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Res. 06929-2024 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección I · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección I · 10/10/2024
OutcomeResultado
The Court voided the waiver of eviction and warranty claims but rejected rescission and damages for lack of proof of a serious latent defect, and declared the alternative claim inadmissible.El Tribunal anuló la cláusula de renuncia a reclamos por evicción o saneamiento, pero rechazó la nulidad de la compraventa y las indemnizaciones por falta de prueba de un vicio oculto grave, y declaró inadmisible la pretensión subsidiaria.
SummaryResumen
The Court partially granted a claim arising from the purchase from Banco de Costa Rica of a unit in Condominio Residencial del Río, whose common areas border the Puruses River and were connected to a complaint before the Environmental Administrative Tribunal. It declared absolutely void the clause under which the buyer accepted the property as found and waived claims involving discrepancies, eviction, or warranty against defects; the clause was therefore treated as unwritten. The Court nevertheless rejected rescission of the sale, restitution of the price, moral damages, and interest. It found no proof of actual harm, as opposed to hypothetical or potential harm, or of a serious latent defect capable of vitiating consent. The buyer had inspected the property and could appreciate that the common areas were near the river channel. The alternative contractual-liability claim was inadmissible because it presented arguments without specifying concrete relief. Because both parties prevailed in part, the Court made no special award of costs.El Tribunal declaró parcialmente con lugar la demanda relacionada con la compra al Banco de Costa Rica de una filial del Condominio Residencial del Río, cuyas áreas comunes colindan con el río Puruses y estaban vinculadas con una denuncia ante el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. Anuló absolutamente la cláusula mediante la cual el comprador aceptaba el inmueble en su estado y renunciaba a reclamos por diferencias, evicción o saneamiento, por lo que debía tenerse por no puesta. Sin embargo, rechazó la nulidad de la compraventa, la restitución del precio, el daño moral y los intereses reclamados. Consideró que no se acreditó un daño cierto —en vez de meramente hipotético o potencial— ni un vicio oculto grave capaz de viciar el consentimiento. El comprador había inspeccionado el inmueble y podía advertir la proximidad de las áreas comunes al cauce. La pretensión subsidiaria por responsabilidad contractual fue declarada inadmisible porque formulaba argumentos sin concretar una petición procesal determinada. Ante el vencimiento recíproco, no hubo condenatoria especial en costas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
From the foregoing, we draw two fundamental premises for deciding this matter. First, it is not enough to show that the harm is actual or potential; it must also be duly proven and may not be speculative or hypothetical, as it is in this case. Second, we must emphasize that the law permits annulment of a transaction for mistake insofar as it is shown that the purchaser was mistaken regarding the actual conditions of the object of the transaction. That was not demonstrated in this proceeding. On the contrary, the party testimony received at the oral and public trial makes clear that the claimant took particular care to determine the property's actual condition: he described in detail his observations of the unit and even requested a price adjustment for that reason. Consequently, there are no grounds for finding a redhibitory defect in the legal transaction between the parties capable of establishing a serious defect in the claimant's intent when he acquired unit number 18 of the "Del Río" residential condominium. It was not shown that reasonable and actual enjoyment of the condominium's common areas is currently impossible, except for the recreational shelter area, which is not considered to have seriously affected his quality of life or his decision to acquire the property. This is illustrated by the fact that, when giving testimony, the claimant freely stated that they had stopped using the pool because they chose other means for swimming activities by acquiring a membership in the Indoor Club. This undoubtedly shows that it was not specifically the threat or risk of destruction of the common areas, or part of them, that caused their reduced use, nor was any serious impact on his unit and the other common property associated with his condominium ownership established so as to justify annulment of the legal transaction and the requested compensation. Consequently, based on the foregoing analysis, this Chamber entirely rejects both the annulment claim and the associated compensation claims; claims 2, 3, 4, and 5 are therefore denied. The defense of lack of legal entitlement is partially upheld. Claims 2, 3, 4, and 5 are denied, and the alternative claim is declared inadmissible. The clause contained in deed number eleven, appearing on the reverse of folio fifty-six of volume one hundred fifteen of Notary Kattia Vargas Cordero's protocol, executed on April 2, 2019, recording Jurgen Henrich Antony's purchase of property unit number 41729-F, corresponding to