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Res. 00037-2020 Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste · Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste · 30/01/2020
OutcomeResultado
The appeal is denied and the three-month suspended prison sentence for violation of the Forestry Law is upheld.Se declara sin lugar el recurso de apelación y se confirma la condena de tres meses de prisión con ejecución condicional por infracción a la Ley Forestal.
SummaryResumen
The Guanacaste Criminal Appeals Court upholds the conviction for violation of the Forestry Law, to the detriment of natural resources. The defendants were caught felling a rosewood tree within the boundaries of Las Baulas Marine National Park using a chainsaw and machete, without the required state forestry permits. The defense argued mistake of fact due to ignorance of the boundary, failure to individualize conduct, and omission of the 'exploitation' element in the indictment. The Court dismisses the claims: the presence of boundary markers and circumstantial evidence (hot engine, sawdust, stacked posts) suffice to prove intent and authorship; the statutory offense does not require describing the specific benefit or individual roles when acting in common accord. The three-month suspended sentence stands.El Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste confirma la sentencia condenatoria por el delito de infracción a la Ley Forestal, en perjuicio de los recursos naturales. Los imputados fueron sorprendidos talando un árbol de madero negro dentro de los límites del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, utilizando motosierra y machete, sin contar con los permisos de la Administración Forestal del Estado. La defensa alegó error de tipo por desconocimiento de la delimitación, falta de individualización de la conducta y omisión del elemento "aprovechamiento" en la acusación. El Tribunal desestima los reclamos: la presencia de mojones delimitadores y la evidencia indiciaria (motor caliente, aserrín, postes apilados) bastan para acreditar el dolo y la autoría; el tipo penal no exige describir el provecho específico ni roles individuales cuando se actúa de común acuerdo. La condena de tres meses de prisión con ejecución condicional queda firme.
Key excerptExtracto clave
II. (...) certainly a person may plead ignorance of the law, by way of mistake of fact, where the individual mistakenly assumes the absence of one of the descriptive elements of the criminal offense. Thus in the specific case it is not enough for the defense to have alleged atypical facts because the accused were unaware that they were within the boundaries of the Las Baulas Marine National Park (...) for as the trial court properly resolved, in the area there are markers that serve to demarcate the place, the mere existence of which alerts that a delimitation exists (...). Consequently, whoever pleads ignorance must prove it, and there is no evidence whatsoever to support the circumstances alleged by the defense. (...) there is not a single clue, but several that were coherently derived from the evidence and sufficiently justified in the judgment, so it is not valid to consider each one in isolation (...) since in light of experience it is not reasonably possible to conceive an alternative explanation as to why they were in a protected area with a felled tree, stacked posts, sawdust on their clothes, sweating, with a chainsaw with a hot engine and a machete at the site near where the stump was found inside the Las Baulas Marine National Park. (...) the definition of timber exploitation implies several possibilities such as some profit, benefit, advantage, utility or gain, so in the specific case the indictment contains that element (...). In this way, felling the tree into posts constitutes the conduct described in the statute, since said action is encompassed within the objective element of exploitation, in the Forestry Law, as the wood was used for posts, regardless of its economic value.II. (...) ciertamente una persona puede alegar ignorancia ante la ley, por medio del error de tipo, donde el individuo supone equívocamente, la ausencia de configuración de uno de los elementos descriptivos del tipo penal. Así en el caso concreto no basta con que la defensa haya alegado hechos atípicos porque los encartados desconocían que se encontraban dentro de los límites del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas (...) pues como adecuadamente resuelve el Tribunal de mérito en la zona se encuentran mojones que sirven para demarcar el lugar, siendo que su sola existencia alerta que existe una delimitación (...). En consecuencia, quién alega el desconocimiento tiene que probarlo, y no existe ningún elemento de prueba que acredite las circunstancias que refiere la defensa. (...) no existe un indicio, sino varios que fueron derivados coherentemente de las pruebas y fueron suficientemente justificados en sentencia, de modo que no resulta válido considerar aisladamente, cada uno, por sí solo (...) pues a la luz de la experiencia no es posible concebir razonablemente otra explicación alternativa acerca de por qué estaban en una zona protegida con un árbol talado, con postes apilados, con aserrin en sus ropas, sudados, con una motosierra con el motor caliente y machete en el sitio cerca de donde encontró el tocon dentro del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas. (...) la definición de aprovechamiento maderable implica varias posibilidades como son algún provecho, beneficio, ventaja, utilidad o ganancia, por lo que en caso en concreto la acusación contiene ese elemento (...). De esta forma la corta del árbol para postes constituye la acción típica, pues dicha acción se encuentra integrada dentro de elemento objetivo aprovechamiento, en la Ley Forestal, al ser la madera utilizada para postes, independientemente de su valor económico.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la sola existencia [de los mojones] alerta que existe una delimitación, y que donde estaba el tocón de madero negro con relación de los mojones permitía apreciar el manglar."
