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Res. 00323-2000 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 07/07/2000
OutcomeResultado
The Tribunal Agrario reversed the first-instance ruling and denied the possessory information proceeding, confirming that the 299-hectare property located within the Central Volcanic Cordillera Forest Reserve remains State Natural Heritage, as the petitioner failed to prove ecological possession through the required testimonial evidence from cantonal residents.El Tribunal Agrario revocó la sentencia de primera instancia y declaró sin lugar la información posesoria, confirmando que el inmueble de 299 ha ubicado dentro de la Reserva Forestal Cordillera Volcánica Central forma parte del Patrimonio Natural del Estado, al no haberse demostrado posesión ecológica mediante prueba testimonial de vecinos del cantón.
SummaryResumen
The Tribunal Agrario reverses a first-instance ruling that had approved a possessory-information proceeding over approximately 299 hectares located within the Central Volcanic Cordillera Forest Reserve. The court develops a three-part typology of possession over forest land—agrarian-forest possession (commercial silviculture with a biological cycle), forest possession (conservation under the Forestry Law), and ecological possession (full ecosystem protection through active and omissive acts). It holds that land within protected wildlife areas, as part of the State's Natural Heritage, may only be titled if the petitioner proves ecological possession at least ten years before the area's creation, established through testimonial evidence from cantonal residents under Article 7 of the Possessory Information Law. Because the petitioner produced no such evidence, the property is confirmed as State Natural Heritage.El Tribunal Agrario revoca una sentencia de primera instancia que había admitido una información posesoria sobre aproximadamente 299 hectáreas ubicadas dentro de la Reserva Forestal Cordillera Volcánica Central. El Tribunal desarrolla una tipología tripartita de posesiones sobre bienes forestales: la posesión agraria forestal (explotación silvícola empresarial con ciclo biológico), la posesión forestal (conservación bajo el régimen de la Ley Forestal) y la posesión ecológica (protección integral del ecosistema mediante actos activos y omisivos). Concluye que los terrenos dentro de áreas silvestres protegidas, al integrar el Patrimonio Natural del Estado, solo pueden titularse si el promovente demuestra haber ejercido posesión ecológica con al menos diez años de antelación a la creación del área, acreditada mediante prueba testimonial de vecinos del cantón conforme al artículo 7 de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias. El promovente no aportó tal prueba y la finca queda confirmada como Patrimonio Natural del Estado.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Ecological possession is distinct from agrarian-forest possession and from forest possession itself. This is because it is a legal institution belonging to ecological law. Since ecological law has as its primary object the protection of natural resources in general and ecological balance, it is evident that ecological possession must 'respond to' the object of its discipline. The scope of ecological possession is therefore evidently much broader than that of forest possession. In ecological possession, the de facto power must rest over a territorial area where an ecosystem exists, and possessory acts must be directed at protecting that ecosystem, promoting study and scientific research into all interrelations existing therein—whether involving living plant organisms (and not only forests) or animals—and their relationship to conservation and human existence itself. In other words, possessory acts in ecological possession would be both omissive and active, whose combination allows for the preservation of ecological balance. For this reason, the subject or 'ecological possessor' must be a natural or legal person with sufficient technical capacity and knowledge of ecological balance and ecosystem management. This means that the property subject to these proceedings forms part of the State's Natural Heritage, and therefore the petitioner was required to have demonstrated ecological possession directed at the care of the forest and its natural resources. This fact was not proven, as none of the witnesses examined in the record referred to any such aspect. In summary, the petitioner did not demonstrate having exercised ecological possession directed at the care of the forest and its natural resources, an essential requirement under Article 7 of the Possessory Information Law. Under Article 7 of the Land and Colonization Law enacted in 1961, complemented by the declaration of the Central Volcanic Cordillera Forest Reserve, the property in question remains State Natural Heritage, as it has long been.La posesión ecológica es distinta de la posesión agraria forestal y de la misma posesión forestal. Ello es así porque se trata de un instituto patrimonio del Derecho ecológico. Si éste tiene como objeto principal la protección de los recursos naturales en general y el equilibrio ecológico, es evidente que la posesión ecológica deberá "reportar" el objeto de su discilplina. Con ello el ámbito de la posesión ecológica es, evidentemente, mucho más amplio