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Res. 00621-2026 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · 29/01/2026
OutcomeResultado
The lawsuit is dismissed; SINAC's communications are mere procedural acts with no independent effects and do not affect property rights.Se rechaza la demanda; los oficios del SINAC son actos de mero trámite sin efectos propios y no afectan el derecho de propiedad.
SummaryResumen
The Administrative Appeals Tribunal dismissed the lawsuit filed by Summer Sunshine Ltd., the owner of a property within the boundaries of Las Baulas Marine National Park. The company sought to nullify several SINAC communications stating that its property was located inside the protected area, arguing that this restricted its property rights. The Tribunal held that the challenged acts were mere procedural steps with no independent legal effects, as they merely responded to inquiries and confirmed facts without deciding, modifying, or extinguishing any rights. It emphasized that any limitations on ownership stemmed not from these communications but from the park's creation regulations and constitutional case law, which were in force before the property was acquired. The plaintiff failed to substantiate the alleged nullity or challenge the substantive rules establishing the park. The defense of lack of right was upheld, and costs were imposed on the losing party.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo rechaza la demanda de la sociedad Summer Sunshine Ltda., propietaria de un inmueble dentro de los límites del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas. La actora solicitó la nulidad de varios oficios del SINAC que indicaban que su finca se encontraba dentro del área protegida, argumentando que ello restringía su derecho de propiedad. El Tribunal considera que los actos impugnados son de mero trámite, sin efectos propios, pues se limitan a responder consultas y a constatar hechos sin decidir, modificar o suprimir derechos. Se aclara que las limitaciones al dominio no provienen de estos oficios, sino de la normativa que creó el parque y de la jurisprudencia constitucional. La actora no fundamentó los vicios de nulidad ni atacó las normas de creación del área protegida, las cuales estaban vigentes antes de que adquiriera el inmueble. Se acoge la excepción de falta de derecho y se imponen costas a la parte vencida.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It follows from the foregoing that the act under analysis contains no pronouncement whatsoever by SINAC concerning any property right of the plaintiff company that would limit, restrict, or extinguish it. Indeed, the report merely cites the park's creation regulations, the rules on protected area protection, and a Constitutional Chamber ruling that elaborates on property rights and their limitations for reasons of social interest, but it contains not a single criterion concerning the plaintiff that could create, modify, or extinguish any constitutional or legal right as the owner of an immovable property. Under this logic it is considered that they should have been challenged together with Resolution No. 002-2023-SETENA, since they could not be appealed autonomously as the plaintiff did; and this did not occur here because SETENA is not even a party nor is any conduct of that institution challenged.De lo anterior se desprende que en este acto que aquí se está analizando no existe ningún tipo de pronunciamiento del SINAC con respecto algún derecho de propiedad de la sociedad actora, en el cual se le limite, restrinja o suprima, es más, dicho informe lo único que hace es citar la normativa de creación del parque, la relacionada con la protección de áreas silvestres y un voto de la Sala Constitucional en el que se desarrolla el derecho de propiedad y sus limitaciones por interés social, pero no existe ni un solo criterio relacionado con la parte actor en cuanto le pueda crear, modificar o suprimir algún derecho constitucional o legal como dueño de un bien inmueble. En esta lógica se estima, debieron ser impugnados en conjunto con la resolución N° 002-2023-SETENA, al no poder ser recurridos de forma autónoma como lo hizo la actora, y; en este caso no sucedió pues ni siquiera el SETENA es parte ni tampoco si impugna alguna conducta de dicha institución.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Dentro de sus elementos subjetivos al momento de conformarse dicho acto, el señor Nelson Marín Mora, en calidad de director del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación Tempisque del SINAC, funcionario que lo dicta, tendría la envestidura, legitimación y competencia para los efectos de evacuar la consulta..."
"As to its subjective elements at the time the act was formed, Mr. Nelson Marín Mora, in his capacity as director of SINAC's Tempisque Conservation Area, the official issuing it, would have the authority, standing, and competence to address the inquiry..."
Considerando V, apartado 1)
"Dentro de sus elementos subjetivos al momento de conformarse dicho acto, el señor Nelson Marín Mora, en calidad de director del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación Tempisque del SINAC, funcionario que lo dicta, tendría la envestidura, legitimación y competencia para los efectos de evacuar la consulta..."
