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Res. 06042-2026 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · 28/08/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Court denied the action and left the mining concession application archived because the claimant lacked environmental viability, an acquired right, or a consolidated legal situation and its application was incompatible with amended Article 8 of the Mining Code; it also ordered the claimant to pay both categories of costs plus interest.El Tribunal declaró sin lugar la demanda y mantuvo el archivo de la solicitud de concesión minera porque la actora carecía de viabilidad ambiental, derecho adquirido o situación jurídica consolidada y su solicitud era incompatible con el artículo 8 reformado del Código de Minería; además, le impuso ambas costas e intereses.
SummaryResumen
The Administrative Litigation and Civil Treasury Court denied MCC Mining Co. S.A.’s action challenging the decisions that archived its concession application for the Leona de Boston underground gold-mining project. The Court found that the company never obtained environmental viability and did not prove compliance with all requirements imposed by SETENA, so it held only an expectation of a right, not an acquired right or consolidated legal situation. Archiving followed the mandate in Transitional Provision V of Law No. 8904 and amended Article 8 of the Mining Code, which reserved areas with metallic-mining potential in Abangares and restricted concessions to workers’ cooperatives engaged in small-scale mining. Accordingly, the measure did not constitute impermissible retroactive application of the law or violate legitimate expectations or the principle of the inviolability of the Administration’s own acts. The Court upheld the defense of lack of legal entitlement, rejected the standing defense, and ordered the claimant to pay both categories of costs plus interest.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda rechazó la demanda de MCC Mining Co. S.A. contra las resoluciones que archivaron su solicitud de concesión para el proyecto de explotación aurífera subterránea Leona de Boston. Determinó que la empresa nunca obtuvo viabilidad ambiental ni demostró haber cumplido todos los requisitos exigidos por SETENA, por lo que conservaba únicamente una expectativa de derecho, no un derecho adquirido ni una situación jurídica consolidada. El archivo respondió al mandato del Transitorio V de la Ley N.º 8904 y al artículo 8 reformado del Código de Minería, que reservó las áreas con potencial de minería metálica de Abangares y restringió las concesiones a cooperativas de trabajadores dedicadas a minería de pequeña escala. Por ello, no hubo aplicación retroactiva ilegítima, lesión de la confianza legítima ni desconocimiento de actos propios. Se acogió la excepción de falta de derecho, se rechazó la falta de legitimación y se impusieron ambas costas e intereses a la actora.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It is therefore clear, in light of these provisions, that the archiving of the claimant’s concession application, ordered by the Directorate of Geology and Mines, constitutes the direct application of a statutory rule requiring the archiving of pending applications that did not satisfy the requirements of amended Article 8 of the Mining Code. Consequently, the Administration’s action amounts to the direct application of the principle of legality: it was not a matter that the Administration could weigh, mitigate, or modify, but rather an application of the legislature’s will. As the facts show, the claimant’s application did not concern a small-scale activity operated artisanally by a cooperative, but a commercial corporation seeking to conduct an activity on a larger scale, which is incompatible with the legislature’s provisions in the statutory amendment to Article 8 of the Mining Code. Under the principle of legality, the claimant company’s application is therefore plainly incompatible with the legal framework governing mining activity. The defense of lack of standing is rejected, and the defense of lack of legal entitlement asserted by the State’s representative is upheld. Consequently, the ACTION brought by MCC MINING CO S.A. against the STATE is DENIED in its entirety. The claimant is ordered to pay both categories of costs, together with statutory interest calculated pursuant to Article 1163 of the Civil Code from the date on which the assessment of costs becomes final until payment in full; those amounts shall be calculated during the enforcement stage at the interested party’s request. Let notice be given.Es claro entonces, a la luz de estos artículos, que el archivo de la solicitud del concesión de la parte actora, ordenada por la Dirección de Geología y Minas, responde a la aplicación pura de una norma legal que dispuso que aquellas solicitudes en trámite que no cumpliera con los requisitos del numeral 8 reformado del Código de Minería debían ser archivadas, en consecuencia, lo actuado por la Administración no es más que la aplicación pura del principio de legalidad, por cuanto no se trata de una actuación que pudiera ponderar, atenuar o modificar la Administración, sino de la aplicación propia de la voluntad del legislador, en el tanto, tal como se extrae de los hechos, la solicitud de la parte actora no se trataba de una actividad de pequeña escala operada por una cooperativa de forma artesanal, sino que se trata de una sociedad comercial para la explotación de una actividad a mayor escala, lo que resulta incompatible por lo dispuesto con el legislador en la reforma legal del ordinal 8 del Código de Minería, es decir, bajo el principio de legalidad, resulta abiertamente incompatible la solicitud de la empresa actora con el ordenamiento jurídico que regula la actividad de minería. Se rechaza la defensa de falta de legitimación y se acoge la excepción de falta de derecho incoada por la representación estatal. En consecuencia, se declara SIN LUGAR LA DEMANDA incoada por la empresa MCC MINING CO S.A. en contra del ESTADO en todos sus extremos. Se condena a la parte actora, al pago de ambas costas, sobre las cuales, deberá reconocerse los intereses de ley, calculados conforme el artículo 1163 del Código Civil, contados a partir de la fecha en que sea firme la fijación de éstas, y hasta su efectivo pago, sumas que deberán ser liquidadas en la fase de ejecución a instancia del interesado. Notifíquese.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"No siendo posible, por ende, que se le resolviera su trámite, bajo las anteriores condiciones jurídicas, sino las actuales, en cumplimiento de los principios de legalidad, precautorio, pro natura y ante la inexistencia de algún derecho adquirido y situación jurídica consolidada."
"It was therefore not possible to decide its application under the former legal conditions rather than the current ones, given the principles of legality, precaution, and pro natura and the absence of any acquired right or consolidated legal situation."
Considerando VI
"No siendo posible, por ende, que se le resolviera su trámite, bajo las anteriores condiciones jurídicas, sino las actuales, en cumplimiento de los principios de legalidad, precautorio, pro natura y ante la inexistencia de algún derecho adquirido y situación jurídica consolidada."
Considerando VI
"En ese sentido, tal como se señala en el voto de referencia, la irretroactividad de la ley no confiere un derecho a la inmutabilidad del ordenamiento jurídico."
"In that regard, as stated in the cited ruling, the non-retroactivity of the law does not confer a right to the immutability of the legal system."
Considerando VI
"En ese sentido, tal como se señala en el voto de referencia, la irretroactividad de la ley no confiere un derecho a la inmutabilidad del ordenamiento jurídico."
Considerando VI
"En ese mismo orden, tampoco es posible estimar las reclamaciones dadas por la parte accionante en cuanto a la prevalencia del principio de confianza legitima, en el tanto, este no puede operar frente a una disposición contraria a la ley."
"For the same reason, the claimant’s arguments concerning the prevalence of the principle of legitimate expectations cannot be accepted, because that principle cannot operate against a statutory provision."
Considerando VI
"En ese mismo orden, tampoco es posible estimar las reclamaciones dadas por la parte accionante en cuanto a la prevalencia del principio de confianza legitima, en el tanto, este no puede operar frente a una disposición contraria a la ley."
Considerando VI
"El archivo ordenado no dispuso dejar “sin efecto” un derecho concedido al administrando, sino únicamente la no continuación del estudio de una mera solicitud que no puede traducirse en otra cosa que una mera expectativa de derecho."
"The ordered archiving did not render ineffective a right granted to the administered party; it merely discontinued the examination of an application that amounted to no more than an expectation of a right."
Considerando VI
"El archivo ordenado no dispuso dejar “sin efecto” un derecho concedido al administrando, sino únicamente la no continuación del estudio de una mera solicitud que no puede traducirse en otra cosa que una mera expectativa de derecho."
Considerando VI
Full documentDocumento completo
PJEDITOR Document CASE FILE:
PROCEEDING:
Proceedings on the Merits PLAINTIFF:
MCC MINING CO SOCIEDAD ANONIMA DEFENDANT:
THE STATE No. 2026006042 ADMINISTRATIVE-LITIGATION AND CIVIL TREASURY COURT, SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, at eighteen hours and forty-six minutes on 28 August 2026.- Proceedings on the merits declared to involve purely legal issues, brought by the company MCC MINING CO SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, corporate identification card No. 3-101-347043, represented by Mr. Carlos Muñoz Álvarez, identification card No. 1-0556-0921, against THE STATE, represented by Lic. María del Rosario León Yannarella, of legal age, attorney, resident of Heredia, identification card number 108510444, Bar Membership No. 10369, Deputy Counsel of the Procuraduría General de la República. Lic. Esteban Alfaro Calderón, identification card No. 1-1190-0455, Bar Membership No. 17420, participates as lead counsel for the plaintiff.
BACKGROUND
I.By means of a complaint filed on 31 May 2022, the plaintiff asserted the following claims, seeking a judgment declaring what is transcribed below: “1. That Resolution R-99-2020, issued at 14:30 on 19 February 2020 by the Dirección de Geología y Minas, be declared contrary to law and consequently annulled. 2. That Resolution No 203-2021, issued at 13:00 on 16 April 2021 by the Dirección de Geología y Minas, be declared contrary to law and consequently annulled as a confirming act. 3. That Resolution R-0149-2021 -MINAE of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía be declared contrary to law and consequently annulled as a confirming act. 4. That it be declared that the party I represent has the right to continue the procedures aimed at obtaining the mining concession for the respective project, in accordance with the requirements and parameters initially requested by the Administration at the time the relevant applications were filed. 5. That the State be ordered to pay all costs of these proceedings.” Those claims remained unchanged at the Preliminary Hearing held on 20 March 2023. (Images 2-6, 116-118 of the court case file).
II.After the State was duly served as required by law, it opposed the complaint, raising the defenses of lack of standing and lack of legal entitlement, and requested that the complaint be denied in its entirety, that the plaintiff be ordered to pay all costs, and that it also pay the legally prescribed interest accruing on those amounts from the date the judgment becomes final until actual payment. (See images 28 and 49 of the court case file).
III.On 20 March 2023, the preliminary hearing was held in the presence of both parties. The claims were established in accordance with Background section one. The proceeding was declared to involve purely legal issues, and the parties orally presented their closing arguments. (Images 116-118 of the court case file).
VI.On 12 April 2023, Judge Francisco Hidalgo Rueda was assigned to hear this matter. However, as a result of the redesign of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, effective as of 17 July 2023, the matter was reassigned to reporting Judge Gómez Chacón and was subsequently assigned to the backlog-reduction plan operating in this Court. Nevertheless, it was returned by an order issued at thirteen hours and fifty-seven minutes on 26 June 2026 and was addressed in accordance with the parameters established by agreement 11.VI.2023 of the Comisión de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, dated 27 July 2023, under the criterion of seniority. Consequently, it is heard in the docket for August 2026 because of the return made in June of this year. (Images 119-120, 145 of the court case file).
VII.The statutory requirements and time limits have been observed in these proceedings, and no flaws, defects, or omissions are apparent that could render the proceedings void or deny the parties a defense. This decision is issued unanimously following deliberation by the members of this Administrative-Litigation and Civil Treasury Court. Judge Gómez Chacón authors the decision, with the affirmative votes of Judges Miranda Alvarado and Mejías Rodríguez.
REASONS
In a filing dated 1 March 2023, by which time the matters in dispute had been defined, the plaintiff presented legal arguments that were new in relation to those asserted in the complaint and in the reply to the answer, and those arguments were raised again during the closing-argument stage. They were not admitted during the preliminary stage as an amendment of the complaint. Consequently, because the arguments concerning the violation of the right to freedom of association are entirely new, thereby upsetting the procedural balance because they were not part of the matters in dispute, they must be excluded from the analysis of this case.