que el de la posesión forestal. En la posesión ecológica el poder de hecho debe recaer sobre un ámbito territorial donde exista un ecosistema, y los actos posesorios deben ir encaminados a proteger dicho ecosistema, procurando el estudio y las investigaciones científicas sobre todas las interrelaciones ahí existentes tanto si se trata de seres vivos vegetales (y no únicamente bosques) o animales y su relación con la conservación y la propia existencia humana. En otros términos, los actos posesorios en la posesión ecológica vendría a ser tanto omisivos como activos, cuya combinación permita conservar el equilibrio ecológico. Por ello el sujeto o "poseedor ecológico", debe ser una persona física urídica con suficiente capacidad técnica y conocimientos del equilibrio ecológico y manejo de ecosistemas. Lo anterior significa que el inmueble objeto de estas diligencias forma parte del Patrimonio Natural del Estado, por lo que el gestionante debió haber demostrado una posesión ecológica, tendiente al cuido del bosque y sus recursos naturales. Este hecho no se demostró pues de los testigos que se evacuaron en autos, ninguno de ellos se refiere a tal aspecto. En síntesis, no demostró el promovente haber ejercido una posesión ecológica dirigida al cuido del bosque y sus recursos naturales, requisito esencial según lo establecido en el artículo 7 de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias. Según el artículo 7 de la Ley de Tierras y Colonización promulgado en 1961, el cual a su vez es complementado con la declaratoria de la Reserva Forestal de la Cordillera Volcánica Central, el inmueble de marras sigue siendo Patrimonio Natural del Estado, como desde hacía mucho tiempo lo ha venido siendo.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"No es posible adquirir la titularidad sobre terrenos con cobertura boscosa si no se demuestra haber protegido el recurso forestal. Esta no es igual a la civil, ni a la agraria, se trata de una propiedad para conservar, y por tanto los actos posesorios que en ella se realice deben tener esa finalidad."
"It is not possible to acquire title over land with forest cover without demonstrating that the forest resource has been protected. This form of ownership is not equivalent to civil or agrarian ownership; it is ownership for conservation, and therefore the possessory acts performed on it must serve that purpose."
Considerando IV
"No es posible adquirir la titularidad sobre terrenos con cobertura boscosa si no se demuestra haber protegido el recurso forestal. Esta no es igual a la civil, ni a la agraria, se trata de una propiedad para conservar, y por tanto los actos posesorios que en ella se realice deben tener esa finalidad."
Considerando IV
"Artículo 7.- Cuando el inmueble a que se refiere la información esté comprendido dentro de un área silvestre protegida, cualquiera que sea su categoría de manejo, el titulante deberà demostrar ser el titular de los derechos legales sobre la posesión decenal, ejercida por lo menos con diez años de antelación a la fecha de vigencia de la ley o decreto en que se creó esa área silvestre."
"Article 7. When the property covered by the possessory information proceeding falls within a protected wildlife area, regardless of its management category, the applicant must demonstrate being the holder of the legal rights to ten-year possession, exercised at least ten years before the entry into force of the law or decree creating that protected wildlife area."
Considerando IV — Artículo 7, Ley de Informaciones Posesorias
"Artículo 7.- Cuando el inmueble a que se refiere la información esté comprendido dentro de un área silvestre protegida, cualquiera que sea su categoría de manejo, el titulante deberà demostrar ser el titular de los derechos legales sobre la posesión decenal, ejercida por lo menos con diez años de antelación a la fecha de vigencia de la ley o decreto en que se creó esa área silvestre."
Considerando IV — Artículo 7, Ley de Informaciones Posesorias
"la ley no tutela, al contrario reprime, la posesión a través de la cual se destruyan los recursos forestales. Además niega la posibilidad de adquirir derechos de posesión sobre tierras de las reservas nacionales cuando se ha ejercido una acción dañina en contra de los recursos forestales."
"The law does not protect—on the contrary, it represses—possession through which forest resources are destroyed. It likewise denies the possibility of acquiring possessory rights over national reserve lands when a harmful action has been taken against forest resources."
Considerando IV
"la ley no tutela, al contrario reprime, la posesión a través de la cual se destruyan los recursos forestales. Además niega la posibilidad de adquirir derechos de posesión sobre tierras de las reservas nacionales cuando se ha ejercido una acción dañina en contra de los recursos forestales."
Considerando IV
"Sería una propiedad forestal empresarial si la actividad del empresario implica la participación suya en el ciclo biológico, desde la siembra, cultivo de árboles, sustitución de una especies por otras, y en general cuido del bosque con el fin de producción silvícola, o cuando menos la voluntad de someterse a un régimen jurídico cuya obligación consiste en impulsar una labor empresarial orientada a tener un inmueble caracterizado por producir árboles maderables para ser colocados en el mercado..."
