**Case File:** **Proceeding:** DECLARATORY JUDGMENT **Plaintiff:** INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTICIAS JE DE COSTA RICA S.A.
**Defendant:** INSTITUTO DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO (INVU) **No. 2024007290** **TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA,** at eight hours eleven minutes on October twenty-second, two thousand twenty-four.- **DECLARATORY JUDGMENT PROCEEDING**, filed by INDUSTRIA ALIMENTICIA JE DE COSTA RICA S.A., (plaintiff company) legal identification number 3-101-132321, represented by its president JORGE EDUARDO ROJAS VILLALOBOS, identification number 4-0105-0778, and by its special judicial attorney-in-fact JUAN LUIS CÉSPEDES VARGAS, of legal age, married once, attorney and notary public, resident of Alajuela, identification number 1-0909-0408 (power of attorney I, 326) against the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO (hereinafter, defendant, the Institute, or by its acronym INVU), represented by its General Manager with powers of unlimited general attorney-in-fact MARCO VINICIO HIDALGO ZÚÑIGA, of legal age, married once, holder of a Master's degree in Business Administration, resident of Heredia, identification number 1-0751-0850, who granted a special judicial power of attorney to MARCO VINICIO ARIAS ALFARO, of legal age, attorney, resident of San José, identification number 1-1115-0116, and; **WHEREAS:** **I) PROCEDURAL MATTERS:** In principle, all references to images correspond to the judicial file, unless another type of source is indicated.
- 1)The plaintiff filed a declaratory judgment proceeding against the INVU on June 1, 2023. (I, 2-28).
- 2)The Processing Judge, by order issued at fifteen hours thirty minutes on July 3, 2023, issued a prevention order to the plaintiff, requesting, among other things, the reformulation of the facts and clarification of the claim. (I; 225-226).
- 3)The plaintiff filed a brief on July 14, 2023, to satisfy the prevention orders issued. (I, 228-229).
- 4)The Processing Judge, as recorded in the order issued at ten hours forty-six minutes on August 7, 2023, deemed the prevention satisfied and granted a hearing on the complaint against the INVU; granting the legally established period for its answer. (I, 230-232).
- 5)The INVU answered the complaint negatively and filed the defense of lack of right, requesting it be dismissed and the plaintiff be ordered to pay costs. (I, 237-257).
- 6)By order issued at fifteen hours thirteen minutes on November 6, 2023, the answer to the complaint and the filing of the defense of lack of right were accepted. Additionally, a hearing for reply was granted. (I, 297-298).
- 7)The plaintiff filed the corresponding reply. (I, 303-312).
- 8)The preliminary hearing was convened and held on November 30, 2023, with the presence of the parties. After the preliminary matters phase, the Judge read the claims, with the plaintiff specifying the amounts claimed, and these were definitively established. The disputed facts of the complaint were determined, and the documentary and testimonial evidence to be received was admitted.
- 9)The oral and public trial was held on October 1, 2024, with the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, Working Group No. 8, (Section VIII), composed of Judges Jonatán Canales Hernández, Rodolfo Marenco Ortiz, and Paulo André Alonso Soto; the latter being assigned, by rotation, to preside and draft the opinion issued unanimously. The Tribunal was assisted by the auxiliary staff Jessica Rojas Leitón. The plaintiff's representation was exercised by Lic. Juan Luis Céspedes Vargas, and on behalf of the INVU, Lic. Marco Arias Alfaro. The expert evidence from the party that had been offered by the plaintiff company was rejected, and the Tribunal made a clarification regarding the claim to be resolved; after which the oral and public trial was declared open. The parties made their opening arguments, thereafter receiving the testimony of witnesses: Roy Delgado Alpízar, identification number 1-0755-0991, Marvin Alonso Barberena Ríos, identification number 2-0572-0168, Luis Francisco Alpízar Barrantes, identification number 2-0570-0358, and Graciela Natalia Jiménez González, identification number 1-1332-0645, after which the corresponding closing arguments were made. The Tribunal declared the process as complex in application of the CPCA, art. 111.- This Tribunal does not observe any grounds for nullity that would prevent it from issuing this ruling.- **II) SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PROCEEDING.-** The plaintiff, regarding the claim, stated: "I request that the judgment declare that the defendant Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo:
"1) Is responsible for BREACH of its legal responsibilities, since the Board of Directors of the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO, through official letter # CJD-005-2023 dated April 13, 2023, in fact five, omits actions that would lead to annulling administrative acts (actos administrativos) that have created firm rights, without adapting its action to due process; an omission in actions that is contrary to the legal system and without following the forms provided in the Ley General de la Administración Pública, as it seeks to justify the breach on applications unrelated to the specific case.
- 2)It be determined that through official letter #DU-006-01-2023 dated January 10, 2023, the Dirección de Urbanismo of the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO, is responsible for overstepping powers (competencias) that correspond to other institutions and supplanting with its actions the administrative acts (actos administrativos) issued by other Administration institutions. (The Tribunal noted that it was not stated which Public Administration institutions' powers overlapped with the INVU's, understanding that this is a claim in general terms and understood as referring to the defendant institution itself).
- 3)Therefore, the defendant Institute be ORDERED to pay the current damages resulting from this action, which are not technically limited to the sums paid for works and permits that, as a result of the favorable administrative acts (actos administrativos), I carried out on the property, which I estimate at the sum of ¢1,101,618,366.20 (one thousand one hundred one million six hundred eighteen thousand three hundred sixty colones and twenty céntimos) – for material damage (daño material) – and furthermore, the value be estimated not only of the current land with the modifications, which cannot be used despite having been purchased under the legitimate expectation (confianza legítima) that the issued administrative acts (actos administrativos) granted us, which has a value according to the appraisal I attach of ¢799,969,200.00 (seven hundred seventy-nine million nine hundred sixty-nine thousand two hundred exact colones), but also that the amount of the losses from the non-sale of assets during this year be calculated, along with the indexation that these amounts would generate until a possible favorable judgment, in addition to the economic losses of the money over time, since it is not only the value of the land at the updated price, but also the increase in costs for the works to be built, the deterioration of the works already built, and the interest at the time of payment, which will be liquidated in the execution of judgment, and the update of the loss of profit (lucro cesante) as direct damage not received due to the stoppage of the project to which I was subjected, which I estimate at the sum of ¢445,921,200.00 (four hundred forty-five million nine hundred twenty-one thousand two hundred exact colones) and damages (perjuicios), which I prudentially estimate at ¢450,000.00 corresponding to the amounts I had to pay for the professional fees of the Engineer who performed the appraisal and for the CPA's certification, in addition to meals, fuel, and parking to attend meetings in preparation for this complaint and prior meetings with the defendant's officials, and $750,000.00 (seven hundred fifty thousand dollars, legal tender currency of the United States of America) for objective moral damage (daño moral Objetivo) resulting from the loss of trust and the good name of a company that, as a result of the actions described above, practically had to close, in addition to the sum of $750,000.00 (seven hundred fifty thousand dollars, legal tender currency of the United States of America) for subjective moral damage (daño moral Subjetivo), the anguish suffered not only by me but by my entire family upon seeing myself morally and economically compromised, as I risked my life savings to build a project that from one day to the next was cut short, suffering significant psychological and physical deterioration because the anguish and desperation suffered are enormous as I am on the verge of not even having the means to subsist with dignity. (The Tribunal noted that according to the transfer order, the plaintiff company is the sole claimant, and the judgment will address the aspects on which the litis was established)." 4) That if the defendant opposes and is found guilty in this proceeding, it be ordered to pay both sets of costs of the proceeding. Likewise, given that I have litigated in good faith, I request to be exonerated from the payment of costs." Claim adjusted in that manner during the corresponding preliminary hearing. Moreover, the corresponding audio record will be referred to).
**III) PROVEN FACTS.-** Of relevance for the resolution of this declaratory judgment proceeding, the following are deemed proven facts: (Note: The documents are contained in the judicial and administrative files, therefore they will be referenced via images or folios, as applicable, among other data for their identification).
**A) DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE** 1) Engineer Roy Delgado Alpízar, Coordinador de Planificación Urbana of the Municipalidad de Alajuela, issued a land-use certificate (constancia de uso de suelo), under official letter #029/PU/U/08, procedure #19284, issued in the Municipalidad de Alajuela, at 7:30 a.m. on January 9, 2008, in which it stated: "Mr. RÍO SEGUNDO S.A., identification number 3-101-021457, filed a REQUEST FOR LAND-USE CERTIFICATE for: HOUSING PROJECT DEVELOPMENT, on the property registered in the name of RÍO SEGUNDO S.A., legal identification number 3-101-021457, in the Property Registry at volume, folio number, entry, folio real 2125050-000, which is described in the survey plan (plano catastrado) No. A-182272-94 and is located in the district of RÍO SEGUNDO, exact address NEXT TO RESIDENCIAL LA GIRALDA. According to the zoning map OF THE URBAN REGULATORY PLAN (PLAN REGULADOR URBANO) OF THE CENTRAL CANTON OF THE PROVINCE OF ALAJUELA, PUBLISHED IN GAZETTE No. 182 OF SEPTEMBER 17, 2004, the aforementioned property is located in the zone classified as: PROTECTION ZONE NACIENTE PASITO, LANKASTER, AND MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL ZONE. // Consequently, the intended use is PERMITTED // With the zoning imposed by this municipality on the understanding that: * ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 43 OF THE REGULATORY PLAN, THE PARTIAL AFFECTATIONS OF THE 200 M PROTECTION RADII ON THE PROPERTY MUST BE CONSIDERED ABSOLUTE PROTECTION. // * FOR THE REST OF THE UNAFFECTED PROPERTY, RESULTING LOTS LARGER THAN 250 M2 AND 19 M FRONTAGE. * LOTS WITH A 10 M FRONTAGE ARE AUTHORIZED AS LONG AS THE PROJECT HAS A SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT. NOTIFY." (Judicial file, image 83).
- 2)In the Plan in the name of RÍO SEGUNDO S.A., which in the property location information box states: "LOCATED IN: DESEMPARADOS // DISTRICT: 10 DESAMPARADOS // CANTON: 01 ALAJUELA // PROVINCE: 02 ALAJUELA," and it was indicated in "INFORMATION ACCORDING TO PUBLIC REGISTRY IT IS PART OF FOLIO REAL No. 2125050-000." Additionally, inside the polygon there is a stamp that states: "INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO // DIRECCIÓN DE URBANISMO // NO BUILDING LINE IS INDICATED BECAUSE THIS PLAN DOES NOT CONTAIN A WATERCOURSE (UNDATED, UNSIGNED)." Furthermore, at the top it contains another stamp, which relevantly states: "(illegible URBANISMO// Building line (Alineamiento) of watercourse or spring (naciente) No. 23358 according to articles 33 and 34 Ley Forestal No. 7575 of (illegible). This building line (alineamiento) is valid for one year; once the period expires, it becomes void, with no (illegible for the State (illegible) APR 2008". For better understanding, images of the indicated stamps are attached. (Judicial file, image 80).
| Stamp inside the polygon | Stamp at the top |
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- 3)That Msc. Leonel Rosales Maroto, Acting Director of Urbanismo, by official letter PU-C-D-955-2011, dated November 8, 2011, addressed to Mr. Jorge Rojas Villalobos, stated in response to official letter 142-GRFR-RES-011, that: "according to article 34 of the Ley Forestal No. 7575, the granting of building lines (alineamientos) for rivers, streams (quebradas), ditches (acequias), lagoons, springs (nacientes), etc., is the exclusive authority of the INVU." (Judicial file I, 79).
- 4)The Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Section III, by resolution No. 557-2014 at nine hours ten minutes on November 20, 2014, acting in its capacity as the biphasic hierarchical superior of the Municipalidad de Alajuela, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitución Política, article 173, the Código Contencioso Administrativo, articles 189 to 192, and the provisions of the Código Municipal, art. 165; that is, the Tribunal acted as hierarchical superior in an administrative, not jurisdictional, function. In this resolution, it heard an appeal (recurso de apelación) filed by Industria Alimenticia JE de Costa Rica S.A., against the Municipal Council agreement contained in article 4, chapter V, of ordinary session No. 45-2013 of November 5, 2013, concerning a real estate development project located in the area of Desamparados de Alajuela, called: "Brisas de la Colina," which adjoins some springs (nacientes) that supply the potable water service provided by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Relevantly, it was resolved in the fifth whereas clause of this resolution: "V.- This Tribunal considers that both the appealed agreement (Article 4, Chapter V, of ordinary session number 45-2013 of November fifth, two thousand thirteen) and the agreement contained in Article 2, Chapter 6 of ordinary session number 13-2013 of March twenty-sixth, two thousand thirteen, adopted by the Municipal Council of Alajuela, are manifestly contrary to the principles of legality and legal reserve regarding fundamental rights. In this regard, it should be recalled that, in accordance with the provisions of subsection 1) of article 11 of Law number 6227, 1. The Public Administration shall act subject to the legal system and may only carry out those acts or provide those public services authorized by said system, according to the hierarchical scale of its sources, which is why, contrary to what was agreed in ordinary session 13-2013 of March twenty-sixth, two thousand thirteen, and confirmed in ordinary session number 45-2013 of November fifth of that same year, this Tribunal considers that the provision regulated in article 33 of the Ley Forestal must prevail over the regulatory provision contained in numeral 43 of the Urban Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador Urbano) of the Central Canton of Alajuela, since the latter is hierarchically inferior to the former and expressly contradicts it by introducing greater limitations than those provided for in the legal text regarding the delimitation of spring protection areas (áreas de protección de nacientes) (see in a similar sense, resolution number 421-2014 at fourteen hours forty minutes on August twenty-ninth, two thousand fourteen, issued by Section Three of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo). In addition to the foregoing, it should be recalled that Fundamental Rights can only be limited by a norm of legal rank (doctrine of articles 29(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 30 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and 19(1) of the Ley General de la Administración Pública) and not through an infra-legal norm, coupled with the fact that such limitations must be reasonable and proportionate to the end sought by their application, and must not imply a hollowing out of the essential content of the right or discriminatory treatment to the detriment of specific persons or groups (articles 28 and 33 of the Constitución Política). This becomes relevant in the specific case, because the Municipal Council of Alajuela confirmed through the challenged act that a regulatory provision must prevail that clearly introduces greater limitations than those provided for in the legal text regarding the delimitation of spring protection areas (áreas de protección de nacientes), which implies not only a violation of the provisions of articles 6, 11(1) in fine and 19(1) of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, but also an evident defect of unconventionality. In that sense, this Tribunal has considered that '...a few years after its creation and to date, said Chamber has maintained the criterion that the Municipalities can promulgate Regulatory Plans and regulations connected to them, which can validly limit the Fundamental Right to Property (establishing limitations based on the social function of property), given that in its opinion such norms are true laws in a material sense (On this matter, see ruling of Sala Constitucional number 6364-2012 at 14:30 on May 16, 2012). However, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, within the framework of its jurisprudence that is binding for Costa Rica, even with sufficient force and resilience to review constitutional judgments, has determined that Human Rights can only be limited by laws in the formal and material sense. Precisely within the framework of an international contentious process reviewing what was resolved by the Sala Constitucional, the aforementioned continental Court indicated in relevant part: 273. In this regard, this Tribunal has established in its jurisprudence that a right may be restricted by the States as long as the interferences are not abusive or arbitrary; therefore, they must be provided for by law in the formal and material sense, pursue a legitimate aim, and comply with the requirements of suitability, necessity, and proportionality. (The original is not highlighted). Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Case of Artavia Murillo et al. (In Vitro Fertilization) v. Costa Rica, Judgment of November 28, 2012 (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations, and Costs)...' (resolution number 170-2013 at fifteen hours thirty minutes on April twenty-fifth, two thousand thirteen, issued by the Third Section of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda). Now, it should be clarified that contrary to what the representative of the aggrieved company asserts, the imposition per se of limitations related to spring protection areas (áreas de protección de nacientes) through a formal and material law does not imply - in principle - a hollowing out of the right to private property, without prejudice, of course, to aspects that could cause such an effect, such as, for example: the dimensions of the land, the type of limitation applied, among others, that may have the effect of preventing the property owner from using the remaining area not affected by the protection zone. For all the foregoing, the appeal (recurso de apelación) filed is upheld and, consequently, the agreement contained in Article 4, Chapter V, of ordinary session number 45-2013 of November fifth, two thousand thirteen, adopted by the Municipal Council of Alajuela, is annulled in the matter that was the subject of grievance, and by connection, the agreement contained in Article 2, Chapter 6 of ordinary session number 13-2013 of March twenty-sixth, two thousand thirteen, adopted by the Municipal Council of Alajuela. The administrative channel is hereby deemed exhausted.- (Administrative file, folios 341-329).