1. On 31 October 2003, through its legal representative, Mr. José Francisco Rúa León, the company Materiales y Concretos del Caribe S.A. applied to the Dirección de Geología y Minas (DGM) of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) for a mining exploitation concession for the project known as Proyecto Leona de Boston (underground mining for gold, silver, and quartz). Temporary case file No. 116T-2003 was assigned to the application. (Uncontested fact); 2. By official letter DGM-TOP-385-2003, the Dirección de Geología y Minas reviewed the application and subsequently, by official letter DGM-RNM-865-2003, forwarded the Preliminary Environmental Assessment Form (Formulario de Evaluación Ambiental Preliminar, FEAP) to SETENA for the corresponding procedure. In response, through Resolution N° 095-2004-SETENA issued at 10:45 on 27 January 2004, SETENA requested the submission of an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA) and established its terms of reference.
(Uncontested fact); 3. On 13 October 2005, Mr. José Francisco Rúa León, identification card N° 8-074-617, acting as President with authority as a general attorney-in-fact without limitation as to amount, formally submitted, on behalf of MATERIALES Y CONCRETOS DEL CARIBE S.A., an application for an underground aquifer exploitation concession. The Dirección de Geología y Minas assigned that application case file number N°2670. (Uncontested fact); 4. On 07 July 2007, the company reported a change in its corporate name to MCC MINING C0 S.A. (Uncontested fact); 5. By Resolution R-99-2020, issued at 14:30 on 19 February 2020 and served on 25 February 2020, the Dirección de Geología y Minas, on the basis of Article One and Transitory Provision V of Ley N° 8904, as well as Article 11 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública and Articles 1 and 65 of the Código de Minería, ordered case file N° 2670 closed and archived.
(Uncontested fact); 6. On 28 February 2020, Mr. Carlos Muñoz Álvarez, identification card number 1-556-921, acting as general attorney-in-fact of MCC MINING CO S.A., filed a motion for reconsideration (recurso de revocatoria), with a subsidiary administrative appeal, against Resolution R-99-2020 issued at fourteen hours and thirty minutes on 19 February 2020. (Pages 4-5 of administrative case file 2670, volume 1); 7. By Resolution N° 203-2021, signed by the Acting Director of the Dirección de Geología y Minas and issued at es hours on 16 April 2021, the motion for reconsideration filed against Resolution R-99-2020 was denied, and the administrative appeal was forwarded to the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía for consideration. (Uncontested fact); 8. Through Resolution R-0149-2021-MINAE of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, notice was given that the administrative appeal had been denied on the merits, thereby exhausting administrative remedies. The resolution was served on 7 June 2022. (Uncontested fact).
The following fact relevant to the issuance of judgment is deemed unproven: Sole fact. That the Proyecto Explotación Aurífera Subterránea Leona de Boston, which was the subject of the mining concession application and was being processed by SETENA under administrative case file No. 760-2003-SETENA, obtained an environmental viability license (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental). (The record).
The plaintiff states that its claims are based on the contention that the substance of the 2010 amendment to Article 8 of the Código de Minería cannot be applied retroactively when the application had actually been pending since 2004. That prohibition against detrimental retroactivity derives from Article 34 of the Constitución Política. Regarding this provision, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia) has clearly held that the Public Administration may not, on its own initiative, set aside acts that have become final for the benefit of persons subject to the Administration. By virtue of the cited Article 34 of the Constitution and the precise application of Article 173 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, there are principles of the immutability of the Administration’s own acts (intangibilidad de los actos propios), administrative good faith, and legitimate expectations (confianza legítima), under which the Administration may be expected to act consistently with its own prior representations and previously established requirements.
It should be clarified that the plaintiff is not alleging the existence of a vested right or any immutability of the legal system, but rather a legitimate interest grounded in legitimate expectations, which must be protected under Article 49 of the Constitution. Regarding this principle of legitimate expectations, it is striking that the administrative delay in a proceeding handled over a period of 16 years is now being held against the person subject to the Administration, who, it bears noting, filed an application under the requirements in force at that time (2004). Likewise, there is an evident violation of the principle of the immutability of the Administration’s own acts because favorable administrative acts that approved the project’s environmental impact study are being annulled as a matter of fact rather than through legally prescribed procedures. This unquestionably renders the Dirección de Geología y Minas’s closure and archival order null and void, and the plaintiff requests that it be so declared in these proceedings.
The State states that the plaintiff’s objections focus on two points: first, that the substance of the 2010 amendment to Article 8 8 of the Código de Minería is being applied retroactively, even though the application had been pending since 2004; and second, that the principle of legitimate expectations, and with it the immutability of the Administration’s own acts, has been violated. Neither of the plaintiff’s arguments has merit because, regarding retroactivity, it is untrue that the Administration violated Article 34 of the Constitution in the resolutions at issue. In that regard, it is important to bear in mind that a legitimate interest cannot arise under a principle being applied contra legem (contrary to the Código de Minería). On 13 October 2005, the plaintiff submitted one of the requirements previously demanded by the Administration and thereafter abandoned its application until 28 August 2018, long after the amendment it mentions, when it expressly requested that the issuance of the concession title in case file 2670 be suspended until the project obtained environmental viability.
It should be recalled that the license was never approved. Consequently, it is more than evident that there was no violation of the principle of non-retroactivity, as the plaintiff simply asserts. That principle is specifically regulated in Article 34 of the Constitución Política, which provides: “No law shall be given retroactive effect to the detriment of any person, or of that person’s vested property rights, or of consolidated legal situations.” That is, the constitutional guarantee established in this provision applies personally and, most importantly, protects vested rights and consolidated legal situations. In this respect, it must be emphasized that the claimant itself acknowledges that its claim does not seek protection of a vested right. Nor does the plaintiff hold a legitimate interest because the administrative case file, which is attached, shows that the plaintiff never obtained the environmental license and, much less, held a duly approved mining concession when the prohibition entered into force.
It therefore had neither vested rights nor consolidated legal situations, making Transitory Provision III, which ordered the archival of its application, applicable to it. The plaintiff thus overlooks that a concession holder or permit holder has only an expectancy of a right and not a fully vested subjective right and, consequently, cannot allege that a provision is being retroactively applied to the detriment of a vested property right or consolidated legal situation. It must also be noted—particularly because the plaintiff does not mention it—that, through Judgment N° 2019-24745 issued at 12:10 on 11 December 2019, the Constitutional Chamber denied an action challenging the constitutionality of Article 1, paragraphs 4 and 5, of Ley N° 8904, Reforma Código de Minería y sus reformas, which had been filed by the claimant. Regarding the alleged “violation of the principle of legitimate expectations,” the plaintiff simply states that “favorable administrative acts that approved the project’s environmental impact study are being annulled as a matter of fact and not through legally prescribed procedures.” The plaintiff’s assertion is entirely unfounded because it has already been conclusively established that the license was never approved.
Accordingly, there is no factual or legal basis for speaking of vested rights or of a violation of the principles of legitimate expectations and immutability of acts: the plaintiff never obtained the environmental license required before it could process and obtain the mining concession. With respect to the principle of legitimate expectations, this Administrative-Litigation Court has recognized it and directly related it to the principle that the Administration may not revoke or alter its own acts. This is because recognition of that principle requires the Public Administration to have issued acts declaring rights in favor of the person subject to the Administration. It follows that the essential requirement for legitimate expectations is the existence of administrative acts declaring rights; however, as already noted, no such acts or conduct exist in this case. On the contrary, granting the plaintiff’s claim in these proceedings would disregard a law currently in force that expressly prohibits exploration and the granting of exploitation concessions for open-pit metal-mining activities in Costa Rica.
Application of the principle of legitimate expectations would therefore be legally untenable because that principle does not protect situations contrary to law. It would make even less sense for this Administrative-Litigation Court, on the basis of that principle, to annul the resolution issued by the Dirección de Geología y Minas ordering the closure and archival of case file N° 2670, which concerns a mining exploitation concession application filed in the claimant company’s name and is precisely what this complaint seeks. Nor would it make sense for the Court to declare that the plaintiff is entitled to continue the procedure for obtaining a mining concession contrary to law. Contrary to the plaintiff’s assertion, the Administration acted pursuant to Articles 11 and 129 of the Constitución Política and Articles 6, 11, and 13 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública. Therefore, the principle of legitimate expectations was not violated; the plaintiff knew of the law’s existence and knew that it had not been declared unconstitutional despite its attempt to obtain such a declaration.
That law remains in force, and the Administration is required to comply with it and to act solely under the principle of legality. Accordingly, for the factual, legal, and technical reasons set forth above, the plaintiff’s allegations are refuted, and the Administration’s actions must therefore be upheld in all respects.
Broadly speaking, the claimant states that the claims for annulment are based essentially on two premises, the first relating to the non-retroactive application of the law when the concession application was closed based on a statutory amendment enacted after its application had been filed. It also alleges a violation of the principle of legitimate expectations and the principle that an authority may not disavow its own acts, asserting that the favorable administrative acts approving the project’s environmental impact assessment are effectively being annulled without following the procedures established by law. The Court’s assessment: Before analyzing the parties’ arguments, it is important to note that the arguments outlined here are related to and reiterated in proceeding number 20-004299-1027-CA, in which the annulment of the decisions closing the environmental license application procedure—a prerequisite for the mining concession at issue in this case—is challenged.
In that proceeding, the Court analyzed arguments directly related to those raised in this case. In that regard, Judgment N.2025010171, issued at 14:58 on 27 October 2025 by that Court, whose judicial panel partially overlapped with this Chamber, stated the following insofar as relevant. It is incorporated into the present analysis not only because of its direct relationship to this matter, but also because this Chamber fully agrees with the ruling:
“i) Violation of the principle that an authority may not disavow its own acts. This judicial body considers that the claimant’s theory of the case rests on two premises in asserting a violation of the principle that the State may not disavow its own acts: first, that it has a subjective right or consolidated legal situation that is being disregarded, arising from the issuance of Resolution N.º 2416-2005-SETENA at 07:20 on 20 September 2005; and second, that it fulfilled all the requirements established by statute and regulation for obtaining environmental viability before Article 8 of the Código de Minería was amended. Nevertheless, it should be stated at the outset that a detailed examination of the record and the specific case failed to verify either premise, for the reasons set forth below.
From its inception, our Constitutional Court established that the Public Administration is prohibited from depriving of legal effect conduct from which rights accrue in favor of private parties, except in the cases expressly established in provisions 155 and 173 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, following completion of the ordinary administrative procedure governed by provisions 308 et seq. of that Law. (In this regard, see Resolution N°1635-1990 at 17:00 on 14 November 1990, which decided the proceeding brought by Chiriquí Land Company.) Consequently, if none of those circumstances is present, the lesividad proceeding—through which the Administration seeks judicial annulment of its own rights-conferring act—must be pursued before this administrative-litigation jurisdiction. That position has been maintained to date, with the specific limit on a public entity’s exercise of its powers of revocation being stated as follows:
‘(…) the Administration is prohibited from extinguishing through its own action those acts it has issued that confer subjective rights on private parties. Subjective rights thus constitute a limit on the powers to revoke (or modify) administrative acts, thereby making it possible to require greater procedural safeguards. When the Administration issues an act and later issues another act contrary to the first, to the detriment of subjective rights, it disregards those rights that it had granted through the first act. The only means available to the State to remove one of its acts from the legal order is the judicial lesividad proceeding, because that proceeding is conceived as a procedural safeguard for the private party. Our legal system permits the Administration to act contrary to its own acts through administrative channels in cases of absolute, evident, and manifest nullity, subject to a prior favorable opinion from the Procuraduría General de la República and in accordance with Article 173 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
Accordingly, if the Administration has failed to observe the rules governing those procedures, or has omitted them altogether, as is shown to have occurred in this case, the principle governing an authority’s own acts renders the act invalid as a consequence of that irregularity. The application must therefore be granted because the principle governing an authority’s own acts and due process were violated.’ (Judgment Nº 755-94 at 12:12 on 4 February 1994).”
(See Resolution N.º 01133-1998 at 10:00 on 20 February 1998, issued by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional).)
