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Res. 00086-2020 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI · 30/06/2020
OutcomeResultado
The court orders INDER, in coordination with CONAI and the Integral Development Association of the Quitirrisí de Mora Indigenous Reserve, to initiate the expropriation proceeding for properties 1-207139-000 (in full) and 1-207141-000 (partially) under the Expropriation Law, since they meet the requirements of Article 5 of the Indigenous Law. The standalone claims for moral damages, interest, and indexation are dismissed.Se ordena al INDER, en coordinación con CONAI y la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora, iniciar el procedimiento de expropiación de las fincas 1-207139-000 (totalidad) y 1-207141-000 (parcialmente) conforme a la Ley de Expropiaciones, por cumplir los presupuestos del artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena. Se rechazan las pretensiones indemnizatorias autónomas de daño moral, intereses e indexación.
SummaryResumen
The Administrative Appeals Tribunal, Section VI, rules on the claim filed by Quebrada Honda S.A. against INDER, CONAI, and the State for the failure to expropriate two properties wholly or partially located within the Huetar Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve. The plaintiff argues a de facto expropriation without compensation, seeking an order to conduct the expropriation proceeding under Article 5 of the Indigenous Law (Law No. 6172) and payment of subjective moral damages, interest, and indexation. The Tribunal analyzes the material, subjective, temporal, and procedural requirements, finding that the properties existed since 1972, before the creation of the reserve in 1976, and that the company is a good-faith owner. It rejects the defenses of lack of standing by INDER and CONAI but upholds the State’s. It partially grants the claim, ordering INDER, in coordination with CONAI and the Integral Development Association of the reserve, to initiate the administrative expropriation procedure under the Expropriation Law. It dismisses the standalone claims for moral damages, interest, and indexation as improper, and denies separate compensation for improvements since the valuation will cover them.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI conoce la demanda de Quebrada Honda S.A. contra el INDER, CONAI y el Estado, por la omisión en el trámite de expropiación de dos fincas de su propiedad, total o parcialmente ubicadas dentro de la Reserva Indígena Huetar de Quitirrisí. La actora alega una expropiación de hecho sin indemnización, solicitando se ordene el procedimiento expropiatorio conforme al artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena (Ley 6172) y el pago de daño moral subjetivo, intereses e indexación. El Tribunal analiza los presupuestos material, subjetivo, temporal y procedimental, concluyendo que las fincas existen desde 1972, antes de la creación de la reserva en 1976, y la sociedad es propietaria de buena fe. Rechaza las defensas de falta de legitimación del INDER y CONAI, pero acoge la del Estado. Declara parcialmente con lugar la demanda y ordena al INDER, en coordinación con CONAI y la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la reserva, iniciar el procedimiento administrativo de expropiación según la Ley de Expropiaciones. Desestima las pretensiones indemnizatorias autónomas de daño moral, intereses e indexación por improcedentes, y rechaza la indemnización separada de mejoras, pues el avalúo ya las comprenderá.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In the case at hand, the various elements required by Articles 3 and 5 of the Indigenous Law are met, so that an expropriation must proceed, since it has been verified that a non-indigenous person, in good faith and in accordance with the legal system, became the registered owner of two properties located within the boundaries of the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve, registered prior to the creation of that Indigenous Territory and who refuses to be relocated. (...) the Rural Development Institute, in coordination with the National Commission for Indigenous Affairs and the Integral Development Association of the Quitirrisí de Mora Indigenous Reserve, must initiate a formal administrative expropriation proceeding, under the Expropriation Law, Law No. 7495, immediately and without delay, with respect to the entirety of the property registered under number 207139-000 (...) and partially with respect to property 207141-000 (...) the latter only for the portion that lies within the boundaries of the Indigenous Reserve.En el caso sub examine concurren los distintos componentes requeridos por los artículos 3 y 5 de la Ley Indígena, a fin de proceder con una expropiación, pues se ha verificado que una persona no indígena, de buena fe y conforme el ordenamiento jurídico, se constituyó como propietaria registral de dos fincas comprendidas dentro de los límites de la Reserva Indígena Quitirrisí, inscritas con anterioridad a la creación de ese Territorio Indígena y respecto de las cuales se niega a ser reubicada. (...) deberá el Instituto de Desarrollo Rural en coordinación con la Comisión Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas y la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora, iniciar formal procedimiento administrativo de expropiación, conforme la Ley de Expropiaciones, Ley N° 7495, de manera inmediata y sin dilación alguna, respecto de la totalidad de la finca matrícula número 207139-000 (...) y parcialmente de la finca matrícula número 207141-000 (...) en ésta última únicamente en aquella porción que se encuentre comprendida dentro de los límites de la Reserva Indígena.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Con todo, esa legislación establece un trámite de expropiación de los propietarios y ocupantes de buena fe de predios que se ubiquen dentro del área que constituye cada reserva indígena, lo que se sustenta en el deber asumido por el Estado de reintegrar a las comunidades indígenas los terrenos que originalmente constituían su área normal de desarrollo y existencia y que por diversas cuestiones les fueron despojadas."
"Nevertheless, that legislation establishes an expropriation procedure for good-faith owners and occupants of lands located within the area that constitutes each indigenous reserve, grounded in the duty assumed by the State to return to indigenous communities the lands that originally formed their normal area of development and existence and from which they were dispossessed for various reasons."
Considerando VII
"Con todo, esa legislación establece un trámite de expropiación de los propietarios y ocupantes de buena fe de predios que se ubiquen dentro del área que constituye cada reserva indígena, lo que se sustenta en el deber asumido por el Estado de reintegrar a las comunidades indígenas los terrenos que originalmente constituían su área normal de desarrollo y existencia y que por diversas cuestiones les fueron despojadas."
Considerando VII
"La adquisición posterior a la creación de una reserva indígena no permite por sí sola concluir la posesión de mala fe."
"Subsequent acquisition after the creation of an indigenous reserve does not by itself warrant a conclusion of bad faith possession."
Subtemas, metadata
"La adquisición posterior a la creación de una reserva indígena no permite por sí sola concluir la posesión de mala fe."
Subtemas, metadata
Full documentDocumento completo
**TRIBUNAL PROCESAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO,** **II Circuito Judicial de San José, Address2637** **: 2545-00-03 Fax: 2545-00-33** **Email ...01** **FILE:** **15-001888-1027-CA** **PROCESS:** **COGNIZANCE** **PLAINTIFF:** **QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA** **DEFENDANTS:** **THE STATE, COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS AND THE INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL** **INTERESTED THIRD PARTY** **ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE RESERVA INDÍGENA DE QUITIRRISÍ DE MORA** **RESOLUTION No. 86-2020-VI** **CONTENTIOUS ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL TREASURY TRIBUNAL - SIXTH SECTION - SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSÉ. Goicoechea, at fifteen hours fifty minutes on the thirtieth of June two thousand twenty.-** Process of pure law established by QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, legal identification number CED109103, represented by Name137871, in his capacity as President with powers of generalísimo unlimited proxy (registral certification of legal capacity provided with the complaint) and Name23146, in his capacity as special judicial proxy (power of attorney attached to the electronic judicial file on September 19, 2018), against THE STATE, represented by Name113439, in her capacity as prosecutor, COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS (CONAI), represented by Name1111, in her capacity as special judicial proxy (power of attorney received on August 28, 2018) and the INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL (INDER), represented by Name31959 in his capacity as general judicial proxy and Name137872, as special judicial proxy (registral certification and power of attorney received on June 26, 2019). Participating as INTERESTED THIRD PARTY is the ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE RESERVA INDÍGENA DE QUITIRRISÍ DE MORA, legal identification number CED109104, represented by CONAI, as ordered by the Processing Judge and in the judgment of the Sala Constitucional of the Corte Suprema de Justicia number 2016-13828 of 12:51 hours on September 23, 2016.- **CONSIDERING:** **I.- PRELIMINARY ASPECTS, DELIBERATION AND VOTE.-** This resolution is issued according to the formalities established in Law No. 9342, Código Procesal Civil, the Corte Plena circular number 96-2018 "Practical Rules for the Application of the New Código Procesal Civil", adopted in article XII of session number 38-18 of August 13, 2018, and the Reglamento sobre Expediente Judicial Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial, approved by Corte Plena in article XXXI of session No. 22-13, held on May 20, 2013. The judgment is adopted unanimously, once the respective deliberation has been carried out, with the drafting of the resolution in charge of the reporting judge, Aguilar Méndez, with the vote and concurring opinion of the judges Garita Navarro and Abarca Gómez.- **II.- PRELIMINARY.- a) On the participation of the Interested Third Party.-** Through resolution number 1559-2015 of 14:00 hours on June 08, 2015 (f. 317 of the scanned judicial file), when resolving on a necessary passive joinder of parties, the Processing Judge at that time ordered that the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora be given a hearing, to whom a hearing was granted to state its interest in joining the litigation as coadjuvant or interested third party. Once that resolution became final, upon being confirmed by means of resolution of the Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda No. 384-2015-I of 15:34 hours on July 29, 2015 (f. 341 of the scanned judicial file), said hearing was granted through personal notification made on July 23, 2015 (f. 346 and 347 of the scanned judicial file). In this manner and by means of a brief submitted without authentication, the person who claimed to be Mrs. Name136270, in her capacity as President of the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Quitirrisí, appeared in the proceedings, stating the following: "…In accordance with your office's resolution of fourteen hours on the eighth day of June of the year two thousand fifteen, reviewed by the Board of Directors on Tuesday, the sixth of July 2015, it was agreed: \"Communicate to the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, that this Board of Directors has agreed to appear within the process filed under file No. 15-001888-1027-CA, as an interested third party, and that for future notifications, communications be sent to fax 2260-67-01- That is all, communicate it.\"…" (Emphasis is not original). By resolution of 14:24 hours on March 03, 2017, the Processing Judge ordered the annulment of the preliminary hearing held on October 30, 2015 and warned the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Quitirrisí so that within a period of three business days it would "…appoint a legal professional who authenticates said memorandum and who assumes its legal representation in defense of its interests, as legal representation is mandatory in the contentious administrative process. The warning is made that in the event of omission in the indicated warning to the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Quitirrisí, the representation must be assumed by CONAI, as there are no conflicting interests in the present litigation…" (Emphasis is not original). This provision was not appealed or challenged by CONAI. Subsequently, in a preliminary hearing held on August 31, 2018, given the non-compliance with the warning made and in the absence of the third interested party, the Processing Judge determined that the representation of the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora would be assumed by CONAI. This designation was not appealed or challenged by the co-defendant, in that hearing, nor in the second preliminary hearing held on September 19 of that year. Under these conditions, this Tribunal considers any procedural irregularity that could lead to defenselessness to be remedied, since no harm has been caused to the third interested party with what has been acted upon in the proceedings, in attention to what is supplementarily provided by the Código Procesal Civil, Law No. 9342 of February 03, 2016, in its articles 31 and 32, but particularly based on the judgment of the Sala Constitucional No. 2016-13828 of 12:51 hours on September 23, 2016, in which it was ordered, in what is of interest: "…it is appropriate for CONAI to provide legal advice to indigenous associations in contentious-administrative processes. This is a population to which the law must be applied from a completely different perspective, especially in view of Convention 169 of the I.L.O., previously referred to, which is a norm of higher rank than the law according to the provisions of article 7 of the Constitution and on which the Chamber issued a favorable consultative opinion by judgment No. 3051-92 and which today is law of the Republic, No. 7316. In this case, it concerns an Asociación de Desarrollo Integral which, although its legal nature is of private law, governed by that regulation and under the principles that govern private activity, it has been declared of public interest, as have its similar entities, since its objective is to ensure the interests of the indigenous people Name42326, for which it is reasonable that when it represents them and not for an individual case, it receives legal advice from the State, in this case, from CONAI. However, the above criterion would not apply in cases where there are interests of the Institution, since in that case, CONAI's lawyer must only represent it…" (Emphasis is not original). We consider that in this manner and by the way it is resolved, there is no harm caused to the Association held as the third interested party, which has seen its defense guaranteed through the procedural actions carried out by the representation of CONAI. – b) On the hearing of article 68 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo: This point is addressed in view of the fact that, during the preliminary hearing held on August 31, 2018, the Processing Judge Josué Salas Montenegro determined that, regarding a modification to the fourth fact of the complaint, made by the plaintiff party in that act, it was appropriate to grant the hearing provided for in numeral 68.3 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (CPCA), so that the defendants could pronounce themselves and leaving the decision on the admissibility or not of that modification to be decided in judgment. In this regard, this Tribunal considers that, as the modification is justified due to a new fact, that is, occurring after the filing of the complaint, specifically, on April 16, 2018, by virtue of the registration of the farm of the Partido de San José registration number Placa25933, which corresponds to a segregation (segregación) of one of the properties subject to this process, its admission as a new fact is appropriate, in accordance with canon 68.4 ibidem. In that regard and pursuant to numerals 50, 82, 90.2 and 110 CPCA, the registral certifications provided by the plaintiff and the State, as well as the topographic survey layout No. IRT-709-2018 dated September 03, 2018, conducted by the Topography Section of the Department of Formation of Peasant Settlements of INDER, offered by said co-defendant party at the granted hearing, are admitted as evidence. – **III.- OBJECT OF THE PROCESS.** - The claims giving rise to this process were adjusted during the preliminary hearing held on August 31, 2018 (recording of the hearing from minute 05:50 to minute 15:31), thus being defined in the following terms: "...Claim. Based on the factual and normative framework set forth, I request that the final judgment establish: 1- Declare this complaint with merit in all its aspects. 2- That it be declared that the farm of the Partido de San José, Folio Real 207.139-000 is entirely located within the boundaries of the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve. 3- That it be declared that the farm of the Partido de San José 207141-000, is partially affected by the creation and subsequent expansion of the Quitirrisí Reserve, more specifically the area located west and south of Name137873 Quebrada Honda according to cadastral plan number SJ-1379446-2009. 