- 5)Architect Marvin Alonso Barberena Ríos, Coordinador Actividad Control Constructivo of the Municipalidad de Alajuela, issued official letter MA-ACC-07178-2017, procedure U-16438, corresponding to Municipal Resolution for Land-Use Certificate (Resolución Municipalidad de Constancia Uso de Suelo), at 12:01 p.m. on August 21, 2017, in response to the request of Andrés Acosta Quesada, for the construction of a condominium on property (finca) No. 2-0551827-000, Survey Plan (Plano Catastrado) No. A-1868206-2015, located in the district of Desamparados, stating relevantly: "According to the zoning map OF THE URBAN REGULATORY PLAN (PLAN REGULADOR URBANO) OF THE CENTRAL CANTON OF THE PROVINCE OF ALAJUELA, PUBLISHED IN GAZETTE No. 182 OF SEPTEMBER 17, 2004, the aforementioned property is located in the zone Classified as: MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL SUBZONE (Within the Bypass Ring). Consequently, with the documentation provided, and being subject to review of the Zoning maps and Urban Regulatory Plan Regulations, the intended use is: PERMITTED // It follows in accordance with the Urban Legislation that originated it. // 1. MAXIMUM PERMITTED DENSITY FOR THE MEDIUM DENSITY ZONE, 52 DWELLINGS PER HECTARE, SOLUTIONS OF TWO LEVELS, MAINTAINING DENSITY OF 26 DWELLINGS PER HECTARE, ON THE FIRST LEVEL. // 2. PROJECT APPROVED BASED ON OFFICIAL LETTER 029/PU/U/2008. CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS MINIMUM AREA 250 SQUARE METERS, MINIMUM FRONTAGE: 10 METERS, MAXIMUM BUILDING COVERAGE 55%, SETBACKS, FRONT 3.0 MTS., REAR 3.0 MTRS, SIDE NOT REQUIRED WITH RESPECT TO WASTEWATER, IT MUST BE TREATED THROUGH ONE OR MORE PURIFICATION SYSTEMS WITH TECHNOLOGY APPROVED BY THE AYA, THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH, AND THE CORRESPONDING DISCHARGE PERMIT FROM MINAE, THE EFFLUENT MUST HAVE A BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (DBO) AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS EQUAL TO OR SUPERIOR TO THOSE REQUIRED ACCORDING TO THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS.// A GREASE AND OIL TRAP MUST BE INSTALLED AT THE WASTEWATER OUTLET. DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE INTO THE STORM DRAIN IS NOT PERMITTED //UL-// 3. IN VIEW OF RESOLUTION No. 557-2017 ISSUED BY THE TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO SECTION III IN FAVOR OF INDUSTRIA ALIMENTICIA JE DE COSTA RICA S.A. AGAINST THE AGREEMENT OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF ALAJUELA CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 4, CHAPTER V OF ORDINARY SESSION NUMBER 45-2013 OF NOVEMBER FIFTH, TWO THOUSAND THIRTEEN, WHOSE THEREFORE ANULS SAID AGREEMENT IN THE MATTER THAT WAS THE SUBJECT OF GRIEVANCE AND BY CONNECTION, THE AGREEMENT CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 2, CHAPTER 6 OF ORDINARY SESSION NUMBER 13-2013 OF MARCH TWENTY-SIXTH, TWO THOUSAND THIRTEEN, A RESOLUTION WHICH ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL LETTER No. MA-PSJ-2079-2017 FROM THE LEGAL SERVICES PROCESS OF THIS MUNICIPALITY ESTABLISHES THAT: '(...) the provision regulated in article 33 of the Ley Forestal must prevail over the regulatory provision contained in numeral 43 of the Urban Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador Urbano) of the Central Canton of Alajuela, since the latter is hierarchically inferior to the former and expressly contradicts it by introducing greater limitations than those provided for in the legal text regarding the delimitation of spring protection areas (áreas de protección de nacientes),' WHEREBY IT IS INSTRUCTED THAT HENCEFORTH SAID PROVISION BE INCLUDED IN THE ANALYSIS AND RESOLUTION OF PROCEDURES OF YOUR ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS, INCLUDING LAND-USE CERTIFICATES AND CONSTRUCTION PERMITS, SO THAT THE APPLICATION OF THE REGULATORY PROVISION CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 43 OF THE CURRENT URBAN REGULATORY PLAN BE SUSPENDED AND IN ITS PLACE WHAT IS PROVIDED IN ARTICLE 33 OF THE LEY FORESTAL BE APPLIED. IN WHAT IS APPROPRIATE, WE ADHERE TO THE PRINCIPLE OF DUTY OF OBEDIENCE TYPIFIED IN ARTICLES 107 TO 109 OF THE LEY GENERAL DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA.'" (Judicial file, images 84-85).
- 6)By resolution No. 1177-2019-SETENA at eight hours fifteen minutes on April 10, 2019, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Secretaría Técnica Nacional, regarding the project called: "PROYECTO CONDOMINIO RESIDENCIAL VERTICAL COLINA REAL," represented by Mr. Adrián Rojas Villalobos on behalf of the company Inmuebles y Residencias Santa Cecilia Pacoti S.A. Relevantly, it stated: "The developer is warned that they must request the corresponding permits from the competent authorities. No resolution from this Secretaría creates any right whatsoever in the event that the Local Municipality or another dependency does not grant the corresponding permits. // (...) THEREFORE // THE PLENARY COMMISSION RESOLVES // In Ordinary Session No. 036-2019 of this Secretaría, held on APRIL 9, 2019, in Article No. 45 it agrees: (...) SECOND: In accordance with articles 17, 18, and 19 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, the environmental assessment procedure (procedimiento de evaluación ambiental) has been completed for the project that has the following characteristics: Project Name: Condominio Residencial Vertical Colina Real (...) Location: Province: Alajuela Canton: Alajuela District: Desamparados (...) Coordinates: 478,960.806 longitude / 1,107,226,897 latitude Survey Plan (Plano catastrado): A-1868206-2015 Registration (Matricula): 2-551827-000. (...) Project Description: The project to be assessed within the Environmental Form (Formulario Ambiental) called Condominio Residencial Vertical Horizontal Colina Real consists of the construction of 7 buildings of 2 stories each and one single-story building; in each building, there will be 8 apartments per floor, in total there will be 60 apartments provided as subsidiary properties (fincas filiales); each floor will have common areas (hallways, stairs), and the rest of the project will comprise green areas, children's playground, parking areas, security booth, and the main access to the buildings. Table No. 1 of Coverage Areas for the project shows the total areas (see folio 143). The project will be developed on a property with a total surface area of 11,438.00 m2 // (...) SIXTH: According to Decreto N° 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the validity of this environmental feasibility (viabilidad) will be for a period of FIVE YEARS for the start of works, projects, or activities. In the event that works do not begin within the established time, the provisions of current legislation will be applied. // (...) EIGHTH: This Environmental Feasibility (Viabilidad) is granted on the understanding that the developer of the project, work, or activity will fully and completely comply with all technical, legal, and environmental regulations and standards in force in the country and to be executed before other authorities of the Costa Rican State. Failure to comply with this clause by the developer will not only make them liable for the sanctions implied by non-compliance with said regulation, but also, as it constitutes a fundamental basis upon which the VLA is sustained, it will automatically cause said VLA to become void with the technical, administrative, and legal consequences that this entails for the activity, work, or project and for its developer, particularly regarding the scope of the application of article 99 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. // (...) Msc. María Celeste López Quirós, Secretaría General AD-HOC on behalf of the Plenary Commission." (Judicial file, I, 169-177). (Highlighting is ours).
- 7)In the certified Plan No. RNPDIGITAL-994244-2020, related to plan No. 2-1868206-2015, it contains a stamp placed on June 16, 2020, in red ink that relevantly states: "INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO // DEPARTAMENTO DE URBANISMO // UNIDAD DE FISCALIZACIÓN // BUILDING LINE (ALINEAMIENTO) OF WATERCOURSE OR SPRING (NACIENTE) No. 54436 NO PLUVIAL BUILDING LINE IS INDICATED, BECAUSE THIS PLAN DOES NOT CONTAIN A WATERCOURSE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ART. 33 OF THE LEY FORESTAL No. 7575 OF APRIL 16, 1996." For better understanding, an image of the indicated stamp is attached. (Judicial file, image 78).
- 8)On September 28, 2021, Agreement Number 013-2021 was signed, called: "Improvements to the Pumping System of the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Urbanización Colinas del Viento, District of Desamparados" between the Municipalidad de Alajuela and the company Industria Alimenticia JE de Costa Rica S.A., represented by Jorge Eduardo Rojas Villalobos. Relevantly, it stated: "FIRST: Purpose. The purpose of this agreement is to join efforts between the Municipalidad de Alajuela and the company called INDUSTRIA ALIMENTICIA JE DE COSTA RICA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, (...) to improve the Pumping System of the Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Urbanización Colinas del Viento and for the Municipalidad de Alajuela to provide the sanitation service to Condominio Colina Real. // (...) FOURTH: Obligations of the Municipality: The Municipality agrees to: Grant the availability of sanitary sewer service for the Condominio Colina Real project, to be developed on the property (finca) registered under folio real 2-551827-000, survey plan (plano catastrado) number A-1868206-2015, which is registered in the name of INDUSTRIA ALIMENTICIA JE DE COSTA RICA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, (...), once all requirements of this agreement are met.// (...) SEVENTH: Obligation of the company to comply with urban planning requirements.
This agreement only entails the receipt of improvement works on the pumping system of the wastewater treatment plant of the Colinas del Viento urbanization, located in the District of Desamparados; on the municipal property registered before the National Registry of Property of the province of Alajuela, Real Folio Registration Number 2-483266-000, Castro Plan (sic) number A-1500351-2011; and this does not exonerate the Developing Company from complying with all the requirements demanded by the Urban Planning Law (Ley de Planificación Urbana), Regulation for the Control of Subdivisions (Fraccionamientos) and Urbanizations (Reglamento para el Control de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones), Construction Law (Ley de Construcciones), Construction Regulation (Reglamento de Construcciones), as well as the other regulations in force for the processing of the project it intends to develop; nor does it generate any right in its favor that obligates the Municipality of Alajuela to receive said project, without having complied with all the requirements indicated by the aforementioned regulations and the respective construction plans. The Company undertakes to respect, at all times, the protection zones established for rivers and springs (nacientes) of water that are administered by this Municipality, other entities concessioning the water resource, or that have not been reported to the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía); whether or not they are indicated on the Zoning Map corresponding to the zoning regulation of this canton or of neighboring ones." (Judicial file images 107-115).
- 9)The Federated Association of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica (Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y de Arquitectos de Costa Rica), in a document dated November 30, 2021, referred to details processed under project OC 1010502, to be built on cadastral plan A-1868206-2015, in the Canton of Alajuela of the Province of Alajuela, District Desamparados, referencing as its owner: 3-101-132321 Industria Alimenticia JE de Costa Rica Sociedad Anónima; a project for which a total appraisal of ¢2,024,664,700.00 is given. (Judicial file images 162-163).
- 10)The architect Marvin Alonso Barberena Ríos, Coordinator of the Constructive Control Activity (Actividad Control Constructivo), in official communication N° MA-ACC-1726-2022 of July 20, 2022, in response to a consultation made regarding the validity of the land-use certificate (constancia de uso de suelo) granted for the construction of a "condominium," on property registration N° 2-551827-000, cadastral plan A-1868206-2015, according to resolution N° MA-ACC-07178-2017, indicated that, as pertinent: "(...) The land-use certificate (uso de suelo) in your possession with resolution number N° MA-ACC-07178-2017 was issued according to the current Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador), in force and approved on September 17, 2004. Therefore, it is valid and remains in force to date." (Judicial file, images 86-87).
- 11)Engineer Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinator of the Tárcoles - Central Pacific Hydrological Unit, Water Directorate (Dirección de Agua), MINAE, by document N° DA-1118-07-2022 dated July 29, 2022, and addressed to Mr. Jorge Eduardo Rojas Villalobos, issued a criterion of conformity with the function assigned to the Water Directorate by the Water Law (Ley de Aguas) N° 276 of August 26, 1942, and Decree 35669-MINAET modified by Decree 36437-MINAET, regarding the on-site and office verification of the existence or not of a natural water body and its seasonality, which she indicated corresponds to an expert opinion (dictamen) under Article 302 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública). She specified that this expert opinion (dictamen) issued by the Water Directorate constitutes a technical opinion on the characterization of a water body and that, therefore, it does not constitute any permit or license. She specified that this report was made in accordance with the "Technical Guide for Issuing Expert Opinions on Water Bodies" ("Guía Técnica para Realizar Dictámenes Sobre Cuerpos de Agua") prepared by the Water Directorate. The following was indicated: "SOURCE NUMBER: 1 // REFERENCE OR PLAN: 2-1868206-2015 // EVALUATION DATE: not applicable. // PROVINCE ALAJUELA // CANTON ALAJUELA // DISTRICT DESAMPARADOS // SITE CALLE BAJOS // SOURCE TYPE: SPRING (NACIENTE) // NAME: PASITO 1 // CRITERION ON THE SOURCE: PUBLIC DOMAIN WATER BODY OF A PERMANENT NATURE // TRIBUTARY OF: NOT APPLICABLE // BASIN: (8-424) GRANDE DE TÁRCOLES // NORTH LAMBERT. INITIAL LATITUDE: 222.004 // INITIAL LONGITUDE: 515.308 // JUSTIFICATION: UPON REVIEWING THE OFFICIAL CARTOGRAPHY, THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF WATER USE AND WATERCOURSE CONCESSIONS, AND OF WATER CURRENT EXPERT OPINIONS, WHERE PREVIOUS EXPERT OPINIONS WITH OFFICIAL COMMUNICATION NUMBER AT-0647-2012 AND AT-1533-2015 AND FILE 602-R ARE FOUND, AND UPON INSPECTION CONDUCTED, IT IS ESTABLISHED THAT THE SOURCE UNDER ANALYSIS IS A SPRING (NACIENTE) OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OF A PERMANENT NATURE, THE SPRING (NACIENTE) IS REGISTERED BY AyA FOR POPULATION SUPPLY IN FILE 602-R. THE SPRING (NACIENTE) IS CAPTURED BY MEANS OF A CONCRETE STRUCTURE AND CONVEYED BY MEANS OF PIPES. // SOURCE NUMBER: 2 // REFERENCE OR PLAN: 2-1868206-2015 // EVALUATION DATE: Not applicable // PROVINCE ALAJUELA // CANTON ALAJUELA // DISTRICT DESAMPARADOS // SITE CALLE BAJOS // SOURCE TYPE: SPRING (NACIENTE) / NAME: PASITOS 2 // CRITERION ON THE SOURCE: PUBLIC DOMAIN WATER BODY OF A PERMANENT NATURE // TRIBUTARY OF. NOT APPLICABLE // CARTOGRAPHIC SHEET: BARVA // BASIN: (84-24) GRANDE DE TÁRCOLES // NORTH LAMBERT: INITIAL LATITUDE. 222.011 // INITIAL LONGITUDE: 515.290 // JUSTIFICATION: UPON REVIEWING THE OFFICIAL CARTOGRAPHY, THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF WATER USE AND WATERCOURSE CONCESSIONS, AND OF WATER CURRENT EXPERT OPINIONS, WHERE PREVIOUS EXPERT OPINIONS WITH OFFICIAL COMMUNICATION NUMBER AT-0647-2012 AND AT-1533-2015 AND FILE 602-R ARE FOUND, AND UPON INSPECTION CONDUCTED, IT IS ESTABLISHED THAT THE SOURCE UNDER ANALYSIS IS A SPRING (NACIENTE) OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OF A PERMANENT NATURE, THE SPRING (NACIENTE) IS REGISTERED BY AyA FOR POPULATION SUPPLY IN FILE 602-R. THE SPRING (NACIENTE) IS CAPTURED BY MEANS OF A CONCRETE STRUCTURE AND CONVEYED BY MEANS OF PIPES. // (...) You are informed so that you may take the appropriate actions." (Administrative file, folios 293-287).
- 12)By official communication DU-226-10-2022 dated October 20, 2022, Engineer Fabiola Barrantes Rodríguez, Acting Head, of the Oversight Unit (Unidad de Fiscalización), Urbanism Department (Departamento de Urbanismo), issued the resolution at one twenty in the afternoon on August 18, 2022, by reason of which she ordered the rejection as untimely of the revocation appeal with subsidiary appeal before the Hierarch against rejection number 1010502 made through the APC platform, by reason of which she did not proceed to consider the appeal on its merits. (Administrative file, folio 75).