Considerando V, apartado 1)
"las limitaciones a ese tipo de inmuebles fueron dispuestas por el legislador mucho tiempo atrás incluso antes de que la actora adquiriera dicha finca, por lo que al momento de comprarla era consciente de tales circunstancias por lo que no podría alegarse en este momento desconocimiento."
"the limitations on that type of property were established by the legislature long before the plaintiff acquired that property, so at the time of purchase it was aware of such circumstances and cannot now claim ignorance."
Considerando V, apartado 1)
"las limitaciones a ese tipo de inmuebles fueron dispuestas por el legislador mucho tiempo atrás incluso antes de que la actora adquiriera dicha finca, por lo que al momento de comprarla era consciente de tales circunstancias por lo que no podría alegarse en este momento desconocimiento."
Considerando V, apartado 1)
"debieron ser impugnados en conjunto con la resolución N° 002-2023-SETENA, al no poder ser recurridos de forma autónoma como lo hizo la actora"
"they should have been challenged together with Resolution No. 002-2023-SETENA, since they could not be appealed autonomously as the plaintiff did"
Considerando V, apartado 2)
"debieron ser impugnados en conjunto con la resolución N° 002-2023-SETENA, al no poder ser recurridos de forma autónoma como lo hizo la actora"
Considerando V, apartado 2)
Full documentDocumento completo
TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, at eleven hours and twenty-nine minutes on the twenty-ninth of January, two thousand twenty-six.- Ordinary proceeding (Proceso de conocimiento) filed by SUMMER SUNSHINE SOCIEDAD RESPONSABILIDAD LIMITADA, legal entity identification number 3-102-47616, represented by Lic. Vianney Saborío Hernández, of age, attorney, identity card number 1-1112-0342, and Lic. Federico Peralta Bedoya, of age, attorney, identity card number 1-1043-0088, both acting as Special Judicial Attorneys-in-Fact (Apoderados Especiales Judiciales), against the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, represented by Licda. Delfilia Dávila Ruiz, of age, attorney, identity card number 5-0278-0290, acting as its Special Judicial Attorney-in-Fact (Apoderada Especial Judicial), and the STATE (ESTADO), represented by Procuradora Licda. Heilyn Sáenz Calderón, of age, attorney, identity card number 7-012-0163.
CONSIDERING (CONSIDERANDO) I.- PRELIMINARY ASPECTS. The procedural history (iter procesal) includes the following: 1) By means of a complaint (escrito de demanda) filed with the court on October 21, 2020, the plaintiff (parte actora) sought the following relief: "1. To grant this complaint in its entirety. 2. To declare contrary to the Legal System (Ordenamiento Jurídico), and therefore null and illegitimate, the conduct of the Administration observed in the individual application act (acto de aplicación individual) number ACT-OR-DR-958-19 of August 6, 2019, as well as the related administrative acts (actos administrativos conexos), so that they cease to have effect. 3. To order the Administration to refrain from adopting and executing the reproached conduct. 4. To order the defendant (parte demandada) to pay both costs (costas) of this proceeding" (images 2-26, electronic file).
This judgment is issued after deliberation, with the affirmative vote of Judges Ulloa Solano and Calderón Chacón.
Judge Marenco Ortiz writes.
II.- PROVEN FACTS (HECHOS PROBADOS): The following are important for the resolution of this matter:
III.- UNPROVEN FACTS (HECHOS NO PROBADOS). Relevant to this matter, the sole unproven fact is the non-existence of any conduct contrary to law carried out by the State and SINAC that affected the subjective rights or interests of the plaintiff.
