciones citadas, se tiene por demostrado, que una vez que [[Nombre21] ] dejó de ejercer posesión mediata en la heredad, lo sucedió [[Nombre5] ], empero de seguido se analiza lo acontecido a partir de ese momento, pero reiterando que la cadena posesoria echada de menos por quienes apelan queda demostradas* XI.3. También está demostrado que a partir de los años dos mil, propiamente en el año 2001 se inicia, al menos de las probanzas se desprende, un conflicto bastante importante entre [[Nombre1] ], [[Nombre5] ] y [[Nombre3] ].
Además del estudio de las piezas de varios procesos aportados a los autos, como el interdicto de amparo y posesión de [[Nombre3] ] contra [[Nombre5] ] , en folios 13, número EXPN8; denuncia penal de usurpación número de expediente EXPN4 donde figuró como imputado [[Nombre3] ] y ofendido [[Nombre1] ] páginas 24 a 184 del tomo I del expediente. Un proceso por injurias y difamación, tramitado bajo el número EXPN9; el imputado es [[Nombre3] ] y el ofendido querellante [[Nombre1] ], en [Dirección4] físico. Una sumaria número EXPN10 donde se tramitó una denuncia por hurto y otros contra [[Nombre3] ], que se agregó un informe en perjuicio de [Nombre40] ; las copias se encuentran en folios 1095 a 1099 del tomo IV físico. De todas éstas se desprende el citado conflicto por la posesión de la heredad, pero que [[Nombre5] ] o bien [[Nombre1] ] hasta antes de su deceso el 18 de octubre de 2010 (certificación de foja 265 del tomo I expediente físico), no pudieron ingresar de manera permanente al terreno.
Pues nótese que a pesar que en el primer proceso penal se sobresee a [[Nombre3] ]; en el segundo se dicta una cosa juzgada. Este codemandado reconventor [Nombre1] es condenado en el proceso de injurias y difamación vinculado con expresiones vinculadas a la heredad. Procesos que duran varios años en su trámite. * XI.4. Otro aspecto agraviado y vinculado con los procesos penales, pues al entender de los recurrentes, en la sentencia del proceso penal EXPN4 hace cosa juzgado sobre este proceso. Las piezas de este asunto se encuentran en el tomo I del expediente físico, de fojas 24 a 184. La sentencia de primera instancia fue emitida a las 13 horas del 12 de marzo de 2003 por el Juzgado Penal de Nicoya, donde se dispuso sobreseer de forma definitiva a [[Nombre3] ] del delito de usurpación en perjuicio de [[Nombre1] ] (páginas 146 a 152 del tomo I físico). Tal decisión fue confirmada en todos sus extremos por el Tribunal de Juicio de Guanacaste en sentencia de las 08 horas del 30 de mayo de 2003 visible en [Dirección6] .
En la decisión de primera instancia se analizan parte de los documentos de transmisión de derechos que son debatidos en este proceso, empero de la lectura de tal pieza, no se desprende que se declare derecho alguno a favor de [[Nombre3] ] o bien que se desvirtúe derecho alguno de [[Nombre1] ]. Se debe destacar que el artículo 164 del código del proceso civil de 1989 de empleo en el asunto, indica los supuestos bajo los cuales la sentencia penal produce cosa juzgada material. Los supuestos son los siguientes:
XIII.Tocante a la identidad del bien se hacen cargos en contra del plano presentado por [[Nombre1] ] visible en foja 2 del tomo I, también con lo indicado en que el terreno fue compuesto por otros bienes adquiridos. En considerandos precedentes se indicó que, en el memorial inicial de la información posesoria, folio 455 del tomo II expediente físico, se hace mención a que la heredad se conformó por otros segmentos adquiridos de diversas personas. Pero esa situación no afecta lo debatido, en cuanto el alegato del demandado reconventor es que la totalidad de la heredad corresponde a lo que reclama que era de su abuelo [[Nombre6] ]. En contraposición [[Nombre1] ], y posteriormente [[Nombre5] ] en sus demandas aducen el bien reclamado es el que posee [Nombre1] de manera ilegítima, y ese punto no ha sido un tema controvertido, y se pretende introducir en esta instancia. Respecto al valor de los planos tanto el presentado por [[Nombre1] ] en folio 2 tomo I, y el levantado por [[Nombre3] ] visible en página 243 de la misma ubicación referida, se trata de documentos levantados de manera unilateral y que al tenor del artículo 301 del Código Civil no hacen prueba de posesión, razón por la cual carecen de valor alguno en este punto del debate por imperativo legal.