- 13)The INVU official Graciela Natalia Jiménez González, prepared a "Report project 1010502 Colina Real", as recorded in official communication DU-UFIS-171-2022 dated November 4, 2022, addressed to Engineer Fabiola Barrantes, Head of the INVU Oversight Unit. In the report, it is indicated that she reviewed the project through the institutional APC System, wherein she expressed a criterion after analyzing the different documents on the platform. She provided a description of the project. As pertinent, she indicated: "It has been submitted for Review 4 times, through the institutional APC system on dates 03/14/2022 (First submission) 07/09/2022 (Second submission), 09/20/2022 (Resubmission), 10/18/2022 (Second submission), in all presentations warnings are made about the protection zone of the spring (naciente). See Annex 1. After the 4 submissions for INVU review, the owner files the Appeal through the Institutional APC System, (...) // Responses: // 1. Background of APC 743851, for the Project called Condominio Lankaster, where INVU approved without problems related to the distance from the springs (nacientes): // With respect to the Lankaster Project, this is located south of the Colinas del Viento project, it has other characteristics that were evaluated in due course by a professional other than myself, I have no involvement in this project and even if presenting the same case, I allow myself to say that "error does not create right" so when submitting the Colina Real project, it is assumed that it must comply with the established requirements. // Now, on that same land, project 840211 Condominio Colina Real was previously processed, which could be considered a predecessor of project 1010502 Condominio Colina Real. It was rejected by the 4 institutions and continues in that state to this day. // Coincidentally, one of the warnings made by AyA at that time is the following: The project is located within the protection zone of the El Pasito Spring (Naciente). When the plans for the Colinas del Viento Urbanization (Modification N°2) were processed, it was indicated that the land where the project being processed is located, was left as a protection zone and owner's reserve. Since the land under development is located within the protection radius of the spring (naciente), the provisions established regarding the protection setback for springs or sources (manantiales o nacientes) will be taken into account, according to Article 31 of the Water Law N°276, a) The lands surrounding the sites of intake or supply outlets for drinking water are declared as domain reserves in favor of the Nation, within a perimeter of no less than two hundred meters radius, therefore, no urban development project can be developed within that protection area of the spring (naciente). // That is, it was fully known by the developers that Article 31 of the Water Law applies. // 2. Resolution number: 0559-2020. SETENA and MINAE, where the Bacteriological Protection Zone is rejected. // Said document was not presented for assessment through the institutional APC System. // 3. Official communication MINAE R-287-2019, where it is indicated that Condominio Lankaster is in order. // Said document was not presented for assessment through the institutional APC System. // 4. Ruling 557-2014, at nine hours ten minutes, on November twenty, two thousand fourteen, of the Municipal Appeal File: 13-008296-1027-CA, where the application of Article 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) is indicated, establishing a protection zone of one hundred meters. // First of all, it must be clarified that the tribunal is NOT acting as a jurisdictional body, therefore, it is not a judicial ruling (sentencia), its action continues to be part of the Municipal autonomy as an improper hierarch, that is, it is an administrative document, not a judicial ruling. // This document specifically requests: “that agreement of the Municipal Council (sic) Article #2 Chapter VI of regular session 13-2013 of March 26, 2013, by which it is agreed to repeal the agreement taken by the Municipal council (sic) of the referred entity, in regular session 36-2016 of 09-11-2012 * be declared null and void and rolled back in all its effects" // For which the Tribunal indicates the following// "The Public Administration shall act subject to the legal system and may only perform those acts or provide those public services authorized by said system, according to the hierarchical scale of its sources, reason for which and contrary to what was agreed in regular session 13-2013 of March twenty-six, two thousand thirteen and confirmed in regular session 45-2013 of November fifth of that same year, this Tribunal considers that the provision regulated in Article 33 of the Forestry Law must prevail, against the regulatory norm contained in numeral 43 of the Urban Regulatory Plan of the Central Canton of Alajuela (Plan Regulador Urbano del Cantón Central de Alajuela), because the latter is hierarchically inferior to the former and would expressly contradict it, by introducing greater limitations than those provided in the legal text, regarding the delimitation of protection areas for springs (nacientes)." // To conclude by annulling the agreement and granting the appeal. // Regarding this document, several things were evaluated. // First, indeed the law provides the minimum parameters to comply with and when formulating a Regulatory Plan, the Municipality is required that it cannot impose restrictions lesser than the norm, ONLY greater. Second, Article 33 of the Forestry Law is not being disrespected, wherein a 100m protection radius is given to the spring (naciente), on the contrary, in the Resubmission (the moment in which they submit the documents, before that they did not present them. See Annex 1) it is indicated that it continues to be affected not by the Forestry Law, but by the Water Law in its Article 31, wherein an area of protection of 200m must be respected for sites of intake or supply outlets for water within a perimeter no less than 200m because it is a domain reserve in favor of the State. // In addition to that, document N° OFICIO DA-1118-07-2022 from MINAE is submitted for review, wherein it expressly states "THE SPRING (NACIENTE) IS REGISTERED BY AyA FOR POPULATION SUPPLY IN FILE 602-R. THE SPRING (NACIENTE) IS CAPTURED BY MEANS OF A CONCRETE STRUCTURE AND CONVEYED BY MEANS OF PIPES" which supports Article 31 of the Water Law, where it states that 200m protection applies for sites of intake or supply outlets for water within a perimeter of no less than 200m. // Having said this, the Forestry Law and the Water Law are on an equal legal Hierarchy, tipping the balance towards the Water Law, because it is the resource directly and because this is an inalienable human right. // That is, the resolution is not invalidated, it is simply affected by another Law of equal force. // 5. Official communication 430-GA-2007, from the Municipality of Alajuela, where it approves a radius of 100 meters. // In this document, the Municipality likewise relies on Article 33 of the Forestry Law, and invalidates the Water Law, giving a consideration from the Environmental Management Subprocess, rather than an approval. // 6. Official communication PU-C-D955-2011, of November 8, 2011, where INVU indicates that according to Article 34 of the Forestry Law number: 7575, they are responsible for granting the alignments of rivers, streams (quebradas), ditches (acequias), lagoons (lagunas), and springs (nacientes). // Said document was issued by Mr. Leonel Rosales, again relying on the Forestry Law and leaving out the Water Law. // 7. Approval of APC number: 1010502. // As of today, there is no approval from INVU for project 1010502 Colina Real. // 8. Approval of municipal approval official communication number: MA — ACC — 01879 — 2017. // Said document was not presented for assessment through the institutional APC System. // 9. The land-use certificate (constancia de uso de suelo) for the Colina Real Project, number: MA — ACC —07178 — 2017. // They present a land-use certificate (Uso de suelo) where a Permitted Use is granted for the construction of a Condominium in a "Medium Density" Residential Subzone, when questioned since, as observed in image 1, it is not close to said zone, they provide official communication MA-ACC-1726-2022 ratifying that the Use is indeed permitted, since the property originated from the segregations resulting from the Colinas del Viento Urbanization project, which was approved with that zoning. // However, although the premise is correct, what they omit to say is that, although the Colinas del Viento Urbanization was approved with the Medium Density Residential Subzone zoning, as was its modification, specifically the property they intend to urbanize at this time, corresponds to the PROTECTION ZONE of the springs (nacientes) that the Urbanization should have left at the time. // (...) 10. Municipal Alignment, official communication number: MA — ACC — 4258 — 2020. // Document presented, grants a setback of 10.5m into the property, from the center of the road. // 11. Copy of the cadastral plan where the project will be located, number: 2 — 1868206 -2015, which contains the watercourse (cauce fluvial) alignment number: 54436, dated June sixteen, two thousand twenty, indicating that said alignment is positive. // They present a Fluvial Alignment from INVU from the year 2020, which indicates that there are no water bodies within the property, according to the Forestry Law, however, the protection zone indicated to the owner is due to the impact of a captured spring (naciente captada), according to the Water Law. // 12. 2- Municipal Official Communication MA-ACC-1726-2022, signed by Arch. Marvin Alonso Barberena, Coordinator of the Constructive Department of the Municipality of Alajuela, explaining everything related to the Land-Uses (Usos de Suelos) of our Condominio Colina Real project. // Referred to in point 9 of the responses // 13. 3-Photo of the 3 projects, more than 10 years ago our company developed the Colinas del Viento Urbanization, today this project is 100% finished and sold. The Condominio Colina Real project is a segregation of the Colinas del Viento urbanization, for this reason the Municipality granted us the Land-Use (Uso de Suelos). // Referred to in point 9 of the responses. 14. 4- Approval of Condominio Lankaster, APC number 743851, this project is also a segregation of the Colinas del Viento property, today it is 100% finished, and 80% sold, that is, it did not have problems with rejections of protection zones, much less rejections in the Land-Use (Uso de Suelos). // Referred to in point 1 of the responses // 15. 5-Administrative Litigation Tribunal number 557-2014, in this document, it is approved to apply a protection radius of 100 meters in the 3 projects (Colinas del Viento Urbanization, Condominio Lankaster, and Colina Real project), this same document is mentioned in the Land-Use (Uso de Suelos) of the property where the Colina Real project will be carried out. // Referred to in point 4 of the responses // 16. 6- AGREEMENT number 013-2021, with the Municipal Council of Alajuela, for the improvement of the Colinas del Viento treatment plant, our project will treat sanitary water by means of a treatment plant. // They present said agreement with the Municipality, as it is one of the recommendations given by the Environmental Management Subprocess, referred to in point 5 of the responses. // Conclusion: // The project is located within the 200m protection area established in the Water Law in its Article 31, being specifically captured springs (nacientes captadas). // At no time is it invalidating the Forestry Law, rather it is indicated that another law is affecting it, to which the presented documents do NOT refer. // Regarding the Land-Use (Uso de suelo), I consider, and according to Image 1, it was not correctly granted for the Colinas del Viento Urbanization project, since the project and the indicated zone are not adjacent, however, I am unfamiliar with the processing at that time and therefore I repeat I have no involvement in that project and even presenting the same case, I allow myself to say that "error does not create right" so when submitting the Colina Real project, it is assumed that it must comply with the established requirements. // With the Land-Use (Uso de suelo) being in doubt, a power granted by Article 7.4 of the Urban Planning Law, the Project is Not viable, however, if the Land-Use were applied to it exactly as it is being presented, the project still fails to comply with the permitted Density. // Sincerely." (Administrative file, folios 287-280). (The highlighting is partly from the original and the rest is ours).
- 14)On November 18, 2022, Mr. Jorge Rojas Villalobos, as owner of the Condominio Colina Real project, submitted to Attorney Hilda Carvajal Bonilla, Head of the Urbanism Department, of INVU, evidence for better resolution. In said document it was indicated as pertinent: "Clarification on Land-Use: // In relation to the land-use (uso de suelos) analysis indicated, the land where the Condominio Colina Real project, APC number 1010502, is intended to be developed is a SEGREGATION of the Colinas del Viento urbanization, real folio number 2-125050-000, cadastral plan A-182272-1994, approved by all entities (including INVU), on June 22, 2010, Colinas del Viento is located between a low-density area and a sub-urban residential zone, in this case and according to the law, the administered party can request that the most convenient land-use be applied to their interests, which is what was done before the Municipality of the Central Canton of Alajuela, with the Colinas del Viento urbanization project, which has the Land-Use (Uso de suelos) number 029/PU/U/08, therefore, the land-use of the Condominio Colina Real project, comes from the first one granted and since the site and conditions are identical, that is why the intended land-use has been adequately granted. // The Condominio Colina Real project has Land-Use (Uso de Suelos) number MA-ACC-07178-2017, procedure U-16438, as previously mentioned, being a SEGREGATION FROM COLINAS DEL VIENTO, this Land-Use was granted in relation to the Land-Use of the Colinas del Viento Urbanization, as explained by Arch. Marvin Alonso Barberena, Coordinator of the Constructive Control Activity of the Municipality of Alajuela, official communication number MA-ACC-1726-2022, dated July 20, 2022. // Condominio Lankaster, APC number 743851, approved by all institutions on November 30, 2018, which is 100% built and sold, this project is a sibling of the Condominio Colina Real project, since both are a segregation of the Colinas del Viento urbanization, see plan of the Colinas del Viento urbanization, approved by all the Institutions, where the 3 aforementioned projects are located. // It is for this reason that the Land-Uses (Usos de suelo) are issued by the Municipality of Alajuela, allowing the development of the Medium Density Residential Subzone, with the conditions and limitations described in the regulatory plan (plan regulador), therefore, the development of the Colina Real condominium is feasible from every point of view under the guidelines of the medium density residential zone. // (...) // Clarification regarding spring (nacientes) protection zones: It is necessary not only to indicate that the Condominio Colina Real project has the resolution of the Contentious Administrative Tribunal number 557-2014 (by Law, the person in charge and who has the authority to grant the application of a Law is a Judge), the aforementioned Contentious Administrative Tribunal approves the application of 100 meters of protection radius, according to Forestry Law 7575, Article 33. // INVU itself, in official communication PU-C-D-955-2011, of the year 2011, signed by M.Sc. Leonel Rosales, indicates that the area to be protected is only 100 meters radius, in addition, on June 16, 2020, INVU issues a fluvial watercourse or spring (nacientes) delineation number 54436, (setback) in which it also indicates an area of 100 meters radius, it must be emphasized that in this alignment there is no warning from the Institution that it is subject to an expiration date, so it is valid to the current date, in relation to the parameters of said document it qualifies, so indicating now that it is "expired" is a direct and flagrant prejudice to the constitutional right to due process, if the aforementioned were not enough, in the event that the spring (naciente) were captured, this protection would correspond to the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, AYA), which is the governing body on the matter, however, it is clear that the APC platform, which is inter-institutional in nature, that AyA itself in its capacity has approved the project, (...) In the case at hand, INVU granted the appropriate alignment referring to the springs (nacientes), as a study requirement for the approval of the project before being subjected to the scrutiny of other institutions, therefore, once this was fulfilled, the entities responsible for verifying the correct urban control on the site (AyA and Municipality), reviewed it, approving it without any problem, thus the rejection of this project, ignoring the ruling of the third section of the Contentious Administrative Tribunal number 557-2014, clearly violates what is established in Articles 1, 3, and 6 of Law 8220 Law for the Protection of Citizens against the Excess of Administrative Requirements and Procedures (Ley de Protección al ciudadano del exceso de requisitos y trámites administrativos). // (...) The rejections of our project are justified with the Water Law of 1942, when Forestry Law 7575 is from 1996, according to Article 129 of the Political Constitution, the following is mentioned: "Derogation may be express or tacit, depending on whether in explicit terms or resulting from the incompatibility of the new law with a previous one, since it is an undisputed principle that new laws destroy preceding ones in everything in which they are opposed" (Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, C-059-1989), in this sense, the Water Law is from 1942, while the Forestry Law is from 1996, that is, the Forestry Law renders the WATER LAW ineffective regarding the 200 meters. // In addition to the above, the following documents, which are of vital importance for the analysis and the correct verification of the arguments in the appeal filed, are attached hereto (...)" (Administrative file, folios 405-403).
- 15)By official communication DU-006-01-2023 dated January 10, 2023, addressed to Mr. Jorge Rojas Villalobos, the appeal of Condominio Colina Real was acknowledged, by Geographer Hilda Carvajal Bonilla, Acting Head of the Urbanism Department, INVU, in whose operative part it was indicated: "THEREFORE (POR TANTO) // Based on the arguments of fact and law presented, the rejection of the Colina Real project processed under form number 1010502 on the APC platform is upheld. // It will proceed to inform SETENA of this case, in compliance with the Eighth Therefore (Por Tanto Octavo) of Resolution N° 1177-2019 SETENA which states: "This feasibility is granted on the understanding that the developer of the project, work, or activity will fully and comprehensively comply with all legal, technical, and environmental regulations and standards in force in the country and to be executed before other authorities of the Costa Rican State." // Likewise, it will be communicated to the Water Department of MINAE and to the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers. // Notify the Appellant at the email address in the header. // "- It should be noted that in said resolution the following drawing was provided, where it is evidenced that the protection radius encompasses practically the entirety of the land in question that is intended to be developed, evidencing that in the lower part, an area remains outside the radius of the protection zone.
(Judicial file I, 259-265).
- 16)In official communication N° 008-2023-DTP of January 20, 2023, sent to Engineer Pablo César Ramírez Arias, by Ilse Patricia Miranda Gamboa, from CFIA, detailing the information for project OC-1010502 "Condominio de Fincas Filiales Colina Real," in the name of Industria Alimenticia JE de Costa Rica S.A., indicating the date of registration and appraisal by the CFIA as November 30, 2021, stating that INVU rejected it on 10/10/2022, in the first review. In the second review, INVU rejected it on 10/27/2022, indicating in the note: "All observations made previously are maintained, since it presents exactly the same (sic) documents from the previous review without addressing the observations: "Presents contentious administrative ruling 557-2014, declaring a protection radius of 100 m for permanent springs (nacientes), according to the application of the Forestry Law, for prevailing over the Regulatory Plan, however, they are ignoring the Water Law (dated 2014). However, it also presents Official Communication DA-118-02-2022 from MINAE, where it is declared that the springs (nacientes) affecting the property are permanent and Captured by AyA (2022), which means the property remains affected by the WATER LAW in its Article 31, maintaining the 200 m protection radius for being a domain reserve in favor of the State, making the project still NOT viable. Regarding Land-Use (Uso de suelo), you must first resolve the protection radius of the spring (naciente) in order to apply the regulation to it, since the lot corresponds to the protection area of the "Colinas del Viento Urbanization". It currently does not comply with the density. More observations may arise with the application of these items. The Urban Planning Law in its Article 7,4) empowers INVU to exercise oversight and authority for the due compliance with the norms of national interest compliance with the norms of national interest included in Law 4240 and in the Urban Development regulations, which includes the Regulatory Plan of Alajuela. // " (Administrative file, folios 401-bis-399).
- 17)On January 20, 2023, Mr. Jorge Eduardo Rojas Villalobos, in his capacity as legal representative of the company Industrias Alimenticias JE de Costa Rica S.A., filed an appeal against the resolution of the Urbanism Department, official communication DU-006-01-2023, in relation to the non-approval of APC #1010502 dated January 10, 2023, for Condominio Colina Real, in which he requested to revoke the rejection certificate for APC #1010502 dated October 10, 2022, specifically concerning the non-compliance with the spring setback (retiro de nacientes) and to apply the provisions of resolution #557-2014 at nine hours ten minutes on November twenty, two thousand fourteen, which ordered to respect a setback of one hundred meters horizontal radius. He also requested to straighten out the procedures in order to comply with the remaining points indicated in the indicated electronic tool and to obtain the respective authorizations for the development of the project. (Judicial file folios 375-360).
- 18)The Director of the Office of the President of the Republic, Jorge Rodríguez Vives, by official communication PR-DP-0277-2023 dated February 23, 2023, sent a note to Ms. Jessica Martínez Porras, Minister and Executive President of the Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements and of INVU, indicating: "Receive a cordial greeting." I am forwarding an email from Mrs. Ibeth Moncada, regarding the Colina Real condominium project, sent to the President of the Republic. // Given the foregoing, and as this is a matter within your institution's purview, I request that you address it from your office." (Administrative file, folio 420).