4- Given that the previously indicated farms were de facto expropriated by the State, the defendants are jointly and severally condemned to carry out the measurement and location of the lands subject to this process, to perform the corresponding appraisal both of the value of the land and the improvements introduced, and to order the payment of the corresponding compensation referred to in article 5 of the Ley Indígena. 5- That the defendants are jointly and severally condemned to pay interest on the amount of compensation from the moment a final judgment is rendered until the effective payment. 6- The defendants are jointly and severally condemned to pay my represented party the subjective moral damages (daño moral subjetivo) generated by the harm caused to me, as the representative of the affected company, by the illegitimate actions of the defendants, who at all times generated a restriction on the free disposition of the properties subject to this complaint, for more than 30 years, generating in me a state of uncertainty regarding invasions carried out under the protection that they are lands within a reserve, in addition to the uncertainty that the defendants generate in me regarding the breach of their obligation to measure, value and pay for said lands, given that she was dispossessed without any payment being made to me, all of which causes me depression, frustration, anguish, dread or fear of losing part of my represented party's patrimony without being compensated, moral damages (daño moral) estimated at the sum of 100 million colones. 7- That the defendants are condemned to the indexation of all economic amounts to which they are sentenced. 8- That the defendants are condemned to pay both costs of this action…". In the face of these claims, the representation of the State has responded negatively, opposing the exceptions of lack of passive legal standing and lack of Right, and requesting that the plaintiff be condemned to pay costs. For its part, the representation of INDER has also opposed the complaint, raising in its defense the exceptions of lack of passive legal standing and lack of Right, in addition to requesting that they be condemned to pay costs and their interest. CONAI responded negatively and raised the exceptions of lack of legal standing in both aspects, active and passive, and lack of Right.- **IV.- PLEADINGS OF THE PARTIES. –** The Plaintiff party bases its complaint on the case theory that two properties owned by it, farms number 1-207139-000 and 1-207141-000, were subject to a de facto expropriation by the defendant Administrations when they became incorporated, the first in its entirety, and the second partially, within the boundaries of the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve. It states that both farms were the result of the consolidation of several farms, carried out in 1972; thus, farm 1-207139-000 is the result of the union of farms 88181 registered in 1941, 39883 registered in 1965, and 108845 registered in 1966. Farm 1-207141-000, in turn, arose from farms 46732 registered in 1911 and 194351 registered in 1970. It points out that in either of these cases, all were duly registered prior to the creation of the Indigenous Reserve in 1976, its expansion in 2001, and even the Ley de Terrenos Baldíos of 1939. The plaintiff's representative alleges that his complaint is based on the challenge of an omission due to the breach of legal obligations. He considers that the incorporation of his properties into the Reserve as of the Decreto Ejecutivo No. 29452-G of March 21, 2001, published in La Gaceta No. 93 of May 16, 2001, has limited his free disposition due to the imposition of articles 3 and 6 of the Ley Indígena, in attention to which and in view that his defendant does not wish to be relocated, he considers that action should be taken according to article 5 of said law, expropriating the farms and compensating them for their real value and also paying for the improvements introduced to them, which to date has been unfulfilled by the defendants. He points out that as defined by the Sala Primera (cites judgment 1604-F-S1-2012 of 9:00 hours on December 6, 2012), there is shared responsibility among the sued Administrations regarding the measurement, appraisal, and payment of the corresponding compensation; however, as of the date of the complaint, none of the defendants have complied with their legal obligations regarding the compensation for said farms. He argues that the actions of the defendants have generated for the representative of the company a state of absolute uncertainty and worry, because even though the farms were affected by the creation and subsequent expansion of the reserve, through a State regulation, it was certainly never done correctly, as a de facto expropriation was carried out that restricted the free disposition of the company's assets, without the payment of the compensation legally due. The representation of the State supports its defense of lack of passive legal standing by considering that, notwithstanding the Reserve was created by Decree, the claim made by the plaintiff party is not attributable to it, since according to article 5 of the Ley Indígena, it corresponds to INDER in coordination with CONAI, to carry out the expropriation of lands located in indigenous reserves, under the possession or ownership of non-indigenous persons. On the other hand, and regarding the opposed lack of Right, during the conclusions of the preliminary hearing, it pointed out that this case is not about an omission but a case of liability for de facto expropriation, which is regulated by a special regime derived from article 45 of the Political Constitution and article 5 of the Ley Indígena, and in that sense, according to judgments of the Sala Primera No. 157-2000, 311-2001, 321-2011, and of the Sala Constitucional No. 18946-2015 and 2097-2011, said situation can only occur when by a de facto route the State proceeds to materially dispossess an individual of property; however, it considers that in this matter the plaintiff has not managed to prove such circumstance, nor how the limitations derived from the incorporation into the Indigenous Reserve have affected the plaintiff, since these have not even been registered in the National Registry and therefore, she has maintained her free disposition, proof of which is that, in its opinion, the representative of the plaintiff company was able to carry out a segregation in his own name during the course of the process. It considers that since the dispossession of the plaintiff is not demonstrated, the material prerequisite provided in article 5 of the Ley Indígena is not fulfilled. It argues that from the claims, as they are formulated, granting compensation would not entail the transfer of the property to the indigenous community, but rather compensation without consideration, thus causing unjustified impoverishment to the defendant Administrations. In that sense, it appreciates that the plaintiff party has not proven the alleged damages either, and this leads it to question the good faith of the plaintiff. Specifically regarding subjective moral damages (daño moral subjetivo), the state representative argues that according to the plaintiff's statements, if such damage existed, it would not be a product of State actions, so there is no causal link justifying a sentence in that regard; additionally, it alleges that there is no damage to be compensated since the only compensable damage that can occur is the unlawful one that has some impact on the person alleging it; however, the frustration and anguish come from losing a patrimony and suffering a limitation on the property of the plaintiff company. In its concluding arguments, it added a reason for opposition, specifically, regarding the joint and several nature of the sentence (which in turn responded to an adjustment made during the preliminary hearing), arguing that it was not admissible, as there is no legal norm on which to base it, since it involves three distinct public entities and that rather, that claim is due to the plaintiff's inability to identify a responsible party, given the absence of damage as such. Finally, regarding the claim for recognition of indexation, since it is accessory, if the principal is not proven, it becomes inadmissible and must be rejected. The representation of INDER argues first a lack of passive legal standing, since in its consideration, the compensation for the recovery of indigenous territory corresponds exclusively to the State, and in that sense, it considers that the legislator's intention was never for the ITCO, currently INDER, to pay the expropriations using the budget of its own Institution, but rather that it is and continues to be an obligation chargeable to the National Budget, so that in its opinion, it is the State that must seek the financial resources to guarantee the recovery of indigenous territories, and said fund must be administered by CONAI, because it corresponds to said entity to administer and dispose of the monies for the recovery of indigenous territories. In that sense, it affirms that it will be up to those institutions, in the event compensation is ordered, to make the corresponding payment. Likewise, given that farm 1-207139-000 is affected by the Zona Protectora El Rodeo created by Decretos Ejecutivos 6112-A, 12368, and 12608-A of the years 1976 and 1981, the expropriation of those lands corresponds to the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación and not to its represented party. Subsequently, and in relation to the defense of lack of Right, INDER argues that the plaintiff company, the company Quebrada Honda S.A., cannot seek the recognition of compensation for lands that are inalienable and whose transfer is impossible, in attention to the fact that any entry of persons into the Indigenous Territory, under any title, has been illegitimate since time immemorial and especially since 1939 from the Ley de Terrenos Baldíos, a fact which the plaintiff accepts in the facts of the complaint. It argues that the plaintiff seeks to enforce a transfer of ownership act, instead of constituting himself as the original owner, a document that cannot be recognized for validity, as acts of disposal within the Indigenous Territory are absolutely null. In relation to the recognition of improvements, as claimed by the plaintiff party, the INDER representative, in the conclusions, pointed out that according to article 13 of Decree 6036-G, which establishes various guidelines on that point, and according to the judgment of the Sala Primera No. 920-F-S1-2015, said improvements could only be recognized if they were made prior to the creation of the Reserve and not afterward, because in that case they would be illegitimate. In any case, it states that they have not been proven by the plaintiff company. Likewise, it considers that payment for moral damages (daño moral) is not admissible since he does not act in the process in a personal capacity, but as the representative of a sociedad anónima, and aside from that, he allowed more than 30 years to pass without exercising the action, as acknowledged in the complaint, so it considers that such suffering is not proven. Lastly, from the representation of CONAI, it considers that there is a lack of active legal standing, because in that sense it questions the plaintiff's good faith ownership of the properties. It points out that according to the Ley Indígena, compensation is only admissible if, at the time of the Reserve's creation, the non-indigenous person was an owner, so that what is recognized are their acquired rights; however, it affirms that in the case of the plaintiff, the assets for which he seeks compensation were acquired in 2009 and 2013, and it even points out that during the process, a segregation was presented in his own name, which demonstrates the novelty of his right. It points out that the official letters provided with official letter MEDET-32-2015 at folios 127 to 129 of the judicial file do not actually prove that the properties must be compensated, because what is certified is only insofar as the draftsman locates the property within the grid, so this does not grant a real right. It raises the exception of lack of passive legal standing, since in its consideration it has complied on its part with the duty of coordination imposed by law. It considers that it should not be condemned, since it has been the State, on one hand, that limited the plaintiffs right of ownership through a Law approved by the Legislative Assembly, while on the other hand, it is the one that has the duty to provide the resources to attend to the obligations that have been attributed to it; in this way, it argues that the State is responsible for the fact that the institutions involved find themselves unable to comply with what is imposed by the Law. Lastly, it raises the exception of lack of Right; it argues that the lands located in the indigenous territories have belonged to those communities since time immemorial, long before the Ley de Terrenos Baldíos of 1939, such that a registry registration does not prove possession thereof. It is of the opinion that this finds support in the International Conventions adopted and ratified by our country and current regulations, such as Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization and the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as well as in the judgment of the Sala Constitucional No. 6856-2005 of June first, 2005, which established that the Asociaciones de Desarrollo Integral of the Indigenous Communities represent those communities, which in turn are the owners of those lands. In its concluding arguments, it added that the plaintiff had not demonstrated three basic questions: that he is the owner, that the lands are effectively within the reserve, and third, that they have been dispossessed by the Administration. It also pointed out that there were contradictions in the complaint, because on one hand it says it has been impaired or dispossessed, but on the other it claims payment for improvements. It considers that all subsequent use after 1976 by non-indigenous persons in the Reserves is illegitimate and cannot be compensated.- **V.- PROVEN FACTS.** - Of importance for the issuance of this resolution, the following facts are deemed duly proven according to sound rational criticism, whether they emerge from the community of evidence provided and admitted in this process, or because the parties have accepted them:
**ON THE QUITIRRISÍ DE MORA INDIGENOUS RESERVE** 1) On June 12, 1976, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 6036-G of May 26, 1976, was published in the official newspaper La Gaceta number 113, in whose article 9 it was provided: "…The Government of the Republic recognizes the existence and legal personality of the Pacacua Indigenous Community, of Quitirrisí, Mora canton, and declares the territory occupied by said community as an Indigenous Reserve…" (uncontroverted fact and consultation of the public database of the national system of legislation in force as of the date of this resolution); 2) By means of the Ley Indígena, Law No. 6172 of November 29, 1977, published in the official newspaper La Gaceta No. 240 of December 20 of that year, and concretely, in article 1, those established -among others- in Decreto Ejecutivo No. 6036-G were declared as "indigenous reserves" (uncontroverted fact and consultation of the public database of the national system of legislation in force as of the date of this resolution); 3) By means of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 10707-G of October 24, 1979, published in the official newspaper La Gaceta number 210 of November 08, 1979, subsequently amended by means of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 29452-G of March 21, 2001, published in La Gaceta No. 93 of May 16, 2001, the boundaries of the Huetar de Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve were established (uncontroverted fact and consultation of the public database of the national system of legislation in force as of the date of this resolution); **ON THE FARM REGISTRATION NUMBER Placa25934** 4) By means of a public deed granted before the notary José Miguel Alfaro Rodríguez, dated April 19, 1972, Mr. Name137874, identity card number CED109101- - in his capacity as president with powers of Generalísimo Proxy of the company Quebrada Honda, Sociedad Anónima, consolidates the following contiguous farms owned by him, located in the province of San José: i) Placa25926 (CED109105), registered in folio Placa25927, ii) Placa25928 (CED109106), registered in folio Placa25929, and iii) CED109102 (CED109107), registered in folio five hundred ninety-five of volume one thousand seven hundred ninety-six, thus forming farm number Placa25930 (), with an area of thirty-seven hectares, three thousand one hundred nineteen square meters, ninety-nine square decimeters (37 Has, 3,119.99 m2), valuing said act in the sum of one hundred colones. Said public deed was presented to the Diary of the Real Property Registry at Volume 294, Entry 7038, on May 22, 1972, being registered on May 24 of that year (Evidence from the plaintiff company Nombre5838° 2 provided with the complaint, visible from folios 05 to 31 of the scanned judicial file); 5) As of April 19, 1972, the property registered with farm number Placa25934 had a nature of "…pasture land, coffee and grazing fields, with a dwelling house made of bahareque, roofed with zinc and tile, with wood floors, a house for a laborer with a zinc roof, and a large shed with a zinc roof for a sugar mill…" (f.