"It would be entrepreneurial forest ownership if the operator's activity involves participation in the biological cycle—from planting and cultivating trees, to replacing one species with another, and in general caring for the forest for silvicultural production purposes—or at minimum the willingness to submit to a legal regime whose obligation consists of pursuing a business activity oriented toward maintaining a property characterized by producing timber trees for placement on the market."
Considerando IV — citando Sala Primera de la Corte, No. 68 de las 16 horas y 10 minutos del 8 de mayo de 1991
"Sería una propiedad forestal empresarial si la actividad del empresario implica la participación suya en el ciclo biológico, desde la siembra, cultivo de árboles, sustitución de una especies por otras, y en general cuido del bosque con el fin de producción silvícola, o cuando menos la voluntad de someterse a un régimen jurídico cuya obligación consiste en impulsar una labor empresarial orientada a tener un inmueble caracterizado por producir árboles maderables para ser colocados en el mercado..."
Considerando IV — citando Sala Primera de la Corte, No. 68 de las 16 horas y 10 minutos del 8 de mayo de 1991
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSIDERING:
VOTO N 323* * * * * * * * * * * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO.— Goicoechea, at sixteen hours and one minute on the seventh of July of the year two thousand.—* * * * * * * * * * * * Possessory Information Proceeding (Proceso Información Posesoria), heard before the Civil Court of Greater Jurisdiction (Juzgado Civil de Mayor Cuantía) of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José, filed by [Nombre1]. This Tribunal is hearing the appeal (recurso de apelación) filed by Licenciado Victor Bulgarelli Céspedes, Agrarian Attorney General (Procurador Agrario), on behalf of the State, against the ruling of eight o'clock on the fifteenth of February of the year two thousand.* * * * * * * * * * * * THE OPINION IS DRAFTED BY JUDGE [Nombre2]; AND,* CONSIDERING* * * * * * * * * * * * I.- PROVEN FACTS: The following are relevant to the resolution of this matter:
* * * * * * * * * * The Ley Forestal establishes, as an essential function and priority of the State, to ensure the protection, conservation, and management of natural forests, and the production, use, industrialization, and promotion of the country's forest resources designated for that purpose, in accordance with the principle of adequate and sustainable use of renewable natural resources. (Article 1). Therefore, in order to acquire forest property by acquisitive prescription (usucapión), the exercise of forest possession is required. Article 7 of the Possessory Information Law (Ley de Informaciones Posesorias), as amended by the Ley Forestal, establishes:
"Article 7.- When the property to which the proceeding refers is located within a protected wildlife area (área silvestre protegida), regardless of its management category, the applicant for title (titulante) must demonstrate being the holder of the legal rights to ten-year possession (posesión decenal), exercised at least ten years prior to the date on which the law or decree creating that protected wildlife area entered into force. Properties located outside those areas that have forests may only be titled if the applicant demonstrates being the holder of the legal rights to ten-year possession, exercised for at least ten years, and having * protected that natural resource, with the understanding that the property must be properly demarcated and have clean fences or survey lines.
"In other words, the de facto power in forest possession falls exclusively upon the natural resource of 'forests' or 'lands of forest aptitude,' and acts of possession must be directed toward their protection and conservation. Only upon demonstrating this could lands be acquired or registered in favor of such possessors.* * * * * * * * * * * * V.- But when it comes to the ecological function of forest property and ecological possession (posesión ecológica), the protection of the legal system is more demanding and far-reaching. Ecological possession is distinct from agrarian-forest possession (posesión agraria forestal) and from forest possession itself. This is so because it is an institution belonging to ecological law (Derecho ecológico). If the latter has as its main object the protection of natural resources in general and ecological balance, it is evident that ecological possession must "reflect" the object of its discipline.
As a result, the scope of ecological possession is evidently much broader than that of forest possession. In ecological possession, the de facto power must fall over a territorial area where an ecosystem (ecosistema) exists, and acts of possession must be directed toward protecting that ecosystem, pursuing the study and scientific research on all the interrelationships existing there, whether involving living plant organisms (and not only forests) or animals, and their relationship with conservation and human existence itself. In other words, the acts of possession in ecological possession would be both omissive and active, and their combination must allow the ecological balance to be preserved. Therefore, the subject or "ecological possessor" must be a natural or legal person with sufficient technical capacity and knowledge of ecological balance and ecosystem management. The structure of ecological possession — that is, the set of rights and obligations derived from it — would be subject to a series of regulations contained in various special laws, such as the Ley Forestal, the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre), the Health Law (Ley de Salud), the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law (Ley de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre), etc., as well as all International Conventions signed by our country for the protection of the environment.