- 19)The President of the Board of Directors of INVU, Jéssica Martínez Porras, by means of administrative act CJD-005-2023 of April 13, 2023, addressed to the legal representative of the plaintiff company, communicated the agreement of the Board of Directors corresponding to item #1, adopted by the Board of Directors, in Article One, subsection 1) of the minutes of Extraordinary Session No. 6575 of April 13, 2023. Given that the nullity of claim No. 1 is supported by the fifth fact, it is transcribed verbatim and reads: "Fifth: It is noted that the alignment granted by INVU, which is No. 54436 dated June 16, 2020, which is a fluvial channel, stream, and spring (quebradas y nacientes) alignment, does not state that it has an expiration date, therefore, it is alleged that the principle of defense and access to administrative justice is being violated. Furthermore, it mentions that the fact that the challenged resolution expresses as its basis that said alignment is expired is, in the company's opinion, a violation of due process." The operative part stated: "With the votes in favor of Arch. Jessica Martínez Porras, Licda. Alicia Borja Rodríguez, Lic. Rodolfo Freer Campos, Arch. Yenory Quesada Diaz, MSc. Virgilio Calvo González, and Dr.-ing. Álvaro Guillén Mora, IT IS AGREED: Whereas it has been fully demonstrated: // 1) That the appeal filed by the company Industrias Alimenticias Je de Costa Rica S.A., dated January 10, 2023, and which is heard at this time, despite indicating that it is against the resolution contained in official letter No. DU-006-01-2023, the truth is that its main petition is the revocation of the rejection of the Condominio Colina Real project in the APC dated October 10, 2022, which the company is aware of, is a matter already resolved and final, since at the time the appellant herein untimely filed a motion for revocation with subsidiary appeal for that same rejection, and it was correctly declared so through official letter No. DU-226-10-2022, issued by the INVU Oversight Unit and subsequently confirmed by official letter No. DU-006-01-2023 dated January 10, 2023, issued by the Department of Urbanism. Therefore, its petition is without merit and must be rejected. // 2) That the company Industrias Alimenticias Je de Costa Rica S.A., when requesting the alignment according to the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), provided a cadastral map in which it omitted to mention the existence of any spring (naciente), which led INVU to issue alignment seal No. 54436, in which it is expressly indicated that no fluvial alignment exists, because the supplied cadastral map does not contain a watercourse according to the cited Forestry Law. Therefore, it is not a case where the validity or non-validity of an alignment should be questioned, nor does a perpetual alignment exist that could be considered a vested right in favor of the requesting company. Rather, it is a case in which the Institute warned that, according to the information presented by the company, it was not possible to grant an alignment since, it is reiterated, no water body appears on the referenced cadastral map. Without prejudice to the foregoing, given that, from the comprehensive study of the existing information and documentation, the existence of several springs (nacientes) is verified, and particularly, a permanent one within the perimeter intended for construction, the observation was issued regarding the need for the project to respect the provisions of the cited Water Law (Ley de Aguas). // 3) That INVU has consistently maintained its criterion regarding the application of Articles 33 and 34 of the cited Forestry Law. Note that, cited official letter No. PU-C-D-955-2011, as clarified in the recitals of this resolution, does not issue an alignment nor does it mention the registered property No. 551827-000 of the province of Alajuela. On the contrary, it merely refers to the power conferred on the Institute in the aforementioned numeral 34, which was the query posed at that time. // 4) That the regulations established in the cited Forestry Law are not contrary to, nor expressly or tacitly repeal, the provisions of the Water Law. Rather, they are Laws of the same hierarchical rank that seek the defense of two different natural resources, namely: water resources and forest resources, and that according to the specific circumstances of each property and the type of spring (naciente) that exists, a different protection radius must be respected. // 5) That the Condominio Colina Real project has been submitted four times to the APC platform and on all occasions, it was warned in the observations that it is located within the spring (nacientes) protection area. // 6) That the cited Resolution No. 557-2014 of 9:10 a.m. on November 20, 2014, issued by the Contentious-Administrative Court, Third Section, acting as Improper Hierarchical Superior of the Municipality of Alajuela, does not repeal the Regulating Plan (Plan Regulador) of that canton, but rather repeals certain agreements emanating from the Municipal Council. Nor does it repeal Article 17 of the Urban Planning Law (Ley de Planificación Urbana). Therefore, for all purposes, it must be understood that, based on the principle of specialty of the norm, in this case, the provisions of the Alajuela Regulating Plan should apply, as it is a special law, which prevails over the general law, and if one wished to modify, repeal, or update that Regulating Plan, the procedure established by the same Urban Planning Law must be followed. // 7) That related to the previous point, it is clear that INVU's powers are not only derived from the provisions of the referenced Forestry Law, but are also embedded in the stipulations of its Constitutive Law, the cited Urban Planning Law, the Law Regulating Condominium Property (Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio), among others. Therefore, the comprehensive analysis of the submitted condominium project, to determine effective compliance with current regulations, was rigorously required for the Institute, and even the national jurisprudence itself, already cited in this resolution, has clarified that it is the obligation of public institutions to ensure compliance with environmental legislation as part of their ordinary activity. Therefore, it is determined that the Institute has not exceeded its powers. // By reason of the foregoing, and given the other considerations of fact and law set forth in this resolution, the appeal filed by Mr. Jorge Eduardo Rojas Villalobos, on behalf of the company Industrias Alimenticias JE de Costa Rica S.A., against official letter No. DU-006-01-2023 dated January 10, 2023, issued by the Department of Urbanism of this Institute is rejected, and in turn, the rejection of the Condominio Colina Real project carried out through the Construction Projects Administrator Platform (Plataforma Administrador de Proyectos de Construcción), contract No. 1010502 dated October 10, 2022, is confirmed. // Finally, under the terms established in Article 126 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), the administrative channel is declared exhausted. THAT IS ALL. FINAL AGREEMENT." (Judicial file, images 56-69).
- 20)Eng. Kenner Quirós Brenes, Technical Director of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), in response to the query received regarding the FFPI Lankaster Horizontal Residential Condominium and Colina Vertical Residential Condominium projects, in relation to official letter 4282-2023, concerning whether the approved environmental feasibilities (viabilidades ambientales) had the approval of the MINAE Water Directorate and SENARA, indicated as relevant that: "Regarding the presence of water bodies, SETENA does not require approval from other entities to be able to grant the Environmental License (Licencia Ambiental). What it does do is corroborate their existence (when necessary), and inform the developer that they must respect the corresponding setbacks for the project development according to current regulations. // As for SENARA's approval to determine the vulnerability of the zones, due to the environmental legislation regulating SETENA and the characteristics of both projects, technical opinions from SENARA were not required. Instead, the Hydrogeological Study regulated by Decree 32712 MINAE was taken into account. // Regarding the second part of the query, on the highest hierarchy, at the time of granting permits, especially in spring (nacientes) protection areas, I can clarify that the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) is the entity that rules on water bodies, and SINAC is the institution that has the primary authority to oversee protection areas, therefore, for any query regarding these, it is recommended to contact said Institutions." (Judicial file I, 31-32).
- B)WITNESS TESTIMONY:
- 21)ROY DELGADO ALPÍZAR, ID No. 1-0755-0991, civil engineer, works at the Municipality of Alajuela, for twenty years. After being warned and sworn in, he denied any interest in the outcome and swore to tell the truth. As a witness for the plaintiff party, the latter began the examination. He was asked about his current position at the Municipality of Alajuela. He replied that he is currently the Director of the Planning and Infrastructure Department. He was asked if he has held that position for all twenty years. He replied no, during the first three years he held another position. Regarding the current position, he was asked to describe some of the most important functions. To which he replied that he supervises the ordinary and project activities of several departments, including roads, public investment, Community and Public Space Design and Project Management, also stormwater drainage, and also the one that grants construction permits, land uses (usos de suelo), cadastral map approvals (visados de plano de catastro), and earthworks (movimientos de tierra), among other procedures. Regarding land uses, he was asked which Institution is responsible for issuing them. He replied that it is the Municipalities, by virtue of their territorial planning power, which he understands is Constitutional. Regarding these land-use certificates (constancias de uso de suelo) issued by the Municipalities, he was asked if they must be reviewed, or ratified, are they subject to review or approval by any other State institution. He replied no, they are issued by the Municipalities and do not have to be reviewed or approved by the Municipalities. The Presiding Judge asked him to refer to the facts for which the witness was admitted, as indicated in the preliminary hearing. He was asked, regarding a property located in several land-use zones, what is the procedure, if he knows it? To this he replied that when a property has several land uses, these can be maintained, clarifying that sometimes there may be more than two, or one of the land uses affecting the property could be extended up to two hundred meters, in accordance with Article 193 of the Municipality's Regulating Plan. He was asked to display the document, at image No. 83 of the judicial file, which corresponds to official letter No. 029-PU-08, which is the land use granted to the parent property (finca madre), No. 2-125050-000. He was asked if he recognized the document and he indicated yes, that he issued it. He was asked about the property where, among others, the Colinas del Viento Urbanization was developed, if it had this particularity, that Article 193 of the Regulation of the Regulating Plan applied, that it had several land uses? To that question he replied no sir, that is not the case. He indicated that what happens on that property is that it is part of an undetermined zone, where there was a spot (mancha) of four hundred meters of protection radius for some springs (nacientes), and that spot does not conform to any article or regulation, neither of the current regulating plan, nor the Water Law, nor the Forestry Law, so it has no legal basis, therefore it must be adjusted to what Article 43 of the Regulating Plan of the Municipality of Alajuela says, which speaks of a protection radius of two hundred meters, just as that resolution indicates. He was asked by the President of the Court, what he means by a spot. He explained that it is a spot is a zoning. He indicated that maybe the term is not well used, a spot is a color, a zoning, that the zoning map is divided into different zones that are identified with colors, and each of those zones, and in this case, what he identifies as a spot, corresponds to a spring protection zone that had an excessive radius or greater than what the law allows of about four hundred meters in radius, because it was not regular, like a circle, but rather an irregular zone, so if you measure the distance from the zone where the spring (naciente) is to the most extreme zone, it is four hundred meters. He was asked, regarding this property, which was segregated into others, and which is known as the parent property, he was asked when a property already has a land use granted by the Municipality, and in the case before us it is segregated, what happens with the segregations that occur, do they maintain the land use that was granted, or does this land use change for the properties that are segregated? He indicated that he will answer according to what he understood, that when a segregation is made, of an urbanization for urban development purposes, or a property segregation, product of a parent property, he specified that each of the fractions of that parent property maintain the land use of that parent property. Then, he was asked if he knew the names of certain urban projects, such as Condominio Lankaster, Colina Real, Río Ciento Uno, Condominio Amaranto, and Colinas del Viento Urbanization? He indicated yes, he recognizes them. He was asked if he recalled whether these projects originate from the same property being discussed? He indicated yes, that they all originate from the indicated parent property. He was asked if he recalled whether these projects were granted all the permits by the institutions? He indicated not all, as some are in process. He indicated that Colinas del Viento is approved by all institutions. He was asked if he knew how long the Regulating Plan of the Central Canton of the Municipality of Alajuela has been in effect? Since September 17, 2004. He was asked if INVU has indicated that it does not agree or has rejected a land use granted by the Central Canton of the Municipality of Alajuela? He indicated that as far as he understands, land uses cannot be rejected, except by this Contentious-Administrative Court under a lesivity proceeding, but INVU has made queries and meetings have been held for some projects where they have doubts about land uses. He was asked if the specific case of the Colina Real Project corresponds to one of those cases he is mentioning, where INVU has called him for a meeting or for some query about this land use? He replied that for this one specifically he did not recall. The floor was given to the INVU representative. Specifically, he was asked about the provisions of the Regulating Plan, in Article 43, regarding captured and non-captured springs (nacientes captadas y no captadas), identified and unidentified, with or without a hydrogeological study, a protection radius of two hundred meters from the springs (nacientes) is designated, in addition to the flow area in categories one and two. Regarding what I just indicated, do you have knowledge if that article of the Regulating Plan is in effect? In that regard, he replied yes, it is in effect. Do you consider that resolution 555-2014 issued by the Contentious-Administrative Court, as an Improper Hierarchical Superior, can annul or disapply Article 43 of the Regulating Plan of the Central Canton of Alajuela? He indicated he could not comment, as he is not familiar with that resolution. It was pointed out that he mentioned that resolution in the land use? He indicated he did not recall, and if it were shown to him to see if he remembered. He was asked if he had knowledge that the land where the Condominio Colina Real is intended to be developed is affected by two captured springs (nacientes captadas)? In that regard, he replied that there are several springs (nacientes) in the sector, specifying that on that specific land there is no spring (naciente). The property where the Condominio Colina Real is intended to be developed is in a low residential sub-zone and an urban residential sub-zone, and additionally is within the protection area of a captured spring (naciente captada), could you explain the procedure carried out for granting the land use, the medium-density residential sub-zone? He replied, yes, that the land use comes from the property where it was developed and was taken from the land use that you previously projected, and that property was granted a medium-density classification, for that reason the land maintains the land use for the project development. A query, did you use in the case Article 193 of the Regulating Plan, which indicates that for a property located in two different zones, the land use can be extended two hundred meters? For which case? For Colina Real? I don't recall, if the resolution says so, then we did use it. The Court asked: Judge Rodolfo asked who drafted the Regulating Plan of the Central Canton of Alajuela? He indicated INVU. He was asked if that spot (mancha) existed? He indicated yes, that spot came, which did not refer to any article of the Regulation. He indicated that Article 43 speaks of a radius of two hundred meters; but on the map that zone appears with a radius of four hundred meters; so he indicated that it does not correspond to anything stated in the Regulation. Judge Canales asked if that spot (mancha) is within the Regulating Plan? He replied yes. And is it in effect to date? Yes, sir. Judge Alonso asked him about the area under his charge, and reiterated that among others he is responsible for granting construction permits. He was asked if he specifically knew the Condominio Colina Real? He indicated yes. He was asked about that condominium? He indicated that the Condominio Colina Real is part of the property from the original segregation of the Colinas del Viento Urbanization, so the remainder of the property constitutes a part that can be developed if the Regulating Plan so permits. He outlined that to be consistent with its actions, the Municipality grants the land use it granted to that same property in the past, to that zone where Colina Real is intended to be developed, and that was what was issued, an act consistent with what was already indicated. That indeed, the Municipality maintains the originally issued act. A map was projected, at image 252 of the judicial file, and he was asked about the shaded area at the bottom, bordering inward with the circumference. Judge Canales indicated it has two perimeters. The witness replied that this is the indication of the alleged affectation of two springs (nacientes), where each perimeter corresponds to a spring (naciente), on the property where Colina Real is intended to be developed. Judge Alonso asked him if, when the division of the parent property was made, and the other urbanizations were made, it was already known that that part, where Colina Real is, was within that two-hundred-meter area? No, precisely, that large spot (mancha) of four hundred meters encompassed, that is, it overlapped those little circles, so when it was adjusted, the spot (mancha) was removed, each of these was located, and the radius of each of these springs (nacientes) was marked, congruent with Article 43 as it should be, right? Could you tell us how the single window (ventanilla única) system works, and the issue of captured springs (nacientes captadas), what do these consist of? He indicated that INVU is the governing body in terms of regional planning, it has the authority to review condominiums or urban developments nationwide, so what they do is a checklist of the requirements they have previously established for a development; one of those requirements is the land use. Therefore, if the developer has the approved land use from the respective Municipality, they already meet this requirement; however, in this case, the analyst had doubts about the correct application of the protection radii, since the regulating plan in its Article 43 says that for all springs (nacientes) it is two hundred meters, but that contradicts what the Forestry Law says, which speaks of one hundred meters, I think that's where the doubt arose, and when it is captured, it is when there is collection (captación) of that spring (naciente) for human consumption, so there is a criterion that the Water Law applies, however, this is prior to the Forestry Law, so the latest criteria from the Chamber (Sala) is that the Forestry Law applies. What development option does a development within two hundred meters have? If it is within two hundred meters, it has no development option, it is a protection area and does not allow constructions. The examination was concluded.
- 22)MARVIN ALONSO BARBERENA RÍOS, ID No. 2-0572-0168. After being warned and sworn in, he denied any interest in the outcome and swore to tell the truth. He indicated that his profession is architect. He denied having worked with the plaintiff company, that he worked for the Municipality of Alajuela, ceasing employment in 2023. He denied any interest in the outcome. He indicated that when he worked for the Municipality, he resolved a matter related to this process, that he was the Coordinating Architect of the Construction Control Area of the Municipality of Alajuela and that he was responsible for all construction projects in the Canton. The plaintiff's representative began the examination. He was asked if he was responsible for granting land uses? He indicated yes, land use, segregation approvals (visados de segregación), minor works, construction permits, regardless of their category, be they condominiums, urbanizations, etc. Was it part of your duties to determine something about a property where an urbanization called Colinas del Viento was developed? Yes. Do you remember if you granted land uses for those properties? Yes, sir. He is asked to project image No. 84, to see if he can recognize a document? He recognized it, as well as his signature. He asked whether the document refers to a medium-density sub-zone and if he remembered if that was the density for the entire parent property (finca madre), or if any other criterion was applied to it? He indicated yes, that was the condition from the macro to the micro. That was the condition of the property. Do you remember if for that document, MA-ACC-07178-2018, if at any time Mr. Jorge Rojas asked you to ratify it, at the request of any institution, particularly INVU? Yes, sir, in reality, there were many projects for which INVU requested clarifications, including this one. I don't know for what purpose. What was the criterion when a property had more than one zoning within the same property, according to the regulating plan? Yes, the Alajuela regulating plan grants the authority to issue the zoning that least affects the administered party. In that sense, when you granted the land use, what would I, as a user, provide to you? Refers to documentation. Yes. It would be the duly completed application, the cadastral map, in the case of a company, current legal standing was requested, and depending on the type of project, some prevention was made, that was usually what was requested for a land use. When a land use was requested and the property was near a water body, but not within the property, does the cadastral map have to have that water body marked? Yes, specifically. Even if it is more than one hundred meters away from the map? Well, if the individual is not within a specific setback, it does not apply to them. When we talk about these granted land uses, specifically, did INVU have any control, authorization, or endorsement role, or provide a final authorization given by the municipality of Alajuela? No, sir, that corresponds to the Municipality, that's what the regulating plan is for. To your knowledge, can INVU reject land uses? In good theory, it should not do so, as it is a municipal matter. If there is doubt, a clarification can be made, but it should not be rejected. An inter-institutional query can be made, and doubts evacuated, but the direct interference belongs to the Municipality regarding land uses. When an urban project is presented, was it done through some special electronic platform, where all procedures were compiled, or was the entire package of documents finally brought to you? Refers to the services platform. Do you know the APC platform? Yes, of course. When I want to start a project of this type, what was the first procedure I had to carry out? The land use. Do you remember, if in the Colina Real project, which is the land use that was projected to you, if you recall whether the property was affected or not by the protection radius of the springs (nacientes)? As I recall, it was outside it. No further questions. The floor is given to the INVU representative. The regulating plan of the canton of Alajuela, in its Article 43, states that for all captured and non-captured, identified and unidentified springs (nacientes captadas y no captadas, identificadas y no identificadas), with or without a hydrological study, a protection radius of two hundred meters from the springs (nacientes) is designated. The document you recognized indicated that the two-hundred-meter radius should not be applied, but rather the one-hundred-meter radius due to a resolution. Can you elaborate a little more on that topic? He indicated there is nothing to explain, since when there is full backing, a reference is made as to why that article is not being used. Do you consider that article of the Regulating Plan was annulled? Annulled is difficult, at that time what had been indicated was that that article would not be used. I remember that INVU was holding meetings, and what the land use indicates was taken into account. Do you know if actions were taken to reform the Regulating Plan of the Canton of Alajuela? I do not remember, I do know there were INVU meetings with the Municipal Council and they held meetings and made decisions on a large number of things, which I don't know about as I was not there. In that land use, reference is made to a resolution, who told you that you had to do it that way? I don't remember right now, as that land use was in the year 2017. The Court did not ask questions and the examination was concluded.