The case law quoted above shows that the principle that an authority may not disavow its own acts presupposes, first, an intention by the Public Administration to revoke an act, understood as its “(…) elimination for reasons of expediency (…)”; this occurs “where the act becomes misaligned with the objective it pursues because, although minimally sufficient to fulfill it, it is neither the best possible nor among the best, in which case the act becomes lawful but inexpedient.” (See Eduardo Ortiz Ortiz, Tesis de Derecho Administrativo, Costa Rica, Editorial Stradtmann, Volume II, 2002, page 401.) In other words, it entails depriving a prior administrative act of effect. The second element on which the principle that an authority may not disavow its own acts rests is that the administrative decision conferred an act favorable to the private party, which the claimant even characterizes as having created a subjective right in its favor. Neither condition is met here, as follows.
According to the position stated in the complaint, the administrative act identified as creating a subjective right is Resolution N.º 2416-2005-SETENA at 07:20 on 20 September 2005, issued by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental. A reading of the operative portion of that administrative act does not show the grant of any favorable act, defined as an “Act that in any manner expands or favors the interests of its addressees. Examples include the grant of a concession or authorization and the recognition of an exemption or economic advantage. The laws particularly guarantee its irrevocability.” (Emphasis added. See Santiago Muñoz Machado, Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico, Spain, Real Academia Española, 2017, page 73.) That is, it brings about a positive change in the person’s intersubjective legal situation vis-à-vis the State and its public bodies and entities.
Indeed, upon reading the operative portion, the Court agrees with the State’s representative that the claimant was being required to submit a series of documents as a prerequisite for continuing the review of the environmental viability application and, therefore, was not being granted any right or consolidated legal situation. This follows literally from the first paragraph of the Therefore section, which states:
“THEREFORE/THE PLENARY COMMISSION RULES / (…) FIRST: For the purpose of continuing the environmental impact assessment procedure and before granting environmental viability to the project, the developer is required to comply with the provisions of Reason III of this resolution.” (Underlining added. See Proven Fact N.º 6.)
The error in the claimant’s theory lies not only in its failure to recognize that the determination by this body with maximum operational autonomy within MINAE was directed toward requiring a series of prerequisites necessary to continue the procedure for granting environmental viability, but also in its incorrect inference that it acquired a vested right or consolidated legal situation requiring the Administration to grant environmental viability—or, alternatively, to conduct a nullity proceeding, whether a lesividad proceeding or an administrative declaration of evident and manifest nullity—because Reason III of that Resolution determined that the previously submitted environmental impact assessment satisfied what was required as part of the matters requested by SETENA (see Proven Fact N°5).
That assessment, however, which forms part of the preliminary requirements that the Administration must analyze, does not have the effect of expanding or favorably modifying the claimant’s legal situation vis-à-vis the Administration. Rather, as stated, it is only one of the matters that the public entity must assess in the administrative procedure for granting environmental viability. It is not the only matter, and it cannot be confused with the required environmental license. It must be borne in mind that even if the environmental impact assessment had been satisfactorily completed, this would not automatically entail the grant of environmental viability. Every requirement established by the administrative legal order must be met, and the Administration must expressly decide to grant it, because positive administrative silence does not apply in environmental matters, still less where public-domain property such as mineral deposits is concerned. (In this regard, see Resolutions N.º 1886 at 9:12 on 7 April 1995 and 2063 at 14:45 on 14 February 2007 of the Constitutional Chamber, in relation to Resolutions N.º 771 at 16:00 on 18 November 2008 and N.º 01195-2013 at 09:45 on 18 December 2013 of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice.)
Indeed, and this is relevant to the specific case, a detailed review of the administrative record failed to establish that the company had fulfilled all the requirements imposed on that occasion. It shows only that, on 13 October 2005, in administrative proceeding N.º 760-2003-SETENA, Materiales y Concretos del Caribe S.A., now operating under the claimant’s corporate name, submitted only the sworn declaration of environmental commitments, which was one of the four requirements imposed through Resolution N.º 2416-2005-SETENA (see Proven Fact N.º 7). The record does not show, however, that the claimant provided the environmental bond in the amount of $30 000 (legal tender of the United States of America), or its equivalent in colones; appointed an environmental officer registered in the Setena Registry of Consultants; or submitted to SETENA’s Legal Unit a book to serve as the Project’s environmental logbook. Nor is it certain that these were the only requirements to be submitted, as other requirements could have arisen during subsequent stages of the legal proceedings before the Administration.
The claimant was responsible for proving compliance with those matters because they constituted or formed the basis of its claim, under provision 41.1 of the CPC, which applies to the matter under adjudication pursuant to canon 220 of the CPCA and provides that the claimant bears the burden of proving the constituent elements of its claim. It was therefore required to introduce evidence demonstrating its assertion that it had fulfilled all the requirements and rebutting the State’s contention that it had not done so.
Accordingly, contrary to the claimant’s assertion, the decision to close the proceeding did not violate its legal situation. On the one hand, there is no evidence that the Secretaría granted it the required environmental license. Indeed, it is contradictory to contend, on the one hand, that the license was granted while, on the other, seeking relief before this jurisdiction against the very act closing the application without a favorable determination granting the required license. It is reiterated that an environmental impact assessment is not equivalent to a project’s environmental viability, and the fact that the environmental impact assessment was found to satisfy the Administration’s requirements could not give rise to any right in the claimant’s favor.
From that perspective, Resolution N.º 2416-2005-SETENA also did not create any subjective right in favor of the claimant company. The First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has defined a subjective right as:
‘…the power to act validly within certain limits and/or to benefit from public conduct, by demanding from the public authorities, and specifically from the Administration, through coercive means if necessary, the corresponding concrete and specific conduct granted by the legal order to that person or those persons for the satisfaction of their purposes or interests.’
(Resolution N.º 1332-F-S1-2010 at 9:45 on 4 November 2010. To the same effect, see Resolution N.º 00896-2012 at 15:00 on 26 July 2012.)
As repeatedly stated, Resolution N.º 2416-2005-SETENA at 07:20 on 20 September 2005 merely imposed a series of requirements; consequently, the act was purely an interlocutory procedural act with no independent effects. It should also be added that closing the proceeding cannot be understood as depriving any State conduct of effect or extinguishing it. When that closure decision was issued in 2019, the application for environmental viability was still being processed, and, as previously stated, SETENA had taken no action aimed at granting environmental viability. A series of procedural steps had merely been completed within the administrative procedure established by the legal order then in effect, for the purpose of determining whether to grant the environmental license for the Leona de Boston Project.
None of those steps, however, had to be annulled or deprived of effect in order to close the application. Nor were they defective and therefore required to be declared void following due process, as the claimant’s theory appears to suggest. Without prejudging whether those acts were consistent with SETENA’s powers, the fact remains that while the application for environmental viability was pending before the Secretaría—thus, before the final act in that proceeding had been issued—and through no fault attributable to the State, the ordinary legislature decided to establish a mining reserve in the Abangares area, precisely the area in which the underground silver, gold, and quartz mining project at issue was intended to be carried out (see Proven Facts N.º 1 and 4). As a result, the purpose of the application for environmental viability, submitted as part of an application for the grant of a mining concession, subsequently became unlawful.
In other words, although the preliminary stages preceding the closure of the environmental viability application are not being disputed and, consequently, no determination is being made regarding the validity or invalidity of SETENA’s actions in processing administrative proceeding N.º 760-2003-SETENA, the fact remains that the Administration did not base its decision to close the application submitted by the claimant under another corporate name on the existence of a defect in any substantive element of the acts previously issued by SETENA’s various bodies while considering the Leona de Boston Project’s environmental viability application. Rather, it based its decision on the fact that, after the application had been filed, Costa Rica’s legal framework was amended in 2010 to declare ‘(…) the entire areas of the cantons of Abangares, Osa, and Golfito that have potential for metal mining to be mining reserve areas and frozen in favor of the State, based on technical studies conducted by the Dirección de Geología y Minas of the Ministerio de Ambiente, Energía y Telecomunicaciones (Minaet).’ It was stipulated that, in those reserve areas, concessions could be granted only to workers duly organized into cooperatives devoted to small-scale mining for family subsistence, artisanal mining, and coligallero mining (Article 8 of the Código de Minería).
Consequently, each and every application pending before the Administration, including the claimant’s, lost its legal basis if it did not meet those conditions, because the mineral-extraction object being sought had been reserved and frozen in favor of the State. That public policy was enacted as a statutory rule and meant that the purpose of any eventual administrative act granting environmental viability—except in the case of the persons specifically covered by that statutory provision—would be contrary to law.
At this point in the analysis, it must be specified, as an additional basis supporting this Collegiate Chamber’s ruling, that under the party-disposition principle established in provision 119 of the CPCA, this Court is constrained to render judgment within the framework of the claims, theory of the case, and defenses established by the parties, except for privileged defenses that may be declared on the Court’s own motion. Applied to the specific case, this means that the Court cannot determine whether the claimant company satisfies the exceptional requirements contained in provision 8 of the Código de Minería, because that issue, which constituted the legal basis for closing the environmental viability application, was not submitted for judicial legality review in that forum.
SETENA’s determination that MCC MINING CO Sociedad Anónima is not organized as a cooperative of workers engaged in mining ‘(…) on a small scale for family subsistence, artisanal mining, and coligallero mining’ is therefore understood to be a fact not placed in dispute. This point is vitally important because, since that aspect is not disputed, the only issue to be resolved is whether the lesividad procedure or the procedure for declaring evident and manifest nullity, as provided in the administrative legal order, had to be completed before the application could be closed.
As established throughout this discussion, the State body was not required to satisfy those requirements because the underlying conditions were absent: there was no revocation of a favorable administrative act or subjective right of the claimant company. In addition, the reason its application was closed did not stem from a defect rendering void one or all the administrative acts issued by SETENA’s various bodies, but from a subsequently enacted statutory prohibition against granting a mining concession in the Abangares area to a company incorporated as a sociedad anónima under provision 5 of the Código de Comercio, as the claimant is.
In this regard, although this proceeding concerns only environmental viability, that license formed part of a mining-concession process. The Administration therefore had to analyze the legal order as a whole and found that, nine years before it declared the proceeding closed, the legislature had determined that the human activity subject to environmental assessment could not lawfully be carried out by the claimant. Because this was a requirement imposed by the legal order, the situation called for SETENA—after verifying that the claimant did not satisfy the statutory conditions for granting the mining concession—to decide to close the proceeding because it was ancillary to that concession and because environmental viability could not be granted to a project lying outside the scope of the legal framework. This ground for annulment must therefore be rejected.
As a starting point, it should be borne in mind that the Constitutional Chamber has stated the following regarding the principle of legitimate expectations:
‘(…) [It] arose in the Federal Republic of Germany and was subsequently adopted in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Community to define a situation deserving protection because confidence placed in the conduct of the Public Administration had been violated. In its judgment of 1 February 1990, the Supreme Court of Spain held that this principle is to be applied not merely whenever the beneficiary develops any kind of psychological conviction, but rather when it is based on outward indications produced by the Administration that are sufficiently conclusive to reasonably induce the person to trust in the lawfulness of the administrative conduct. In addition, given the balancing of the interests at stake—individual and general interests—the revocation of the act or its deprivation of effect causes the beneficiary who reasonably relied on that administrative situation to suffer losses that the beneficiary has no duty to bear, arising from expenses or investments that can be recovered only at great cost to the beneficiary’s assets.
As to the requirements of the principle of legitimate expectations, Spanish scholarship, following the case law of the Supreme Court of Spain, has established the following: There must be an act 1) by the Administration that is sufficiently conclusive to give rise in the affected person to one of the following three types of confidence: a) the affected person’s confidence that the Public Administration is acting correctly; b) the affected person’s confidence that the conduct maintained in dealings with the Public Administration is lawful, where there is a possible mistake as to prohibition; or c) the affected person’s confidence that their expectations as an interested party are reasonable.