11 of the scanned judicial file); 6) As of the date of this judgment, Quebrada Honda Sociedad Anónima, legal ID CED109103, continues to be the registered owner of the property with registration number Placa25934, described as land for agricultural use with a shed, located at Dirección16552, , , of the Province of San José, bounded on the north: Nombre137875, Nombre137873 Quebrada Honda and Nombre137876, on the south: Proyectos y estudios Juberoa S.A., on the east: Dirección336 and Nombre137876, and on the west: Nombre137873 Chavarría and Nombre137877, with a current area of two hundred one thousand two hundred thirty-five square meters and zero square decimeters (201,235.00 m2), with cadastral map number SJ-1669185-2013 (Evidence No. 2 provided with the complaint, visible on folios 05 to 31 of the scanned judicial file and query to the public database of the National Registry); 7) At 10:00 a.m. on June 27, 2013, the Executive Director of CONAI issued a visa on the back or reverse side of cadastral map number SJ-1669185-2013, certifying that the property depicted therein was located within the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve and that it had been constituted before Indigenous Law No. 6172 (folios 62 to 65 verso and 127 to 129 of the scanned judicial file). The certificate states:-- 8) Through official letter No. AT-207-2015 of Dirección16553, the official Nombre73126, in his capacity as Head of the Topography Area of INDER, informs the Directorate of Legal Affairs of said entity that regarding cadastral map number SJ-1669185-2013 which depicts property number Placa25934: “…in accordance with the cartographic location shown by the mentioned document, a corresponding study was carried out by Technician Erick Angulo Jiménez on the Nombre137873 Grande and Abra cartographic sheets, determining that the property in question overlaps in its entirety with the Quitirrisí Indigenous Territory; furthermore, from the study conducted, it was found that said map is partially affected by the Protected Wild Area, El Rodeo Protective Zone, by approximately 40%...” (Highlighting is not from the original. See folios 295 and 296 of the scanned judicial file); REGARDING PROPERTY REGISTRATION NUMBER Placa25935 9) By public deed granted before the notary public of José Miguel Alfaro Rodríguez, dated April 19, 1972, Mr. Nombre137874, identity card number CED109101- - acting in his capacity as president with powers of General Attorney of the company Quebrada Honda, Sociedad Anónima, consolidates the following contiguous properties owned by it, located in the Province of San José: i) Placa25931 (46372), registered at folio three hundred seventy-one of volume seven hundred eighty-eight, and ii) Placa25932 (CED109108), registered at folio five hundred seventy-seven of volume one thousand nine hundred eighty-nine, thus forming property number two hundred seven thousand one hundred forty-one - zero zero zero (1-207141-000), with an area of thirty-four hectares, nine thousand six hundred ninety-eight square meters, eighty-eight square decimeters (34 Has, 9,698.88 m2), appraising said act at the sum of one hundred colones. Said public deed was submitted to the Daily Entry Book of the Real Estate Registry of the National Registry at Volume 294, Entry 7038, on May 22, 1972, being registered on May 24 of that year (Evidence No. 3 provided with the complaint, visible on folios 32 to 61 of the scanned judicial file); 10) As of April 19, 1972, the property registered under property number 1-207141-000 had a nature of “…pasture, agriculture, and grazing land, with a wooden house with a troweled crushed-stone floor and galvanized iron roof, measuring 70 square meters, and a milking and calf shed with a crushed-stone floor and galvanized iron roof, measuring 49 square meters, both improvements are appraised for tax purposes at the sum of one colón each…” (folio 39 of the scanned judicial file); 11) As of November 5, 2014, Quebrada Honda Sociedad Anónima, legal ID CED109103, was the registered owner of the property with registration number Placa25935, described as citrus and other with a house, located at Dirección16554, , of the Province of San José, bounded on the north: Quebrada en medio Camino público, others, on the south: Nombre137878, others, on the east: Dirección16555, on the west: Nombre137879, with an area of one hundred seventeen thousand three hundred ninety-six square meters and zero square decimeters (117,396.00 m2), with cadastral map number Placa25936. (see folios 33 to 35 of the scanned judicial file, as part of the plaintiff company's Evidence No. 3 provided with the complaint); 12) At 8:00 a.m. on October 7, 2009, the Acting Executive Director of CONAI issued a visa on the back or reverse side of cadastral map number Placa25936, certifying that the property depicted therein was partially located within the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve and that it had been constituted before Indigenous Law No. 6172 (folios 66 to 69 verso and 127 to 129 of the scanned judicial file). The certificate states:
As has been noted, section 5 of the Indigenous Law establishes non-deferrable requirements of a subjective nature that determine the admissibility of the indemnification procedure established in that norm, namely: a) Non-indigenous persons or persons who do not belong to the indigenous community; b) Who have acquired, in good faith, a property right or possession of a real estate, before the declaration of the indigenous reserve, and whose property or possession right is emptied upon being located within the limits of the reserve; c) Good faith means that the owners or possessors acquired their rights over the real estate according to the rules of the Civil Code. d) They must prove administratively and judicially that they exercised possessory acts over the real estate before the Indigenous Law, Ley 6172, entered into force, or prior to the issuance of the norm that defined that a specific piece of land is part of the reserve area. Thus, this Court finds that in the present case all these requirements are satisfied, since as has been taken as proven, at the time of the registry inscription of the properties included in the Indigenous Reserve, that is, on May 24, 1972, they were owned by a non-indigenous person, acquired pursuant to a valid legal transaction stipulated in a public deed granted on April 19, 1972, and both estates being destined at that moment to agricultural and residential activities, which proves, at the same time, the existence of acts of possession prior to the creation of the Indigenous Territory in 1976. In that sense, regarding the arguments put forward by INDER and CONAI questioning the plaintiff company's character as owner, it is pointed out to them that this line of argument is inconsequential and inadmissible because the Plaintiff does not question with its lawsuit the existence or not of the Indigenous Reserve, nor the reasons for proceeding with the expropriation; on the contrary, what it seeks is to be subjected to the process provided for in section 5 of the Indigenous Law, for its private property right recognized by the legal system, derived from its registration before the Public Registry, to be indemnified, a matter that, in this sense, it has managed to prove in this Chamber's opinion. Likewise, regarding INDER's defense that the plaintiff company's claim is based on a transfer-of-title act whose validity cannot be recognized, given that it is the result of acts of disposition within the Indigenous Territory, the same is inadmissible and is accordingly dismissed, since the plaintiff has demonstrated that it acquired and registered its property right prior to the creation of the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve and, therefore, it has been held as a good-faith acquirer and, as such, merits the protection of the legal system. -\n\nX.- 3. Temporal Element: The Huetar de Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve was created, in a first instance, on June 12, 1976, when Executive Decree No. 6036-G of May 26, 1976, was published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 113, whose article 9 provided: "...The Government of the Republic recognizes the existence and legal personality of the Pacacua Indigenous Community, of Quitirrisí, canton of Mora and declares the territory occupied by said community as an Indigenous Reserve...". On that occasion, however, a delimitation was not established for it, since article 11 merely provided that this task was to be carried out by the then Institute of Lands and Colonization (Instituto de Tierras y Colonización), now INDER, and CONAI. The Indigenous Law, Ley N° 6172, published on December 20, 1977, established in article 1 that those established -among others- by Executive Decree No. 6036-G would be considered "indigenous reserves", with the so-called "Pacacua Indigenous Community of Quitirrisí" being thus included as such. However, it was not until Executive Decree No. 10707-G of October 24, 1979, published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 210 of November 8, 1979, that an initial delimitation was given to the Indigenous Reserve, which was subsequently amended by means of Executive Decree No. 29452-G of March 21, 2001, published in La Gaceta No. 93 of May 16, 2001. Thus, and by reason of the facts taken as proven, this Court finds that, once again, real estate properties 1-207139-000 and 1-207141-000 fully satisfy the temporal prerequisite, since as has been accredited by the plaintiff party, said properties were inscribed in the registry on May 24, 1972, as a result of the consolidation of properties carried out through public deeds granted before notary public José Miguel Alfaro Rodríguez, on April 19 of that year. On this point, the Court takes note that during the course of the litigation, there was debate about the moment when these properties fell within the Reserve, since the plaintiff party has maintained that this occurred with Executive Decree No. 29452-G of March 21, 2001; however, regardless of whether this is so or not, it has been proven that the real estate properties, in any case, legally existed prior to the creation of the Reserve in 1976, being registered property both then and now of Quebrada Honda Sociedad Anónima. In this sense, it is observed that at the time of its registration as such, in May 1972, the property with registration number Placa25934 had an area of three hundred seventy-three thousand one hundred nineteen square meters and ninety-nine square decimeters (373,119.99 m² / 37 Ha, 33,119.99 m²), while on the date of this ruling, the measurement is two hundred one thousand two hundred thirty-five square meters and zero square decimeters (201,235.00 m²); likewise, property Placa25935 had an area of three hundred forty-nine thousand six hundred ninety-eight square meters and eighty-eight square decimeters (349,698.88 m² / 34 Ha, 9,698.88 m²), while on the date of this ruling, the measurement is seventy-three thousand forty-three exact square meters (73,043.00 m²). For the Court, this change in the extent of the real estate properties necessarily reveals that the plaintiff party over time has carried out various acts of disposition that have led to the reduction of the area. However, the expropriation of the real estate properties arising from those subdivisions (fraccionamientos) is not discussed here, nor is the legal validity or the legal consequences of those transactions, and therefore, these movements have no impact on the subject matter or cause of this proceeding, which, it is reiterated, concerns the susceptibility of the real estate properties registered under registration numbers Placa25934 and Placa25935 to be expropriated in accordance with Article 5 of the Indigenous Law. -\n\nXI.- 4. Procedural Element: According to the official letter from CONAI's Executive Directorate No. MDE-047-2015 of March 17, 2015, in addition to the fact that none of the parties has contested it, this Court holds it as proven that to date, no expropriation or relocation process has been carried out regarding the company Quebrada Honda Sociedad Anónima, titleholder of real estate properties Placa25934 and Placa25935, in which the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora had participated. It should be noted, in this sense and given that the titleholder of the real estate properties is a commercial legal entity (Name110323. 5.c and 17.d of the Commercial Code), the non-indigenous quality of the passive subject of the expropriation is ipso jure assured, who, at the same time, has made clear both in the lawsuit and in the conclusions, its refusal to be relocated. Thus, this Court has been able to corroborate that in the sub examine case, the various components required by Articles 3 and 5 of the Indigenous Law concur, in order to proceed with an expropriation, as it has been verified that a non-indigenous person, in good faith and in accordance with the legal system, was constituted as the registered owner of two properties included within the limits of the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve, registered prior to the creation of that Indigenous Territory and regarding which it refuses to be relocated. Now then, and as part of this prerequisite, this Court, not only in the cited precedent but in other precedents, of which it is worth citing judgments No. 123-2017-VI of 3:00 p.m. on October 17, 2017, and 105-2018-VI of 11:15 a.m. on August 31, 2018, has been emphatic in recognizing that Article 5 of Ley N° 6172 establishes the legal duty of INDER (at that time ITCO) in hypotheses such as those of the specific case, to proceed to "...expropriate and indemnify them in accordance with the procedures established in the Ley de Expropiaciones...", without prejudice to prior coordination with CONAI and the Indigenous Association of the respective Territory, in order to corroborate adequate compliance with the legal framework protecting this population. The State's participation in this procedure is not fundamental, but accessory and internal to the Public Administration, understood in this latter sense as foreign to the passive subject of the expropriation, who must not bear the burden of Costa Rican State's organization and distribution of competencies in order to receive the indemnity for its property according to the Law, an accessory participation which, it should be said in passing, cannot and must not constitute an obstacle in the exercise of the fundamental guarantee of expropriation, provided for in Article 45 of the Political Constitution and a manifestation of the principle of State responsibility, stipulated in Article 9 ibid. Finally, and in relation to the improvements (mejoras) that the party seeks to have indemnified, the same must be denied for two specific reasons: first, because as part of the expropriation procedure provided for in Ley N° 7495, the administrative appraisal must necessarily include them, so the right to their recognition is already covered; and secondly, because in the opinion of this Chamber, the party has not managed to demonstrate the existence, in the specific case, of the improvements claimed in the lawsuit brief, and therefore, in accordance with the principle of the burden of proof (Art. 41.1 CPC Ley N° 9342), given that the obligation to prove their existence fell upon that party, without them having been duly satisfied, the appropriate course is their rejection, as is hereby ordered. -\n\nXII.- In Conclusion: Once it has been determined that, in effect, the defendant Administration has omitted the fulfillment of the legal duty imposed upon it by canon 5 ibid and that the plaintiff has satisfied the various requirements demanded by the legal system for such, the Court considers that the plaintiff party's lawsuit must be upheld, understood as an order to perform an act in the terms of Article 122, subsection g) of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, which empowers this judicial Office to "...Condemn the Administration to perform any specific administrative conduct imposed by the legal system....". Thus, and in accordance with Article 5 of the Indigenous Law, Ley N° 6172, the Instituto de Desarrollo Rural, in coordination with the Comisión Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas and the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora, must initiate a formal administrative expropriation procedure, in accordance with the Ley de Expropiaciones, Ley N° 7495, immediately and without any delay, regarding the entirety of the property with registration number Placa25934, with a current measurement of two hundred one thousand two hundred thirty-five square meters and zero square decimeters (201,235.00 m²), with cadastral map (plano catastrado) number SJ-1669185-2013, and partially for the property with registration number Placa25935, with a measurement -as of the date of this judgment- of seventy-three thousand forty-three exact square meters (73,043.00 m²), with cadastral map number SJ-1379446-2009, in this latter one, only in that portion that is within the limits of the Huetar de Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve, as they have been defined in Executive Decree No. 10707-G of October 24, 1979, published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 210 of November 8, 1979, and Executive Decree No. 29452-G of March 21, 2001, published in La Gaceta No. 93 of May 16, 2001. During the execution of said procedure, the condemned Administrations must conduct the technical assessments and verifications of affected areas, the determination of the current market value of the real estate properties, as well as possible overlaps with the State's Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), and ensure the respective transfer and registration of the properties to the corresponding entities by Law. Non-compliance with this order shall enable the execution judge, in accordance with their functional competences, to proceed to ensure its due compliance, so it shall be the responsibility of the plaintiff party to manage what corresponds before that area of the Court in case of non-observance of what is herein ordered. – XIII.