- 23)Luis Francisco Alpízar Barrantes, ID No. 2-0570-0358. After being warned and sworn in, he stated to tell the truth. He indicated he is a civil engineer, specifying that he has worked at the Municipality of Alajuela since 2007, serving as Manager of the Sanitation Department, where the Wastewater Service and Treatment is administered. The floor was first given to the representative of the plaintiff party, who asked the following: He was asked if he knew Desamparados de Alajuela, and as a reference only, a place where an urbanization known as Colinas del Viento was developed? He answered yes, he knows that Colinas del Viento urbanization. He was asked if in that place the Municipality owns or administers a wastewater treatment plant? He indicated yes, that they are the ones who provide the sanitary sewer service and that they have a treatment plant there. He was asked if any improvement was made to that treatment plant in the last two or three years? He indicated yes, to the pumping station. He was asked to present the contract located at images 107 of the electronic file. He approached to read it. Do you recognize the document? He said he did not sign it, but was the technical counterpart and oversaw the execution. He was asked the reasons why it was signed? Yes, the company that signed it committed to making some improvements to the pumping station in exchange for the wastewater treatment of a condominium to be built in the Colinas del Viento Urbanization. What was the name of the company's representative? Wálter Rojas. In relation to that agreement, were the works completed and delivered to the Municipality? Yes, correct, they were received, and the company's part was considered fulfilled, and from then on availability was granted. Which party covered the cost of labor and materials? The interested company, I think it was around sixty thousand dollars. Do you know if at the end of those works the municipality granted availability for water connections and for the use of the treatment plant? I do not know the final act, I did the reception of the works and the recommendation that availability could be granted once the company complied with the agreement, but the final act was done by the municipal council, I believe it was so. In relation to the site where this project is developed, there are springs (nacientes), and what could their affectation be in relation to a treatment plant? A plant or particularly the Colinas del Viento treatment plant.
A wastewater treatment plant, in a closed, hermetic system into which contaminated water enters, is given physical-chemical-biological treatment, and where the treated water exits and is deposited into a natural body of water, be it a river or a stream (quebrada) that has authorization for it. When the construction of a treatment plant is authorized, the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas), which is the competent entity, verifies setbacks (retiros), so that the construction does not cause effects, and during its treatment, the treatment plant actually no longer generates effects on groundwater either, so it denied any impact on the springs (nacientes) from the treatment plant. I have no further questions. On behalf of INVU, he was asked if he had knowledge that the place where the Condominio Colina Real is intended to be developed is affected by two captured springs (nacientes captadas)? Uh, I have no knowledge, since that part of the permits is not his responsibility, nor that of the area he directs. He is responsible for the matter of wastewater permits. He has no further questions. Judge Canales asked him about some maps establishing protection zones (zonas de protección) and the like. Did he have knowledge of them? He replied that he does not know them because in the exercise of his duties he does not work with the regulatory plan (plan regulador) because the projects first request the availability of services, like potable water and sanitary sewerage, and he explained accordingly. The questioning was concluded.
- 24)Graciela Natalia Jiménez González, ID number 1-1332-0645, after being warned and stating she would tell the truth, was sworn in. She stated that she is an architect, having worked as such for approximately nine or ten years. That she has been working at INVU for about six years. That in this case, she performed the first four reviews on the APC platform, which is the system provided by the CFIA, for resolving projects. She denied having any interest in the outcome. The floor was given to INVU's representative to proceed with the questioning. Regarding the document she prepared, DU-UFIS-171-2022, could you elaborate on the times the Colina Real project was submitted for review and the aspects that were pointed out for correction? She was asked first to refer in general terms to how the system works. She indicated that all construction projects must go through the APC, which is the Project Administration System (Sistema de Administración de Proyectos) of the Federated College of Engineers and Architects (Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, CFIA); all projects such as condominiums or developments must undergo review by four institutions. They are reviewed by INVU, Fire Department (Bomberos), AyA, and the Ministry of Health. This is due to Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) # 36550. The project is submitted, we have fifteen days to resolve it; if it has observations to be corrected, the professional has up to 14 months to correct them; if it is resubmitted, no new observations are made unless the project has changed, or new documents not present from the first review are submitted; otherwise, if it indicates corrections were made, what is done is verify whether or not it corrected what was previously stated. If the project is rejected again because it was not corrected, it continues like this until it is corrected. When it is resubmitted, new observations can be made. That is, upon resubmission, it is assumed the person was able to correct it, and therefore most projects are approved by the third review. Once past the third review, if the developer disagrees, they can file an appeal within the APC System. In the system, one has a list of requirements, which are legally supported, and one reviews what was submitted or not; the lists are available on the construction website, and there are lists for all projects there; INVU reviews cases of condominiums, developments, and projects in the maritime-terrestrial zone; once approved, an approval seal is placed on it. Regarding the document, or the report you produced? The Colina Real project was submitted around 2022 for the first review; it included a series of things; all must be fully complied with. In this specific case, the project was submitted four times; the first time in 2022, and from the very first moment it was told that it had to provide the documentary requirement for the documentary radius of springs (radio documental de nacientes) and was also told about the land use not matching the published Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador). The second time, it was told the same thing; more observations were made. The third time, it provided other documents, including one stating it is dealing with a captured spring (naciente captada); previously, it had been indicated that the project is in a protection zone (zona de protección) – it’s not valid. And it was told about the land use, and nothing changed until the fourth review, so the rejection was maintained for failing to meet those two fundamental requirements. What was the specific fact you determined, that the area where the Colina Real Project was to be developed was affected by a protection zone for captured springs (zona de protección de nacientes captadas)? INVU's role is to verify compliance with the regulations. In this case, based on the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador), we verify where the project is located in relation to it. What drew attention was that it fell within the protection radius (radio de protección) of a spring indicated in the Regulatory Plan. That was the point that raised the alarms: being within the protection radius of the spring. What can you tell us regarding the project called Lankaster and the Condominio Colinas del Viento Project? Are these in the same conditions as the Colina Real Project? No, the Colinas del Viento project was like the parent project, a large development, and when it was approved, it was approved with those two protection radii (radios de protección), meaning that project was approved with those very noticeable protection radii; Colina Real is situated with the Pasito spring, and Lankaster with the Lankaster spring. This Colinas del Viento project was approved with those two protection zones (zonas de protección), so from the beginning, that project, shall we say, preserved those zones for the springs. She was asked by the President of the Tribunal about the developments, and the witness referred to page 281, corresponding to the zoning. She indicated it is part of the Report she presented when the appeal was heard. She prepared that report and included two plates as an explanation: the project as it was originally conceived and the modification. She specified that it corresponds to image 3. This development was originally created with those protection zones; after being built, the green zones (zonas verdes), streets, and communal works had to be handed over to the Municipality; subsequent to that, two condominiums were being processed within the protection radii, the first being Lankaster, which belongs to the same developer and was affected by a spring—honestly, I don’t know if it was a condominium—they presented a study that validated the reduction of the protection radius. When they present Colina Real, they do so as a condominium, it is not a sub-condominium, as there would need to be a parent condominium and have handed everything over; this is a small lot (lotecito). The difference is that it was never a lot, but rather it was always the protection zone. So, when they come to process the condominium in the protection zone, the first thing I do is see that it's in the large blue area on the Regulatory Plan, and that's where I tell them they are in a protection zone, that the density (densidad) doesn't match; and the Municipality informed them that it is medium density, which is true, as the entire development was given medium density; and she pointed out the Municipality's norms that allow extending the land-use type, but she doesn't know why the Colinas del Viento Development was given medium density, but I start from there. When I review the Colinas del Viento Condominium, I realize it does have medium density, but since it is a protection zone, the degree of density is zero. Judge Canales asked for clarification on the density grades? Regarding this, she indicated that when a regulatory plan exists, areas are classified by zones (zonas) to better utilize the conditions of a place, such as industrial, commercial, and residential zones, which are those to which density applies, and that is the number of people a zone x supports, proportional to the robustness of the infrastructure; if it's lower, the density is low; if high, it is high. There's no recipe, but most focus on low, very low, high, or medium density. These densities are expressed in inhabitants per hectare or housing units per hectare, as occurs in the case of Alajuela; this results from another urban development process as to why a specific line was drawn, that corresponds to another process, which is why regulatory plans must be updated periodically, as land runs out and they need to grow, etc. In this case, the project as it stands in the regulatory plan—that project in the same report was given a medium density, but it does not eliminate the protection zones, and these have a density of zero. What is your assessment regarding land use, taking into account the zoning and the issue of the protection zone present at the site? Regarding the land-use matter, it's not for me to say if it's right or wrong; what I said is that the information under which the project was approved and the Regulatory Plan, with what the Municipality states, do not coincide. In your report, you cite Project No. 840211, Condominio Colina Real, indicating that it could be considered a predecessor to project 1010502; could you elaborate on that? Yes, they presented a project prior to Colina Real, which was also called Colina Real; it was submitted with APC 840211. It is a project they did, exactly with the same name, on the same lot, and similar, but it was rejected by all institutions due to the protection zones, and the process was abandoned. And they resubmitted as if it were new, another project, with a different APC number, on the same lot and with a similar design. Could you tell us what the alignment certificate (sello de alineamiento) No. 54436 of June 16, 2020, consists of, where it states: "No pluvial alignment is indicated because this plan does not contain a body of water in accordance with Article 33 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal)", a document located in the document where you rendered the report, at folio 79 of the judicial file? She indicated that what this certificate says or refers to is that within the property or the specific lot, there are no bodies of water. But the lot remains affected by a spring two hundred meters away. Inside there is nothing, but at two hundred meters away, the other one is. INVU's representative concluded the questioning, and the representative of the plaintiff continued. He requested to project image 78 from the judicial file. She indicated it is essentially the same. He asked if it is the same? She indicated yes. That red seal—which official is responsible for placing it? Is it within your competencies? No, the signature belongs to Topographer Juan Jorge Delgado, and it says that within the property there is no body of water. Currently, if I were to request an alignment in the same sense, is the same seal applied, or does it contain other information? I imagine it's another seal, but it says basically the same thing. The intent of the seal is to say that from the body of water found, the alignment goes both one way and the other. Validity. Now they are valid for two years, with the date and who gives the approval. I don't know if the same one would be used. In the plan, from image 78 of the judicial file, a circumference is visible, and there's a little tail, a tooth shape—does that also correspond to a reserved protection area? He refers to the entrance. She indicated that in Colinas del Viento, that was a lot, and it was cadastrally registered together with this protection zone, but the lot, that little square, does not belong to the protection zone. Could you build there? Yes. Is the Colinas del Viento Development affected by the springs or not? Yes, they were respected. Lankaster and Pasito. When you refer to the impact shown on the map of the regulatory plan of the Municipality of Alajuela, is it the same map that the officials of the Municipality of Alajuela have? It's the same; the official one is the one published in the gazette; besides that, I created an overlay to visualize the springs, because basically, on the regulatory plan, what you see on the lot is a light blue area, but the base map is the one published in the Gazette, of the regulatory plan. He asked if the map published in the Gazette has an error? No, it has a two-hundred-meter radius. And it has not been modified to this day. But when you encompass the entire terrain, which terrain are you referring to? I am referring to Colina Real, if what the attorney wants to hear is if that little piece of that small lot falls outside, yes indeed, that little piece falls outside. But in broad terms, so to speak, ninety-eight percent of the terrain is affected by the protection zone, within which, the development they are presenting is located within that ninety-eight percent of the protection zone; that's why I say the project is not viable, since that small entrance piece only contains an access road and is not the project itself. When you were asked earlier and you said that the interested company had presented a document indicating that the project was in a protection zone, do you recall which document you are referring to? I imagine what the gentleman wants to know is that they presented a document from MINAE—I don't recall the number—that stated the Pasito spring was captured (captada) with concrete structures. Yes. Lastly, for the witness to comment, regarding the project previously submitted with APC number 840211, was it rejected by INVU? Yes, sir. The members of the Tribunal inquired. Judge Rodolfo Marenco asked about the so-called shaded areas (manchas) relating to the protection areas—who is responsible for the delimitation? The Municipality, but when there's a regulatory plan, it cannot contravene national regulations. In the regulatory plan, more than shaded areas, the two-hundred-meter radius was established, which must be supported by the water law, or forest law, or supported by something. You indicated that when you conducted the study, you determined it using an overlay; could you clarify? The official map is a PDF, and to establish it more clearly, the Unit of Technical and Operational Criteria for Territorial Planning (Unidad de Criterios Técnicos y Operativos del Ordenamiento Territorial) of INVU provided me with the digital file containing the georeferenced regulatory plan, and what I did was locate the small lot there. Judge Canales asked: What law did you apply—the Water Law, the Forest Law, or the Regulatory Plan? The first alert was the regulatory plan, as it shows a circumference indicating there's a spring there. In the second review, no new documents were provided; they were told to provide the requirement. In the third, they provided the MINAE document stating it's a captured spring, so in addition to being in a protection zone under the Regulatory Plan, it is affected by the two-hundred-meter protection radius under the Water Law; and in the fourth review, it was maintained because they kept the same. And who establishes those two hundred meters? The Water Law. Was it a spring of what type? Captured. And what is the difference between a captured spring and an uncaptured one for purposes of this application? A captured spring is a somewhat larger spring that an entity captures for human consumption, builds a concrete structure, and from there distributes to different areas; those two hundred meters are safeguarded because it captures water from there. And a normal spring, first off, may or may not be intermittent—that is, smaller in size, lower volume—and if it doesn't provide the necessary liters of water, it isn't captured; it's just left alone. When it's captured, it's for human consumption. In this case, the Pasito spring was captured. The other spring, Lankaster, has two hundred meters set aside by the regulatory plan, and I imagine it wasn't captured; it was possible to reduce the radius. Initially, the regulatory plan; subsequently, the Water Law. The questioning was concluded.
- IV)UNPROVEN FACTS: Of importance for the resolution of this proceeding:
- 1)That the administrative acts subject to this proceeding suffer from the alleged absolute nullities (nulidades absolutas). (The rulings) 2) That the claimed damages (daños y perjuicios) have as a causal link the administrative conduct accused of absolute nullity. (The rulings).