A breach of the principle of legitimate expectations unquestionably produces several important legal effects, as follows:
The principle of legitimate expectations, together with good faith in legal-administrative relationships, derives from the principle of legal equality, namely, certainty in relations with public authorities so that private parties know where they stand with those authorities, which must avoid objectively confusing situations and maintain legal situations even where they are not absolutely consistent with the legal order. This principle is given concrete expression, among other circumstances, in the theory that rights-conferring acts issued by an authority in favor of a private party may not be disavowed, in limits on burdensome acts, and in non-retroactivity. It also applies when a public administration issues and performs a series of acts and actions that, although legally incorrect, generate expectations in the private party, who believes that it holds a legal situation consistent with the legal order (…).’
(Emphasis not in the original. See Judgment N° 2010-010171 at 9:58 on 11 June 2010 of the Constitutional Chamber.)
Although lengthy, applying the foregoing passage to this case makes it possible to determine that the principle of legitimate expectations cannot be invoked here, for the following reasons, which complement one another and are also interrelated with the matters discussed in the preceding subsection.
First, in the view of this Collegiate Chamber, it is impossible to identify the conduct, acts, or facts manifested externally from which the claimant seeks to derive a position by SETENA unequivocally indicating that the claimant held a ‘right,’ or a legitimate interest, as it asserted during closing arguments, to be granted environmental viability. The very nature of that license, as a legal instrument established for the exercise of powers to control and oversee environmental activity and constitutionally derived from provision 50 of the Fundamental Law, entails a determination in each individual case as to whether a specific project satisfies the requirements for its grant.
In other words, SETENA’s approval of applications in other cases of a similar nature, or even within the same geographical area, cannot be construed as outward facts or public conduct—a prerequisite for legitimate expectations to arise. The administrative assessment concerns ‘human activities that alter or destroy environmental elements or generate waste or toxic or hazardous materials’ (Article 17 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), and such activities must therefore be analyzed on a case-by-case rather than general basis. They may differ among the various initiatives proposed by interested parties, and even ecosystems within the same region are not identical and may sometimes be entirely different.
Thus, the legal order does not establish any predetermined consequence that would give rise, upon a finding that the requirements have been satisfied, to a right to the grant of environmental viability. Moreover, no right may be derived from the exercise of environmental oversight, but only an expectation that the application will be considered, which requires an express act of verification by the competent body—SETENA, under provisions 1 and 17 through 20 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.
In addition, the principle of legitimate expectations, based, as the claimant asserts, on a protected legitimate interest, cannot arise where the activities concerned are prohibited under the legal framework in force. In this regard, the claimant appears to allege an apparent conflict between two principles—legitimate expectations and legality—and seeks the non-application of Article 8 of the Código de Minería to this specific case, in contravention of the principle of legality and the legal framework in force: constitutional provision 11, in relation to provisions 6, 7, 11, and 13 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
When an eventual dichotomy arises between two principles of equal rank, the applicable method is precisely a balancing analysis. This does not mean that a right or principle is disapplied in a specific case; rather, an intellectual assessment is undertaken to determine, in the event of a conflict between principles, which formula best protects the right in order to harmonize the governing constitutional and treaty-law framework.
Moreover, that balancing exercise cannot be conducted in opposition to a statutory rule currently in force. The very principle of legitimate expectations expressly requires that the expectations be ‘legitimate’; thus, they are the private party’s expectations based on lawful and legitimate conduct, not conduct contrary to the body of law, specifically Article 8 of the Código de Minería, which entered into force in February 2011.
With respect to that provision, the Constitutional Chamber has expressly recognized the legislature’s freedom to formulate policy, not only to protect public-domain property—such as mineral deposits under constitutional provision 121—but also to protect the environment, in which context the pro natura and precautionary principles must also be included in the assessment. This recognition means that, in response to various proceedings brought before the Constitutional Court by the claimant company itself and by third parties seeking a declaration that the reserve established in Article 8 of the Código de Minería is unconstitutional, the Court found no inconsistency with the constitutional framework. It instead confirmed that the ordinary legislature had authority to determine the circumstances in which mining concessions could be granted and which natural and legal persons were entitled to receive them.
Accordingly, the case at hand involves a statutory provision establishing that a company incorporated as a Sociedad Anónima and governed by provision 5 of the Código de Comercio cannot hold a mining concession in the Abangares area. That statutory provision therefore neither yields nor loses effect in the face of principles, which ‘(…) are optimization requirements characterized by the fact that they can be satisfied to varying degrees and that the degree of satisfaction they require depends not only on factual possibilities but also on legal possibilities. The range of legal possibilities is determined by the conflicting principles and rules. (…)’ (See Robert Alexy, Ensayos sobre la teoría de los principios y el juicio de proporcionalidad, Lima, Peru, Editorial La Palestra, First Edition, 2019, page 92.) On that basis, compliance with a statutory rule must prevail over the principle of legitimate expectations invoked by the claimant.
In addition, the claimant attributes unlawful conduct to SETENA for applying the new mining regulations to an application initiated while different rules were in force. This indicates that it alleges a violation of the principle against a detrimental change in legal position, imputing to the claimant SETENA’s excessive delay in resolving the matter.
In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber has established that the principles prohibiting an authority from disavowing its own acts, protecting legitimate expectations, and prohibiting a detrimental change in legal position do not include a right to the immutability of the legal order. Thus, regarding legitimate expectations and based on Spanish case law, it has stated that this principle ‘(…) does not guarantee perpetuation of the existing situation, which may be modified within the scope of the discretion of public institutions and authorities to impose new regulations in light of the needs of the general interest.’ Furthermore, STS of 1-2-99 Az 1633 recalls that:
‘this principle cannot be invoked to create, maintain, or extend, within public law, situations contrary to the legal order, or where the prior act conflicts with the purpose or interest protected by a legal rule that, by its nature, cannot permit discretionary conduct by the Administration entailing recognition of rights and/or obligations arising from its own acts. Put differently, if the invoked doctrine of “one’s own acts” were applied without the limitation just described, it could introduce into public-law relations the principle of autonomy of the will as a method for ordering matters governed by mandatory rules, in which the public interest safeguarded by the principle of legality prevails. That principle would be violated if conduct by the Administration contrary to the legal order were held valid solely because the Administration had so decided or because it followed an administrative precedent.
The irrevocability, outside the review channels established by law, of an authority’s own rights-conferring acts is one matter (Arts. 109 and 110 of the Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo de 1958, 102 and 103 of the Ley de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y Procedimiento Administrativo Común, Ley 30/1992 [RCL 1992 \2512, 2775 and RCL 1993\246], as amended by Ley 4/1999 [RCL 1999\114]); respect for legitimate expectations generated by an authority’s own conduct is another and must necessarily operate within the sphere of discretion or autonomy, not within that of regulated matters or statutory requirements, against which, in Administrative Law, a determination made in an act or precedent contrary to them cannot prevail.’
(Emphasis not in the original. See Resolution N.º 08000-2016 at 11:52 on 10 June 2016 of the Constitutional Chamber.)
This Collegiate Chamber reiterates that the principle of legitimate expectations does not operate contra legem. Accordingly, even though it is alleged that the Administration—together with the claimant, because the latter failed to press for continued processing—did not handle the proceeding expeditiously, this does not relieve SETENA of its statutory obligation to apply the legal order in force when the application was analyzed.
Likewise, regarding the principle against a detrimental change in legal position and the rule that private parties do not enjoy a right to the immutability of the legal order:
‘(…) that is, a right that the rules will never change. Therefore, the constitutional provision does not mean that, once a rule linking a fact to an effect has come into legal existence, it cannot be amended or even repealed by a subsequent rule. It means that—as explained—if the triggering condition has occurred, a statutory amendment that changes or eliminates the rule cannot prevent the expected conditioned effect from arising under the former rule. This is because, as stated, what matters is that the person’s existing state of affairs was already defined in terms of its elements and effects, even if those effects are still occurring or have not yet begun to occur. Thus, the person has a right to the consequence, not to the rule.’
(Emphasis added for purposes of clarification. See Resolution N.º 02765-1997 at 15:03 on 20 May 1997 of the Constitutional Court.)
The Constitutional Chamber’s holding concerning the principle against a detrimental change in legal position expressly shows, insofar as relevant here, that there must be a subjective right—which, as previously stated, did not arise in this case, and the Court refers to the foregoing discussion to avoid repetition—or a consolidated legal situation, which likewise did not arise in the matter under adjudication.
This is because the consequence at issue—the grant of environmental viability—cannot, first, arise from a mere expectation of a right held by a party seeking an environmental license as one of the prerequisites for being granted a mining concession. Merely being an applicant or interested party before the Administration does not give rise to a consolidated legal situation. Nor can it be inferred from the record that, before the new rules entered into force in 2010, the company had fulfilled all the requirements imposed by SETENA for the proceeding to continue.
Indeed, it should be noted that the Secretaría, through Resolution N.º 2416-2005-SETENA, is proven to have required the claimant to submit the following: an environmental bond in the amount of $30 000 (legal tender of the United States of America), or its equivalent in colones; the appointment of an environmental officer registered in SETENA’s Registry of Consultants; submission to the Secretaría’s Legal Unit of a 100-page book that the Unit would certify for use as the Environmental Logbook; and, within fifteen days, a sworn declaration of environmental commitments. (Proven Fact N.º 6.)
Of that list of requirements, the only fact established is that, on 13 October 2005, in administrative proceeding N.º 760-2003- SETENA, Materiales y Concretos del Caribe S.A., now the claimant, submitted the Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments. (See Proven Fact N.º 7.) This does not take into account whether other types of requirements remained to be verified at that time.
In any event, in response to the State representative’s argument that the record does not show that each and every requirement had been satisfied, the claimant submitted no evidence to rebut the Procuraduría General de la República’s assertion or support its position that it had indeed fulfilled them. It therefore cannot be established from the evidence in the record that MCC MINING CO S.A. fulfilled each and every requirement established by the legal order before the legal framework was amended in 2010. Moreover, and importantly, environmental viability had not been granted to the Project by that date.
Accordingly, although it is true that the applicant also alleges that there was an excessive delay in deciding its application, since it submitted the request for environmental viability in 2003 and was not notified that its proceeding had been closed until 2019 (see Proven Facts Nos. 9, 10, and 11 in relation to No. 1), the fact remains that, before the entry into force of the new regulation contained in Article 8 of the Mining Code, it did not have a vested legal position, because this would have required proof that the factual predicate (conditioning fact) arising from a clear and defined rule was effectively connected to a specified consequence (conditioned effect), which had not occurred in the case at issue. It was incumbent upon the claimant to submit evidence demonstrating that it fell within the circumstances involving vested rights or a vested legal position. In addition, further considerations supporting this Court’s position are that, although it was not possible to verify that the type of extraction intended through the Leona de Boston Project was open-pit mining and, on the contrary, it was underground mining (see Proven Facts Nos. 2 and 4), the project was located within the geographical area that the State designated as a reserve, so that mining there could be conducted only by organizations constituted as workers’ cooperatives for small-scale mining for family subsistence, artisanal mining, and coligalleros; that form of organization, it bears repeating, differs from a corporation such as MCC MINING CO S.A. It must also be considered that there is a close relationship between that mining concession application (which is not the subject of these proceedings) and the environmental-viability application (which is being adjudicated in this case), insofar as the latter forms part of the former application; that is, it was one of the requirements then applicable—and remains so today—to mining concessions.
Therefore, if, at the time the final administrative act and the acts affirming it were issued, the type of activity for which the claimant sought a favorable environmental assessment from SETENA was restricted to certain forms of corporate organization and reserved to specific areas, environmental viability could not properly be granted because doing so would have authorized an activity contrary to the applicable legal framework. Its application therefore could not be decided under the former legal conditions but had to be decided under the current ones, in compliance with the principles of legality, precaution, and pro natura, and because no vested right or vested legal position existed. Accordingly, given the claimant’s failure to submit evidence establishing that it held a subjective right or a vested legal position, and the absence of evidence demonstrating that it met the conditions established in Article 8 of the Mining Code—which, in any event, are not within the matters sub judice—its argument for annulment must be rejected.