IV.- ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES. The parties, both in their complaint and in their conclusions, stated: A) Arguments of the Plaintiff: In essence and in summary, without prejudice to the full reading that the Court has made of the complaint, the plaintiff stated that it is the owner of the farm subject to the proceeding, and that the property right it holds is restricted, so the correct delimitation of the Parque Marino Las Baulas and its correct location inside or outside the delimitation of said Protected Wilderness Area (Área Silvestre Protegida) is important. It states that the challenged act has its own effects, by indicating that the property of its represented party is located 100% within the Parque Marino Las Baulas, since that decision automatically generates a series of conditioning factors on the full exercise of the plaintiff's rights, which are generically enshrined in the Constitución Política and in a series of International Human Rights instruments, such as private property, legal certainty and security (seguridad y certeza jurídica), so it evidently has an adverse and illegal effect. It considers that the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre de Tamarindo currently protects the public zone of the Playa Grande sector. By means of Decreto 20518-MIRENEM, the Parque Las Baulas de Guanacaste was not created, since an essential requirement -sine qua non- for the declaration to be effective was not fulfilled, therefore, the strip of private lands included in its delimitation [was not validly included]. It adds that there is no regulation whatsoever that includes the internal waters of the Bahía de Tamarindo as part of the Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas de Guanacaste. Regarding the new fact and expansion of the complaint, it indicates that on November 1, 2022, its represented party filed the D1 form for the project "Residencia Unifamiliar Lote A52", and that, by means of official letter No. SETENEA-DT-DEA-1421-2022 of November 24, 2022, the Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental requested a criterion from SINAC since the project is located within the Parque Nacional Las Baulas, as well as whether the same has been expropriated or is in process, the foregoing to analyze the legal aspects and determine, under the correct assumptions, whether or not the approval of the granting of Environmental Viability and/or Environmental License (VLA) is appropriate. It indicates that said request for a criterion was made through official letters ACT-OR-DL-1556-2022 and ACT-OR-DR-DL-1505-2022, so that by resolution No. 002-2023-SETENA of January 11, 2023, which ordered: "Not to continue the initial environmental impact assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA) process for the Project 'Residencia Unifamiliar Lote A52', administrative file No. D1-0692-2022-SETENA, based on CONSIDERING – THIRD and FOURTH of this resolution, whose cited regulations explicitly establish what is allowed to be developed and for what purposes; that this EIA instrument does not apply for activities, works or projects that are not in accordance with what is cited in the regulation." It considers that its property has not been expropriated, or purchased, or subjected to a forestry regime (régimen forestal). B) Arguments of SETENA. Succinctly, the representation of the sued entity opposed the complaint, and without prejudice to the full reading of the document, indicated that the Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas de Guanacaste was created by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 20518-MIRENEM on July 5, 1991, and was ratified by Law No. 7524 of July 10, 1995, and that the different regulations related to the environment are intended, in this specific case, to protect the waters, mangroves, and specifically the turtles when they spawn. It indicates that the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente expressly provides that private lands are not considered included in state protected areas until the purchase or expropriation occurs, which is a temporary measure imposed on the properties to conform to the environmental management plan (plan de ordenamiento ambiental) and the management plan (plan de manejo) of the protected wilderness area, while the expropriation or purchase is carried out, this responding to the need to conserve the natural resources that are intended to be protected with the establishment of the wilderness area. That the challenged official letter corresponds to the response issued by its represented body to the company Summer Sunshine Ltd. regarding the query about the location of the property registered in its name, such claim being improper since it is a duty of the Administration to respond to the administered parties, and therefore, said act is a mere procedural act (acto de mero trámite). Regarding the acts challenged in the expansion of the complaint, it considers that they do not constitute final acts but rather mere procedural acts with effect on the actor, since they are official letters of mere verification related to the queries made by the actor, and the official letter from the Secretaría Técnica Ambiental only responds to the actor regarding the request made by the actor, which did not affect the subjective interests of the actor or its property; that is, they are official letters that provide a response by virtue of the right to a response enshrined in Article 27 of the Constitución Política. C) Arguments of the State: The representation of the State, at the time of answering the complaint, opposed it, and succinctly, without detriment to the full reading, indicated that the nullity sought by the plaintiff is not appropriate since it is facing an act not subject to challenge, as it is a mere procedural act, since it is a simple response to the note presented to the SINAC office by Mr. Douglas Kel Straubmuller. That said act has no effect of its own as the actor asserts, since it is not comparable to a certification or involves any sovereign power (potestad de imperio) exercised over the administered party. In this case, the only thing that said act does is verify the location of the farm and indicate that it has not been expropriated, nor is there any current proceeding in that regard, and this is a simple act of certification of knowledge; there is no exercise of any administrative power where the administrative will is expressed, nor does the challenged official letter form part of any administrative file that resolves a specific situation, nor does it put an end to a proceeding, but only limits itself to verifying an objective fact, that is, whether the land described in a plan is located or not within a National Park. Regarding the expansion of the complaint, it stated that the acts whose nullity is requested are not subject to challenge because they are mere procedural acts without effects of their own. It indicates that, according to the plaintiff's representation, since the answering of the complaint, the right to property is not absolute and it is sometimes necessary to impose certain types of limitations in favor of the environment, without for that reason the content of that right being emptied. That, in that sense, from the evidence provided by the plaintiff it is clear that, although currently the expropriation processes are suspended in that area until SINAC-ACT has the cadastral map and legal studies of all the farms located within the boundaries of the National Park, this does not imply that the plaintiff can violate the environmental limitations imposed in a protected area, by attempting to carry out the project "Residencia Unifamiliar Lote A52". It adds that it is vitally important to point out that, as the plaintiff indicated in its complaint, the property was acquired in the year 2007, whereby it is a notorious and public fact that by that time the Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas already existed – its existence dating from the year 1991 –, and that the plaintiff, through a sale, acquired a property in a protected area, which would evidently have environmental limitations, and which was within its full knowledge. As a corollary to the foregoing, it states that it is worth noting that, although the plaintiff enjoys a property right, the environmental impact that the enjoyment of said right could generate must prevail, especially in an area with endangered species.