- V)PARTIES' ARGUMENTS: A) FROM THE PLAINTIFF COMPANY: The representation of the plaintiff company stated in the complaint, as well as during the oral and public trial hearing, that this lawsuit has been filed in relation to the development of a project situated on property number 551827 of the Alajuela district, noting that it is important to make clear, according to the theory of the case to be presented, that at a certain moment, the company submitted an alignment (alineamiento) request to INVU, which was granted favorably and not subject to any type of encumbrance at the time said alignment was granted; noting that the conditions for granting it were in force. Therefore, based on this, the company initiated the entire pre-construction process for a condominium, which is the inter-institutional process that the law demands of the developer. The company undertook this process twice, as the first time, there was a situation with one of the institutions that rejected the project for different circumstances that have nothing to do with what concerns us; and while clarifications were being made and the matter was reformulated as the institution required, the project processed on a digital platform of the Federated College of Architects and Engineers (Colegio Federado de Arquitectos e Ingenieros, CFIA), known as the APC platform, expired. Consequently, once the institution's consent to continue the project was obtained, what was done was restart the process from scratch; that is, redoing an APC, but with the identical project, identical property, identical site, and identical density. For these purposes, the respective alignment was requested again from INVU, which was declared to still be valid, and the entire institutional process was restarted, the starting point for all institutions even to put into study that alignment granted by INVU. Based on it, the various institutions granted, one by one, as requested, the corresponding permits for the condominium construction; and to our surprise, the project ultimately had to return to INVU for final endorsement, and at that stage it was denied, with the institution arguing that the density granted by the Municipality in the land use was not correct, and that the alignment, according to the new Regulations, was no longer correct, as the property in question is affected, as stated in Resolution No. CJD-005-2023, by three springs. This, for this representation, becomes the generating event of this entire dispute, in that we consider that the respondent institute was not competent to tacitly annul the granting of the land use provided, nor did it have the authority to annul the alignment granted without the due process (debido proceso) that the law establishes for annulling administrative acts, nor to transgress the competencies of the Municipality of Alajuela, which is responsible for granting these land uses. As if the above were not enough, it is pointed out that while springs do exist in the vicinity of the property, they are not located within the property itself, as the institute in question ambiguously makes it seem, taking as true a study issued by the National Water Directorate (Dirección Nacional de Aguas), as stated in the same document, which for this representation, is perhaps erroneous in its statement or in how it was analyzed, because being adjacent to a spring zone is not the same as the property possessing springs within it. All of this generates a series of damages for the plaintiff company, since it was a project in which my client had not only placed the hope of carrying out commercial acts inherent to its activity, but there is also a significant amount of money that my client had to expend on studies from the various institutions, on the preparation of prior projects requested by the different institutions to continue the project. Hence comes the theory of the case from this representation, in that if, from the very genesis of the project application, INVU had denied its execution for not meeting the alignment requirements, as it did two years later, then none of this would have happened, because my client could not have proceeded to any other institution. Thus, he indicated that the expenses were due to this initial administrative act that gave him the possibility to continue. In conclusions, the plaintiff indicated that, once the theory of the case was demonstrated, and especially due to the richness and the body of evidence presented by the witnesses today, this representation concludes that the responsibility of the respondent institution for failing to fulfill its legal responsibilities can indeed be accredited, since through the administrative acts issued by said entity, actions are omitted that ultimately, though not directly, annul administrative acts that create rights, without following due process for this purpose—an omission contrary to the legal system and without following the guidelines that the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) determines for such cases. It is determined that with the challenged administrative acts, mainly by the act issued by INVU's Board of Directors (Junta Directiva), the responsibility of said institution is convincingly and clearly demonstrated: transgressing the competencies of other institutions involved in construction processes throughout the permit process, and supplanting the acts that correspond to and fall under the real competence of other institutions with acts issued by it. It has been demonstrated that INVU's actions caused a direct and evident harm to my client's patrimonial sphere, who, as a result of the rights-generating acts that the institute issued, was led to incur expenses, pay for studies, and bear direct and indirect costs as a product of the issued acts. Because if the first act that occurred when he went to process the permits, which was the issuance of the alignment, had been negative, or if it correctly—and to this representation's surprise they now do so—announced that administrative acts have a period of expiration, which they now state, as the respondent's witness testified, we can see that this didn't happen initially for my client, to whom an administrative act was granted lacking such notifications. Therefore, we can determine that from that point, my client, in a trusting and responsible manner, relying on a final and favorable administrative act, undertook a series of actions aimed at obtaining construction permits on a property that, if from the beginning it had been indicated, as is now argued, that it is in a protection area, then my client would not have incurred such expenses, and there would be no reason to be here this afternoon. It was shown that a clear and direct harm, as he indicated, was caused to my client's patrimonial sphere. The stoppage caused harm; the impossibility of selling the condominium units caused harm; the putting at risk of part of his assets to pay expenses and incur costs on public works improvements in order to obtain permits he was processing in good faith. An erroneous assessment by the officials vitiated the act, as the prior alignment should not have been eliminated without due process, for it had generated rights. It draws this representation's attention that, vehemently and repeatedly, with more than evident bad faith, the respondent party has repeated to the point of exhaustion that the alignment had two main defects: number one, that the entirety of said plan lies within an absolute protection zone due to spring protection, which, by the witness's own demonstration, was accredited that there is a strip that lies outside of it; and that the alignment granted was subject to a deadline, which violated due process and the principle of legal certainty (principio de seguridad jurídica), and seeks to make the Tribunal err by making it believe that this alignment was pluvial in nature, when it indicates that it includes the alignment of springs. This caused a change in criteria midway and caused harm to my client. The APC previously submitted has no direct bearing, as it is not the object of this proceeding, but it can be valued as very pertinent evidence: APC 840211, even though ultimately it was not approved as it was pending the completion of works—as the Municipality of Alajuela demonstrated in order to approve principally the aqueduct and sewerage matters. An important aspect to highlight, which appears in image 71 of the file, is that the part corresponding to the respondent institute, this institute approved the location of the property within its protection radius; it never made reference to the fact that it was being affected by the absolute protection zone for springs. In this sense, it can be seen that the witnesses presented, mainly the municipal officials, have been emphatic in affirming that the issuance of land uses is a matter exclusively within the Municipality's competence; it is not for INVU to process land-use permits, nor to say it does not accept a land use, as that transgresses municipal powers. Yet witness Roy Delgado was clear in indicating that the property was not affected by these springs; he speaks of a supposed shaded area (mancha) on the regulatory plan, which contains gross errors on the part of the institution that created it, which is the respondent institution itself, which committed those errors, and it has been the municipal officials, over time, through their daily practice in granting land uses, who have had to go and review in situ whether these effects occur or not. To this representation's surprise, the APC being processed, number 1010502, is duly approved by the waterworks entity, Acueductos y Alcantarillados, which approves the setbacks based on the geolocation this institution has of the springs, and furthermore, in alignment 54436 of June 16, 2020, issued by the respondent institution. Therefore, it is not true that INVU does not transgress the competencies of other institutions, for even if it does not directly say it annuls the land use, by its actions it is simply rendering it void by saying it is not valid for not corresponding to the zoning existing on site. From the evidence produced, it became clear that it is the responsibility of the Municipality of the Central Canton of Alajuela to determine the land use according to what is at the site. In this case, regarding the matter of land use, the competence that INVU has is residual and not principal; that is, the administered party need not go to INVU to request land use. INVU's competencies are invasive of the competencies of other entities, and this has become clear to the point that, although INVU's witness, architect Natalia Jiménez, indicates she knows that the Regulation of the Regulatory Plan of the Municipality of Alajuela incorporates the utilization of various land uses within a single property, at the same time in her resolutions she disregards them, as she simply states the land use does not apply, period. He indicated that no expiration period or deadline for last presentation appears in relation to the alignment granted; therefore, a real, devastating harm has been caused to my client. It was demonstrated by the official in charge of the area of sanitation and wastewater of the Municipality of Alajuela that my client made a million-dollar expenditure; he did so trusting in good faith, in the legal and procedural confidence that final, valid, favorable administrative acts gave him, and which led him to incur this series of expenses that, if INVU had done its job well and not issued these types of acts, he would not have incurred any of these expenses. It was not that the plaintiff whimsically set out to make these expenses; there were acts that told him he could continue, and for that, the other institutions imposed expenditures on him, which he made in order to obtain the permits, which is a normal practice in the world of urban developments.
Finally, he accused that the opposing party has tried to make this Court err, and likewise the witnesses themselves, since they indicate that there was no alignment (alineamiento) of the parent property (finca madre), which is false, as well as that the alignment (alineamiento) granted on June 16, 2020, was subject to an expiration period, which is false, since that expiration period was established in the Regulation published in the Gazette on June 17, 2020, so much so that the very stamp placed by the INVU, signed, authorized and with a consecutive number, fails to indicate an expiration period for the same. He indicated that it is also false that a different alignment was used in the two APCs; it was the same document, and what is more, that the previous APC had been rejected by the INVU for having the same defects, which is far from the truth. He reiterated that he requested the land use (uso de suelo) upon having the alignment (alineamiento) from the INVU, and that far from what the institutional framework dictates regarding the nullity of administrative acts, tacitly, through its actions, the INVU seeks to disregard these actions of other institutions without resorting to the normal procedure that the law empowers for this type of case. Once the land use (uso de suelo) is obtained, my client has to go to the other institutions to request approvals, to finally obtain the construction permits, but to his surprise when he returned to the INVU, it changed the story. Therefore, given that it has been proven in a clear and evident manner contrary to the legal system, on the part of the INVU, that harms my client's rights; he therefore requested that the lawsuit be granted with all its effects and that the defendant be ordered as requested.
- B)ARGUMENTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBANISM (INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO): The special judicial representative of the INVU, in his opening statement, stated that among the values characterizing the institute's daily work are commitment and transparency, and within the Urbanism Department, it is no exception, given the commitment acquired with society. In the present case, from the administrative stage, this case has been fully monitored, it has passed through all filters, motion for reversal (recurso de revocatoria), appeal, it was reviewed within the inspection unit and even by the Board of Directors, always maintaining the same criterion. They have acted under the principle of legality and due process and noted that they have been respectful of municipal autonomy, indicating that they also bear a responsibility to exercise vigilance and authority for the due compliance with the norms of general interest that are included in the Urban Planning Law (Ley de Planificación Urbana), and in the Urban Development Regulations (Reglamentos de Desarrollo Urbano), as established in subsection 4) of article 7 of the Urban Planning Law (Ley de Planificación Urbana). That it will be demonstrated that the arguments indicated by the plaintiff lack legal basis, and it will be proven before this Court the lack of right and the claim of the plaintiff, since it has been demonstrated that the springs (nacientes) are captured, so in no way can article 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) be applied, the correct thing being to apply article 31, subsection a) of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), it being clear that in the present case, the Water Directorate of MINAE, in opinion 118-7-22 of July 29, 2022, determined that they are permanent springs (nacientes), and that they are captured, so it is mandatory for the INVU to grant the alignment (alineamiento) based on the Water Law (Ley de Aguas) and not on the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), because it is an alignment in the protection of a zone of captured permanent water springs and not one of a forest protection zone, noting as relevant the pluvial alignment (alineamiento pluvial) No. 54436 granted on June 16, 2020, specifying that effectively the plaintiff's land has no rivers inside that require any alignment, his property is affected by the protection zone of a spring (naciente), that is why he has a pluvial alignment (alineamiento pluvial), that is, rivers without affectations, it is reiterated in the sixth point of the alignment that it is stated that no pluvial alignment (alineamiento pluvial) is indicated as the land has no body of water, according to the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), in its article 33, so there is no need to determine an alignment of a setback area, since the plan submitted for approval omits the location of the springs (nacientes) and only details a public street towards the area where they are located. Another aspect considered important to highlight is the issue of resolution No. 555-2014 of the Contentious Administrative Court, Section III, from which the Municipality has sought to suppress the article of the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) of the Municipality of Alajuela that determines the two-hundred-meter radius that must be respected in these cases. The competencies of the INVU reside in the legal system, so the analysis carried out was also conducted in light of environmental legislation as part of its ordinary activity and the INVU has not exceeded its competencies. That they are respectful of the land uses (usos de suelo) granted by territorial entities, but are aware of the duty of vigilance they hold so that norms that are of social interest are complied with, so if the information verified in a land use (uso de suelo) does not reflect the reality of the terrain, or what the regulatory plan (plan regulador) indicates, it is their duty as the governing entity in urban planning matters to make the pertinent observations; specifying that they are not annulling it, they are not opposing it, they are simply noting that there is an inconsistency that must be reviewed. In Conclusions, the representative of the INVU indicated that it was clear that from the beginning, even when this was being processed administratively, they acted under the principle of legality and due process. As the governing entity in urban planning matters, he indicated that they have been respectful of municipal autonomy, they have not overstepped their powers as the plaintiff has tried to make it seem, by questioning or annulling land uses (usos de suelo) with powers that are clear are not within their scope of action; we have only pointed out inconsistencies detected by officials of the Inspection Area that are serious in the understanding that the INVU bears a duty of vigilance and authority for the due compliance with norms of national interest, included in the Urban Planning Law (LPU) and in the Urban Development Regulations, as established by subsection 4) of article 7 of the LPU. He outlined that the arguments made by the plaintiff lack legal basis, the lack of right of the plaintiff's claims was proven before this Court, by evidencing that we are dealing with captured springs (nacientes) so the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), in its article 31 subsection a), applies to the case. In the trial hearing, it has been clear that from the Opinion issued by MINAE, the plaintiff became aware that we are dealing with permanent springs (nacientes) that are captured, and that it is mandatory for the INVU to grant the alignment (alineamiento) based on the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), granting a radius of two hundred meters and not what the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) indicates. It was accredited that we are dealing with a captured water spring (naciente) of a permanent type and not environmental protection zones. Also, it has been possible to verify how the plaintiff's argument indicating that the Colina Real Project is part of several previous projects and that for that reason it must be approved, because it comes from the same parent property (finca madre), has no basis whatsoever, nor valid foundation, to fail to comply with the regulations in force for the development of a housing project, since each reviewing institution within the APC platform performs its technical and legal report independently, so the fact that each entity approves or gives approval does not exempt the rest from the obligation to approve it nor does it exempt the duty to carry out their own analyses. It was clear from the clear and compelling testimony of architect Natalia Jiménez, Inspector of the INVU Inspection Unit, that the plaintiff, during the four reviews carried out, has been reiterated the same warnings that he is not complying with the two-hundred-meter protection radius, corresponding to the captured springs (nacientes) and that the land use (uso de suelo) did not coincide with what is established in the zoning of the Alajuela regulatory plan (plan regulador). She specified that the alignment stamp under No. 544336 of June 16, 2020, in which it is indicated no pluvial alignment (alineamiento pluvial) is indicated as this body of water does not exist according to article 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), at no time implied a favorable alignment and that although it is clear and evident that within the property where the Colina Real project is thought to be developed today there are no springs (nacientes), the truth of the matter is that it is located within the two-hundred-meter area that protects those protection spaces, springs (nacientes) called "pasito uno" and "pasito dos", characterized as bodies of water of public domain of a permanent nature, the spring (naciente) is captured by means of a concrete structure and conducted by pipes in the protection zone, which were fully known to the plaintiff since they processed the Colinas del Viento Project, the same which was approved with those areas detailed, which was accredited from the testimony of architect Natalia Jiménez of the plans that appear in images 294 and 295 of the judicial file. On the other hand, it is important to bring up article 46 of the Subdivision and Urbanization Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones), which indicates that in the case of urbanization projects on properties that contain or border protection areas, it is mandatory to have the respective alignment (alineamiento) from the INVU, in accordance with the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), Law 7575, its reforms or legislation that replaces it, and must comply with the alignment with what is established in the Current Construction Regulations (Reglamento de Construcciones Vigentes); in urbanization projects located on properties that border or within which water springs are found, the developer must process the body of water opinion before the Directorate of MINAE, for the determination of the affectation. Here, it is not being questioned that the alignment or a perpetual alignment may exist that could constitute a vested right in favor of the appellant, but rather it is a case where the INVU warned the plaintiff that according to the information provided, it was not possible to grant an alignment since the referred cadastral plan did not perceive any body of water, without prejudice to the foregoing and from the review of the documentation, the existence of several springs (nacientes), and particularly a permanent one within the perimeter where construction is intended, can be verified; that is why the observation was made that the project respect what is indicated in the Water Law (Ley de Aguas). It must be clarified that the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) indicates in its article 33 that it does not derogate, neither expressly nor tacitly, what is established in article 31 of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), since they are laws at the same hierarchical level, but rather they are laws that seek the defense of a different natural resource, one forestry and the other water, and depending on the circumstances of each property and the type of spring (naciente) that exists, the corresponding protection radius must be respected. It was clear that a forest protection alignment is not being requested again, nor was it untimely for the spring protection alignment to be presented; only the adjustment of the project to the protection radius of article 31 of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas) was requested, as has been established since the project's first entry, so in no way can there be a violation of vested rights or that it must be subjected to a lesivity process of an administrative act as the plaintiff has sought to portray. In relation to what was resolved by resolution No. 557-2014 of the Contentious Administrative Court, Section III, this is not a judicial ruling, being the Court's response as the improper hierarchical superior of the Municipal entity, and this type of resolution cannot tacitly or expressly derogate the rest of the current regulations of our legal system, therefore that resolution does not have the power to nullify the provisions of article 17 of the Urban Planning Law (Ley de Planificación Urbana), which establishes the procedure to modify, suspend, or derogate a regulatory plan (plan regulador) or a Regulation, without it suspending or derogating the regulatory plan (plan regulador) of the Canton of Alajuela that is currently in force, therefore, the Municipality cannot stop using article 43 of the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador), to use what is indicated in article 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), just because those agreements were annulled. A land use (uso de suelo) cannot be granted based on that foundation if it implies the modification of a regulatory plan (plan regulador). In relation to the land use (uso de suelo) granted by the Municipality, it can be evidenced that the land use (uso de suelo) indicates in relation to property No. 551827, it is in the medium-density residential sub-zone, and the truth is that from the study of the documentation provided and in accordance with the zoning provided in the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador), it is possible to verify that the property is in the Low-density residential sub-zone, and urban residential sub-zone, and that it is also within the protection area of a captured spring (naciente), so the land use information (uso del suelo) does not coincide with what the reality of the terrain shows, and the truth is that none of the officials of the municipality of Alajuela clarified that detail, nor did they manage to explain how the zoning change occurred. He indicated that they are respectful of land uses (usos de suelo), and respectful of municipal autonomy, however, these are not absolute nor are they above the legal system, and they are watchdogs of the legal system, therefore, if a land use (uso de suelo) does not reflect what the reality of the terrain indicates according to the current regulatory plan (plan regulador), it is our duty to point out the pertinent observations. Based on all the foregoing, he requests that all the claims requested by the plaintiff be declared without merit, that the INVU be exempted from costs, and that the plaintiff be ordered to pay the corresponding costs.