The alleged violation is not apparent; rather, it bears repeating that the State’s conduct fell within the exercise of its environmental oversight and control powers, in strict and faithful compliance with a statutory mandate that, pursuant to the pro natura and precautionary principles, SETENA was required to issue as it did. In view of the foregoing, the first claim in the complaint before this Court must be denied.” Having analyzed the Court’s findings in the judgment transcribed above, we indeed find, consistently with that Chamber’s reasoning, that the assessment made by the Directorate of Geology and Mines cannot be deemed a retroactive application of a rule when, by resolution R-99-2020 at 2:30 p.m. on 19 February 2020, it decided to close expediente N° 2670 on the basis of Article One and Transitional Provision V of Ley N° 8904, as well as Article 11 of the General Law on Public Administration and Articles 1 and 65 of the Mining Code.
This is because, as is clear from the reasoning of the respondent Administration, the mining-concession application was closed pursuant to Transitional Provision V of Ley 8094, which expressly provided: TRANSITIONAL PROVISION V.—“Within two months from the entry into force of this Law, Minaet, through the Directorate of Geology and Mines, shall conduct a study of the status of all applications awaiting resolution, as well as of the permits and concessions granted in the mining reserve area established in Article 2. It shall immediately proceed, following due process, to revoke concessions that do not comply with this Law. It shall also close, without further proceedings, all applications for permits or concessions that are in the same state of noncompliance.” This provision arose from the amendment to Article 8 of the Mining Code, which was amended as follows: “Article 8.—Mining is prohibited in areas declared to be national parks, biological reserves, forest reserves, and state wildlife refuges.
All areas in the cantons of Abangares, Osa, and Golfito having potential for metallic mining are declared mining reserve areas and reserved for the State, based on the technical studies conducted by the Directorate of Geology and Mines of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications (Minaet). This reserve includes all areas that are free of extraction concessions, as well as any areas that acquire that status in the future, whether through expiration, revocation, or any other means of extinguishing previously granted rights. Within the mining reserve area established in this Article, exploration permits, mining concessions, and mineral-processing permits may be granted only to workers duly organized into cooperatives engaged in small-scale mining for family subsistence, artisanal mining, and coligallero mining, under the conditions established in this Law and its Regulations.
Such permits and concessions shall be granted exclusively to workers’ cooperatives for the development of small-scale mining for family subsistence, artisanal mining, and coligallero mining by communities neighboring the mining operation, based on the number of members in those cooperatives. Affiliated workers may not simultaneously belong to more than one small-scale mining cooperative. Small-scale mining for family subsistence means underground extraction carried out through collective manual and mechanical labor, in which the volume to be extracted is established by the Directorate of Geology and Mines in accordance with the technical geological studies submitted with the concession application, taking into account the use of modern extraction techniques to maximize metallic mineral recovery and environmental protection, consistently with sustainable development. In determining the volume to be concessioned, the Directorate of Geology and Mines shall apply criteria of equity and proportionality according to the number of affiliated workers and the concession applications.
For these purposes, through the competent authority and in observance of due process, the Executive Branch shall recover concessions that are unused or being exploited irregularly. No concession that fails to comply with this Article shall be renewed or extended. The Directorate of Geology and Mines is authorized to grant exploration permits and mining concessions for small-scale mining for family subsistence, artisanal mining, and coligallero mining.” In light of these provisions, it is therefore clear that the Directorate of Geology and Mines’ order closing the claimant’s concession application constitutes the direct application of a statutory provision requiring that pending applications failing to satisfy the requirements of amended Article 8 of the Mining Code be closed. Consequently, the Administration’s action was nothing more than a direct application of the principle of legality, since this was not a matter that the Administration could weigh, mitigate, or modify, but rather the implementation of the legislature’s will.
As the facts show, the claimant’s application did not concern a small-scale activity operated artisanally by a cooperative; instead, it involved a commercial corporation seeking to conduct larger-scale operations, which is incompatible with the legislature’s provisions in the statutory amendment to Article 8 of the Mining Code. In other words, under the principle of legality, the claimant company’s application is manifestly incompatible with the legal order governing mining activity. Hence, the legislature expressly provided that, in cases of incompatibility, pending concession applications were to be closed, as occurred in the matter under consideration. It is therefore not possible to allege retroactive application of the rule when, as explained, the competent authorities had no discretion in assessing the matter, because the legislation expressly required those applications to be closed.
The action thus arose from a statutory mandate binding upon the Administration under the principle of legality governing public-administrative activity. In that regard, as stated in the cited judgment, the principle of non-retroactivity does not confer a right to the immutability of the legal order. Accordingly, in light of Article 13 of the General Law on Public Administration (LGAP), a different assessment by the Directorate of Geology and Mines in the challenged resolutions would have entailed directly declining to apply the legal order to a specific case, which the Administration is prohibited from doing and which, under Article 128 of the LGAP, would plainly render administrative conduct to that effect null and void. Along the same lines, the claimant’s arguments regarding the prevalence of the principle of legitimate expectations also cannot be upheld, because that principle cannot operate in the face of a provision to the contrary in the law, particularly when, as in the claimant’s case, there was no vested right or vested legal position, or even a legitimate interest.
The status of its application amounted only to an expectancy of a right because it concerned a concession over State-owned property which, even under the legislation in force when the application was filed, was subject to compliance with specific requirements, including possession of an environmental license. That license had not been granted when the legislation changed in 2010; indeed, the licensing procedure had not even been completed. The claimant therefore did not hold a legally protected position that the legal order could weigh for purposes of potentially awarding compensation for harm to such a right arising from the scope of the legislative change that prohibited the activity the claimant company intended to conduct. For these same reasons, the claimant’s allegation that the principle of the binding nature of one’s own acts (principio de la intangibilidad de los actos propios) was violated likewise cannot be sustained.
As noted in the cited judgment, this principle cannot arise in the absence of final acts granting a subjective right to the person subject to the Administration, as occurred here, because the concession application ordered closed remained pending and subject to requirements such as obtaining an environmental license, a stage that had not even been reached. Consequently, it is clear that the closure order did not render a right granted to the person subject to the Administration “without effect”; it merely terminated consideration of an application that can amount to nothing more than an expectancy of a right. The claimant’s allegations are therefore unfounded for the reasons stated, and the requested annulments cannot be granted in these proceedings, in accordance with Articles 128 et seq. of the LGAP. The complaint must accordingly be dismissed in its entirety because all claims are linked to the principal claim for annulment, which is unfounded for the reasons already stated.
The State’s counsel raised the defenses of lack of standing and lack of legal entitlement. The defense of lack of standing must be rejected because the concession application submitted by the plaintiff company, which gave rise to the administrative acts challenged herein, established an administrative legal relationship that confers standing on the plaintiff to bring the action examined herein. As to the defense of lack of legal entitlement also raised by the State, given the manner in which this matter has been decided, there are grounds to uphold that defense; consequently, the complaint filed by the plaintiff is denied in all respects.
Pursuant to section 193 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, procedural costs and attorney fees constitute a burden imposed upon the losing party by virtue of having lost. Waiver of an award of costs is permissible only when, in the Tribunal’s judgment, there were sufficient grounds to litigate or when the judgment is issued on the basis of evidence whose existence was unknown to the opposing party. In this case, no grounds are apparent for waiving the award of costs against the losing party. Accordingly, both categories of costs are imposed upon MCC MINING CO S.A as the losing party, together with the corresponding interest, which is awarded pursuant to the State’s express request in its response to the complaint. Such interest shall be calculated in accordance with section 1163 of the Código Civil and quantified during the judgment-enforcement stage once this judgment becomes final. Such interest shall accrue from the date on which the ruling setting the costs becomes final until payment in full.
THEREFORE
The defense of lack of standing is rejected, and the defense of lack of legal entitlement raised by the State’s counsel is upheld. Consequently, THE COMPLAINT filed by MCC MINING CO S.A. against the STATE IS DENIED in all respects. The plaintiff is ordered to pay both categories of costs, on which statutory interest shall be recognized and calculated in accordance with Article 1163 of the Código Civil, from the date on which the determination of those costs becomes final until payment in full. Those amounts shall be quantified during the enforcement stage upon application by the interested party. Let notice be given.
Laura Gómez Chacón Amy Miranda Alvarado Carlos José Mejías Rodríguez LAURA GOMEZ CHACON - DECIDING JUDGE AMY MIRANDA ALVARADO - DECIDING JUDGE CARLOS JOSE MEJIAS RODRIGUEZ - DECIDING JUDGE CASE FILE: 22-003049-1027-CA Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of the BNCR, across from Café Dorado. Telephone: 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006. Email: tproca-sgdoc@poder-judicial.go.cr
Documento PJEDITOR Conocimiento ACTOR/A:
MCC MINING CO SOCIEDAD ANONIMA DEMANDADO/A:
EL ESTADO N° 2026006042 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las dieciocho horas con cuarenta y seis minutos del veintiocho de Agosto del dos mil veintiseis.- Proceso de conocimiento declarado de puro derecho, interpuesto por la empresa MCC MINING CO SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, con cédula de persona jurídica N.º 3-101-347043 representada por el señor Carlos Muñoz Álvarez, con cédula de identidad N.º 1-0556-0921 en contra del ESTADO, representado por la Licda. María del Rosario León Yannarella, mayor, abogada, vecina de Heredia, cédula de identidad número 108510444, Carné N° 10369, Procuradora Adjunta. Participan en condición de abogado director de la parte actora, el licenciado Esteban Alfaro Calderón, con cédula de identidad N.º 1-1190-0455, carnet 17420.
RESULTANDO
I.Mediante escrito de demanda presentado en fecha 31 de mayo del 2022, la parte actora formuló las siguientes pretensiones, a fin de que en sentencia se declare lo que se procede a transcribir: "1. Se declare contraria a derecho y por ende se anule, la resolución R-99-2020 de las 14 horas con 30 minutos del 19 de febrero de 2020 de la Dirección de Geología y Minas. 2. Se declare contraria a derecho y por ende se anule, la resolución No 203-2021 de las 13 horas del 16 de abril de 2021 de la Dirección de Geología y Minas, como acto confirmatorio. 3. Se declare contraria a derecho y por ende se anule, la resolución R-0149-2021 -MINAE del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, como acto confirmatorio. 4. Se declare que mi representada tiene el derecho de continuar con los trámites tendientes obtención de la concesión minera del proyecto respectivo, de acuerdo a los requisitos y parámetros inicialmente solicitados por la administración, al momento de las solicitudes pertinentes. 5. Se condene al Estado en ambas costas del presente proceso". Dichas pretensiones se mantuvieron incólumes en la Audiencia Preliminar llevada a cabo en fecha 20 de marzo del 2023. (Imágenes 2-6, 116-118 del expediente judicial).
II.Conferido el traslado de ley respectivo al Estado, se contestó negativamente la demanda, oponiendo las defensas de falta de legitimación y falta de derecho y se solicitó que ésta sea declarada sin lugar en todos sus extremos, con condena de ambas costas a la parte actora, así como los intereses de ley que dichas sumas generen desde la firmeza de la sentencia, hasta su efectivo pago. (Ver imágenes 28 y 49 del expediente judicial).
III.En fecha 20 de marzo del 2023, se llevó a cabo la audiencia preliminar, con la presencia de ambas partes. Se fijaron las pretensiones de acuerdo con el resultando primero. Se declaró el proceso de puro derecho y las partes rindieron de forma oral sus conclusiones. (Imágenes 116-118 del expediente judicial).