"the mere existence [of the markers] alerts that a delimitation exists, and that where the rosewood stump was, in relation to the markers, allowed one to see the mangrove."
Considerando II
"la sola existencia [de los mojones] alerta que existe una delimitación, y que donde estaba el tocón de madero negro con relación de los mojones permitía apreciar el manglar."
Considerando II
"quién alega el desconocimiento tiene que probarlo, y no existe ningún elemento de prueba que acredite las circunstancias que refiere la defensa."
"whoever pleads ignorance must prove it, and there is no evidence whatsoever to support the circumstances alleged by the defense."
Considerando II
"quién alega el desconocimiento tiene que probarlo, y no existe ningún elemento de prueba que acredite las circunstancias que refiere la defensa."
Considerando II
"no existe un indicio, sino varios que fueron derivados coherentemente de las pruebas y fueron suficientemente justificados en sentencia, de modo que no resulta válido considerar aisladamente, cada uno, por sí solo."
"there is not a single clue, but several that were coherently derived from the evidence and sufficiently justified in the judgment, so it is not valid to consider each one in isolation, by itself."
Considerando II
"no existe un indicio, sino varios que fueron derivados coherentemente de las pruebas y fueron suficientemente justificados en sentencia, de modo que no resulta válido considerar aisladamente, cada uno, por sí solo."
Considerando II
"la corta del árbol para postes constituye la acción típica, pues dicha acción se encuentra integrada dentro de elemento objetivo aprovechamiento, en la Ley Forestal, al ser la madera utilizada para postes, independientemente de su valor económico."
"felling the tree into posts constitutes the conduct described in the statute, since said action is encompassed within the objective element of exploitation, in the Forestry Law, as the wood was used for posts, regardless of its economic value."
Considerando II
"la corta del árbol para postes constituye la acción típica, pues dicha acción se encuentra integrada dentro de elemento objetivo aprovechamiento, en la Ley Forestal, al ser la madera utilizada para postes, independientemente de su valor económico."
Considerando II
Full documentDocumento completo
RESULTANDO
Written by Judge Flores Fallas; and,
CONSIDERANDO
Having reviewed the actions recorded in the file, such as the notification of the Judgment and the date of filing of the appeal, the Public Defense filed the appeal on September 2, 2019, therefore it was filed within the legal term. Consequently, complying with the requirements that allow knowing the reason for the Public Prosecutor's Office's disagreement, by meeting the criteria of objective and subjective specificity, from a formal perspective, the appeal is declared admissible.
II.Licensed attorney Kimberlyn Madrigal Villarreal, in her capacity as public defender of the accused, files an appeal against Judgment No. 124-2019, issued by the Trial Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste, Liberia venue, Flagrancy Section, at two o'clock in the afternoon of August twelfth, two thousand nineteen. First ground: Disagreement with the weighing of the evidence. Illegitimate intellectual reasoning and absence of reasoning. In this argument, the appellant points out that the sentencing court incurs in this defect in several passages of its judgment, which she treats separately within this same ground, detailing errors in the reasoning of the judgment.
She adds that, based on the accusation in this specific case, two normative concepts are of interest: forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) and protection areas (áreas de protección), and it is from these two normative concepts that a violation arises, which definitively affects the charge brought by the Public Prosecutor's Office, as it is omission in an essential aspect, since the objective elements of the offense provided for in Article 58 subsection b) of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) punishes the action of forest harvesting, and that necessarily implies describing the accused conduct in order to later determine if, once proven, it constitutes harvesting. She states that, again, it is unavoidable to refer to the Forestry Law, which in Article 3 establishes that for the purposes of that law, harvesting is considered: "Action of cutting, elimination of standing timber trees or use of fallen trees, carried out on private lands, not included in Article 1 of this law, that generates or may generate some profit, benefit, advantage, utility or gain for the person performing it or for whom that person represents." The appellant states that the configuration of the criminal offense of harvesting requires indicating the conduct performed, in this case as the Public Prosecutor's Office indicates—felling (talar)—as well as the eventual or actual result generated and described in positive terms for the defendants.