V.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. First, it is important to indicate that from the arguments expressed by the plaintiff both in its complaint and in its conclusions, the specific issue to be resolved is not exactly extracted, given that the development of its ideas focuses on the attributes of private property and the limits imposed by the Constitución Política, as well as the creation of the Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas and its delimitations, but it does not indicate or expressly develop, within what would be its grievances, how the challenged acts affect it; that is, it does not state what defect or defects it considers the appealed official letters contain, or the degree of nullity from which they suffer, being in that sense totally remiss in indicating the damage caused to it by the conduct complained of against the administration. This omission in substantiating and developing the alleged nullity means that this Court cannot conduct an examination of the legality of the acts subject to the proceeding since it cannot substitute for the parties in raising their theory of the case nor suppose it. However, this judicial body being a controller of legality, the administrative conduct will be reviewed in such a way as to verify whether or not it conforms to law, as provided in Article 128 of the Ley General de Administración Pública, which states: "The administrative act that conforms substantially to the legal system, even regarding the motive of the official who issues it, shall be valid." 1) The plaintiff requests that the conduct of the Administration observed in the individual application act number ACT-OR-DR-958-19 of August 6, 2019, be declared contrary to the Legal System, and therefore null and illegitimate. Court's Criterion. From a review of the factual picture presented by the parties, it is extracted that on July 5, 2019, Mr. Douglas Straubmueller, in his capacity as legal representative of the plaintiff company, sent a note to Mr. Nelson Marín Mora, Director of the Área de Conservación Tempisque of SINAC, which, to the relevant extent, is transcribed: "I appear before your authority to request public and official information related to the Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, initially published by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 20518 dated June 5, 1991, and subsequently by Law No. 7524 dated August 16, 1995, and regarding the encumbrance (afectación) of private properties that have not been purchased, expropriated, or voluntarily subjected to the forestry regime." For its part, SINAC, through the official letter challenged here on August 6, 2019, responds to the query to the plaintiff company, indicating, broadly speaking, that the farm is located within the boundaries of the Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas de Guanacaste, that said property has not been expropriated, and also informs it of the responsibilities that any owner of a property located within a conservation area has, as expressed by the Sala Constitucional. As mentioned above, the plaintiff was completely remiss in substantiating the type of nullity it attacks, which makes it impossible for this Court to rule on its arguments; however, from an ex officio analysis of the questioned act, this Chamber considers that it conforms to law for the following considerations. Within its subjective elements at the time of conforming said act, Mr. Nelson Marín Mora, in his capacity as director of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación Tempisque of SINAC, the official who issues it, would have the authority (envestidura), standing (legitimación), and jurisdiction (competencia) for the purposes of evacuating the query made by Mr. Douglas Straubmueller. As for its objective elements, such as the motive (motivo) and the purpose (fin), it is evident that, being a simple act of response to an express query from the plaintiff regarding the location of its farm, whether or not it was within the Parque Marino Las Baulas, there would be, in that sense, on the part of this Court, no conduct to assess, since the Administration has conducted no evidentiary evaluation, nor issuance of judgment or will, so it is clear that in the content element, absolutely no situation was ordered or resolved, reiterating that the act, in terms of its constitutive elements, conforms to law pursuant to the provisions of Article 128 of the LGAP. Now then, without detracting from what has already been stated, it is important to refer to the argument raised by the party in its conclusions, specifically where it states that the challenged act is contrary to law for ignoring the current regulations that create the Parque Marino Las Baulas. First, it must be remembered, as stated above, that in the challenged act there is no