VI.En fecha 12 de abril del 2023, se turnó el conocimiento del presente asunto al Juez Francisco Hidalgo Rueda. No obstante, en ocasión del rediseño del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, vigente a partir del 17 de julio del año 2023, el asunto fue returnado a la jueza ponente Gómez Chacón, posteriormente fue turnado al plan de descongestionamiento que opera en este Despacho, no obstante, el mismo fue devuelto mediante auto de las trece horas cincuenta y siete minutos del veintiséis de junio del 2026, siendo atendido de conformidad con la fijación de parámetros del acuerdo 11.VI.2023 de la Comisión de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda de fecha 27 de julio de 2023, bajo el criterio de antigüedad, consecuentemente se conoce en turno para el mes de agosto del 2026, en ocasión a la devolución generada en el mes de junio del presente año. (Imágenes 119-120, 145 del expediente judicial).
VII.En los procedimientos se han observado las prescripciones y términos de ley, y no se perciben vicios, defectos u omisiones susceptibles de producir nulidad de lo actuado o indefensión a las partes. Se dicta la presente resolución por unanimidad y previa deliberación de los miembros del presente Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda. Redacta la jueza Gómez Chacón con el voto afirmativo de las personas juzgadoras Miranda Alvarado y Mejías Rodríguez.
CONSIDERANDO
La parte actora mediante escrito del 1 de marzo del 2023, momento para el cual se había definido el contradictorio, presentó alegatos de derecho, novedosos a los deducidos en la demanda y la réplica a la contestación de la demanda, los cuales fueron retomados en la etapa de conclusiones, argumentos que no fueron admitidos en la fase preliminar como una ampliación de demanda. Consecuentemente, al resultar los argumentos relacionados con la violación al derecho de libre asociación absolutamente novedosos, lo que transgrede el equilibrio procesal al no formar parte del contradictorio, deben ser excluidos del análisis del presente asunto.
1. En fecha 31 de octubre de 2003, la empresa Materiales y Concretos del Caribe S.A. solicitó a través de su representante legal el señor José Francisco Rúa León, la concesión de explotación minera (subterránea para oro, plata y cuarzo), denominado Proyecto Leona de Boston, ante la Dirección de Geología y Minas (DGM) del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE). Solicitud que se asignó el expediente temporal N.º 116T-2003. (Hecho no controvertido); 2. La Dirección de Geología y Minas mediante oficio DGM-TOP-385-2003, revisó la solicitud y posteriormente, en oficio DGM-RNM-865-2003, remitió el Formulario de Evaluación Ambiental Preliminar (FEAP) a la SETENA para el trámite respectivo. Ante lo cual, la SETENA en resolución N° 095-2004-SETENA de las 10:45 horas del 27 de enero del 2004, solicitó la presentación de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA) y le fijó los términos de referencia. (Hecho no controvertido); 3.
Que el día 13 de octubre del 2005, el señor José Francisco Rúa León, cédula de identidad N° 8-074-617, en su condición de Presidente con Facultades de Apoderado Generalísimo sin Límite de Suma, a nombre de la sociedad MATERIALES Y CONCRETOS DEL CARIBE S.A., presentó formal solicitud de concesión de explotación acuífera subterránea. A dicha solicitud se le asignó en la Dirección de Geología y Minas el número de expediente N°2670. (Hecho no controvertido); 4. Que el 07 de Julio del 2007, la empresa informó sobre el cambio de razón social, con el nuevo nombre de sociedad MCC MINING C0 S.A. (Hecho no controvertido); 5. Que mediante resolución R-99-2020 de las 14 horas con 30 minutos del 19 de febrero de 2020, notificada el día 25 de febrero del 2020, la Dirección de Geología y Minas con fundamento en el artículo primero y Transitorio V de la Ley N° 8904, así como con el artículo 11 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública y, artículos 1 y 65 del Código de Minería, ordenó el archivo de expediente N° 2670.
(Hecho no controvertido); 6. El día 28 de febrero del 2020, el señor Carlos Muñoz Álvarez, cédula de identidad número 1-556-921, en su condición de apoderado generalísimo de la sociedad MCC MINING CO S.A., presentó recurso de revocatoria con Apelación en subsidio contra la resolución R-99-2020 de las catorce horas treinta minutos del diecinueve de febrero de dos mil veinte. (Folio 4-5 del expediente administrativo 2670, tomo 1) 7. Mediante resolución suscrita por el Director a.i. de la Dirección de Geología y Minas N° 203-2021 de las es horas del 16 de abril de 2021, se rechaza el recurso de revocatoria interpuesto contra la resolución R-99-2020 y y remite para conocimiento del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía el recurso de apelación. (Hecho no controvertido); 8. Mediante resolución R-0149-2021-MINAE del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, se informa del rechazo por el fondo del recurso de apelación y por ende se agota la vía administrativa. Resolución notificada el 7 de junio del 2022. (Hecho no controvertido).
Se tiene como hechos no probados de relevancia para el dictado de la sentencia: Único. Que el Proyecto Explotación Aurífera Subterránea Leona de Boston, sobre el que recaía la solicitud de concesión minera y que se tramitaba bajo el expediente administrativo N.º 760-2003-SETENA, en la SETENA haya obtenido una Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental. (Los autos).
Señala que el fundamento de sus pretensiones radica en que no se le pueda dar un tratamiento retroactivo al contenido de la reforma del año 2010 al artículo 8 del Código de Minería, cuando en realidad se trata de una solicitud en trámite desde el año 2004. Dicha prohibición de irretroactividad en perjuicio deriva del numeral 34 de la Constitución Política. Sobre esta norma, con claridad la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, ha señalado que la Administración Pública no puede dejar sin efecto, por mano propia, los actos que causan estado en beneficio de los administrados, siendo que por derivación del citado artículo 34 constitucional y la aplicación precisa del numeral 173 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, existe un principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, buena fe administrativa y confianza legítima según los cuales, cabe esperar de la Administración una conducta congruente con sus propias señales y requisitos previamente establecidos.
Valga aclarar que, no se está alegando la existencia de un derecho adquirido y alguna inmutabilidad del ordenamiento, sino un interés legítimo, sustentando en la confianza legítima, el cual al amparo del 49 Constitucional debe ser protegido. En lo ateniente a este principio de confianza legítima, llama la atención que la mora administrativa de un procedimiento tramitado durante 16 años sea la que esté jugando en contra del administrado, el cual, valga señalar, realizó una solicitud al amparo de requisitos vigente a dicho momento (año 2004). Del mismo modo, existe una evidente violación al principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, esto en virtud de que está anulando de hecho (no por los procedimientos de ley) los actos administrativos favorables que aprobaron el estudio de impacto ambiental al proyecto. Esto sin duda alguna, genera nulidad de la orden de archivo de la Dirección de Geología y Minas, y así se solicita se decrete en este proceso.
Señala que los reproches de la parte actora se centran en dos puntos, a saber, el primero que se le está dando un tratamiento retroactivo al contenido de la reforma del año 2010 al artículo 8 8 del Código de Minería, cuando se trata de una solicitud en trámite desde el año 2004. Y el segundo que se violenta el principio de confianza legítima y con ello la intangibilidad de los actos propios. Ambas argumentaciones que da la parte actora no tienen asidero, en virtud de que en relación con el tema de la irretroactividad no es cierto que se haya violentado el numeral 34 constitucional por parte de la Administración en las resoluciones que nos ocupa. En ese entendido, es importante tener presente que el interés legítimo no puede surgir al amparo de un principio que se está aplicando contra legem (Código de Minería). La parte actora el día 13 de octubre de 2005, presentó uno de los requisitos prevenidos por la Administración, y luego de eso, abandonó su gestión hasta el 28 de agosto de 2018 (mucho tiempo después de la reforma que menciona), en que solicitó expresamente la suspensión del otorgamiento del título de concesión del expediente 2670, hasta tanto se obtenga la Viabilidad Ambiental del proyecto.
Recordemos que la licencia nunca se aprobó. Por consiguiente, es más que evidente que no existe ninguna violación al principio de irretroactividad como simplemente señala la parte actora. Precisamente el citado principio se encuentra regulado en el numeral 34 de la Constitución Política, que señala: "A ninguna ley se le dará efecto retroactivo en perjuicio de persona alguna, o de sus derechos patrimoniales, adquiridos, o de situaciones jurídicas consolidados". Es decir, la garantía constitucional, establecida en este numeral responde personalmente, y lo más importante, para proteger derechos adquiridos y situaciones jurídicas consolidadas. Al efecto, es de rigor traer a colación lo que la propia parte accionante reconoce que su reclamo no tiene como fin la tutela de un derecho adquirido, tampoco ostenta la parte actora un interés legítimo, en virtud de que, consta del expediente administrativo (que se adjunta) que la parte actora nunca obtuvo la licencia ambiental y, mucho menos, contaba con una concesión minera debidamente aprobada al momento de entrar en vigencia la prohibición (tampoco tiene derechos adquiridos o situaciones jurídicas consolidadas), con lo cual es evidente que le resultaba aplicable el Transitorio III, que ordenada su archivo.
Así, olvida la parte actora que el concesionario o permisionario solo tienen una expectativa de derecho y no un derecho subjetivo pleno, en consecuencia, no puede alegar que se le está aplicando retroactivamente una norma en su perjuicio o derecho patrimonial adquirido o situación jurídica consolidada. También es de rigor señalar -máxime que la parte actora no lo hace- que la Sala Constitucional mediante la sentencia N° 2019-24745 de las 12 horas y 10 minutos del 11 de diciembre del 2019 se le rechazó una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el artículo 1, párrafos 4 y 5 de la Ley N° 8904, Reforma Código de Minería y sus reformas (presentada por la accionante). Sobre la supuesta "violación al principio de confianza legitima", la parte actora simple y llanamente se limita a indicar que se "está anulando de hecho no por los procedimientos de ley los actos administrativos favorables que aprobaron el estudio de impacto ambiental al proyecto.
Lo expuesto por la parte es absolutamente improcedente porque ya ha quedado completamente establecido que la licencia nunca se aprobó. De allí que no tiene sustento fáctico o jurídico hablar de derechos adquiridos o del quebranto al principio de confianza legitima y al de intangibilidad de actos: la actora nunca obtuvo la licencia ambiental, como requisito previo para tramitar y obtener la concesión minera. Sobre el principio de confianza legítima este Tribunal Contencioso, se ha referido a su reconocimiento, relacionándolo directamente con el principio de inderogabilidad o intangibilidad de los actos propios. Lo anterior, porque precisamente, para su reconocimiento es preciso que la administración pública haya emitido actos declaratorios de derechos para el administrado. De lo anterior, queda claro que el requisito esencial de la confianza legítima es la existencia de actos administrativos declarativos de derechos, sin embargo, como ya se apuntó en este caso no existen tales actuaciones o conductas.
Todo lo contrario, de acoger la pretensión de la parte actora que en esta vía, se desconocería una ley vigente, que expresamente prohíbe la exploración y las concesiones de explotación para realizar actividades de minería metálica a cielo abierto en Costa Rica, con lo cual es jurídicamente inviable la aplicación del principio de confianza legítima, porque éste no ampara situaciones contrarias a la ley. Menos tiene congruencia que, a su amparo, este Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo anule la resolución dictada por la Dirección de Geología y Minas que dispuso el archivo del expediente N° 2670, que es solicitud de concesión de explotación minera a nombre de la sociedad accionante, que es lo que se pretende con esta demanda. Y que, además, declare que la parte tiene derecho para seguir el procedimiento para obtener una concesión minera en contra de la ley. Contrario a lo afirmado por la parte actora la Administración ha actuado al amparo de los numerales 11 y 129 de la Constitución Política y 6, 11 y 13 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública.
Por lo tanto, no existe quebranto al principio de confianza legítima, la parte conocía la existencia de una ley y que no fue declarada inconstitucional a pesar de su intento. Una ley que se encuentra vigente y que la Administración está obligada a acatar y actuar solo bajo el amparo del principio de legalidad. Así las cosas, con fundamento en lo expuesto existen razones de hecho, derecho y técnicas que desvirtúan las alegaciones de la parte actora, debiéndose entonces confirmar lo actuado por la Administración en todos sus extremos.