The appellant points out that in this normative element, by provision of law, two different circumstances are of interest: the first of them, as indicated previously, is to describe a series of actions (cutting, elimination of standing trees or use of fallen ones) and, secondly and more importantly, to describe a specific advantage, gain, utility, or benefit for the person performing the action or a third party they represent. The defense accuses that the prosecutorial request only establishes the first aspect of the normative element "harvesting," that is, that without the corresponding permit, felling took place within the protection area of Las Baulas National Marine Park, an action supposedly carried out by the two represented individuals along with one other person. However, the technical defense was insistent that forest harvesting is not only comprised of the description of the action, but also requires describing the situation of utility or harvesting for the accused.
The accusation only partially describes this normative element, since it never indicated what profit, advantage, gain, or utility said activity generated for the defendants, and that is a requirement that cannot be suppressed from the objective elements of the offense, that is, from what is established in Article 58 subsection b) in relation to Article 3 of the Forestry Law, contrary to what the Public Prosecutor's Office maintains in its closing arguments, that the description of harvesting is given, that the simple act of felling the tree is already harvesting. The appellant states that Article 303 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that when, from the investigation, the Public Prosecutor's Office considers there is a basis to bring the defendant to trial, it must formulate an accusation with a precise and detailed account of the punishable act attributed, a situation that does not occur in the case at hand, violating due process, the principle of imputation, and the principles of correlation between accusation and judgment, the right to imputation as an integral part of due process, which entails and obligates the accusing body to describe the accused facts in a detailed, precise, and clear manner.
In that sense, the defense adds that it is not described what the supposed role of each of the accused was, their actions are not individualized, the individuals who were working are not identified, whether both of them felled the standing tree or simply helped [Name5], who is the other person involved and represented by attorney Luis Barrantes, to stack them, or whether one of my clients stacked the logs and the other felled, or simply only one of them felled without indicating which one. This was mentioned because, according to the statement of Mr. [Name11], starting at minute 06:03 of his statement, he literally stated the following: "(...) one of them was shirtless and the other two were working and had their shirts very sweaty from the labor and so it was something that was happening at the time but when I arrived I could not see them working (...)". The defense highlights that [Name11] observed a person without a shirt but does not refer to which one of them, which in their opinion allows considering that it could perfectly have been one of their clients or [Name5], a situation that was not discredited during the trial; he also indicated that the other two were working without identifying who those two were either, whether it was his two clients or whether it was one of the defendants and [Name5].
They request that the arguments that have been mentioned and developed be upheld, declaring the [Decision1] ineffective, and that Mr. Bernal Gutiérrez Bran and Mr. Santos Antonio Bran Barrantes be absolved of all penalty and responsibility. Position of the Public Prosecutor's Office: It requests that the appeal be rejected because Article 58 subsection b) of the Forestry Law states that anyone who harvests forest resources on lands of the State's natural patrimony and in protection areas for purposes other than those established in this law is punished. Said description of the criminal offense evidently adapts entirely to the case at hand, firstly, the tree was located in the protection area of Las Baulas Marine Park, and also because the defendants sought to profit from it by cutting it into several parts, all without having requested the respective permits. The ground for appeal is not admissible.
Having analyzed the content of the appeal, this Chamber finds that a first observation from which it must necessarily start is that there is no omission in the accusatory document regarding forest harvesting, which not only comprises the description of the action, but also the situation of utility or harvesting for the accused. Thus, to assess the merit of the claim made, it is necessary to make some considerations on the subject. It is certainly noted that the analysis of typicality conducted by the trial judge (counter at 41:01 to 47:41) adequately addressed the objective elements of the criminal offense contemplated in Article 58 subsection b) of the Forestry Law, called Illegal Harvesting of Forest Product, in relation to Article 3, subsection a) of the same normative body. Indeed, the punished conduct is the harvesting of forest resources, understanding harvesting as the "Action of cutting, elimination of standing timber trees or use of fallen trees... that generates or may generate some profit, benefit, advantage, utility or gain..." (Article 3 a) of the Forestry Law).
Hence, the definition of timber harvesting implies several possibilities such as some profit, benefit, advantage, utility, or gain. Therefore, in the specific case, the accusation contains that element which the appellant considers absent, when its wording stated that: "...acting by common agreement, they harvested a tree of the madero negro species... the defendants, using chainsaws and machetes, felled the tree described above, without the permits from the State Forest Administration...", circumstances that were duly accredited when it was found that as a result of the harvesting, not only was the felled tree located within the protection area, but it was sawn into posts that were found stacked. In this way, the cutting of the tree for posts constitutes the typical action, since said action is integrated within the objective element harvesting in the Forestry Law, the wood being used for posts, regardless of its economic value.