Debe recordarse que el requisito de la identidad del bien, en la presente acción protectora se cumple con la prueba que el bien reclamado es el mismo que la demandada posee ilegítimamente. Por tal razón se debe indicar claramente y probarse en forma efectiva que el bien a recuperar es de la parte actora y que es el mismo que está siendo poseído ilegalmente. En este asunto ha ocurrido esa situación y no hay elementos que permitan a estas alturas del proceso poner en duda la identidad del bien, al margen de lo alegado en la referida documental, pues no altera en esencia lo comprobado sobre este aspecto.*
XIV.El reclamo tocante al derecho de retención, en la apelación se indica: “Además, se rechaza el derecho de retención y no se justifica por qué se rechaza, cuando el ordenamiento jurídico establece que sí procede el derecho de retención hasta que exista la indemnización correspondiente, y esta decisión se toma sin ninguna justificación de ninguna naturaleza, incurriendo la sentencia en el vicio de escasa fundamentación, motivo por el cual procede el decreto de su nulidad”. En este punto la sentencia rechaza el derecho de retención sobre las mejoras porque estima es poseedor de mala fe. Esta Instancia aclara que únicamente se referirá precisamente a lo agraviado sobre el derecho de retención y no a ningún otro extremo porque la parte así lo ha dispuesto en su recurso. En la especie se da una indebida aplicación del derecho, porque al focalizar la sentencia como única “mejora” útil la construcción de la casa, esta se califica como una accesión: “En efecto, las mejoras tienen una regulación y connotación diferente a las plantaciones o construcciones nuevas que una persona hace en suelo ajeno, por lo que ambas figuras deben diferenciarse.
Las mejoras se rigen por un principio de accesoriedad, en tanto se realizan para ampliar, modificar o reparar una cosa preexistente. Así, con referencia a un predio destinado a la producción agraria, podrían considerarse como mejoras, la reposición, incremento, modificación o mejoramiento de las plantas o cultivos pre-existentes; arreglo de la infraestructura con la que se desarrolla la actividad agraria, entre otros. En oposición, las nuevas edificaciones, construcciones o cultivos permanentes (de árboles frutales) realizados en el terreno ajeno donde no habían obras de esa naturaleza, o si existían estaban por completo separadas de las nuevas, no pueden ser tenidas como mejoras en el sentido jurídico del término, aún cuando “mejoren la propiedad”, por lo que en estos menesteres, es de aplicación la figura de la accesión de bienes inmuebles, o inmobiliaria. (En esta dirección se orientan las sentencias No. 1 de las 14 horas 55 minutos del 6 de enero de 1993, No. 65 de las 14 horas 40 minutos del 17 de agosto de 1994 y No. 4 de las 14 horas 45 minutos del 28 de enero de 1998).
En esta línea de pensamiento, esta Sala, en sentencia No. 37 de las 14 horas 55 minutos del 10 de abril de 1996, manifestó: “Las edificaciones levantadas en un terreno, en buena técnica jurídica, no pueden reputarse mejoras. Estas últimas constituyen aumentos, reparaciones o cambios favorables en bienes preexistentes, tocante a los cuales, dependiendo si se trata de poseedores de buena o mala fe, puede pedirse el reembolso en caso de devolución del bien, cuando el propietario no ha ostentado la posesión. La regulación del pago de mejoras está contenida en los artículos 328 a 332 del Código Civil, y puede acordarse en aquellos casos en los cuales no se da la accesión por siembra o edificación en fundo ajeno. De darse la accesión, el régimen aplicable será el previsto por los artículos 508 y 509, según corresponda ” (voto 233 del 14 de abril del 2005 de la Sala Primera). Además, legalmente no resulta primordial que la parte que las reclama indique bajo que régimen jurídico las pide, o incluso puede confundirse de denominación jurídica.