manifestation whatsoever by the Administration that resolves, decides, or assesses said issue, in such a way that it has created, modified, or cancelled any property right as alleged by the party; it is reiterated, it is a simple act responding to the right of petition (derecho de petición) filed by the legal representative of the plaintiff company regarding the location of the farm it owns. In this order of ideas, to the question of the owner of the property whether the same is located or not within the boundaries of the Parque Las Baulas, SINAC responds that according to the coordinates, farm 5-42807-000, cadastral plan number G-042381-1980, is located within the established boundaries of said park, and that at that time it has not been expropriated, nor is there any process in progress, reminding it that there is a pronouncement from the Sala Constitucional that for owners who are in the described condition, i.e., within a park, conservation area, or reserve but who are not in an expropriation process or other, there is a responsibility to conserve them. While the party indicates that with said act its constitutional and legal property right is being curtailed, this Court does not share such argument, since from the same it could in no way conclude such affirmation, as it is insisted, it is only being indicated that its property is indeed located within the protected zone of the Parque Marino Las Baulas, and consequently, the provisions of the regulations creating said park and those related to the protection of wilderness areas, as well as what was resolved by the Sala Constitucional, are applicable to it, all in accordance with the right of petition that the plaintiff itself activated, but at no point therein is any limitation imposed on the property right as the party understands it; the limitations on that type of property were established by the legislator long ago, even before the plaintiff acquired said farm, so that at the time of purchasing it, it was aware of such circumstances, and therefore, ignorance cannot be alleged at this time. Finally, if the plaintiff considered that there was some location error or that in the invoked law or regulations there is some incorrect location of the water strip, it should have challenged such regulations and substantiated with technical evidence that its property is indeed not located within said boundaries; however, this did not occur, but rather the party was completely remiss in its arguments, did not challenge any regulation, much less provided evidence, and since it is not part of its claims, it is not possible to address any legal situation related thereto with respect to the actor. That is to say, from a full reading of its conclusions, the plaintiff company questions in some way the application of the executive decree (decreto ejecutivo) creating the Parque Marino Las Baulas, indicating that there were defects in its creation because it now limits its property right; however, there is no argument whatsoever in this regard to review its legality, and therefore it is valid and effective. Due to the foregoing, the claim for nullity is rejected.
By this logic, it is considered that they should have been challenged together with resolution No. 002-2023-SETENA, as they could not be appealed autonomously as the plaintiff did, and; in this case that did not happen because SETENA is not even a party nor is any conduct of that institution being challenged. By reason of the foregoing, without further redundancy, the grievance is dismissed.
VI.- ON THE CLAIMS AND DEFENSES. In accordance with the claims that were established at the preliminary hearing and what was resolved in the preceding considerando, the lack of right (falta de derecho) raised by the co-defendants must be upheld and all of the plaintiff's claims must be dismissed in their entirety.
VII.- ON COSTS. Pursuant to Article 193 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, personal and procedural costs constitute a burden imposed on the losing party by the mere fact of being so, and their waiver is only appropriate when, in the Court's judgment, there was sufficient reason to litigate, or when the judgment is rendered on the basis of evidence whose existence was unknown to the opposing party. In the case under study, this Court considers that, pursuant to the foregoing, there are no grounds for waiver and consequently costs plus their interest are imposed on the losing party.
POR TANTO
The defense of lack of right (falta de derecho) raised by the co-defendants is upheld. The lawsuit filed by the company SUMMER SUNSHINE SOCIEDAD RESPONSABILIDAD LIMITADA against the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN and the ESTADO is dismissed. Costs and their interest are charged to the losing party, to be determined in execution of judgment. Let it be notified.