In general, the applicable legal regime would be agro-environmental law (derecho agro-ambiental). Even the resolution of conflicts arising from the exercise of ecological possession, in the absence of specific regulations, must reflect the principles of ecological law that have been created, above all at the constitutional level, such as:* The protection of the landscape, the rational exploitation of resources, and the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.-* * * * * * * * * * VI.- In this case, the promoter of these proceedings seeks to obtain title to a property described in cadastral plan (plano catastrado) number SJ- Trescientos sesenta y un mil ciento ochenta y nueve-noventa y seis, measuring 299 ha.7479.10 m2, located entirely within the Forest Reserve (Reserva Forestal) of the Cordillera Volcánica Central, created by Decreto Ejecutivo número 5386-A del 28 de octubre de 1975.
This means that the property subject to these proceedings forms part of the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), and therefore the applicant should have demonstrated ecological possession aimed at the care of the forest and its natural resources. This fact was not demonstrated, since none of the witnesses examined in the record refer to that aspect; indeed, witness [Nombre11], at folio 68, states that he has visited the property on only two occasions; likewise, witness [Nombre6], who states that he sold the property to [Nombre1] in the year nineteen seventy-four and that since that time he has not returned to the property, makes no reference to any possession exercised by him in relation to the care of the forest; and he cannot attest to the possession exercised by the applicant either, since after the sale he has gone to the property only twice. Witness [Nombre12] at folio 66 and [Nombre13] at folio 67 make no reference to whether the applicant for title exercised any form of ecological possession that would allow him to obtain title to the property forming part of the State Natural Heritage.- For his part, [Nombre1] submits public deeds referenced in the proven facts from the fourth through the sixth, alleging that these documents demonstrate that he was * acquiring the current property in portions, and that each of those documents* * transfers the possessory right to him; however, in two of them the period transferred is not indicated.
Even if the cited deeds were to indicate the period of transfer of possession, this would not constitute full proof, since under the Possessory Information Law possession must necessarily be demonstrated with testimonial evidence, thereby excluding documentary evidence, which may reflect a formal truth rather than a material one as in the case of testimony. While it is true that a public deed carries the notarial public faith (fe pública) of the Notary, the fact is that the notary records the data provided by the parties themselves, since in a transfer of unregistered land there is as yet no registry notice (publicidad registral). Furthermore, according to the three deeds submitted by the plaintiff to demonstrate possession, they describe the total acquisition of approximately two hundred thirty-seven hectares, while what is sought to be titled is approximately two hundred ninety-nine hectares, leaving without any justification the basis of acquisition for sixty-two hectares.
Testimonial evidence is of vital importance for demonstrating possession; Article 6 of the aforementioned Ley de Informaciones Posesorias clearly establishes that the justification of possession shall be established by the declaration of three witnesses, imposing as a requirement that they must be residents of the cantón where the property is located. The señor Procurador is correct in raising his objections in this regard. In summary, the applicant did not demonstrate having exercised ecological possession directed toward the care of the forest and its natural resources, an essential requirement pursuant to Article 7 of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias. Under Article 7 of the Land and Colonization Law enacted in 1961, which in turn is supplemented by the declaration of the Forest Reserve of the Cordillera Volcánica Central, the property in question remains State Natural Heritage, as it has been for a long time.- Consequently, the judgment of eight o'clock on the fifteenth of February two thousand is reversed, and the Possessory Information Proceeding (Información Posesoria) filed by [Nombre1] is DECLARED WITHOUT MERIT.-*
Por tanto
* * * * * * * * * The judgment of eight o'clock on the fifteenth of February two thousand is reversed, and the Possessory Information Proceeding filed by [Nombre1] is DECLARED WITHOUT MERIT.-* * * * * * * * * * LIGIA MESEN MADRIGAL * * DAMARIS VARGAS VASQUEZ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ALEXANDRA ALVARADO PANIAGUA* CBM EXPN1
CONSIDERANDO:
VOTO N 323* * * * * * * * * * * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO.- Goicoechea, a las dieciseis horas un minuto del siete de julio del dos mil.-* * * * * * * * * * * * Proceso Información Posesoria, tramitado ante el Juzgado Civil de Mayor Cuantía del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, por [Nombre1] . Conoce este Tribunal del recurso de apelación interpuesto por el Licenciado Victor Bulgarelli Cespedes, Procurador Agrario, en representación del Estado, contra la resolucion de las ocho horas del quince de febrero del dos mil.* * * * * * * * * * * * REDACTA LA JUEZA [Nombre2] ; Y,* CONSIDERANDO* * * * * * * * * * * * I.- HECHOS PROBADOS: De interés para la resolución de este asunto se tienen los siguientes:
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