- ON SUBJECTIVE MORAL DAMAGES.- The plaintiff company formulated this plea in the following terms: "...6- The defendants be jointly and severally ordered to pay my represented party the subjective moral damage (daño moral subjetivo) generated by the affectation caused to me as representative of the affected company, by the illegitimate actions of the defendants, who at all times generated a restriction on the free disposition of the properties subject to this lawsuit, for more than 30 years, generating a state of uncertainty due to invasions carried out under the protection that they are lands within a reserve, in addition to the uncertainty generated in me by the defendants regarding the non-compliance with their obligation to measure, value and pay for said lands, given that she was dispossessed without any payment being made to me, all of which causes me depression, frustration, anguish, fear or dread of losing part of my represented party's patrimony without being indemnified, moral damage estimated in the sum of 100 million colones..." (Highlighting is not original). In their arguments, the plaintiff's legal representative has argued that the defendants' actions have generated, for its representative, an absolute state of uncertainty and concern, derived from the restrictions on the free disposition of the company's assets, without the payment of the respective indemnity. Thus, the Court considers that, by virtue of the conceptual confusions exhibited by this claim, what corresponds, in the first place, is to make some brief clarifications in this regard. In this category of damages, we are facing a harm that has been categorized as "incorporeal", "non-pecuniary" (extrapatrimonial), or "non-patrimonial", which is generally associated with the prejudice caused to the feeling of physical or psychic well-being of the person who suffers it. It is distinguished from material damage in that in the latter, the injured party's patrimonial sphere is "reinstated to the state prior to the causation of the same ('restituio in integrum')..." (according to judgment number 112-92, of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice); whereas the compensability of moral damage seeks a substitutive satisfaction for the pain suffered by the victim, so it "fulfills a function or role of satisfaction of the affliction or pain suffered, operating as compensation for the damage inflicted, without therefore being morally reprehensible, since it is not about paying for pain with pleasure, nor about putting a price on pain. It merely seeks a way to procure for the injured party equivalent satisfactions to those that were affected. As can be seen, the reparation of moral damage turns out to be consistent with the highest principles of justice (neminem laedere), ... it also finds its cornerstone in the recognition of the human person as the axis around which Law revolves, a person with the right to an equilibrium in their psychic and spiritual state of mind, whose alterations must be repaired." (idem). Thus, moral damage consists of physical, psychic, emotional, or moral pain or suffering inflicted on the occasion of an unlawful administrative conduct. A distinction must be made between subjective moral damage, also categorized as "pure" or emotional damage, and objective moral damage. The first - subjective moral damage - occurs when a non-pecuniary asset has been harmed, without directly impacting the victim's patrimony, normally implying an unjust disturbance of the individual's psychological conditions, such as displeasure, discouragement, despair, loss of satisfaction in living, depression, etc.; while in the second, the harm to the non-pecuniary legal asset carries with it an impact on the patrimony of the person who suffers it, that is, it indirectly generates consequences that are economically assessable. In this sense, the First Chamber has repeatedly indicated: "...For a long time, this deciding body has differentiated subjective from objective moral damage. In this regard, it has stated: "XXI. [...] Ergo, as the Court well indicated, the moral damage sought is objective. This Chamber has indicated that it occurs when the sphere of non-pecuniary interest is harmed. That is, it produces economically valuable consequences. For example, the case of the professional who, due to the attributed act, loses their clientele in whole or in part. It must be differentiated from subjective or emotional moral damage. "This distinction serves to delineate the damage suffered by the individual in their social consideration (good name, honor, honesty, etc.) from that suffered in the individual field (affliction due to the death of a relative), thus one refers to the social part and the other to the affective part of the patrimony." (Judgment number 127 of 11:25 a.m. on February 21, 2007). In the same sense, one can consult rulings 151 of 3:20 p.m. on February 14, 2001, 729 of 10:00 a.m. on September 29, 2005, 527 of 2:10 p.m. on February 1, 2008, 206 of 4:20 p.m. on February 26, 2009, and 1261 of 11:00 a.m. on December 10, 2009..." (Judgment number 367-F-S1-2018 of 10:20 a.m. on April 26, 2018. In the same sense: No. 151-2001 of 3:20 p.m. on February 14, 2001, 280-2000 of 3:35 p.m. on April 26, and 699-2000 of 4:05 p.m. on September 20, both from the year 2000, all from the First Chamber). This differentiation between the categories of moral damage is fundamental for resolving the present case, given the particular circumstances of the sub examine case, as the plaintiff's claim—a corporation (sociedad anónima), that is, a commercial legal entity (Art. 5.c and 17 of the Commercial Code)—rests on an affectation to its representative consisting of a "state of uncertainty" that degenerates into "depression, frustration, anguish, fear or dread of losing part of my represented party's patrimony". Thus, as we have seen, the extreme would be legally inadmissible, first, because if the claim for this extreme corresponds based on the legal entity plaintiff, as this Section of the Tribunal de lo Contencioso Administrativo has repeatedly held (see judgments No. 206-2011-VI of 11:30 a.m. on October 5, 2011, 9-2013-VI of 2:15 p.m. on January 21, and 143-2013-VI of 1:50 p.m. on November 29, both from 2013, among others), the recognition of this type of non-pecuniary damage (subjective moral damage) is not appropriate for legal entities, given that these legal subjects correspond to legal fictions through which personality and legal capacity are given to organizations of persons and/or capitals, and precisely because of that nature, they are not capable of being equated to natural persons for purposes of compensation, since only the latter, in their condition as individually considered human beings, are endowed with the sensitive capacities required to suffer an affront to their psychological conditions, such as suffering, stress, anguish, sadness, among others, intangible injuries that can only be experienced by individuals. It is worth noting that this thesis has also been upheld by the First Chamber (rulings No. 752-F-2006 of 1:30 p.m. on October 5, 2006, and 795-F-S1-2008 of 10:15 a.m. on November 27, 2008) and other Sections of this Court (for example, from the Eighth Section, rulings No. 63-2014 of 4:00 p.m. on August 28, 2014, 83-2015 of 9:00 a.m. on August 31, and No. 039-2015 of 4:14 p.m. on April 28, both from 2015, among others). And secondly, if, as would seem to emerge from the literal wording of the plaintiff party's representative's statements, what is being claimed is the suffering endured by the representative of the company Quebrada Honda S.A., we would be faced with an evident lack of active legal standing, since Mr. Nombre137871, in his capacity as President of said company, has not been a party to this litigation, nor has he appeared before it in his personal capacity, and therefore, not only could no legal situation be attributed to him, but also, the plaintiff company could not request anything in his favor. In this sense, and as illustrative of the capacity in which Mr. Nombre137871 has participated in this proceeding, in the introduction of the lawsuit, it can be clearly read that the same was solely brought on behalf of the company and not in a personal capacity: "...I, the undersigned, Nombre137884, of legal age, married once, Agronomist Engineer, identification card CED109109 and resident of San José, Mora, Colón, San Bosco 300 meters west of the bus terminal at Dirección2428, in my capacity as PRESIDENT with the powers of a general power of attorney without limit of amount of QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANONIMA, legal identification number CED109110, as I demonstrate with the attached certification, do hereby bring an ORDINARY PROCEEDING against the following legal entities:..." (Highlighting is not original). Thus, and for the reasons stated, the appropriate course in Law is the dismissal as inadmissible of this petitionary extreme.-\n XIV.- REGARDING THE INDEMNIFICATION OF INTERESTS AND INDEXATION. - Regarding the claims for interest and indexation requested as from the affectation of the real estate property, the same must be rejected as being clearly inadmissible, since this pronouncement is not establishing a liquidated judgment amount, but rather an obligation to do, and it will be in the assessment of the just price of the corresponding expropriation that this is evaluated. Now, in order to provide adequate reasoning for the rejection of these extremes, we must start, first of all, from the premise that both figures correspond to a legal-economic solution to solve a problem inherent to money: The effect of time on money, whether due to the loss of value or purchasing power resulting from inflationary or deflationary phenomena affecting all currencies, or due to the opportunity cost and financial risk associated with the term of an investment and manifested through a profit margin. Thus, indexation refers to the former, that is, to the economic mechanism for measuring the loss of value of money over time, becoming the means to avoid the unjust impoverishment of persons who may be harmed by variations in the value of the currency over time, which is reflected in the purchasing power of goods and services available in a society. Article 123 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, in its first subsection, as relevant, explains that indexation allows "...compensating for the variation in purchasing power that occurred during the period between the date the obligation became due and its extinction through effective payment...", in reference to the necessary judicial pronouncement regarding the updating of a monetary obligation whose compliance is ordered in a judgment. On the other hand, the latter, interest, refers to the "price" of money, that is, the retribution or consideration due for the use of a certain amount of money over a specific unit of time (years, months, or days) from a debtor to a creditor, which is why the rate of that interest must cover the period's inflation plus an indemnity for the opportunity cost and the financial risk to which the titleholder of that money has been exposed. If that rate is established by contract, it is called: conventional interest (Art. 1162 Civil Code and 497 Commercial Code), and if it is pre-determined in a legal norm, it is called: legal interest (Art. 1163 Civil Code and 497 Commercial Code). Article 706 of the Civil Code conceives of interest as a form of indemnity, since it is located in the chapter on "Damages" (Daños y Perjuicios) within the title related to the effects of obligations, hence it is indicated that: "If the obligation is to pay a sum of money, the damages shall always and solely consist of the payment of interest on the sum owed, counted from the expiration of the term." However, we also find references in that normative body, such as section 288, where interest is conceived as the benefit or retribution to be received for the use of money, by way of "civil fruit," or even more clearly in Article 496 of the Commercial Code: "Unless agreed otherwise, a commercial loan shall always be with retribution. The retribution shall consist, in the absence of an agreement, of legal interest calculated on the sum of money or the value of the lent thing" (Highlighting is not original). Thus, it must be understood that both indexation and interest are items applicable exclusively to monetary-type obligations, not those expressing the owed performance in terms of doing, not doing, or giving things other than money. The First Chamber, in judgment number 68 of 3:20 p.m. on June 28, 1996, has distinguished monetary obligations from value obligations, in the following terms: "IX.- The Chamber has already dealt, on repeated occasions, with specifying the difference that exists between money obligations and value obligations. In monetary obligations, a 'quántum' is owed (fixed or invariable quantity of monetary sign), whereas in value obligations, a 'quid' is owed (an unmodifiable good or utility). In the former, money acts 'in obligatione' and 'in solutione,' and in the latter, only 'in solutione.' In the latter, money fulfills, for the purposes of payment or cancellation of the credit, a function of measuring the value of the owed performance. In monetary debts, the object of the performance is a sum of monetary sign numerically determined at its origin, the nominal value being incorporated into the obligatory bond, and the quantification of the credit is intrinsic to it. On the contrary, the object of the value obligation is not a sum of money, but an abstract value corresponding to an expectation or patrimonial claim of the creditor, so the quantification of the credit becomes extrinsic with respect to the obligatory relationship. This does not prevent it from being quantifiable and liquidable in effective money." (Highlighting is not original). Consequently, only when the object of the obligation is the payment of a sum of money is it then a monetary obligation, inevitably subject to the figures in question: indexation and interest. In the specific case, as we indicated at the beginning of this Consideration, since the object of the ruling is to give rise to an obligation to do, the granting of interest and indexation is not appropriate, as it is, ultimately, a value obligation. – XV.- ON THE OPPOSED DEFENSES. – During the proceeding phase of the process, the defendant parties raised several preliminary defenses; however, during the preliminary hearing held on September 19, 2018, they were withdrawn, except for the defenses of statute of limitations (caducidad) and statute of limitations (prescripción), which were rejected by resolution of Judge Josué Salas Montenegro, Number 1517-2018 of 1:50 p.m. It should be noted that on that occasion, none of those defenses were reiterated, and therefore, a pronouncement in this judgment is omitted as unnecessary. In relation to the substantive defenses, we begin with their analysis, upholding for said purposes the defense of lack of passive standing (legitimación ad causam pasiva) raised by the State, since as argued by said party, and as we examined in the procedural prerequisite, in light of the provisions of Article 5 of the Indigenous Law, Ley N° 6172, it is the responsibility of INDER, in coordination with CONAI and the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora, to have the legal duty to proceed with the expropriation and indemnity to the plaintiff party in accordance with the administrative expropriation procedure provided for in the Ley de Expropiaciones. Derived from the above, and regarding the defenses of lack of passive standing raised by INDER and CONAI, the same must be dismissed, since the legal duty imposed by the Indigenous Law, in relation to the relocation and expropriation of non-indigenous persons who meet the requirements imposed by Article 5 ibid, falls upon these Administrations, which must proceed in a coordinated manner to carry out the respective procedures.