Rodolfo Marenco Ortiz Karen Calderón Chacón Evelyn Solano Ulloa Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: [email protected]
Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Conocimiento ACTOR/A:
A SUMMER SUNSHINE LTDA DEMANDADO/A:
EL ESTADO N° 2026000621 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las once horas con veintinueve minutos del veintinueve de enero del dos mil veintiseis.- Proceso de conocimiento interpuesto por SUMMER SUNSHINE SOCIEDAD RESPONSABILIDAD LIMITADA, cédula de persona jurídica número 3-102-47616, representada por los Lic. Vianney Saborío Hernández, mayor, abogado, cédula de identidad número 1-1112-0342, y, Lic. Federico Peralta Bedoya, mayor, abogado, cédula de identidad número 1-1043-0088, ambos en calidad de Apoderados Especiales Judiciales, contra el SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, representado por la Licda. Delfilia Dávila Ruiz, mayor, abogada, cédula de identidad número 5-0278-0290, en su calidad de Apoderada Especial Judicial, y el ESTADO, representado por la Procuradora Licda. Heilyn Sáenz Calderón, mayor, abogada, cédula de identidad número 7-012-0163.
CONSIDERANDO
I.- ASPECTOS PRELIMINARES. Como parte del iter procesal se tiene lo siguiente: 1) Mediante escrito de demanda presentado a estrados judiciales en fecha 21 de octubre de 2020, la parte actora como pretensión solicitó: "1. Con lugar la presente demanda en todos sus extremos. 2. Como contraria al Ordenamiento Jurídico, y por ende nula e ilegítima, la conducta de la Administración observada en el acto de aplicación individual número ACT-OR-DR-958-19 del 06 de agosto de 2019, así como los actos administrativos conexos para que deje de surtir efectos. 3. Se ordene a la Administración abstenerse de adoptar y ejecutar la conducta reprochada. 4. La condena contra la parte demandada del pago de ambas costas de este proceso (imágenes 2-26, expediente electrónico).
Se emite este fallo previa deliberación, con el voto afirmativo de las jueces Ulloa Solano y Calderón Chacón.
Redacta el juez Marenco Ortiz.
II.- HECHOS PROBADOS: De importancia para la resolución de este asunto se tienen los siguientes:
III.- HECHOS NO PROBADOS. De relevancia para el presente asunto se tiene como único hecho no probado la inexistencia de alguna conducta contraria a derecho realizada por el Estado y el SINAC, que afectara los derechos subjetivos o intereses de la parte actora.
IV.- ALEGATOS DE LAS PARTES. Las partes tanto en su escrito de demanda como en sus conclusiones manifestaron: A) Argumentos de la parte Actora: En lo fundamental y de forma resumida, sin perjuicio de la lectura integral que el Tribunal ha realizado del escrito de demanda, la parte actora manifestó que es propietaria de la finca objeto del proceso, y que el derecho de propiedad que ostenta se ve restringido, por lo que la correcta delimitación del Parque Marino Las Baulas y la ubicación correcta de ella dentro o fuera de la delimitación de dicha Área Silvestre Protegida es importante. Manifiesta que el acto impugnado tiene efectos propios, al señalar que el inmueble de su representada está ubicada 100% dentro del Parque Marino Las Baulas, ya que con esa decisión se generan de forma automática una serie de condicionantes al ejercicio pleno de los derechos de la parte actora, mismo que se encuentran genéricamente consagradas en la Constitución Política y en una serie de instrumentos de Derecho Internacional Humano, como es la propiedad privada, seguridad y certeza jurídica, por lo que, evidentemente, posee un efecto adverso e ilegal. Considera que el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre de Tamarindo protege actualmente la zona pública del sector de Playa Grande. Mediante el Decreto 20518-MIRENEM no se crea el Parque Las Baulas de Guanacaste, ya que no se cumplió con un requisito esencial -sine qua non- para que la declaratoria fuera eficaz por lo tanto la franja de terrenos privados incluidos en su delimitación. Añade que no existe normativa alguna que incluya las aguas interiores de la Bahía de Tamarindo como parte del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas de Guanacaste. En cuanto el hecho nuevo y ampliación de la demanda indica que su representada el 1 de noviembre de 2022 presentó formulario D1 del proyecto “Residencia Unifamiliar Lote A52”, y que, mediante oficio n° SETENEA-DT-DEA-1421-2022 del 24 de noviembre del 2022 el Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental solicita criterio al SINAC ya que el proyecto se encuentra dentro del Parque Nacional Las Baulas, así