La parte actora a grandes rasgos señala que las pretensiones anulatorias se sustentan básicamente en dos premisas, la primera relacionada con una aplicación irretroactiva de la ley a la hora de archivar la solicitud de concesión con fundamento en una reforma legal operada posterior a la presentación de su solicitud. Así mismo alega una violación del principio de confianza legítima y la intangibilidad de los actos propios al señalar que en virtud de que está anulando de hecho (no por los procedimientos de ley) los actos administrativos favorables que aprobaron el estudio de impacto ambiental al proyecto. Criterio del Tribunal: Previo al análisis de las argumentaciones de las partes es importante hacer referencia que los argumentos esbozados aquí se encuentran relacionados, y reiterados en el expediente tramitado con número 20-004299-1027-CA, en que se cuestiona la nulidad de las resoluciones que tuvieron por archivadas el procedimiento de solicitud de licencia ambiental, requisito de la concesión minera que se discute en el presente asunto, expediente en que fueron analizadas por el Tribunal, las argumentaciones que se relacionan directamente con las discutidas en este proceso, en ese sentido la sentencia N.2025010171 de las catorce horas con cincuenta y ocho minutos del veintisiete de octubre del 2025, dictada por aquel Tribunal con una integración parcial a la de esta Cámara de Jueces, se señaló, en lo que resulta de interés y que se traen al presente análisis, no solo por su relación directa con el presente asunto, sino porque lo dispuesto en la resolución indicada, se comparte en un todo por esta Cámara: " i) Violación al principio de intangibilidad de actos propios.
Estima este Órgano Jurisdiccional que, la teoría del caso de la actora parte de dos premisas para sostener el quebranto al principio intangibilidad de los actos propios emanados por el Estado, los cuales corresponden a que, cuenta con un derecho subjetivo o situación consolidada que le está siendo desconocida, derivada de la emisión de la Resolución N.º 2416-2005-SETENA de las 07:20 horas de fecha 20 de setiembre de 2005 y que, cumplió con todos los requisitos que habían sido establecidos por la normativa legal y reglamentaria para la obtención de la viabilidad ambiental, antes de haber sido operada la reforma del artículo 8 del Código de Minería. No obstante, se adelanta que, del examen pormenorizado de los autos y del caso en concreto, ninguna de las referidas premisas logró ser verificadas en la especie, por los motivos que proceden a exponerse de seguido. Nuestro Tribunal Constitucional desde sus inicios de creación (al respecto véase la Resolución N°1635-1990 de las 17:00 horas del 14 de noviembre de 1990, en donde se resolvió el proceso interpuesto por Chiriquí Land Company), estableció que, la Administración Pública se encuentra vedada a dejar sin efecto jurídico alguno las conductas de las que emanen derechos en favor de los administrados, salvo los casos expresamente establecidos en los numerales 155 y 173 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública (previo cumplimiento del procedimiento administrativo ordinario regulado en los numerales 308 y siguientes de dicha Ley).
De ahí que, en caso de, no encontrarse en ninguna de dichas circunstancias, debe cumplirse con el proceso de lesividad, interpuesto frente a esta jurisdicción contenciosa. Posición que ha sido sostenida a la fecha, postulándose como límite del ejercicio de las potestades de revocación de una entidad pública constituye específicamente el que, “(…) a la Administración le está vedado suprimir por su propia acción aquellos actos que haya emitido, que confieran derechos subjetivos a los particulares. Así, los derechos subjetivos constituyen un límite respecto de las potestades de revocación (o modificación) de los actos administrativos con el fin de poder exigir mayores garantías procedimentales. La Administración al emitir un acto y con posterioridad a emanar otro contrario al primero, en menoscabo de derechos subjetivos, está desconociendo estos derechos, que a través del primer acto había concedido.
La única vía que el Estado tiene para eliminar un acto suyo del ordenamiento es el proceso jurisdiccional de lesividad, pues este proceso está concebido como una garantía procesal a favor del administrado. En nuestro ordenamiento existe la posibilidad de ir contra los actos propios en la vía administrativa, en la hipótesis de nulidades absolutas, evidentes y manifiestas, previo dictamen favorable de la Procuraduría General de la República, y de conformidad con el artículo 173 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública. En consecuencia, si la Administración ha inobservado las reglas de estos procedimientos, o bien, los ha omitido del todo, como se evidencia en el presente caso que ocurrió, el principio de los actos propios determina como efecto de dicha irregularidad, la invalidez del acto. Por consiguiente, lo que procede es declarar con lugar el recurso por existir violación del principio de los actos propios y del debido proceso." (Sentencia Nº 755-94 de las 12:12 horas del 4 de febrero de 1994)".
(Ver Resolución N.º 01133-1998 de las 10:00 horas de fecha 20 de febrero de 1998 emitida por la Sala Constitucional). Ahora bien, de la jurisprudencia transcrita se infiere que, el principio de intangibilidad de actos propios presupone primero, la intención de la Administración Pública de revocar, comprendida como la “(…) eliminación por razones de oportunidad (…)”, la cual se produce “En la hipótesis de que el acto llegue a desajustarse del fin que persigue, porque aunque suficiente en un grado mínimo para cumplirlo, no sea el mejor posible ni tampoco entre los mejore, el acto devine legal pero inoportuno.” (Ver, Eduardo Ortiz Ortiz. Tesis de Derecho Administrativo. Costa Rica, Editorial Stradtmann, Tomo II, 2002, página 401). Esto es, evoca dejar sin efecto un acto administrativo precedente. Pero además, este es el segundo elemento, sobre el cual se erige el principio de intangibilidad de actos propios es que, la voluntad administrativa confirió un acto con contenido favorable al administrado, y que la accionante incluso califica que le generó un derecho subjetivo en su favor.
Ninguno de estos presupuestos se cumple en la especie, veamos. Según la postura que se estableció en el libelo de acción, el acto administrativo que identifica como el creador de un derecho subjetivo, constituye la Resolución N.º 2416-2005-SETENA de las 07:20 horas de fecha 20 de setiembre de 2005 emitida por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental. De la lectura de la parte dispositiva de este acto administrativo, no se extrae el otorgamiento de ningún acto favorable, el cual se define como “Acto que amplía de cualquier forma o favorece los intereses de sus destinatarios. Por ejemplo, el otorgamiento de una concesión o de una autorización, el reconocimiento de una dispensa o de una ventaja de carácter económico. Las leyes garantizan especialmente su irrevocabilidad”. (Resaltado es intencional. Ver Santiago Muñoz Machado. Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. España, Real Academia Española, 2017, página 73).
Esto es, genera una modificación positiva en la situación jurídica intersubjetiva de la persona frente al Estado, sus órganos y entidades públicas. De hecho, al leer la parte dispositiva se coincide con la lectura que efectúa la representación estatal de que, se le está requiriendo la presentación de una serie de documentación, como requisito para continuar con el análisis de la solicitud de viabilidad ambiental, y por lo tanto, no se le está confiriendo derecho alguno o situación jurídica consolidada. Lo anterior se extrae de forma literal del primer Por Tanto de ésta, en donde se consigna lo siguiente: “POR TANTO/ LA COMISIÓN PLENARIA RESUELVE / (…) PRIMERO: A efecto de continuar con el procedimiento de evaluación de impacto ambiental y de previo a otorgar la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto, se le solicita a la desarrolladora cumplir con lo establecido en el Considerando Tercero de la presente resolución.” (Subrayado es de autoría propia.
Ver Hecho Probado N.º 6). El yerro de la tesis de la accionante radica en que, no sólo pasa por alto, que lo dispuesto por este órgano de desconcentración máxima del MINAE está dirigido en solicitar una serie de requisitos, necesarios a fin de continuar con el procedimiento de conferirle una viabilidad ambiental, sino que, también extrae de forma incorrecta que, al habérsele determinado en el considerando tercero de esta Resolución que el estudio de impacto ambiental que había sido presentado de forma previa cumplía con lo requerido, como parte de los aspectos que fueron solicitados por la SETENA (ver Hecho Probado N°5), se le generó un derecho adquirido o una situación jurídica consolidada que le exigía a la Administración el deber de conferirle la viabilidad ambiental, o en su defecto realizar un proceso de nulidad (lesividad o declaratoria en sede administrativa de nulidad evidente y manifiesta).
Sin embargo, ese estudio que es parte de los requisitos previos que deben ser analizados por la Administración, no tiene la naturaleza de ampliar o modificar de forma favorable su situación jurídica frente a éste, sino que únicamente como se dijo, resulta ser uno de los aspectos que deben ser valorados por la entidad pública dentro del procedimiento administrativo de otorgamiento de viabilidad ambiental, pero no es el único y no puede confundirse como la licencia ambiental requerida. Tómese en consideración que, aún en el supuesto de haberse cumplido con el estudio de impacto ambiental, no conllevaba el que se le concediera la viabilidad ambiental de forma automática, sino que, deben concurrir cada uno de los requisitos dispuestos en el ordenamiento jurídico administrativo, y debe mediar una voluntad expresa administrativa de su otorgamiento, ya que el silencio positivo no es aplicable en materia ambiental, ni menos tratándose de bienes demaniales, como lo constituyen los yacimientos de metales (Al respecto ver, Resoluciones N.º 1886 de las 9 horas 12 minutos de 7 de abril de 1995 y 2063 de las 14 horas 45 minutos del 14 de febrero del 2007 de la Sala Constitucional en relación con las Resoluciones N.º 771 de 16 horas del 18 de noviembre de 2008 y N.º 01195-2013 de las 09:45 horas de fecha 18 de siembre de 2013, de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia).
De hecho, y esto es relevante para el caso en concreto, del estudio detallado de las piezas del expediente administrativo no se logró determinar que la empresa haya cumplido con todos los requisitos que se previnieron en esa ocasión, sino que, únicamente se extrae que, en fecha 13 de octubre de 2005, dentro del expediente administrativo N.º 760-2003-SETENA, la empresa Materiales y Concretos del Caribe S.A. hoy bajo el nombre social de la actora, presentó únicamente la declaración jurada de compromisos ambientales, que era uno de los 4 requisitos que habían sido solicitados a través de la Resolución N.º 2416-2005-SETENA (ver Hecho Probado N.º 7). Sin embargo, no consta que la actora haya rendido la garantía ambiental por la suma de $30 000 (moneda de curso legal de los Estados Unidos de América) o su equivalente en colones, ni haya nombrado al responsable ambiental que estuviera inscrito en el Registro de Consultores de Setena, ni tampoco que haya presentado ante la Unidad Legal de SETENA un libro que constituiría la bitácora ambiental del Proyecto.
Incluso tampoco se tiene certeza respecto a si esos eran los únicos requisitos que debían presentar, sino que faltan otros, que surgirían en las siguientes fases de las diligencias jurídicas en sede administrativa. Extremos que, le correspondía demostrar su cumplimiento al accionante, por ser constitutivos o fundamento de su pretensión, a la luz de lo dispuesto en el numeral 41.1 del CPC norma que resulta de aplicación al subjúdice bajo las condiciones del canon 220 del CPCA, en la que se postula que la carga de la prueba corresponde al actor, en los elementos constitutivos de su pretensión. Trayendo al proceso probanzas que demostraran su dicho que sí había cumplido con todos los requisitos, y de desvirtuar lo recriminado por el Estado de que no lo había hecho. De ahí que, tampoco sea cierto, como lo afirma el accionante, que resultó ser violatorio a su situación jurídica la decisión de archivar el proceso, ya que, por un lado, no consta que la Secretaría le haya la licencia ambiental requerida, (de hecho, resulta ser un contrasentido, sostener por un lado que se otorgó ésta, y por el otro, acudir a esta jurisdicción para combatir el acto en sí del archivo de la gestión sin emitir un pronunciamiento favorable al otorgamiento de la licencia requerida), reiterándose que, no es equiparar el estudio de impacto ambiental con la viabilidad ambiental de un proyecto, ni tampoco que el hecho de que se haya dictaminado que el estudio de impacto ambiental cumpliera con lo requerido por la Administración, pudiera surgir algún derecho en su favor.