Esto por cuanto, lo que interesa es que exprese claramente su deseo de recuperar lo invertido en un inmueble. “Si determinados extremos califican dentro del concepto técnico de mejoras y otros en cambio dentro de la hipótesis de la accesión, es un aspecto de calificación jurídica que no inhibe al Juzgador para concederlos con su correcta denominación, en virtud de que tal forma de resolver es contenido de la actividad jurisdiccional acorde con el principio iura novit curia” (sentencia 233 del 14 de abril del 2005 de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justica). De lo probado se denota que se trata de una construcción que fue levantada primero por [[Nombre6] ] y luego cuando estaba en muy malas condiciones fue reconstruida (declaración testimonial de [Nombre38] ), además tal edificación fue a vista y paciencia de quien ostentó en primer orden por [[Nombre1] ] y después por [[Nombre5] ] .
De tal forma resulta de empleo lo regulado en el canon 509 del Código Civil. Las obras se realizaron "a ciencia y paciencia" del dueño, éste podrá hacer suya la plantación o edificación, pagando el valor si ello le conviniere, pero también podrá optar por la constitución de la copropiedad entre ambos, fijando las cuotas en función de los aportes de uno y otro según lo determina la regulación citada. Por otra parte, y a mayor abundamiento de razones, no interesa en este supuesto la buena o mala fe. Lo que es necesario es que se materialicen en actos tendientes, claros y evidentes del deseo expreso de quien es el titular para evitar las edificaciones lo cual no ocurrió en este caso. Bajo esta tesis, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, sentencia número 1385 de las 09 horas 30 minutos del 17 de octubre de 2013 ha establecido la diferencia entre el canon 508 y el 509 ibid; en lo de interés indica: “En este punto, es preciso señalar que el Código Civil regula la materia que interesa en los artículos 508 y 509 según la edificación o sembradío fue realizada a “ciencia y paciencia del dueño”.
En este sentido, la primer norma estipula: “El dueño del terreno en que otra persona, sin su consentimiento, hubiere edificado, plantado o sembrado, tendrá el derecho de hacer suyo el edificio, plantación o sementera, o el de exigir que se quiten o destruyan a costa del que los hizo, quien además puede ser condenado a indemnización de los daños y perjuicios ocasionados al dueño del suelo. Si el propietario prefiere conservar el plantío o fábrica, deberá reembolsar el valor de los materiales y el de la mano de obra, sin consideración al mayor o menor valor que haya podido recibir la finca. Sin embargo, demostrada la buena fe del que edificó, sembró o plantó, no podrá el propietario pedir la destrucción de lo hecho, pero tendrá opción para reembolsar el valor de los materiales y jornales, o para pagar una suma igual al mayor valor que la finca haya adquirido.” Por su parte, la segunda establece: “Si se ha edificado, plantado o sembrado en terreno ajeno, pero a ciencia y paciencia del dueño, éste podrá hacer suya la plantación o fábrica, pagando el valor que haya costado, y si no le conviniere, la propiedad total será común en proporción al valor del terreno antes del edificio o plantación, y al valor de la plantación o edificio”.
Cabe destacar que en este último supuesto, dado que el propietario tiene conocimiento acerca de las edificaciones o sembradíos que se están realizando en su propiedad, no interesa si el tercero actúa con buena fe o no, dado que el dueño se encontraba en posibilidad de ejercer los mecanismos de defensa previstos en el ordenamiento” (lo destacado no es del texto original). De las probanzas analizadas y valoradas en conjunto, al estar en disputa el terreno durante tanto tiempo, se conocía de la situación de la construcción que se levantaba en el terreno. Procederá en consecuencia revocar este aspecto de la sentencia apelada. En su lugar, deberá revocarse en cuanto que “siendo que se pudo determinar que la única mejora útil es la consistente en la casa donde habita el demandado reconventor [[Nombre3] ] la cual por tolerancia del señor [[Nombre1] ] fue construida en un pequeño aparto de la finca de acuerdo con el artículo 330 del Código Civil, se rechaza la pretensión número 3, por cuanto no se le concede el derecho de retención”, en su lugar se determina que la casa construida por [[Nombre3] ] es una accesión y no una mejora útil.