como sí la misma ha sido expropiada o se encuentra en proceso, lo anterior para analizar los aspectos legales y determinar bajo los supuestos correctos si procede o no la aprobación del otorgamiento de Viabilidad y/o Licencia Ambiental (VLA). Indica que dicha solicitud de criterio se dio mediante oficios ACT-OR-DL-1556-2022 y el ACT-OR-DR-DL-1505-2022, por lo que mediante resolución n° 002-2023-SETENA del 11 de enero del 2023, la cual dispuso: “No continuar el proceso de la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental inicial del Proyecto “Residencia Unifamiliar Lote A52”, expediente administrativo No. D1-0692-2022-SETENA, con fundamento en el CONSIDERANDO – TERCERO y CUARTO de la presente resolución, cuya normativa citada, establece explícitamente lo que se permite desarrollar y con qué fines; que este instrumento de EIA no aplica para actividades obras o proyectos que no estén conforme a lo que en la norma se cite”. Considera que su propiedad no se ha expropiado ni comprado o bien sometida a régimen forestal. B) Argumentos del SETENA. De forma sucinta la representación del ente accionado se opuso a la demanda, y sin perjuicio de la lectura total del documento, indicó que el Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas de Guanacaste fue creado mediante Decreto Ejecutivo N° 20518-MIRENEM el 5 de julio de 1991 y fue ratificado por Ley N° 7524 del 10 de julio de 1995, que las diferentes normativas relacionadas con el medio ambiente lo que pretende en este caso específico es proteger las aguas, manglares y específicamente a las tortugas cuando desovan. Indica que la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente dispone expresamente que los terrenos privados no se consideran incluidos en las áreas protegidas estatales hasta tanto no se dé la compra o la expropiación, lo cual es una medida temporal impuesta a las propiedades de sujetarse al plan de ordenamiento ambiental y al plan de manejo del área silvestre protegida, mientras se lleva a cabo la expropiación o compra, respondiendo esto a la necesidad de conservar los recurso naturales que se pretenden proteger con la instauración del área silvestre. Que el oficio impugnado corresponde a la respuesta emitida por su representado a la Sociedad Summer Suhsine Ltd. Sobre la consulta de la ubicación de la propiedad inscrita a su nombre, siendo dicha pretensión improcedente ya que es un deber de la Administración dar respuesta a los administrados, por lo que dicho acto de mero trámite. En cuanto a los actos impugnados en la ampliación de demanda considera que no constituyen actos finales sino de mero trámite con efecto para el actor, ya que son oficios de mera constatación relacionados con la consultas realizadas por el actor y el oficio de la Secretaría Técnica Ambiental, solo da respuesta al actor a la solicitud planteada por el actor, los cuales no afectaron los intereses subjetivos del actor ni de su propiedad, es decir, son oficios que dan una respuesta en virtud del derecho de respuesta consagrado en el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política. C) Argumentos del Estado: La representación del Estado al momento de contestar la demanda se opuso a la misma, y de forma sucinta y sin desmérito de la lectura indicó que la nulidad pretendida por la parte actora no es procedente ya que se está frente a un acto no susceptible de impugnación al ser el mismo de mero trámite ya que es una simple respuesta a la nota presentada a la oficina del SINAC por el señor Douglas Kel Straubmuller. Que dicho acto no tiene ningún efecto propio como lo asevera el actor ya que no es equiparable a una certificación o involucre alguna potestad de imperio ejercida sobre el administrado. En este caso lo único que hace dicho acto es constatar la ubicación de la finca e indicar que no ha sido expropiada ni existe algún procedimiento actualmente en ese sentido, y esto es un simple acto de certificación de conocimiento no existe el ejercicio de potestad administrativa alguna donde se exprese la voluntad administrativa, ni tampoco el oficio impugnado forma parte de algún expediente administrativo que resuelva una situación determinada, ni pone fin a un procedimiento, sino solo se limita a constatar un dato objetivo, sea, si el terreno descrito en un plano se encuentra o no dentro de un Parque Nacional. En cuanto a la ampliación de la demanda manifestó que los actos que solicita la nulidad no son susceptibles de impugnación pues son actos de mero trámite sin efectos propios. Indica que de acuerdo con la representación de