Consequently, contrary to what the defense claims, the accusation fully describes the normative element of the criminal offense, and the conduct performed by the defendants, once proven, matches the objective criminal offense. Finally, the defense is not correct when it complains that the actions of the defendants were not individualized, because according to the [Decision1] (counter 39:01), in the specific case, it was accused that they acted by common agreement, where no division of functions among the three defendants was established. Since the participation of all three was proven and each role performed is irrelevant to not having individualized each accused, because all three had control of the situation and, consequently, are perpetrators of the forest harvesting. In that sense, the Trial Court pointed out that the three defendants were found at the site, that there were signs of active participation, such as secreting sweat, sawdust residues on their clothing, the machete and the chainsaw with the engine hot, the stacked posts.
In another sense, the participation of any of the defendants cannot be excluded by [Name11]'s testimony, since it emerges from the account that the witness arrived at the site thirty to forty minutes after his colleagues [Name12] and [Name16] had located the accused at the site. Moreover, according to the evidence produced at trial, there is a series of indications that, when assessed jointly, point to the defendants as the perpetrators of the acts that have been attributed to them. Hence, to that effect, contrary to the claim, sufficient and valid arguments were offered by the Trial Court. Consequently, the conclusions derived by the defense are not admissible, and the ground for appeal is declared without merit.
THEREFORE
The appeal filed by attorney Kimberly Madrigal Villarreal is declared without merit. Let it be notified.- WILSON FLORES FALLAS CYNTHIA DUMANI STRADTMANN MARLENE MENDOZA RUIZ APPEAL JUDGES OF [Decision1] It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 09-05-2026 00:21:52.
Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente *170001411260PE* CONTRA:
BERNAL GUTIERREZ BRAN OFENDIDO/A:
LOS RECURSOS NATURALES DELITO:
INFRACCIÓN A LA LEY FORESTAL VOTO 037- 20 TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN DE [Nombre1] PENAL DE GUANACASTE, SEDE SANTA CRUZ. A las trece horas con cincuenta y cinco minutos del treinta de enero de dos mil veinte.
Recurso de apelación interpuesto en la presente causa número 17-000141-1260-PE, seguida contra [Nombre2] , costarricense, cédula de identidad CED1, nació el 07 de abril de 1977, hijo de [Nombre3] y [Nombre4] y contra [Nombre5] , costarricense, cédula de identidad numero CED2, nació el 01 de junio de 1951, hijo de [Nombre6] y [Nombre7] y contra [Nombre8] , costarricense, cédula de identidad CED3, nació el 19 de noviembre de 1957, hijo de [Nombre9] y [Nombre10] , por el delito de INFRACCIÓN A LA LEY FORESTAL, en perjuicio de los RECURSOS NATURALES. Intervienen en la decisión del recurso las juezas Cynthia Dumani Stradtmann y Marlene Mendoza Ruiz y el juez Wilson Flores Fallas. Se apersonaron en esta sede, como representante de los imputados [Nombre2] y [Nombre8] , la defensora pública Kimberlyn Madrigal Villarreal y el fiscal Luis Diego Quesada Canales en representación del Ministerio Público.
RESULTANDO
Redacta el juez Flores Fallas ; y,
CONSIDERANDO
Revisadas las actuaciones que en autos consta, como fue la notificación de la [Nombre1] y la fecha de interposición del recurso, la Defensa Pública interpuso el recurso el 2 de setiembre de 2019, por lo que se encuentra presentado dentro del plazo legal. En consecuencia, cumpliendo con los requisitos que permiten conocer el motivo de inconformidad del Ministerio Público, al cumplir los criterios de taxatividad objetiva y subjetiva, desde la óptica formal se declara admisible el recurso.
II.La licenciada Kimberlyn Madrigal Villarreal en su condición de defensora pública del imputado, formula recurso de apelación contra la [Nombre1] número 124-2019, dictada por el Tribunal de Juicio del Segundo Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste, sede Liberia, sección Flagrancia de las catorce horas del doce de agosto del dos mil diecinueve. Primer motivo: Inconformidad con la valoración de la prueba. Fundamentación intelectiva ilegítima y ausencia de fundamentación. En este alegato señala la impugnante que el tribunal sentenciador incurre en este vicio en varios pasajes de su sentencia, que tratan por separado dentro de este mismo motivo, detalla yerros en la fundamentación de la sentencia.
POR TANTO
Se declara sin lugar el recurso de apelación interpuesto por la licenciada Kimberly Madrigal Villarreal. Notifíquese.- WILSON FLORES FALLAS CYNTHIA DUMANI STRADTMANN MARLENE MENDOZA RUIZ JUEZAS Y JUEZ DE APELACIÓN DE [Nombre1]
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