In that sense, the argument made by INDER regarding the existence of lands on the properties subject to this proceeding that should be expropriated by the State, by virtue of being immersed in a protected wilderness area (área silvestre protegida), is not appropriate because the object of this proceeding does not concern that form of environmental protection, given that the party claims the application of the provisions of the Indigenous Law (Ley Indígena), regarding the legal duty of the defendants to expropriate its real property. Regarding the objection of lack of active standing (falta de legitimación ad causam activa) raised by CONAI, on this matter, it must be indicated that in accordance with ordinal 21.1 of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil), Law No. Placa2244, a legitimate party is one who claims to have or who is attributed a specific legal relationship with the claim. That is, according to this protection, standing constitutes a subjective link with the object of the proceeding, demarcated, at its core, by the claim and the defenses raised against it. Numeral 10 of the Administrative Contentious Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) regulates the various active standing scenarios that operate in the Administrative Contentious Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa). In the realm of individual standing concerning administered persons, Article 10, section 1), sub-section a), indicates the defense of subjective rights and legitimate interests, while, in order of supra-individual situations, the subsequent sections allude to corporate, collective, diffuse standing, and the so-called popular action. Active standing must therefore be weighed in relation to the claims asserted, which will define whether the subject filing the action presents the link or connection with the object of the proceeding. In the sub examine case, we have determined that, contrary to the position held by CONAI, the corporation Quebrada Honda S.A. does possess the necessary attributes to exercise the procedural action, having proven to be the holder of the legal situation claimed and therefore, deserving of the legal protection provided in Article 5 of the Indigenous Law (Ley Indígena), in relation to Article 45 of the Political Constitution. Ex officio, a partial lack of active standing (falta de legitimación ad causam activa) is however noted, with respect to the petition formulated in the sixth claim of the complaint, when it literally states the representation of the plaintiff that “…The defendants be jointly and severally ordered to pay my represented party the subjective moral damages (daño moral subjetivo) generated by the impact caused to me as a representative of the affected corporation…”, since Mr. Nombre137871 , President of the plaintiff corporation, has neither appeared in the proceedings as a procedural party, nor participated in them in a personal capacity. Regarding the lack of Right (falta de Derecho) opposed by both INDER and CONAI, these must be partially upheld, since said defenses must be rejected in relation to claims 2 through 4, as, in the opinion of this Court, the plaintiff party has succeeded in its accreditation, that is, that properties number 1-207139-000 and 1-207141-000 are immersed within the Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve (pretensions No. 2 and 3) and that, despite meeting the requirements necessary for the expropriation of said real estate, under the protection of numerals 3 and 5 of the Indigenous Law (Ley Indígena), Law No. 6172, that duty has been omitted on the part of those Administrations (pretension No. 4), such that what is appropriate is to order the co-defendants to carry out the corresponding expropriation. However, as explained supra, the aspects that directly entail indemnification matters (pretensions No. 5 to 7) must be denied because they lack legal support to back them. – XVI.- PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE (MEDIDA CAUTELAR).- In relation to the precautionary measure (medida cautelar) decreed by resolution of the Processing Judge (Juez Tramitador), Josué Salas Montenegro, No. 1483-2018 of 11:18 hours on September 10, 2018, whereby the annotation of the complaint on the properties of the San José District, Real Folio No. 207139-000 and 207141-000 was ordered, this Court considers that what is appropriate is to order that its validity be maintained until this judgment becomes final (firmeza). Once that moment arrives and while the realization of the expropriatory administrative procedure (procedimiento administrativo expropiatorio) ordered herein materializes, the parties must appear before the execution judge (persona juzgadora de ejecución) so that the latter may determine, pursuant to their functional competences, the need or not to extend the effects of the precautionary measure (medida cautelar) in order to guarantee the effectiveness and intangibility of res judicata (cosa juzgada). – XVII.- ON COSTS (COSTAS). – In accordance with Articles 193 of the Administrative Contentious Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) and 73 of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil) (Law No. 9342), through the order to pay costs (costas), an obligation is constituted for the losing party –by the mere fact of being so–, to the benefit of the winning party, so that the latter may recover the various categories of expenses listed therein. In the specific case, due to the manner in which it is resolved and in relation to the STATE (ESTADO), in the absence of arguments or evidence that allow this Court, in the specific case, to weigh and deem accredited any of the grounds for exception, what is due is to impose the order on the plaintiff party. By the majority opinion of this Court, the order is made in the abstract and therefore, pending liquidation in the sentence execution phase, where the prudential determination of the amount of costs (costas) must be carried out, according to the criteria outlined in Article 76.1 ibidem, given that in this case there is no amount of economic significance for the action filed, as well as the respective liquidation and evidence that must be provided to the proceedings by the winning party. – In relation to CONAI and INDER, likewise, in the absence of arguments or evidence that allow this Court, in the specific case, to weigh and deem accredited any of the grounds for exception, they are ordered to pay costs (costas) and pursuant to Article 73.3 CPC (Law No. 9342), it is imposed in equal parts among all the losing parties. By the majority opinion of this Court, the order is made in the abstract and therefore, pending liquidation in the sentence execution phase, where the prudential determination of the amount of costs (costas) must be carried out, according to the criteria outlined in Article 76.1 ibidem, given that in this case there is no amount of economic significance for the action filed, as well as the respective liquidation and evidence that must be provided to the proceedings by the winning party. With respect to the third interested party, that is, the Integral Development Association of the Quitirrisí de Mora Indigenous Reserve (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora), pursuant to the provisions of Article 13.4 CPCA, as it is an accessory party, the order of costs (costas) in its case is not appropriate and to that extent, a special pronouncement on this point is omitted. – THEREFORE (POR TANTO) The objection of lack of passive standing (falta de legitimación ad causam pasiva) raised by the State is upheld and with respect to it, the complaint filed by QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA is declared WITHOUT MERIT (SIN LUGAR). – The objection of lack of passive standing (falta de legitimación ad causam pasiva) raised by INDER is rejected. The objections of lack of passive and active standing raised by CONAI are rejected. Ex officio, a lack of active standing (falta de legitimación ad causam activa) is noted with respect to pretension No. 6, insofar as the plaintiff here is not in a position to claim subjective moral damages (daño moral subjetivo) for Mr. Nombre137871 , who presides over said corporation. The objection of lack of Right is partially upheld. Consequently, the complaint filed by QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, against THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS (COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS, CONAI) and THE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL, INDER) is DECLARED PARTIALLY WITH MERIT (PARCIALMENTE CON LUGAR). Consequently, these Administrations are ordered to perform the following conduct imposed by the legal system: Pursuant to Article 5 of the Indigenous Law (Ley Indígena), Law No. 6172, the Institute of Rural Development, in coordination with the National Commission for Indigenous Affairs and the Integral Development Association of the Quitirrisí de Mora Indigenous Reserve (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora), must commence a formal administrative expropriation procedure (procedimiento administrativo de expropiación), in accordance with the Expropriations Law (Ley de Expropiaciones), Law No. 7495, immediately and without any delay, regarding the entirety of property registration number Placa25934, with a current area of two hundred one thousand two hundred thirty-five point zero square meters (201,235.00 m2), with cadastral map number SJ-1669185-2013 and partially of property registration number Placa25935, with an area –as of the date of this judgment–, of exactly seventy-three thousand forty-three square meters (73,043.00 m2), with cadastral map number Placa25936, in this latter only in that portion that is found comprised within the limits of the Huetar de Quitirrisí Indigenous Reserve, as they have been defined in Executive Decree No. 10707-G of October 24, 1979, published in the official gazette La Gaceta number 210 of November 08, 1979, and Executive Decree No. 29452-G of March 21, 2001, published in La Gaceta No. 93 of May 16, 2001. During the course of said procedure, the condemned Administrations must carry out the technical assessments and verifications of affected areas, the determination of the current market value of the real estate, as well as possible overlaps with the Natural Heritage of the State (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), as well as ensure the respective transfer and registration of the properties to the entities that by Law correspond. Non-compliance with this order will enable the execution judge (persona juzgadora de ejecución) so that, pursuant to their functional competences, they proceed to ensure its due compliance, such that it will be the responsibility of the plaintiff party to manage what corresponds before that area of the Court, in case of non-observance of what is ordered herein. In relation to the indemnification aspects set forth in pretensions No. 5 to 7, as well as regarding the compensation for improvements as an independent item, they are rejected as being inappropriate, lacking legal support to back them. – Regarding the precautionary measure (medida cautelar) decreed by resolution of the Processing Judge No. 1483-2018 of 11:18 hours on September 10, 2018, it is ordered that its validity be maintained until this judgment becomes final (firmeza). Once that moment arrives and while the realization of the expropriatory administrative procedure (procedimiento administrativo expropiatorio) ordered herein materializes, the parties must appear before the execution judge (persona juzgadora de ejecución) so that the latter may determine, pursuant to their functional competences, the need or not to extend the effects of the precautionary measure (medida cautelar) in order to guarantee the effectiveness and intangibility of res judicata (cosa juzgada). - The losing parties are ordered to pay costs (costas). A pronouncement regarding the third interested party is omitted. On this point, Judge Aguilar Méndez makes a note.- Notify.- Daniel Aguilar Méndez Cynthia Abarca Gómez Roberto Garita Navarro NOTE OF JUDGE AGUILAR MÉNDEZ.- Specifically in relation to the order to pay costs (costas), while the criterion is unanimous that it must indeed be imposed on the losing party by the mere fact of being so, with all due respect I differ from my colleagues regarding the abstract or liquid character of this pronouncement. Given the scarce regulation that the different procedural normative bodies have had on this point in this matter, as it was in its time the Regulatory Law of the Administrative Contentious Jurisdiction (Ley Reguladora de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa) and currently, the Administrative Contentious Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), a widespread application by supplement of the rules of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil) took place, precisely as authorized by numerals 220 idem and Articles 9 and 13 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública). Consequently and according to the current wording of Article 62.1 of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil) (Law No. 9342), it constitutes an unavoidable duty of the Court, to establish in the judgment “…once the exact amount of the quantities granted, their adjustments up to the sentence, including interests and costs (costas)…” (Highlighting is not from the original). Therefore and given that there is no administrative rule to the contrary, what would be appropriate is to include in the costs (costas) section of this judgment, the determination of these latter items, as provided by the legal system, and not to reserve its pronouncement for the execution of sentence stage. - Daniel Aguilar Méndez, Judge.- *1QQMBCC0HMU61* DANIEL AGUILAR MENDEZ, DECIDING JUDGE ROBERTO GARITA NAVARRO, DECIDING JUDGE CYNTHIA ABARCA GOMEZ, DECIDING JUDGE It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 09-05-2026 00:30:10.
Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI Clase de asunto: Proceso de conocimiento contencioso administrativo Analizado por: CENTRO DE INFORMACIÓN JURISPRUDENCIAL Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Temas (descriptores): Expropiación Subtemas: Análisis respecto a su trámite en reservas indígenas. Adquisición posterior a la creación de una reserva indígena no permite por sí sola concluir la posesión de mala fe. Temas (descriptores): Propiedad indígena Subtemas: Análisis respecto al trámite de expropiación de propietarios y ocupantes de buena fe. La sola delimitación de una reserva mediante decreto no supone un deber por parte de terceros de conocerla. Temas (descriptores): Prescripción en materia administrativa Subtemas: Omisión del INDER y CONAI de concretar los trámites de expropiación en reservas indígenas no debe afectar a los propietarios de buena fe.
Sentencia con nota separada Sentencias Relacionadas Sentencias en igual sentido Sentencias del mismo expediente TRIBUNAL PROCESAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO, : 2545-00-03 Fax: 2545-00-33 Correo Electrónico ...01 CONOCIMIENTO ACTORA:
QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA EL ESTADO, COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS Y EL INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL TERCERO INTERESADO ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE RESERVA INDÍGENA DE QUITIRRISÍ DE MORA RESOLUCIÓN N° 86-2020-VI TRIBUNAL DE LO CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA - SECCIÓN SEXTA - SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSÉ. Goicoechea, a las quince horas cincuenta minutos del treinta de junio del dos mil veinte.- Proceso de puro derecho establecido por QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, cédula jurídica número CED109103, representada por Nombre137871 , en condición de Presidente con facultades de apoderado generalísimo sin límite de suma (certificación registral de personería aportada con la demanda) y Nombre23146 , en calidad de apoderado especial judicial (poder colgado en el expediente judicial electrónico en fecha 19 de setiembre de 2018), contra EL ESTADO, representado por Nombre113439 , en su condición de procuradora, COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS (CONAI), representada por Nombre1111 , en su condición de apoderada especial judicial (poder recibido el 28 de agosto de 2018) y EL INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL (INDER), representado por Nombre31959 en condición de apoderado general judicial y Nombre137872 , como apoderada especial judicial (certificación registral y poder recibido el día 26 de junio de 2019). Participa como TERCERA INTERESADA la ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE RESERVA INDÍGENA DE QUITIRRISÍ DE MORA, cédula jurídica número CED109104, representada por CONAI, conforme lo dispuesto por el Juez Tramitador y en la sentencia de la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia número 2016-13828 de las 12:51 horas de 23 de setiembre de 2016.-
CONSIDERANDO:
I.- ASPECTOS PRELIMINARES, DELIBERACIÓN Y VOTO.- Se emite esta resolución según las formalidades establecidas en la Ley N° 9342, Código Procesal Civil, la circular de Corte Plena número 96-2018 "Normas Prácticas para la Aplicación del Nuevo Código Procesal Civil", adoptada en el artículo XII de la sesión número 38-18 del 13 de agosto de 2018 y el Reglamento sobre Expediente Judicial Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial, aprobado por Corte Plena en el artículo XXXI de la sesión N° 22-13, celebrada el 20 de mayo de 2013. El fallo se adopta por unanimidad, una vez realizada la respectiva deliberación, con la redacción de la resolución a cargo del informante, juzgador Aguilar Méndez, con el voto y opinión concurrente de las personas juzgadoras Garita Navarro y Abarca Gómez.- II.- DE PREVIO.- a) Sobre la participación de la Tercera Interesada.- Mediante resolución número 1559-2015 de las 14:00 horas del 08 de junio de 2015 (f. 317 del expediente judicial escaneado), al resolver sobre una integración de litisconsorcio pasiva necesaria, el Juez Tramitador en ese momento dispuso dar audiencia a la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora, a quien otorgó audiencia para que manifestase su interés de incorporarse a la litis como coadyuvante o tercero interesado. Una vez firme esa resolución, al ser confirmada por medio de resolución del Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda N° 384-2015-I de las 15:34 horas del 29 de julio de 2015 (f. 341 del expediente judicial escaneado), se procedió a conferir la audiencia dicha mediante notificación personal realizada el día 23 de julio de 2015 (f. 346 y 347 del expediente judicial escaneado). De esta manera y mediante escrito presentado sin autenticación, se apersonó a los autos quien dijo ser la señora Nombre136270 , en su condición de Presidente de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Quitirrisí, manifestando lo siguiente: “…De conformidad con la resolución de su despacho de las catorce horas del día ocho de junio del año dos mil quince, visto por la Junta Directiva el día martes seis de Julio del 2015, se acordó: "Comunicar al Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, que esta Junta Directiva ha acordado apersonarse dentro del proceso tramitado bajo el expediente No. 15-001888-1027- CA, como tercero interesado, y que para futuras notificaciones se comuniquen al fax 2260-67-01- Es todo, comuníquese."…” (Resaltado no es del original). Por resolución de las 14:24 horas del 03 de marzo de 2017, el Juez Tramitador dispuso anular la audiencia preliminar celebrada el 30 de octubre de 2015 y prevenir a la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Quitirrisí para que en el plazo de tres días hábiles “…apersone un profesional en derecho que autentique dicho memorial y que asuma su representación legal en defensa de sus intereses, por ser preceptivo la representación letrada en el proceso contencioso administrativo. Se hace la advertencia que en caso de la omisión en la prevención indicada a la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Quitirrisí la representación deberá ser asumida por la CONAI, por no existir intereses contrapuestos en el presente litigio…” (Resaltado no es del original). Esta disposición no fue recurrida ni cuestionada por parte de la CONAI. Posteriormente, en audiencia preliminar llevada a cabo el 31 de agosto de 2018, ante el incumplimiento de la prevención realizada y en ausencia de la tercera interesada, el Juez Tramitador determinó que la representación de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora la asumiría la CONAI. Esta designación no fue recurrida ni cuestionada de parte de la codemandada, en esa audiencia, ni tampoco en la segunda audiencia preliminar realizada en fecha 19 de septiembre de ese año. Bajo estas condiciones, este Tribunal estimada como subsanada cualquier irregularidad procesal que pudiera conducir a una indefensión, toda vez que no se le ha causado perjuicio a la tercera interesada con lo actuado en los autos, en atención a lo dispuesto supletoriamente por el Código Procesal Civil, Ley N° 9342 de 03 de febrero de 2016, en sus artículos 31 y 32, pero en particular con base en la sentencia de la Sala Constitucional N° 2016-13828 de las 12:51 horas de 23 de setiembre de 2016, en la que se dispuso en lo que resulta de interés: “…resulta procedente que CONAI preste asesoría jurídica a las asociaciones indígenas en los procesos contencioso-administrativos. Se trata de una población a la cual debe aplicársele la ley desde otra perspectiva completamente distinta, sobre todo a la vista del Convenio 169 de la O.I.T., antes referido, que es una norma de rango superior a la ley según lo dispone el artículo 7º de la Constitución y sobre el que la Sala emitió opinión consultiva favorable por sentencia No. 3051-92 y que hoy es ley de la República, No. 7316. En este caso se trata de una Asociación de Desarrollo Integral que si bien su naturaleza jurídica es de derecho privado, regidas por esa normativa y bajo los principios que regentan la actividad de los privados, ha sido declarada de interés público, al igual que sus similares, pues su objetivo es velar por los interés del pueblo indígena Nombre42326, por lo que resulta razonable que cuando los represente y no por un caso individual, reciba asesoría jurídica de parte del Estado, en este caso, de la CONAI. Sin embargo, el anterior criterio no aplicaría en supuestos donde haya intereses de la Institución, ya que en ese caso, la persona abogada de CONAI solo debe representar a ésta…” (Resaltado no es del original). Consideramos que de esta manera y por la forma en que se resuelve, no hay perjuicio causado a la Asociación tenida como tercera interesada, que ha visto garantizada su defensa mediante las actuaciones procesales llevadas a cabo por la representación de la CONAI. – b) Sobre la audiencia del artículo 68 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo: Se conoce este punto en vista de que, durante la audiencia preliminar celebrada en fecha 31 de agosto de 2018, el Juez Tramitador Josué Salas Montenegro determinó que respecto de una modificación al hecho cuarto de la demanda, realizada por la parte actora en ese acto, lo procedente era otorgar la audiencia prevista en el numeral 68.3 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (CPCA), a fin de que los demandados se pronunciaran y dejando la resolución de la procedencia o no de esa modificación para ser decidida en sentencia. Al respecto, considera este Tribunal que, al justificarse la modificación por causa de un hecho nuevo, esto es, acaecido con posterioridad a la interposición de la demanda, concretamente, en fecha 16 de abril de 2018, en virtud de la inscripción de la finca del Partido de San José matrícula número Placa25933, que corresponde a una segregación de uno de los inmuebles objeto de este proceso, lo que corresponde es su admisión como hecho nuevo, de conformidad con el canon 68.4 ibídem. En ese tanto y conforme los numerales 50, 82, 90.2 y 110 CPCA, se admite como prueba las certificaciones registrales aportadas por la actora y el Estado, así como el montaje topográfico n° IRT-709-2018 de fecha 03 de setiembre de 2018 realizado por la Sección de Topografía del Departamento de Formación de Asentamientos Campesinos del INDER, ofrecido por dicha parte codemandada en la audiencia otorgada. - III.- OBJETO DEL PROCESO. - Las pretensiones que dan origen a este proceso fueron ajustadas durante la audiencia preliminar celebrada el día 31 de agosto de 2018 (grabación de la audiencia desde el minuto 05:50 hasta el minuto 15:31), quedando de este modo definidas en los siguientes términos: “...Pretensión. Con fundamento en el cuadro fáctico y normativo expuesto, solicito que en sentencia de fondo se establezca: 1- Declarar con lugar la presente demanda en todos sus extremos. 2- Que se declare que la finca del partido de San José, Folio Real 207.139-000 se encuentra inmersa, en su totalidad, dentro de los linderos de la Reserva indígena Quitirrisí. 3- Que se declare que la finca del partido de San José 207141-000, se encuentra afectada parcialmente por creación y posterior ampliación de la Reserva Quitirrisí, más específicamente el área que se ubica al oeste y sur del Nombre137873 Quebrada Honda según el plano catastrado número SJ-1379446-2009. 4- Siendo que las fincas antes indicadas fueron expropiadas de hecho por parte del Estado, se condene a los demandados solidariamente a realizar la medida y ubicación de los terrenos objeto del proceso, a realizar el avalúo correspondiente tanto del valor de la tierra como de las mejoras introducidas y se ordene el pago de la indemnización correspondiente a que hace referencia el artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena. 5- Que se condene a las demandados solidariamente al pago de los intereses del valor de la indemnización desde el momento en que recaiga sentencia firme hasta el efectivo pago. 6- Se condene a los demandados solidariamente a pagar a mí representada el daño moral subjetivo generado por la afectación que me ha causado como representante de la sociedad afectada, el accionar ilegítimo de los demandados, quienes en todo momento generaron una restricción a la libre disposición de las propiedades objeto de esta demanda, desde hace más de 30 años, generándome un estado de incertidumbre de invasiones generadas al amparo de que son terrenos dentro de una reserva, además de la incertidumbre que me generan los demandados en cuanto al incumplimiento de su obligación de medir, valorar y pagar dichos terrenos, siendo que fue despojada sin que se me realizara pago alguno, todo lo cual me causa depresión, frustración, angustia, temor o miedo de perder parte del patrimonio de mí representada sin ser indemnizado, daño moral que se estima en la suma de 100 millones de colones. 7- Que se condene a los demandados a la indexación de todos los montos económicos a los que fueren condenados. 8- Que se condene a los demandados al pago de ambas costas de esta acción…”. Ante estas pretensiones, la representación del Estado ha contestado negativamente, oponiendo las excepciones falta de legitimación pasiva y falta de Derecho y solicitando se condene al actor al pago de las costas. Por su parte, la representación del INDER, también se ha opuesto a la demanda, interponiendo en su defensa las excepciones de falta de legitimación pasiva y falta de Derecho, además de que se solicita se condene al pago de las costas y sus intereses. El CONAI contestó negativamente e interpuso las excepciones de falta de legitimación en ambas vertientes, activa y pasiva, y falta de Derecho.