la actora, desde la contestación de la demanda, el derecho de propiedad no es absoluto y en ocasiones es necesario imponer cierto tipo de limitaciones en favor del ambiente, sin que por ese motivo se vacíe el contenido de ese derecho. Que, en ese sentido, de la prueba aportada por la parte actora se desprende, que si bien actualmente los procesos de expropiación se encuentran suspendidos en esa área hasta que el SINAC-ACT cuente con el mapa catastral y estudios legales de todas las fincas ubicadas dentro de los límites del Parque Nacional, ello no implica que la actora pueda vulnerar las limitaciones ambientales impuestas en un área protegida, al pretender realizar el proyecto “Residencia Unifamiliar Lote A52”. Agrega que resulta de vital importancia señalar, que tal y como lo indicó la parte actora en su escrito de demanda, el inmueble fue adquirido en el año 2007, por lo cual es un hecho notorio y público, que para ese entonces ya existía el Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas –cuya existencia data del año 1991-, siendo que la actora por medio de compraventa adquirió un bien en un área protegida, que evidentemente tendría limitaciones de orden ambiental y lo cual, era de su entero conocimiento. Como corolario de lo expuesto, manifiesta que valga advertir que si bien, la parte actora goza de un derecho de propiedad, debe preponderarse la afectación ambiental que el disfrute de dicho derecho podría generar, máxime en una zona con especies en peligro de extinción.
V.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. De previo, importante indicar que de los argumentos expresados por la parte actora tanto en su escrito de demanda como en las conclusiones, no se extrae exactamente cuál es el tema puntual a resolver, en virtud que el desarrollo de sus ideas se centra sobre los atributos de la propiedad privada y los límites impuestos por la Constitución Política, así como la creación del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas y su delimitaciones, pero no indica ni desarrolla de forma expresa dentro de lo que serían sus agravios, en qué le afecta los actos impugnados, es decir, no expone qué vicio o vicios es el que considera contienen los oficios recurridos, el grado de nulidad que adolecen tales, siendo en ese sentido totalmente omisa en indicar el daño que se le causa con la conducta reclamada de la administración. Tal omisión en fundamentar y desarrollar la nulidad alegada hace que este Tribunal no pueda realizar el examen de legalidad de los actos objeto del proceso al no poder sustituir a las partes en el planteamiento de su teoría del caso ni tampoco suponerla. Sin embargo, siendo este órgano judicial un contralor de legalidad se revisara la conducta administrativa de tal forma que se compruebe si la misma se encuentra o no ajustada a derecho conforme lo dispone el artículo 128 de la Ley General de Administración Pública el cual dispone: “Será válido el acto administrativo que se conforme sustancialmente al ordenamiento jurídico, incluso en cuanto al móvil del funcionario que lo dicta”.
VI.- SOBRE LAS PRETENSIONES Y EXCEPCIONES. Conforme a las pretensiones que fueron fijadas en la audiencia preliminar y lo resuelto en el considerando anterior, se debe acoger la falta de derecho interpuesta por los codemandados y rechazar en todos sus extremos las pretensiones de la parte actora.
VII.- SOBRE LAS COSTAS. Conforme a lo regulado en el artículo 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, las costas personales y procesales constituyen una carga que se impone a la parte vencida por el hecho de serlo y sólo procede su dispensa cuando hubiere, a juicio del Tribunal, motivo suficiente para litigar, o bien, cuando la sentencia se dicte en virtud de pruebas cuya existencia desconociera la parte contraria. En el caso de estudio, estima este Tribunal que conforme a lo indicado no existen motivos para eximir y en consecuencia se impone las costas más sus intereses a cargo del vencido.
POR TANTO
Se acoge excepción de falta de derecho interpuesta por los codemandados. Se declara sin lugar la demanda interpuesta por la sociedad SUMMER SUNSHINE SOCIEDAD RESPONSABILIDAD LIMITADA, en contra del SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN y el ESTADO. Las costas y sus intereses a cargo del vencido, las cuales serán fijadas en ejecución de sentencia. Notifíquese.
Rodolfo Marenco Ortiz Karen Calderón Chacón Evelyn Solano Ulloa Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: [email protected]
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