- VI)THE SPECIFIC CASE: This Court, after analyzing the complaint, the answer, the arguments put forth by both parties during the oral and public trial hearing, the proven facts—accredited with documentary evidence, the unproven facts, as per the case records, and the testimonial evidence which merits credibility to this Chamber in the terms in which it was evaluated and considering that in this process the plaintiff, fundamentally and without prejudice to the claims already indicated previously in a separate whereas clause and that will be addressed specifically later, seeks as the object of this process the annulment of conduct by the defendant institution, the INVU, which rejected the approval in the procedure carried out by the plaintiff company, which as a real estate developer, processed, starting November 30, 2021, before the Federated College of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica (Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica), using for the purposes the CFIA's digital processing platform, known as (APC), with the purpose of authorizing project OC-1010502 "Condominio de Fincas Filiales Colina Real", in the name of the plaintiff company; procedure and platform, as provided in the "Regulation for the Review Procedure of Construction Plans" (Reglamento para el Trámite de Revisión de los Planos para la Construcción), decree No. 36550-MP-MIVAH-S-MEIC, which regulates the simplified electronic procedure for reviewing construction plans, whose digital platform allows the plan review process to begin, according to the documents and requirements provided by the applicant on the platform managed by the Federated College of Engineers and Architects (CFIA). Specifically, they alleged as a defect of absolute nullity that the INVU did not validate the favorable alignment (alineamiento) that the INVU had granted for the property where the construction of the condominium development in question was planned. Thus, in the proven facts, there is Certified Plan No. RNPDIGITAL-994244-2020, related to plan No. 2-1868206-2015, containing a stamp in red ink, at the bottom right that indicates: "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBANISM (INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO)// URBANISM DEPARTMENT// INSPECTION UNIT // FLUVIAL COURSE OR SPRING ALIGNMENT No. 54436 NO PLUVIAL ALIGNMENT IS INDICATED, AS THIS PLAN DOES NOT CONTAIN A WATER COURSE ACCORDING TO ART. 33 OF THE FORESTRY LAW No. 7575 OF APRIL 16, 1996". And the stamp has the issuance date of June 16, 2020, and the signature of the official who stamped it. In relation to this document, the plaintiff indicates that it is not subject to expiration, since it does not indicate the date on which it expires and that therefore, the INVU had already granted the corresponding approval or the alignment provided for in the regulations regarding fluvial courses or springs (nacientes), as provided in Law No. 7575, according to the very wording of the stamp in question. He stated that the stamp has not been challenged for nullity by the Administration according to the corresponding procedures and is therefore valid and effective. For its part, the representation of the INVU indicated in this regard that the INVU has not challenged this document or the indicated stamp; which refers to a competency of the INVU in relation to the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and that in this specific case; the rejection of the project occurred after review of the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) of the Municipality of Alajuela, and the case history; aspects that led them to indicate that in the present case, the protection zone established in the Water Law (Ley de Aguas) applied, and not that determined in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), due to the nature of the existing springs (nacientes) on the land adjacent to the property where the urban development was planned and which constitutes their protection zone. It should be noted that the plaintiff alleged that the Contentious Administrative Court, Section III, through resolution No. 557-2014, determined that the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) should be applied in preeminence over the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) of the Central Canton of the Province of Alajuela; so the protection zone should be established at one hundred meters and not two hundred meters; an aspect that was indicated as such by the Municipal officials when granting the corresponding land use (uso de suelo).
- VII)CONTINUED: In relation to the topic of the alignment (alineamiento) that the plaintiff claims the validity of, deducing a vested right in favor of their represented party, alleging violation of due process, having been disregarded without the corresponding annulment procedure (lesivity), the following is indicated. In accordance with the proven fact, relating to the plan in the name of RÍO SEGUNDO S.A., which in the property location information box indicates: "LOCATED IN: DESEMPARADOS // DISTRICT: 10 DESAMPARADOS // CANTON: 01 ALAJUELA // PROVINCE: 02 ALAJUELA," and it was indicated that "INFORMATION ACCORDING TO PUBLIC REGISTRY IS PART OF REAL FOLIO No. 2125050-000". Additionally, within the polygon, it has a stamp that states: "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBANISM (INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO)// URBANISM DIRECTORATE// ALIGNMENT NOT INDICATED AS THIS PLAN DOES NOT CONTAIN A WATER COURSE (NO DATE, NOR SIGNATURE)". Additionally, in the upper part, it contains another stamp, which, in the pertinent part, indicates: "(illegible URBANISMO// Fluvial course or spring alignment (Alineamiento de cause fluvial o naciente) No. 23358 according to articles 33 and 34 Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 of (illegible). This alignment has a validity of one year; once the period has expired, it becomes void, with no (illegible for the State (illegible APR 2008". For better understanding, images of the indicated stamps are attached. (Judicial file, image 80).
| Stamp inside the polygon |
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| Stamp top part |
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| It is indicated that the alignment validity is one year. The plaintiff points out that the stamp containing the alignment granted on June 16, 2020, does not have an alignment expiration date. In this regard, this Court disagrees with that statement. See that the Regulation for the National Control of Subdivisions and Urbanizations (Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones), which in its article VI.3.5 Resolution Period, indicated in the pertinent part: "VI.3.5 Resolution period : // The period to affirmatively or negatively resolve the approval of construction plans shall not exceed one month, after which, without any resolution having been issued, both the referred request and the plans shall be considered approved. The same rule shall apply in the case of variations or corrections that one wishes to introduce to the original project. The approval shall be valid for one year. If the works have not been executed within that period, the subdivider or developer must request its renewal during the last quarter of its validity. // The resolution on an extension for another equal period may be conditioned or denied, as the case may be, based on Article 38 of Law No. 4240 on Urban Planning. The term to resolve in these cases shall be the same as indicated in the first paragraph of this article. // Once the validity of the approval has expired, the interested party must comply with the requirements of a new application. // The approval of construction plans does not imply the approval provided in article 33 of the Urban Planning Law (Ley de Planificación Urbana); for this purpose, segregation plans must be presented at the time of delivering the urbanization to the Municipality, which must send copies to the INVU and the National Cadastre Office.". This rule was in force until July 31, 2018, when Regulation No. 6306 called: "Construction Regulations of the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism" (Reglamento de construcciones del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo), published in Gazette No. 54 of March 22, 2018, Supplement 62, came into effect, which in its second transitional provision, stated: "Derogation// Once this Regulation comes into effect, the Construction Regulations of the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism, published in La Gaceta No. 56 of March 22, 1983, and its reforms, are derogated.". Therefore, on the date the alignment was issued, regulation #6306 was in force, which in its article 84 established: "ARTICLE 84. Alignment forest protection areas // In the case of construction projects on properties that contain or border protection areas defined in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), No. 7575 and its reforms or the regulations that replace it; it is mandatory to request the respective alignment from the INVU. The official alignment requires the procedures established by the INVU. Said pronouncement is valid for 24 months." So, we see that the alignment in relation to the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) was valid, however, this in relation to the zones determined in article 33; in forest protection as indicated above, without the INVU having annulled this alignment, as the institution has expressly recognized, in accordance with the nature of the springs (nacientes) referenced previously, whose protection arises from the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), due to the specialty of the matter, or the factual situation that the norm protects, such as permanent springs (nacientes), whose capture corresponds to drinking water that is declared a domain reserve in favor of the Nation; that is, destined for a public interest that prevails over private interest and the protection of a fundamental right such as access to drinking water and environmental protection (article 50 of the Constitution), characterized as progressive and in accordance with the principle of non-regression in this matter.
- VIII)CONTINUED: This Court reproaches, on the other hand, that the administrative file provided by the INVU does not chronologically denote the complete history of the various developments that have been carried out on the parent property (finca madre) and that the parties have referred to documentation dealing with other urban projects carried out on the parent property (finca madre) or its segregation. From the testimonial evidence, including the declaration of witness official Roy Delgado Álpizar, who works as a civil engineer in charge of the Planning and Infrastructure Department, it is deduced that the parent property (finca madre) obtained a specific land use (uso de suelo)—medium density, and as a consequence, the territorial entity, by application of the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador), attributed the same land use (uso de suelo) as the parent property (finca madre) to the segregated properties. The witness in question, in response to the questions asked, and whose response merits full credibility to this Court, stated that there—on that property—the Colinas del Viento Urbanization was originally developed and that due to the segregation of the parent property (finca madre), other urban developments have been built, such as Condominio Lankaster, Río Ciento Uno, Condominio Amaranto; urban developments to which the same land use (uso de suelo) was granted, by direct application of the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) which allows granting the segregations of the parent property (finca madre) the same land use (uso de suelo) as it. For this reason, in this specific case, of the development called Condominio Colina Real, the land use (uso de suelo) comes from the parent property (finca madre) and therefore it was classified as medium density. Thus, from the documentary evidence it appears that Engineer Roy Delgado Alpízar, Coordinator of Urban Planning, of the Municipality of Alajuela, issued a land use certificate (constancia de uso de suelo), under official letter #029/PU/U/08, procedure #19284, issued in the Municipality of Alajuela, at 7:30 a.m. on January 9, 2008, which stated: "Mr. RÍO SEGUNDO S.A. identification number 3-101-021457 presented APPLICATION FOR LAND USE CERTIFICATE (SOLICITUD DE CONSTANCIA DE USO DE SUELO) for: HOUSING PROJECT DEVELOPMENT, on the property registered in the name of RÍO SEGUNDO S.A. legal ID 3-101-021457 in the Property Registry in volume, folio number, entry, real folio 2125050-000, which is described in cadastral plan No. A-182272-94 and which is located in the district of RÍO SEGUNDO, exact address NEXT TO RESIDENCIAL LA GIRALDA. According to the zoning map OF THE URBAN REGULATORY PLAN OF THE CENTRAL CANTON OF THE PROVINCE OF ALAJUELA (PLAN REGULADOR URBANO DEL CANTÓN CENTRAL DE LA PROVINCIA DE ALAJUELA), PUBLISHED IN GAZETTE No. 182 OF SEPTEMBER 17, 2004, the above-indicated property is located in the zone classified as: PASITO SPRING PROTECTION ZONE (ZONA PROTECCIÓN NACIENTE PASITO), LANKASTER, AND MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL ZONE. // Consequently, the intended use is PERMITTED // With the zoning imposed by this municipality on the understanding that: * ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 43 OF THE REGULATORY PLAN (PLAN REGULADOR), PARTIAL AFFECTATIONS OF THE 200-M PROTECTION RADII ON THE PROPERTY MUST BE CONSIDERED ABSOLUTE PROTECTION. // * FOR THE REST OF THE UNAFFECTED PROPERTY, RESULTING LOTS OF MORE THAN 250 M2 AND 19 M FRONTAGE. * A LOT FRONTAGE OF 10 M IS AUTHORIZED PROVIDED THE PROJECT HAS A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT. NOTIFY.". This document is very important for two situations in the consideration of this Chamber. First, it is observed that since 2008, the spring (naciente) called Pasito was already known, the same one for which the INVU indicates a protection zone must be established based on the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), of two hundred meters, an aspect that had been determined—clearly—by the territorial entity itself based on the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador). And second, that medium density applied to the rest of the property—of course, except where the protection zone is located—which at that time had a larger area than the indicated protection zone. From the testimony of this official, it appears that on the land where construction authorization was requested and where the land use (uso de suelo) was granted, there are no springs (nacientes) on that property itself, which, as indicated, has been segregated from the parent property (finca madre), although he did imply that there are several springs (nacientes) in the sector, without giving further detail. Similarly, the architect and former official of the Municipality of Alajuela, Marvin Alonso Barberena Ríos, who served as Coordinator of the Construction Control Area of the Municipality, in his testimony stated that the land use (uso de suelo) was granted based on the land use (uso de suelo) granted to the parent property (finca madre), agreeing on its determination with Mr. Delgado Alpízar, and specified that granting land use (uso de suelo) is a competence of the territorial entity. For her part, from the testimony of official Graciela Natalia Jiménez González, whose testimony, in the consideration of this Chamber, merits full credibility, she stated that every construction project must pass through the Project Administration System that the CFIA has, as determined by decree # 36550, and that in this case, she was the one who carried out the four reviews of the procedure formulated by the plaintiff, and that in this case the project entered the platform four times and from the first moment it was indicated that information had to be provided on the protection radius and the land use (uso de suelo), since in her consideration it did not coincide with the regulatory plan (plan regulador). To the questions posed, she indicated that it is incumbent upon the INVU to verify compliance with the project requirements, in this case Colina Real, and that it was based on the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) that it was determined that the land to be developed was within the protection radius of a spring (naciente). She detailed that indeed, several urban projects were carried out within the parent property (finca madre), including Colinas del Viento, which was approved with two protection zones. That the same developer processed the permits for Condominio Lankaster, which was likewise affected by a spring (naciente), however, it ultimately ended up being approved.
Unlike in this case, it indicated that the land on which the construction of the Colina Real Condominium has been requested was never a lot for building, but rather was always a protection zone, being within the zone of the springs (nacientes); for this reason, upon review, it is noted that a medium density was granted when it should have been zero, since being in the protection zone, it is not possible to carry out any construction. It referred that this project with the same name had already been rejected on another occasion, an aspect that corroborates what was stated by this Court in previous paragraphs, when it noted that it draws attention that the INVU has not prepared a detailed chronology of this case, from the beginnings of the constructions on the lands in question, which would have been of great utility. Despite what was indicated, and the analysis of the documentary and testimonial evidence, there is no doubt that this case is different from the one resolved by the Administrative Litigation Court in resolution 557-2014—acting as improper hierarchical superior (jerarca impropio)—since therein the issue of the alignment (alineamiento) of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) versus the alignment of the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador), of a regulatory nature, was analyzed; the Court having decided—in administrative work, as a two-phase improper hierarchical superior—that at that time, due to the hierarchy of norms, applying the alignment according to the Forest Law prevailed, especially since fundamental rights, referring to limitations on property, could not be imposed by infra-legal norms, according to what was resolved by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in that a fundamental right could only be restricted by States through norms that are not abusive or arbitrary and that must also be issued by a law in the formal and material sense; and that in that case, of another development of the plaintiff, the limitation was a consequence of the Regulatory Plan, which does not have the nature of a law in the formal and material sense and therefore, the alignment of the Forest Law prevailed. It should be noted that this is not the same factual or legal case just outlined. Now, in this case, the INVU has indicated that the alignment granted by the Forest Law in relation to this case does not apply, since dealing with a permanent spring captured for human consumption, it falls under the purview of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), according to the provisions and stipulations in Article 31, subsection a), which states: "Article 31.- The following are declared as reserve of domain in favor of the Nation: a) The lands that surround the sites of capture or intake sources of potable water, within a perimeter of no less than two hundred meters in radius; (...)" (Norm obtained from SINALEVI). Note that the resolution of the Administrative Litigation Court itself, as improper hierarchical superior, cites the opinion issued by the Attorney General's Office of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República), which, regarding the protection radii of the Water Law and the Forest Law, specified in the pertinent part: "Under certain assumptions, the areas adjacent to springs have enjoyed a public domain stamp (impronta demanial) under the terms of Articles 1 of the Law for the Protection of Hydrographic Basins, No. 68 of June 16, 1923; 510, subsection 3) of the Fiscal Code according to the reform of Law No. 11 of October 22, 1926; 6 of the General Law of Public Lands, No. 13 of January 10, 1939; 2 of Law 16 of October 30, 1941; 31 of the Water Law No. 276 of August 27, 1942; 7 of the Land and Colonization Law; 2 of the General Law of Potable Water, in an extension of 300 to 200 contiguous meters, according to the flat or broken topography of the land, provided that the springs supply water to some population, or it is convenient to reserve them for such purpose. // (...). // The foregoing should not be confused with the protection areas (áreas de protección) provided for in Articles 33 and 34 of the Forest Law. Therefore, in the case of private properties legitimately registered by the exercise of ten-year possession prior to the public domain affectation, if the springs do not supply water to any population, or it is not convenient to reserve them for such purpose, the protection area of 100 contiguous meters to the permanent springs and their respective prohibition pursuant to Articles 33 and 34 of the Forest Law is applicable. From the foregoing, two things call this Court's attention, the first, that this precedent was known by the parties previously and by the Third Section, and second, that here it is clear and evident that, with two laws existing with a formal and material character, the Water Law applies—especially given the legally protected asset (bien jurídico tutelado)—and not the Forest Law, according to the thesis of the plaintiff. Here, the principle that the subsequent norm derogates the prior one in everything that opposes it does not apply, the foregoing due to the object of protection being different between both norms, because they are special norms with different scopes of protection. Let us examine Articles 33 and 34 of the Forest Law, located in Chapter IV, denominated: "Forest Protection" and which seeks, according to the object of this law, to protect the protection areas, more so than the spring itself. Note that subsection b) of Article 33, which regulates protection areas, protects the existence of a strip of fifteen meters in rural zones and ten meters in urban zones, measured horizontally on both sides on the banks of rivers, streams (quebradas), etc., and of fifty horizontal meters if the terrain is broken; Article 34 prohibits the felling or cutting of trees in the protection zones, where it is specified that the alignment corresponding to these areas, the forest ones, corresponds to the INVU. From the evidence provided by the plaintiff itself, it is clear that the communication from MINAE DA-1118-07-2022 of July 29, 2022, was forwarded, wherein it was determined and confirmed that the springs named "Pasito 1" and "Pasito 2" constitute springs registered by the AyA for population supply, as recorded in file No. 602-R, both being captured by means of a concrete structure conducted by piping, which, of course, is not regulated by the Forest Law, nor the Regulatory Plan, but by the Water Law, No. 276 of August 27, 1942, and that these are located within the protection radius that covers—almost the entirety—of the plaintiff's property. Thus, in the aforementioned technical report, the following image was provided:
From this image, it is clearly seen that the springs are in the upper part thereof and the property in question, on the lower edge, denotes the radius of the protection circle of the Pasito 1 and 2 springs. Observe that indeed, there exists a tiny strip, compared to the totality of the property within the protection zone, that would remain outside the limitations imposed on the property by law.