Por lo que en etapa de ejecución de sentencia [[Nombre5] ] podrá hacer suya la edificación, pagando el valor real si ello le conviniere, también podrá optar por la constitución de la copropiedad entre ambos, fijando las cuotas en función de los aportes de uno y otro según el valor real de la construcción dentro del plazo de cinco días a partir de la firmeza de la sentencia. Se aclara que dado el razonamiento dado en la sentencia y la parte dispositiva que queda en vigencia se debe hacer el pago de las mejoras necesarias que se deberán fijar en ejecución de sentencia, porque lo tocante a la casa es una accesión conforme se razonó, y se definió que esta era la única mejora útil, así que no hay mejoras útiles para liquidar conforme a lo expuesto por el a quo. Dado lo anterior, en cuanto al pago de las mejoras necesarias, sí se concede el derecho de retención a [[Nombre3] ]; aunque ha sido poseedor de mala fe, ello no es obstáculo para que retenga el bien hasta la cancelación de las mejoras necesarias que fueron otorgadas en la sentencia dado que es un imperativo del artículo 330 del Código Civil. *
XV.En cuanto a las costas, en este asunto se hace una división de tales extremos, separando la condenatoria de la reconvención y de la demanda. Aspecto que es incorrecto dado que es única el pronunciamiento que debe hacer la persona juzgadora. Nótese el numeral 55 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria indica: “Las sentencias, así como las resoluciones que pongan fin al proceso, contendrán pronunciamiento sobre costas. La parte vencida podrá ser exonerada del pago de las costas personales, y aun de las procesales, cuando sea evidente que ha litigado de buena fe, por existir, a juicio del tribunal, motivo suficiente para litigar, o porque las pretensiones de la parte vencedora, en definitiva, resultaron desproporcionadas”, (sobre el alcance de tal norma se puede consultar el fallo de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia número 26, de las 11 horas 15 minutos del 13 de mayo de 1994). La regla contenida en la transcrita norma refleja el principio del vencimiento objetivo, lo cual implica, la pauta es condenar por el hecho de ser perdidoso de sus pretensiones.
Empero, de manera extraordinaria podrá exonerarse a quien fuere vencido a honrar esos extremos. Para verificar ese evento, radica en la forma de litigio de quien en principio es obligado a pagarlas, cual es el litigar con buena fe. Otra opción es cuando la demanda o contrademanda incluyan pretensiones exageradas; también se podría estar frente a una exoneración cuando la sentencia atienda parcialmente las peticiones sustanciales de la demanda o reconvención, o bien si lo decidido admite defensas significativas solicitadas por quien fue vencido; por último, está el supuesto del vencimiento recíproco. La exención del pago de costas constituye una facultad otorgada a la persona juzgadora, sin que medie lesión al ordenamiento jurídico, con la obligación de exponer las razones para asumir una posición de esta naturaleza. En este asunto, observa esta Cámara hay razones para exonerarle al pago de las costas.
Del estudio de las pretensiones de las demandas se resaltan no son exageradas; y, en el caso de las contrademandas han sido gananciosos parcialmente de lo requerido así que procederá la exoneración al pago de las costas, tanto en las demandas como en las contrademandas por ser recíprocamente victoriosos. *
* * POR TANTO:* Se rechaza la nulidad invocada. Se revoca parcialmente la sentencia apelada de las catorce horas cuarenta y ocho minutos del diecinueve de octubre de dos mil dieciocho, en dos aspectos: 1. En cuanto condenó al pago de costas en las diversas demandas y contrademandas. En su lugar: se exonera al pago de las costas personales y procesales a todas las partes por hacer sido vencidos recíprocamente. 2. Se revoca en cuanto: “ siendo que se pudo determinar que la única mejora útil es la consistente en la casa donde habita el demandado reconventor, [[Nombre3] ] la cual por tolerancia del señor [[Nombre1] ] fue construida en un pequeño aparto de la finca de acuerdo con el artículo 330 del Código Civil, se rechaza la pretensión número 3, por cuanto no se le concede el derecho de retención”. En su lugar: Se determina que la casa construida por [[Nombre3] ] es una accesión. Por lo que en etapa de ejecución de sentencia [[Nombre5] ] podrá hacer suya la edificación, pagando el valor real si ello le conviniere, también podrá optar por la constitución de la copropiedad entre ambos, fijando las cuotas en función de los aportes de uno y otro según el valor real de la construcción para lo cual se le concede el plazo de cinco días a partir de la firmeza de la sentencia.
En cuanto a las mejoras: Se le concede a [[Nombre3] ] el derecho de retención del bien hasta la cancelación de las mejoras necesarias que serán fijadas en etapa de ejecución de sentencia. En lo demás apelado se confirma.* *IOP0LT4YG1Q61* [Nombre49] - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A *8CUMGEGTSZA61* [Nombre50] - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A *UJQOOZVU12A61* [Nombre51] - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A * * * *
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