Bajo esa perspectiva tampoco de la referida Resolución surgió algún derecho subjetivo en favor de la empresa actora. El derecho subjetivo ha sido reconocido por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia como: “…el poder de obrar válidamente dentro de ciertos límites, y/o de ser beneficiario de la conducta pública, exigiendo del Poder Público, y en concreto de la Administración, por un medio coactivo si es preciso, la conducta concreta y específica correspondiente, otorgada por el ordenamiento jurídico a ese o esos sujetos para la satisfacción de sus fines o intereses.” (Resolución N.º 1332-F-S1-2010 de las 9 horas 45 minutos del 4 de noviembre de 2010. En igual sentido, ver Resolución N.º 00896-2012 de las 15:00 horas de fecha 26 de julio de 2012). Puesto que, se insiste mediante la Resolución N.º 2416-2005-SETENA de las 07:20 horas de fecha 20 de setiembre de 2005, únicamente se le previnieron una serie de requisitos, y por lo tanto, la naturaleza de dicho acto es, netamente de un acto de trámite sin efectos propios.
Se agrega a lo dicho que, tampoco puede entenderse que el archivo está dejando sin efectos o suprimiendo conducta alguna del Estado. Ya que, para la fecha del dictado de dicha decisión de archivo (2019) aún se encontraba en trámite la gestión de otorgamiento de viabilidad ambiental, sin que, existiera como se ha manifestado en líneas precedentes alguna conducta de SETENA dirigida a que se le confiriera la viabilidad ambiental, únicamente, se habían estado precluyendo una serie de pasos procesales, dentro del procedimiento administrativo dispuesto por el ordenamiento jurídico vigente en ese momento, para valorar si se confería o no de forma positiva la licencia ambiental al Proyecto de Leona de Boston. No obstante, ninguno de esos pasos requerían ser anulados o dejados sin efectos para proceder con el archivo de la gestión, ni tampoco se encuentran viciados, y por ende, deben ser declarados nulos previo cumplimiento del debido proceso como pareciera ser la tesis de la actora, sino que, sin prejuzgar si estos actos se encuentran conformes o no a las competencias de SETENA, lo cierto es que, estando en conocimiento de la Secretaría de la gestión de otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental (ergo, sin que se hubiera dictado el acto final de esta gestión) y sin que le resulte imputable al Estado, el legislador ordinario adoptó la decisión de establecer una reserva de explotación minera en la zona de Abangares (precisamente el área donde se pretendía realizar el Proyecto de explotación subterránea de plata, oro y cuarzo de marras, ver Hechos Probados N.º 1 y 4), implicando que, el motivo de la solicitud de otorgamiento de viabilidad ambiental, como parte de una gestión de que se concediera una concesión minera, resultara ilegal de forma sobrevenida.
En otras palabras, si bien, no están discutiendo las fases previas antes del dictado del archivo de la solicitud de viabilidad ambiental, consecuencia de ello, no se está prejuzgando la validez o invalidez de lo actuado por la Secretaría dentro de la sustanciación del expediente administrativo N.º 760-2003-SETENA, lo cierto es que, la Administración no fundamentó su decisión de archivar la gestión presentada por la actora (bajo otra denominación social), en la existencia de algún vicio en algún elemento sustancial de los actos previamente emitidos por SETENA durante el conocimiento de la gestión de viabilidad ambiental del Proyecto Leona de Boston, sino en que, de forma posterior a la presentación de la solicitud, en el año 2010, el marco jurídico costarricense sufrió una modificación, en el sentido de que, se declararon “(…) zonas de reserva minera y se congelan a favor del Estado todas las áreas del cantón de Abangares, Osa y Golfito, con potencial para la explotación de minería metálica, con base en los estudios técnicos que realice la Dirección de Geología y Minas del Ministerio de Ambiente, Energía y Telecomunicaciones (Minaet).” Estipulándose que, en dichas áreas de reserva únicamente podían conferírseles concesión a trabajadores debidamente organizados en cooperativas dedicadas a la minería en pequeña escala para subsistencia familiar, artesanal y coligallero (Artículo 8 del Código de Minería).
Generándose que, perdieran de sustento legal todas y cada una de las gestiones que se estaban conociendo en sede administrativa, como la de actora, en el caso de que, no se encontraran en dichos presupuestos, puesto que, el objeto de explotación minero que se estaba requiriendo se encontraba reservado y congelado a favor del Estado, política pública que quedó positivizada en una norma de rango legal, y que conllevaba a que, el motivo del eventual acto administrativo de otorgamiento de viabilidad ambiental (salvo para el caso de las personas específicamente contenidas en dicha disposición legal), resultara contrario a derecho. En este punto del análisis, debe precisarse, como motivo adicional para sustentar el pronunciamiento de esta Cámara Colegiada que, bajo el principio dispositivo, previsto en el numeral 119 del CPCA, este Tribunal se encuentra constreñido a dictar sentencia dentro del marco de las pretensiones, la teoría del caso y las excepciones (salvo las privilegiadas que pueden declararse de oficio) que han sido fijadas por las partes.
Lo anterior, aplicado al caso en concreto, implica que, no se puede entrar a conocer, por no haber sido sometido a revisión de legalidad en esa sede jurisdiccional, si la empresa actora cumple o no con los requisitos de excepción contenidos en el numeral 8 del Código de Minería, y que constituyeron la base jurídica del archivo de la solicitud de viabilidad ambiental. De manera tal que, se entiende como un hecho no traído a la controversia el criterio de SETENA de que, MCC MINING CO Sociedad Anónima no está constituida como una Cooperativa de trabajadores dedicadas a la minería “(…) en pequeña escala para subsistencia familiar, artesanal y coligallero”. Este extremo resulta de vital importancia, por cuanto, al no discutirse este aspecto, conlleva a que únicamente se esté dirimiendo si debía o no cumplirse con el procedimiento de lesividad o declaratoria de nulidad evidente y manifiesta, previstos en el ordenamiento jurídico administrativo, como antesala para el archivo de la gestión.
Requisitos que, como se ha establecido a lo largo de esta exposición, no se requerían de satisfacer por parte del órgano estatal ya que, no se cumplen con los presupuestos para ello (revocación de un acto administrativo favorable o derecho subjetivo de la empresa actora). Sumado al hecho de que, la razón por la cual se archivó su gestión, no tenía como punto de partida algún vicio de nulidad de uno o todos los actos administrativos emanados por las diferentes instancias de SETENA, sino la prohibición sobrevenida dispuesta por ley, para conceder una concesión minera en la zona de Abangares para una empresa constituida como sociedad anónima (numeral 5 del Código de Comercio), como lo es la accionante. En este sentido, si bien se conoce en este proceso únicamente lo vinculado con la viabilidad ambiental, lo cierto es que, esta licencia estaba enmarcada dentro de un proceso de otorgamiento de concesión minera, de suerte que, la Administración debía analizar de forma integral todo el ordenamiento jurídico, encontrándose que, nueve años antes de declarar el archivo, el legislador determinó que la actividad humana sometida a evaluación ambiental estaba prohibida ser ejecutada por la actora.
Esta situación, ameritaba (ya que era una exigencia dispuesta en el ordenamiento jurídico) que la SETENA procediera, previa verificación de que no cumplía con los presupuestos legales para conceder la concesión minera, adoptar la decisión de archivar el proceso, por su accesoriedad a éste, y por cuanto no es factible conceder una viabilidad ambiental a un Proyecto que, se encontraba fuera de los alcances del marco legal. Por este motivo debe ser rechazado este argumento anulatorio.-ii) Transgresión a los principios de confianza legítima e irretroactividad de la Ley. En criterio de esta Cámara Colegiada, no existe controversia en el sublite, en relación al concepto del principio de confianza legítima, como reflejo del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios anteriormente abordado, sino respecto a los alcances que cuenta éste sobre la situación jurídica intersubjetiva que subyace en el caso de marras.
Como punto de partida debe tomarse en consideración que la Sala Constitucional ha postulado sobre el principio de confianza legítima que, "(…) surge en la República Federal de Alemania y, luego, es recogido por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Europea, para definir una situación digna de ser amparada al haber sido violada la confianza puesta en la acción de la Administración Pública. El Tribunal Supremo Español, en su sentencia del 1º de febrero de 1990, consideró que este principio ha de ser aplicado, no tan sólo cuando se produzca cualquier tipo de convicción psicológica en el particular beneficiado, sino más bien cuanto se basa en signos externos producidos por la Administración lo suficientemente concluyentes para que le induzcan razonablemente a confiar en la legalidad de la actuación administrativa, unido a que, dada la ponderación de intereses en juego interés individual e interés general- la revocación o dejación sin efectos del acto, hace crecer en el patrimonio del beneficiado que confió razonablemente en dicha situación administrativa, unos perjuicios que no tiene por qué soportar derivados de unos gastos o inversiones que solo pueden serle restituidos con graves perjuicios en su patrimonio.
En cuanto a los requisitos del principio de confianza legítima, la doctrina española, siguiendo la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo Español, ha establecido los siguientes: Debe mediar un acto 1) de la administración lo suficientemente concluyente para provocar en el afectado uno de los tres tipos siguientes de confianza:
La representación estatal opuso la defensa de falta de legitimación y falta de derecho. Respecto a la falta de legitimación, la misma debe ser rechazada por cuanto, a partir de la solicitud de concesión planteada por la empresa actora, que es sobre la que se dictan los actos administrativos aquí impugnados se constituyó una relación jurídica administrativa que otorga la legitimación a la parte accionante para emprender la acción que aquí se analizada. Ahora bien, respecto a la falta de derecho opuesta también por el Estado, por la forma en cómo se ha resuelto el presente asunto, existe mérito para acoger la defensa, consecuentemente se declara sin lugar en todos sus extremos la demanda interpuesta por la parte actora.
De conformidad con el numeral 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, las costas procesales y personales constituyen una carga que se impone a la parte vencida por el hecho de serlo. La dispensa de esta condena solo es viable cuando hubiere, a juicio del Tribunal, motivo suficiente para litigar o bien, cuando la sentencia se dicte en virtud de pruebas cuya existencia desconociera la parte contraria. En la especie, no se observa motivo alguno para aplicar la dispensa de la condena al vencido, razón por la cual, se imponen ambas costas a la empresa MCC MINING CO S.A como parte vencida, así como sus respectivos intereses, los cuales se conceden en razón de la petición expresa del Estado en su contestación de demanda, los cuales serán calculados conforme el ordinal 1163 del Código Civil, correspondiendo su liquidación en la etapa de ejecución de sentencia una vez firme esta sentencia. Dichos intereses correrán a partir de la firmeza de la resolución que fije las costas hasta su efectivo pago.
POR TANTO
Se rechaza la defensa de falta de legitimación y se acoge la excepción de falta de derecho incoada por la representación estatal. En consecuencia, se declara SIN LUGAR LA DEMANDA incoada por la empresa MCC MINING CO S.A. en contra del ESTADO en todos sus extremos. Se condena a la parte actora, al pago de ambas costas, sobre las cuales, deberá reconocerse los intereses de ley, calculados conforme el artículo 1163 del Código Civil, contados a partir de la fecha en que sea firme la fijación de éstas, y hasta su efectivo pago, sumas que deberán ser liquidadas en la fase de ejecución a instancia del interesado. Notifíquese.
Laura Gómez Chacón Amy Miranda Alvarado Carlos José Mejías Rodríguez LAURA GOMEZ CHACON - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A AMY MIRANDA ALVARADO - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A CARLOS JOSE MEJIAS RODRIGUEZ - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: tproca-sgdoc@poder-judicial.go.cr
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