- IX)CONTINUATION: Specifically, in this case, the first claim seeks the annulment of communication CJD-005-2023 of April 13, 2023, which corresponds to the agreement of the Board of Directors (Junta Directiva) of the INVU. However, we must remember that through communication DU-226-10-2022 of October 20, 2022, Eng. Fabiola Barrantes Rodríguez, Acting Head of the Oversight Unit (Unidad de Fiscalización), Urban Planning Department (Departamento de Urbanismo), issued the resolution at thirteen hours twenty minutes on August 18, 2022, by reason of which she ordered the rejection as untimely of the appeal for revocation with subsidiary appeal (recurso de revocatoria con apelación en subsidio) before the Hierarchical Superior against rejection number 1010502 made through the APC platform, for which reason it did not proceed to consider the merits of the appeal. Subsequently, on November 18, 2022, Mr. Jorge Rojas Villalobos, as owner of the Colina Real Condominium project, submitted before Licda. Hilda Carvajal Bonilla, Head of the Urban Planning Department of the INVU, evidence for a better resolution (prueba para mejor resolver) in relation to the appeal filed. It was thus, through communication DU-006-01-2023 of January 10, 2023, that the appeal of the Colina Real Condominium was acknowledged, by Geog. Hilda Carvajal Bonilla, Acting Head of the Urban Planning Department, INVU, in whose operative part it was stated: "THEREFORE (POR TANTO) // Based on the arguments of fact and law set forth, the rejection of the Colina Real project processed with form number 1010502 on the APC platform is upheld. // Proceeding to inform SETENA of the present case, in compliance with the Eighth Therefore of Resolution No. 1177-2019 SETENA, which states: 'This feasibility is granted on the understanding that the developer of the project, work, or activity will fully and completely comply with all legal and environmental technical regulations and standards in force in the country and enforceable before other authorities of the Costa Rican State.' // Likewise, the Water Department (Departamento de Aguas) of MINAE and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) will be notified. // Notify the Appellant to the email address in the header.// " - It should be noted that in said resolution, the following drawing was provided, where it is evidenced that the protection radius covers practically the entirety of the land in question that is intended to be developed, evidencing that in the lower part, an area remains outside the protection zone radius.
On January 20, 2023, Mr. Jorge Eduardo Rojas Villalobos, in his capacity as legal representative of the company Industrias Alimenticias JE de Costa Rica S.A., filed an appeal against the resolution of the Urban Planning Department, communication DU-006-01-2023, in relation to the non-approval of APC #1010502 of January 10, 2023, for the Colina Real Condominium, wherein he requested to revoke the rejection notice for APC #1010502 of October 10, 2022, specifically in relation to the non-compliance with the spring setback (retiro de nacientes), and to apply the provisions of resolution #557-2014 at nine hours ten minutes on November twenty, two thousand fourteen, which ordered a setback (retiro) of one hundred meters horizontal radius to be respected. He also requested to rectify the procedures in order to comply with the remaining points indicated in the aforementioned electronic tool and obtain the respective authorizations for the development of the project. Subsequently, the President of the Board of Directors of the INVU, Jéssica Martínez Porras, through administrative act CJD-005-2023 of April 13, 2023, addressed to the legal representative of the plaintiff company, communicated the agreement of the Board of Directors taken, corresponding to #1, adopted by the Board of Directors, in the Sole Article, subsection 1) of the minutes of Extraordinary Session No. 6575 of April 13, 2023. The operative part stated: "With the favorable votes of Arch. Jessica Martínez Porras, Licda. Alicia Borja Rodríguez, Lic. Rodolfo Freer Campos, Arch. Yenory Quesada Diaz, MSc. Virgilio Calvo González, and Dr.-Eng. Álvaro Guillén Mora, IT IS AGREED: Given that it has been fully demonstrated: // 1) That the appeal filed by the company Industrias Alimenticias Je de Costa Rica S.A., dated January 10, 2023, and which is heard on this occasion, despite indicating that it is against the resolution contained in communication No. DU-006-01-2023, the truth is that its main petition is the revocation of the rejection of the Colina Real Condominium project in the APC of October 10, 2022, which the company is aware of, is a matter already resolved and final (en firme), since in due course the appellant here untimely filed an appeal for revocation with subsidiary appeal for that same rejection, and it was correctly declared so through communication No. DU-226-10-2022, issued by the Oversight Unit of the INVU and was subsequently confirmed by communication No. DU-006-01-2023 dated January 10, 2023, issued by the Urban Planning Department. Therefore, it is not correct in its petition and it must be rejected. // 2) That the company Industrias Alimenticias Je de Costa Rica S.A., upon requesting the alignment according to the Forest Law, provided a cadastral plan in which it omitted to mention the existence of any spring, which led the INVU to issue alignment seal No. 54436, in which it is expressly indicated that there is no fluvial alignment, because the provided cadastral plan does not contain a watercourse, according to the cited Forest Law. Therefore, it is not a case where the validity or not of an alignment should be questioned, nor does a perpetual alignment exist that can be considered an acquired right in favor of the applicant company. Rather, it is a case in which the Institute warned, that, according to the information presented by the company, it was not possible to grant an alignment since, it is reiterated, the referred cadastral plan shows no body of water whatsoever. Notwithstanding the foregoing, given that, from the comprehensive study of the existing information and documentation, the existence of several springs is verified, and particularly, a permanent one within the perimeter intended for construction, the observation was made regarding the need for the project to respect the provisions of the cited Water Law. // 3) That the INVU has sustained its criterion over time in relation to the application of Articles 33 and 34 of the cited Forest Law. Note that, in the cited communication No. PU-C-D-955-2011, as was clarified in the consideranda of this resolution, no alignment is issued, nor is any mention made of the farm registration No. 551827-000 of the province of Alajuela. On the contrary, it is limited to referring to the power conferred on the Institute in the aforementioned numeral 34, which was the query raised at that time. // 4) That the regulations established in the cited Forest Law are not contrary to, nor expressly or tacitly derogate, what is established in the Water Law. Rather, they are Laws of the same hierarchical rank that seek the defense of two different natural resources, namely: water resources and forest resources, and that according to the specific circumstances of each property and the type of spring that exists, a different protection radius must be respected.// 5) That the Colina Real Condominium project has been submitted four times to the APC platform, and on all occasions it was warned in the observations that it is in the spring protection area.// 6) That the cited resolution No. 557-2014 of 9:10 hours on November 20, 2014, issued by the Administrative Litigation Court, Third Section, acting as Improper Hierarchical Superior of the Municipality of Alajuela, does not derogate the Regulatory Plan of that canton; rather, it derogates some agreements emanating from the Municipal Council. Nor does it derogate Article 17 of the Urban Planning Law. Therefore, for all purposes it must be understood that, based on the principle of specialty of the norm, in this case, what is established in the Regulatory Plan of Alajuela should be applied, being a special Law, which prevails over the general one, and if one wished to modify, derogate, or update that Regulatory Plan, the procedure established by the Urban Planning Law itself must be followed.// 7) That related to the previous point, it is clear that the competencies of the INVU are not only derived from the provisions of the referred Forest Law, but also, are immersed in the stipulations of its Constitutive Law, the cited Urban Planning Law, the Law Regulating Condominium Property, among others. Therefore, the comprehensive analysis of the presented condominium project, to determine effective compliance with current regulations, was rigorous for the Institute, and even the national jurisprudence itself, which has already been cited in this resolution, has clarified that it is the obligation of public institutions to ensure compliance with environmental legislation as part of their ordinary activity. Therefore, it is determined that the Institute has not exceeded its competencies.// By reason of the foregoing, and given the other considerations of fact and law set forth in this resolution, the appeal filed by Mr. Jorge Eduardo Rojas Villalobos, on behalf of the company Industrias Alimenticias JE de Costa Rica S.A., against communication No. DU-006-01-2023 dated January 10, 2023, issued by the Urban Planning Department of this Institute, is rejected, and in turn, the rejection of the Colina Real Condominium project made through the Construction Project Administrator Platform, contract No. 1010502 dated October 10, 2022, is confirmed.// Finally, under the terms established in Article 126 of the General Law of Public Administration, the administrative route is deemed exhausted. THAT IS ALL. FINAL AGREEMENT". As indicated previously, this Court considers that what was resolved by the authorities of the INVU is compliant with the legal system and fundamentally adjusted to Environmental Law and the Protection of Water, as a Fundamental Human Right. It remains relevant to note that the Water Law, No. 276, has been in force since 1942, that is, it corresponds to a pre-constitutional legal norm, which, according to the current Political Constitution, maintained its validity by being in accordance with it, and specifically on that point—of the use of water for human consumption—it protected the existence of a fundamental right prior to the same constitutional norm of Article 50, which establishes the obligation of the State to procure the greatest well-being for all the inhabitants of the country, organizing and stimulating production and the most adequate distribution of wealth, and to consider, as a human right, basic and inalienable, access to potable water for every person, as an essential good for life, and determining that water is a good of the nation, indispensable to protect such human right, and determining that its use, protection, sustainability, conservation, and exploitation will be governed by what the law establishes. In this case, it is clear that the Water Law, Law No. 276, determined that the protection of permanent, captured springs constitutes a public domain good, the protection zone being inalienable, the defendant institution being correct that since it is a protection zone, the density level, or the degree of population density, cannot be greater than zero. Having indicated the foregoing, this Court rejects the lawsuit in its entirety in accordance with the reasoning already stated in the preceding consideranda. However, for greater clarity, each claim will be addressed below, without prejudice to what has already been indicated.
- X)CONTINUATION: IN RELATION TO THE CLAIMS INDIVIDUALLY CONSIDERED: (It is reiterated, in addition to what has already been indicated, each resolution is reasoned as follows) THE FIRST CLAIM INDICATES: "1) It is responsible for NON-COMPLIANCE with its legal responsibilities, since the Board of Directors of the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING (INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO) through communication # CJD-005-2023 dated April 13, 2023, in the fifth fact, omits actions that would lead to annulling final administrative acts that generate rights, without adapting its actions to due process; omission in actions that is contrary to the legal system and without following the forms provided in the General Law of Public Administration, since it seeks to justify non-compliance on applications alien to the specific case." THE COURT RESOLVES: In accordance with what has already been stated in the previous consideranda, this claim must be rejected. But specifically, since the Court has already ruled on the issue of the corresponding alignment granted by the INVU on June 16, 2020, which, as already indicated, was not annulled or disapplied; simply, the Water Law, Law No. 276, Article 31, subsection a), applied to the case, dealing with permanent, captured springs of potable water; consequently, a protection radius, a public domain zone (zona demanial) of 200 meters from each of the springs, had to be established, a situation which, in this case, practically prevents all construction, except for a very small part that remains outside the protection area; however, as this is included in the global permit application, it must be rejected. For the rest, what has already been stated in relation to the alignment in question, according to the previous consideranda, is reiterated, so as not to be repetitive.
THE SECOND CLAIM INDICATES: "2) That it be determined that through communication #DU-006-01-2023 dated January 10, 2023, the Urban Planning Directorate of the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING is responsible for transgressing competencies that correspond to other institutions and supplanting, with its actions, the administrative acts emanating from other Public Administration institutions. (The Court noted that it was not indicated with which Public Administration institutions the INVU's competence overlapped, understanding that it is a claim in general terms and understood to the defendant Institute's own competencies)." THE COURT RESOLVES: In this case, the Court warned at the beginning of the oral and public trial that this claim was understood in general terms to the INVU's own competencies and not to the rest of the Public Administration institutions. From the adversarial proceedings, it is clear, however, that the plaintiff questioned that the INVU indicated that the density corresponding to the land use—which is a municipal competence, its definition, and determination—was poorly determined, considering that if the property is located practically in a percentage greater than 90 percent, to mention a percentage within the protection area, it was not possible to assign it a medium population density, since being a protection area, it is impossible to build on the site, a consideration that makes complete sense when contrasting that the restriction zones belong to the public domain for the sake of protecting the springs, and therefore, it would not be possible to consider a medium density, since, being unable to build, the population density, effectively, as the INVU witness stated, must be zero regarding the portion of the property located within the spring protection area.
THE THIRD CLAIM INDICATES: 3) Therefore, the defendant Institute BE ORDERED to pay the actual damages resulting from this action, which are not technically limited to the sums paid for works and permits that, as a product of the favorable administrative acts, I carried out on the property, which I estimate in the sum of ¢1,101,618,366.20 (one thousand one hundred one million six hundred eighteen thousand three hundred sixty-six colones and twenty céntimos) -for material damage- in addition, it be estimated not only the current value of the land with the modifications, which cannot be used despite having been purchased under the legitimate expectation that the administrative acts issued granted us, which has a value according to the attached appraisal of ¢799,969,200.00 (seven hundred seventy-nine million nine hundred sixty-nine thousand two hundred colones exactly), but also that the amount of the losses for the non-sale of assets during this year be calculated, and the indexation that these amounts would generate up to a possible favorable judgment, plus the economic losses of the money over time, as it is not just the value of the land at the updated price, but also the increase in costs in the works to be built, the deterioration of the works already built, and the interest at the time of payment, which will be liquidated in execution of judgment, and the update of lost profit (lucro cesante) as direct damage ceased to be received due to the stoppage of the project to which I was subjected, which I estimate in the sum of ¢445,921,200.00 (four hundred forty-five million nine hundred twenty-one thousand two hundred colones exactly) and damages, which I estimate prudentially, ¢450,000.00 corresponding to the amounts I had to pay for professional fees of the Engineer who performed the appraisal and the certification of the CPA, in addition to meals, fuel, and parking to attend meetings in preparation of this lawsuit and previous meetings with the officials of the defendant, and $750,000.00 (seven hundred fifty thousand dollars, legal tender currency of the United States of America) for Objective moral damage resulting from the loss of trust and the good name of a company that, as a result of the actions described supra, I practically had to close, also the sum of $750,000.00 (seven hundred fifty thousand dollars, legal tender currency of the United States of America) for Subjective moral damage, anguish suffered not only by me but by my entire family upon seeing myself morally and economically compromised, since I risked my lifetime savings to be able to build a project that from one day to the next was truncated, suffering significant psychological and physical deterioration because the anguish and desperation suffered are enormous as I am on the verge of not even having the means to subsist with dignity. (The Court made the observation that, according to the transfer order (auto de traslado), the plaintiff company is the sole plaintiff, and a ruling will be made in the judgment on the aspects on which the dispute was joined (litis)).
THE COURT RESOLVES: This claim seeks to collect a diversity of items under the premise that the administrative conduct of the INVU caused a series of damages. However, having indicated that the administrative actions of the INVU are in accordance with legality, it is not possible to infer the existence of damages from such conduct. Thus, the party claims the price of the property as part of the damages, however, it does not prove how long ago it had acquired it, this being for the purpose of determining, for example, if since it was purchased and developed, it already had knowledge that it constituted a reserve zone, by reason of the various segregations of the parent farm. In relation to the subjective moral damage of the company's president, it must be rejected, practically ad portas, since the lawsuit was not even filed by him in a personal capacity, and it is not appropriate to request anything for himself. In relation to the objective moral damage of the company, despite what has already been indicated that no illegal administrative action was proven, it was not proven, as is appropriate in these cases, to provide documentary evidence that accredits that objective moral damage, such as financial statements, contract cancellations, etc.- In relation to the collection of costs of the administrative procedure, clearly the LGAP, Art. 328 indicates: "Article 328.- In the administrative procedure, there shall be no imposition of costs in favor of or against the Administration nor the interested party.". Having said the foregoing, this claim is rejected in all its aspects.
THE FOURTH CLAIM INDICATES: 4) That in the event the defendant presents opposition and is found guilty in this process, it be ordered to pay the costs of both parties in the proceeding. Similarly, given that I have litigated in good faith, I request to be exonerated from the payment of costs.".
THE COURT RESOLVES: This claim, as is customary, will be resolved in a separate section.
- XI)OF THE EXCEPTIONS. In the present case, the INVU alleged lack of right (falta de derecho), in relation to the merits of the case. In this regard, this lack of right must be upheld in relation to the claims alleged by the plaintiff, since it was proven that the Administration acted in accordance with the legal system and in the exercise of its competence related to urban planning, according to its own organic law and the Urban Planning Law, among others.
- XII)OF THE COSTS.- In accordance with numeral 193 of the CPCA, procedural and personal costs constitute a burden imposed on the losing party by the mere fact of being so. The exemption from this sanction is only viable when there has been, in the judgment of the Court, sufficient reason to litigate, or when the judgment is dictated by virtue of evidence whose existence was unknown by the opposing party; circumstances that are not met in the present proceeding; for which reason the payment of procedural and personal costs is imposed on the plaintiff company and in favor of the INVU, as well as the interest that these generate from their determination until their effective payment.
POR TANTO:
The exception of lack of right (falta de derecho) is upheld. The lawsuit is rejected in all its aspects as inadmissible, filed by the company INDUSTRIA ALIMENTICIA JE DE COSTA RICA S.A. against the INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING (INSTITUTO DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO). The plaintiff is ordered to pay the procedural and personal costs, according to the Fee Schedule of the Bar Association (Arancel del Colegio de Abogados) and in favor of the INVU, as well as the interest that these generate from their determination until their effective payment.- Notify.- PAULO ALONSO SOTO JONATÁN CANALES HERNÁNDEZ RODOLFO MARENCO ORTIZ Judge PALONSO PAULO ANDRÉ ALONSO SOTO - PRESIDING JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A) ELEUTERIO RODOLFO MARENCO ORTIZ - PRESIDING JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A) JONATHAN CANALES HERNÁNDEZ - PRESIDING JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A) Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of BNCR, in front of Café Dorado. Telephones: 2545-0107 or 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006.
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