- IV.- ALEGATOS DE LAS PARTES. – La parte Actora sustenta su demanda, en la teoría del caso de que dos inmuebles de su propiedad, las fincas número 1-207139-000 y 1-207141-000, fueron objeto de una expropiación de hecho de parte de las Administraciones demandadas al quedar estas incorporadas, la primera, en su totalidad, y la segunda, parcialmente, dentro de la delimitación de la Reserva Indígena Quitirrisí. Dice que ambas fincas fueron el resultado de la reunión de varias fincas, realizadas en el año 1972; de este modo, la finca 1-207139-000 es el resultado de la unión de las fincas 88181 inscrita en el año 1941, 39883 inscrita en el año 1965 y 108845 inscrita en el año 1966. La finca 1-207141-000, a su vez, surgió de las fincas 46732 inscrita en 1911 y 194351 inscrita en 1970. Señala que en cualquiera de estos casos, todas fueron debidamente inscritas previamente a la creación de la Reserva Indígena en el año 1976, su ampliación en 2001, en incluso la Ley de Terrenos Baldíos de 1939. Alega el representante de la actora que su demanda se sustenta en la impugnación de una conducta omisiva por el incumplimiento de obligaciones legales. Considera que la incorporación dentro de la Reserva de sus propiedades a partir del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 29452-G de 21 de marzo de 2001, publicado en La Gaceta n° 93 de 16 de mayo de 2001, ha limitado su libre disposición por imposición de los artículos 3 y 6 de la Ley Indígena, en atención a lo cual y en vista de que no desea su defendida ser reubicada, considera que debe procederse según el artículo 5 de dicha legislación, expropiándose las fincas e indemnizándolas por su valor real y cancelando también las mejoras introducidas a éstas, lo cual a la fecha se ha incumplido de parte de las demandadas. Señala que según ha sido definido por la Sala Primera (cita sentencia 1604-F-S1-2012 de las 9:00 horas del 6 de diciembre del año 2012) existe una responsabilidad compartida entre las Administraciones accionadas respecto de la medición, avalúo y pago de la indemnización correspondiente, sin embargo, a la fecha de la demanda ninguno de los demandados ha cumplido con sus obligaciones legales respecto de la indemnización de dichas fincas. Aduce que el accionar de las demandadas ha generado para el representante de la sociedad, un estado absoluto de incertidumbre y preocupación, pues a pesar de que las fincas fueron afectas por la creación y posterior ampliación de la reserva, por medio de una regulación del Estado, ciertamente nunca se hizo en la forma correcta, pues se hizo una expropiación de hecho que restringió la libre disposición de los bienes de la sociedad, sin el pago de la indemnización que en derecho corresponde. La representación del Estado sustenta su defensa de falta de legitimación pasiva al considerar que, no obstante la Reserva fuera creada por Decreto, la demanda realizada por la parte actora no le resultada imputable, pues según el artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena, le corresponde al INDER en coordinación con la CONAI, la expropiación de los terrenos ubicados en reservas indígenas, bajo la posesión o propiedad de personas no indígenas. Por otra parte y respecto de la falta de Derecho opuesta, durante las conclusiones de la audiencia preliminar, señaló que este caso no se trata de una omisión, sino de un caso de responsabilidad por expropiación de hecho, que se regula por un régimen especial derivado del artículo 45 de la Constitución Política y el artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena y en ese sentido, conforme sentencias de la Sala Primera n° 157-2000, 311-2001, 321-2011, y de la Sala Constitucional n° 18946-2015 y 2097-2011, dicha situación sólo puede ocurrir cuando por una vía de hecho el Estado procede a despojar materialmente de la propiedad a un particular, sin embargo, considera que en este asunto el actor no ha logrado comprobar tal circunstancia, ni tampoco cómo las limitaciones derivadas de la incorporación en la Reserva Indígena han afectado a la actora, si estas ni siquiera han sido inscritas en el Registro Nacional y por tanto, ha mantenido su libre disposición, prueba de lo cual es que, en su criterio, el representante de la sociedad actora pudo realizar durante el transcurso del proceso una segregación en cabeza propia. Estima que al no demostrarse la desposesión del actor, no se cumple con el presupuesto material previsto en el artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena. Aduce que de las pretensiones, tal cual están planteadas, conceder una indemnización no conllevaría el traslado de la propiedad a la comunidad indígena, sino una indemnización sin contraprestación, de modo que se causaría un empobrecimiento injustificado en las Administraciones demandadas. En ese sentido, aprecia que la parte actora tampoco ha acreditado los daños aducidos y esto le lleva a cuestionar la buena fe de la accionante. Concretamente sobre el daño moral subjetivo, el representante estatal aduce que conforme las declaraciones del actor, de existir el mismo no sería producto de actuaciones del Estado, por lo que no existe nexo causal que justifique una condena en ese sentido; adicionalmente, alega que no existe daño a indemnizar ya que el único daño indemnizable que puede producirse es aquel antijurídico que tenga alguna repercusión sobre aquel que lo alega, sin embargo, la frustración y angustia viene de perder un patrimonio y sufrir una limitación en la propiedad de la sociedad actora. En sus alegatos conclusivos, adicionó un motivo de oposición, concretamente, en relación con el carácter solidario de la condenatoria (cosa que a su vez respondió a un ajuste realizado durante la audiencia preliminar), aduciendo que el mismo no era procedente, pues no hay norma jurídica en la que se sustente, pues se trata de tres entes públicos distintos y que más bien, esa pretensión obedece a la incapacidad del actor de identificar un responsable, dada la ausencia de un daño como tal. Finalmente, en relación con la pretensión de reconocimiento de indexación, siendo que la misma es accesoria, al no acreditarse el principal, deviene en improcedente y debe ser rechazada. La representación del INDER aduce en primer una falta de legitimación pasiva, pues en su consideración las indemnizaciones para la recuperación del territorio indígena le corresponden exclusivamente al Estado, y en ese sentido, estima que nunca la voluntad del legislador consistió en que el ITCO actualmente INDER, pagara las expropiaciones utilizando el presupuesto de su misma Institución, sino que es y sigue siendo una obligación a cargo del Presupuesto Nacional, por lo que en su opinión es el Estado quien debe buscar los recursos financieros para garantizar la recuperación de los territorios indígenas, debiendo dicho fondo ser administrado por la CONAI, porque le corresponde a dicha entidad el administrar y el disponer de los dineros para la recuperación de los territorios indígenas. En ese sentido, afirma que le corresponderá a esas instituciones, en caso de ordenarse una indemnización, la realización del pago correspondiente. Asimismo, siendo que la finca 1-207139-000 se encuentra afectada por la Zona Protectora El Rodeó creada por los Decretos Ejecutivos 6112-A, 12368 y 12608-A de los años 1976 y 1981, le corresponde al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación la expropiación de esos terrenos y no a su representada. Posteriormente, y en relación con la defensa de falta de Derecho, el INDER sostiene que la empresa actora, la sociedad Quebrada Honda S.A. no puede pretender el reconocimiento de un indemnización por terrenos que son de carácter inalienable y de imposible trasmisión de las mismas, en atención a que cualquier ingreso de personas al Territorio Indígena, por cualquier título, es ilegítimo desde tiempos inmemoriales y en especial desde 1939 a partir de la Ley de Terrenos Baldíos, lo cual acepta el actor en los hechos de la demanda. Aduce que se pretende hacer valer un acto traslativo del dominio, en lugar de constituirse como propietario original, documento que no puede reconocérsele validez, pues al ser los actos de disposición dentro del Territorio Indígena resulta absolutamente nulo. En relación con el reconocimiento de mejoras, tal y como ha sido pretendido por la parte actora, la representante del INDER, en las conclusiones, señaló que según el artículo 13 del Decreto 6036-G, el cual establece diversos lineamientos sobre tal extremo y conforme la sentencia de la Sala Primera n° 920-F-S1-2015, dichas mejoras sólo podrían ser reconocidas si fueron realizadas con anterioridad a la creación de la Reserva y no con posterioridad, porque en ese caso serían ilegítimas. En todo caso, manifiesta que las mismas no han sido comprobadas por la sociedad actora. Asimismo, considera que no procede el pago por concepto de daño moral ya que no actúa en el proceso en carácter personal, sino como representante de una sociedad anónima y aparte de ello, que dejó transcurrir más de 30 años sin ejercer la acción tal y como lo reconoce en la demanda, por lo que considera que no se acredita tal sufrimiento. Por último, de parte de la representación de la CONAI, considera que existe falta de legitimación activa, porque en ese sentido cuestiona la titularidad de buena fe de los inmuebles por parte de la actora. Señala que según la ley Indígena la indemnización sólo resulta procedente si al momento de la creación de la Reserva, la persona no indígena era propietaria, de modo que lo que se le reconoce son sus derechos adquiridos, sin embargo, afirma que en el caso de la actora, los bienes que pretende le indemnicen fueron adquiridas en 2009 y 2013, incluso, señala que durante el proceso se presentó una segregación en cabeza propia, lo que demuestra lo novedoso de su derecho. Señala que los oficios aportados con el oficio MEDET-32-2015 a folios 127 a 129 del expediente judicial, en realidad no prueban que los inmuebles deban ser indemnizados, porque lo que se certifica es que en el tanto el dibujante ubique el inmueble dentro de la cuadrícula, por lo que esto no concede un derecho real. Opone la excepción de falta de legitimación pasiva, pues en su consideración se ha cumplido de su parte con el deber de coordinación impuesto por ley. Estima que no se le debe condenar, pues ha sido el Estado, por una parte, el que limitó el derecho de propiedad de la actora mediante Ley aprobada por la Asamblea Legislativa, mientras que por otra parte, es quien tiene el deber de girar los recursos para atender con las obligaciones que le han sido atribuidas, de este modo, aduce que éste el responsable de que las instituciones involucradas se vean imposibilitadas de dar cumplimiento a lo impuesto por la Ley. Por último, opone la excepción de falta de Derecho, aduce que las tierras localizadas en los territorios indígenas le han pertenecido a esas comunidades desde tiempos inmemoriales, mucho antes de la ley de Terrenos Baldíos del año 1939, de modo que una inscripción registral no demuestra la posesión de la misma. Opina que esto encuentra apoyo en los Convenios Internacionales adoptados y ratificados por nuestro país y normativa vigente, tales como el Convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la Declaración de los Derechos Humanos de los Pueblos Indígenas), así como en la sentencia de la Sala Constitucional n° 6856-2005 de primero de junio de 2005, que estableció que eran las Asociaciones de Desarrollo Integral de las Comunidades Indígenas quienes representan a esas comunidades, que a su vez son los dueños de esos terrenos. En sus alegatos conclusivos, añadió que el actor no había demostrado tres cuestiones básicas: que sea el propietario, que efectivamente las tierras estén dentro de la reserva y tercero, que hayan sido despojadas por la Administración. También señaló que había contradicciones en la demanda, porque por un lado dice que se le ha desmejorado o desposeído, pero por otra reclama el pago de mejoras. Considera que todo uso posterior a 1976 por personas no indígenas en las Reservas es ilegítimo y no puede ser indemnizado.- V.- HECHOS PROBADOS. - De importancia para el dictado de esta resolución, se tienen los siguientes hechos como debidamente demostrados conforme la sana crítica racional, sea que así se desprenda de la comunidad de pruebas aportadas y admitidas en este proceso, o porque las partes los han aceptado:
SOBRE LA RESERVA INDÍGENA DE QUITIRRISÍ DE MORA 1) El 12 de junio de 1976, fue publicado en el diario oficial La Gaceta número 113, el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 6036-G de 26 de mayo de 1976, en cuyo artículo 9 se disponía: “…El Gobierno de la República reconoce la existencia y la personalidad jurídica de la Comunidad Indígena Pacacua, de Quitirrisí, cantón de Mora y declara Reserva Indígena el territorio ocupado por dicha comunidad…” (hecho no controvertido y consulta a la base de datos pública del sistema nacional de legislación vigente a la fecha de esta resolución); 2) Por medio de la Ley Indígena, Ley N° 6172 del 29 de noviembre de 1977, publicada en el diario oficial La Gaceta N° 240 del 20 de diciembre de ese año, y concretamente, en el artículo 1, se declararon como “reservas indígenas” las establecidas -entre otros- en el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 6036-G (hecho no controvertido y consulta a la base de datos pública del sistema nacional de legislación vigente a la fecha de esta resolución); 3) Mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N°10707-G de 24 de octubre de 1979, publicado en el diario oficial La Gaceta número 210 del 08 de noviembre de 1979, posteriormente reformado por medio de Decreto Ejecutivo N° 29452-G de 21 de marzo de 2001, publicado en La Gaceta n° 93 de 16 de mayo de 2001, se establecieron los límites de la Reserva Indígena Huetar de Quitirrisí (hecho no controvertido y consulta a la base de datos pública del sistema nacional de legislación vigente a la fecha de esta resolución); SOBRE LA FINCA MATRÍCULA Placa25934 4) Mediante escritura pública otorgada ante la notaría de José Miguel Alfaro Rodríguez, de fecha 19 de abril de 1972, el señor Nombre137874 , cédula de identidad número CED109101- - en su carácter de presidente con facultades de Apoderado Generalísimo de la empresa Quebrada Honda, Sociedad Anónima, reúne por estar contiguas las siguientes fincas de su propiedad, ubicadas en la provincia de San José: i) Placa25926 (CED109105), inscrita al folio Placa25927 , ii) Placa25928 (CED109106), inscrita al folio Placa25929 , y iii) CED109102 (CED109107), inscrita al folio quinientos noventa y cinco del tomo mil setecientos noventa y seis, formando así la finca número Placa25930 (), con una medida de treinta y siete hectáreas, tres mil ciento diecinueve metros, noventa y nueve decímetros cuadrados (37 Has, 3,119.99 m2), estimando dicho acto en la suma de cien colones. Dicha escritura pública fue presentada al Diario del Registro de Bienes Inmuebles al Tomo 294, Asiento 7038, en fecha 22 de mayo de 1972, quedando inscrita en fecha 24 de mayo de ese año (Prueba de la sociedad actora Nombre5838° 2 aportada con la demanda, visible de folios 05 a 31 del expediente judicial escaneado); 5) Al día 19 de abril de 1972, el inmueble inscrito con número de finca Placa25934, tenía una naturaleza de “…terreno de potrero, café y repastos, con una casa de habitación de bahareque, techado con zinc y teja, con pisos de madera, una casa para peón con techo de zinc y un galerón con techo de zinc para trapiche…” (f. 11 del expediente judicial escaneado); 6) A la fecha de esta sentencia, Quebrada Honda Sociedad Anónima, cédula jurídica CED109103, continúa siendo la propietaria registral de la finca matrícula número Placa25934, descrita como terreno de uso agropecuario con un galerón, situada en el Dirección16552 , , , de la Provincia de San José, linda al norte: Nombre137875 , Nombre137873 Quebrada Honda y Nombre137876 , al sur: Proyectos y estudios Juberoa S.A., al Este: Dirección336 y Nombre137876 , y al Oeste: Nombre137873 Chavarría y Nombre137877 , con una medida actual de doscientos un mil doscientos treinta y cinco metros con cero decímetros cuadrados (201,235.00 m2), con plano catastrado número SJ-1669185-2013 (Prueba N° 2 aportada con la demanda, visible de folios 05 a 31 del expediente judicial escaneado y consulta a la base de datos pública del Registro Nacional); 7) A las 10:00 horas del 27 de junio de 2013, el Director Ejecutivo de la CONAI emitió visado en la parte posterior o reverso del plano catastrado número SJ-1669185-2013, haciendo constar que el inmueble allí graficado se encontraba dentro de la Reserva Indígena Quitirrisí y que el mismo había sido constituido antes de la Ley Indígena N° 6172 (folios 62 a 65 vuelto y 127 a 129 del expediente judicial escaneado). Dice la constancia:-- 8) Mediante oficio N° AT-207-2015 de Dirección16553 , el funcionario Nombre73126 , en su condición de Jefe del Área de Topografía del INDER, comunica a la Dirección de Asuntos Jurídicos de dicha entidad que respecto del plano catastrado número SJ-1669185-2013 que grafica la finca número Placa25934: “…de conformidad con la ubicación cartográfica que muestra el documento mencionado, se procedió por medio del Téc. Erick Angulo Jiménez, a realizar el estudio correspondiente en las hojas cartográficas Nombre137873 Grande y Abra, determinando que el predio en cuestión traslapa en su totalidad con el Territorio Indígena Quitirrisí; además, del estudio practicado, se encontró que dicho plano está afectado parcialmente por el Área Silvestre Protegida Zona Protectora El Rodeo, en aproximadamente un 40%...” (Resaltado no es del original. Ver f. 295 y 296 del expediente judicial escaneado); SOBRE LA FINCA MATRÍCULA Placa25935 9) Mediante escritura pública otorgada ante la notaría de José Miguel Alfaro Rodríguez, de fecha 19 de abril de 1972, el señor Nombre137874 , cédula de identidad número CED109101- - en su carácter de presidente con facultades de Apoderado Generalísimo de la empresa Quebrada Honda, Sociedad Anónima, reúne por estar contiguas las siguientes fincas de su propiedad, ubicadas en la provincia de San José: i) Placa25931 (46372), inscrita a folio trescientos setenta y uno del tomo setecientos ochenta y ocho, y ii) Placa25932 (CED109108), inscrita al folio quinientos setenta y siete del tomo mil novecientos ochenta y nueve, formando así la finca número doscientos siete mil ciento cuarenta y uno - cero cero cero (1-207141-000), con una medida de treinta y cuatro hectáreas, nueve mil seiscientos noventa y ocho metros, ochenta y ocho decímetros cuadrados (34 Has, 9,698.88 m2), estimando dicho acto en la suma de cien colones. Dicha escritura pública fue presentada al Diario del Registro de Bienes Inmuebles del Registro Nacional al Tomo 294, Asiento 7038, en fecha 22 de mayo de 1972, quedando inscrita en fecha 24 de mayo de ese año (Prueba N° 3 aportada con la demanda, visible de folios 32 a 61 del expediente judicial escaneado); 10) Al día 19 de abril de 1972, el inmueble inscrito con número de finca 1-207141-000, tenía una naturaleza de “…terreno de potrero, agricultura y repastos, con una casa de madera con piso de cascote lujada y techo de hierro galvanizado, mide 70 metros cuadrados, y un galerón de ordeño y terneros con piso de cascote y techo de hierro galvanizado, mide 49 metros cuadrados, se estiman ambas mejoras para efectos fiscales en la suma de un colón cada una…” (f. 39 del expediente judicial escaneado); 11) A la fecha del 05 de noviembre de 2014, Quebrada Honda Sociedad Anónima, cédula jurídica CED109103, era propietaria registral de la finca matrícula número Placa25935, descrita como cítricos y otro con una casa, situada en el Dirección16554 , de la Provincia de San José, linda al norte: Quebrada en medio Camino público, otros, al sur: Nombre137878 , otros, al este: Dirección16555 , al oeste: Nombre137879 , con una medida de ciento diecisiete mil trescientos noventa y seis metros con cero decímetros cuadrados (117,396.00 m2), con plano catastrado número Placa25936. (ver folios 33 a 35 del expediente judicial escaneado, como parte de la prueba de la sociedad actora N° 3 aportada con la demanda); 12) A las 08:00 horas del 07 de octubre de 2009, el Director Ejecutivo a.i. de la CONAI emitió visado en la parte posterior o reverso del plano catastrado número Placa25936, haciendo constar que el inmueble allí graficado se encontraba en parte dentro de la Reserva Indígena Quitirrisí y que el mismo había sido constituido antes de la Ley Indígena N° 6172 (folios 66 a 69 vuelto y 127 a 129 del expediente judicial escaneado). Dice la constancia:
POR TANTO
Se acoge la excepción de falta de legitimación ad causam pasiva opuesta por el Estado y respecto de este, se declara SIN LUGAR la demanda incoada por QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA. – Se rechaza la excepción de falta de legitimación ad causam pasiva opuesta por el INDER. Se rechazan las excepciones de falta de legitimación ad causam pasiva y activa opuestas por la CONAI. De oficio, se aprecia una falta de legitimación ad causam activa con respecto a la pretensión n° 6, en el tanto la aquí actora no se encuentra en posición de reclamar un daño moral subjetivo del señor Nombre137871 , quien preside dicha sociedad. Se acoge parcialmente la excepción de falta de Derecho. Por consiguiente, SE DECLARA PARCIALMENTE CON LUGAR la demanda incoada por QUEBRADA HONDA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, contra LA COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS (CONAI) y EL INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL (INDER). En consecuencia, se condena a estas Administraciones a realizar la siguiente conducta impuesta por el ordenamiento jurídico: Conforme con el artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena, Ley N° 6172, deberá el Instituto de Desarrollo Rural en coordinación con la Comisión Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas y la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena de Quitirrisí de Mora, iniciar formal procedimiento administrativo de expropiación, conforme la Ley de Expropiaciones, Ley N° 7495, de manera inmediata y sin dilación alguna, respecto de la totalidad de la finca matrícula número Placa25934, con una medida actual de doscientos un mil doscientos treinta y cinco metros con cero decímetros cuadrados (201,235.00 m2), con plano catastrado número SJ-1669185-2013 y parcialmente de la finca matrícula número Placa25935, con una medida -a la fecha de esta sentencia-, de setenta y tres mil cuarenta y tres metros cuadrados exactos (73,043.00 m2), con número de plano catastrado Placa25936, en ésta última únicamente en aquella porción que se encuentre comprendida dentro de los límites de la Reserva Indígena Huetar de Quitirrisí, tal y como han sido definidos en el Decreto Ejecutivo N°10707-G de 24 de octubre de 1979, publicado en el diario oficial La Gaceta número 210 del 08 de noviembre de 1979, y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 29452-G de 21 de marzo de 2001, publicado en La Gaceta n° 93 de 16 de mayo de 2001. Durante la realización de dicho procedimiento, deberán las Administraciones condenadas realizar las valoraciones técnicas y las comprobaciones de cabidas afectadas, la determinación del valor de mercado actual de los inmuebles, así como los posibles traslapes con el Patrimonio Natural del Estado, así como asegurarse el respectivo traspaso e inscripción de las fincas a las entidades que por Ley corresponda. El incumplimiento de esta orden habilitará a la persona juzgadora de ejecución para que, conforme sus competencias funcionales, proceda a asegurar su debido acatamiento, de modo que será responsabilidad de la parte actora gestionar lo que corresponda ante esa área del Tribunal, en caso de inobservancia a lo aquí dispuesto. En relación con los extremos indemnizatorios deducidos en las pretensiones N° 5 a 7, así como respecto de la indemnización de las mejoras como partida independiente, se rechazan por resultar improcedentes, al carecer de sustento jurídico que los respalde. – Respecto de la medida cautelar decretada mediante resolución del Juez Tramitador N° 1483-2018 de las 11:18 horas del 10 de setiembre de 2018, se ordena mantener su vigencia hasta tanto esta sentencia adquiera firmeza. Llegado ese momento y mientras se materializa la realización del procedimiento administrativo expropiatorio aquí ordenado, deberán las partes acudir a la persona juzgadora de ejecución a fin de que esta determine, conforme sus competencias funcionales, la necesidad o no de prorrogar los efectos de la medida cautelar a fin de garantizar la efectividad e intangibilidad de la cosa juzgada. - Se condena a las partes vencidas al pago de las costas. Se omite pronunciamiento respecto de la tercera interesada. Sobre este extremo, el Juez Aguilar Méndez pone nota.- Notifíquese.- Daniel Aguilar Méndez Cynthia Abarca Gómez Roberto Garita Navarro NOTA DEL JUEZ AGUILAR MÉNDEZ.- Específicamente en relación a la condenatoria al pago de costas, si bien resulta unánime el criterio de que efectivamente debe imponerse la misma al perdidoso por el sólo hecho de serlo, con todo respeto difiero de mis compañeras en cuanto al carácter abstracto o líquido de este pronunciamiento. Dada la escasa regulación que sobre este punto han tenido los diferentes cuerpos normativos procesales en esta materia, como lo fue en su momento la Ley Reguladora de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa y en la actualidad, el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, se dio lugar a una extendida aplicación por supletoriedad de las normas del Código Procesal Civil, justamente conforme lo autorizan los numerales 220 ídem y los artículos 9 y 13 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública. En consecuencia y según la vigente redacción del artículo 62.1 del Código Procesal Civil (Ley N° 9342), constituye un deber ineludible del Tribunal, el establecer en el fallo de “…una vez el monto exacto de las cantidades otorgadas, sus adecuaciones hasta la sentencia, incluidos los intereses y las costas…” (Resaltado no es del original). Por consiguiente y dado que se carece de norma administrativa en contrario, lo procedente sería incluir en el acápite de costas de esta sentencia, la determinación de estos últimos rubros, tal y como lo dispone el ordenamiento jurídico y no reservar su pronunciamiento para la etapa de ejecución de sentencia. - Daniel Aguilar Méndez, Juez.- *1QQMBCC0HMU61*
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