unit eighteen of Condominio Residencial del Río, is declared absolutely void as specified below, and the following shall be deemed unwritten: "WITHOUT ENTRY IN THE REGISTRY: The appearing party, JURGEN HENRICH ANTONY, states that because these properties were awarded to Banco de Costa Rica in payment of obligations and because he is familiar with them, he accepts them in their present condition and expressly waives any administrative or judicial claim arising from or related to differences in their nature or measurements, or on grounds of eviction or warranty against defects...". This judgment is issued without a special award of costs. Let notice be given.De lo transcrito extraemos dos premisas fundamentales para la resolución del presente asunto, la primera, no sólo es necesario demostrar que el daño sea cierto o potencial, sino que además debe necesariamente encontrarse acreditado debidamente y no tratarse de un daño especulativo o hipotético como en el caso que nos ocupa. En segundo lugar, hemos de subrayar que la norma legal permite la anulación por error del negocio, en el tanto quede demostrado que la persona adquirente está en error con respecto a las condiciones reales del objeto negociado, lo cual no se demostró en este proceso, por el contrario, de la declaración de parte recibida en el juicio oral y público, queda claro que el actor particularmente se preocupó por determinar las condiciones reales del inmueble, siendo que relató con detalle las observaciones que realizó a la filial y que incluso peticionó una revisión del precio por esa razón. En consecuencia, al no existir mérito para declarar un vicio redhibitorio en el negocio jurídico celebrado entre las partes, que tenga la capacidad de demostrar un vicio grave en la voluntad del actor al adquirir la filial número 18, del condominio residencial "Del Río", por indemostrarse la imposibilidad del disfrute real y razonable de las áreas comunes del condominio a la fecha, a excepción del área de rancho, lo cual no se estima afecte gravemente su calidad de vida o la voluntad de adquisición del inmueble, ilustrándose esto con el hecho que al rendir declaración el actor, manifestó libremente que han dejado de utilizar la piscina por optar por otros medios para la actividad de la natación, al adquirir una acción en el Indoor Club, lo que denota sin duda, es que no es propiamente la amenaza o riesgo de destrucción de las áreas comunes o parte de ésta lo que ha provocado la disminución de su uso o bien, que se haya generado una afectación grave de su filial y el resto de bienes comunes asociados a su derecho de propiedad condominal, para justificar la nulidad del negocio jurídico y el reconocimiento indemnizatorio peticionado. En consecuencia, al tenor del análisis efectuado, se dispone por esta Cámara el rechazo íntegro tanto de la pretensión anulatoria como indemnizatorias asociadas a este argumento, por lo que se declaran sin lugar las pretensiones 2, 3, 4 y 5 de la demanda. Se acoge parcialmente la defensa de falta de derecho. Se declaran sin lugar las pretensiones 2, 3, 4 y 5 de la demanda e inadmisible la pretensión subsidiaria. Se declara la nulidad absoluta de la cláusula contenida dentro de la escritura número once, visible al folio cincuenta y seis vuelto, del tomo ciento quince del protocolo de la notaria Kattia Vargas Cordero, celebrada el día 02 de abril del año 2019, que registra la compra del inmueble, filial número 41729-F, que es finca filial dieciocho del Condominio Residencial del Río, por el señor Jurgen Henrich Antony, en lo que se indica a continuación, debiendo entenderse por no puesto lo siguiente: "SIN QUE TOME NOTA EL REGISTRO: Manifiesta el compareciente JURGEN HENRICH ANTONY que por tratarse de inmuebles adjudicados por el Banco de Costa Rica en pago de obligaciones y por conocerlo, los acepta en el estado en que se encuentran y renuncia expresamente a cualquier reclamo administrativo o judicial por motivo o con ocasión de diferencias en la naturaleza, medida o por motivos de evicción o saneamiento...". Se dicta el presente fallo, sin especial condenatoria en costas. Notifíquese.-
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Lógicamente, para que esta consecuencia se tenga por operada, debe tratarse de anomalías graves y desconocidas para la parte que adquiere el bien defectuoso, de manera tal que, de haber tenido conocimiento de los vicios, no habría llevado a cabo el negocio."
"Logically, for this consequence to apply, the anomalies must be serious and unknown to the party acquiring the defective property, such that the transaction would not have been made had the defects been known."
Considerando sobre vicios ocultos y consentimiento
"Lógicamente, para que esta consecuencia se tenga por operada, debe tratarse de anomalías graves y desconocidas para la parte que adquiere el bien defectuoso, de manera tal que, de haber tenido conocimiento de los vicios, no habría llevado a cabo el negocio."
Considerando sobre vicios ocultos y consentimiento
"Es por ello, que bajo un correcto entendimiento humano, evidentemente, también podemos concluir que el actor adoptó diligencias propias para analizar las condiciones de las áreas comunes, mismas que insistió en su acción, eran el aspecto más relevante en la adquisición de la filial condominal, ergo, debió haber observado su proximidad con el cauce y que el mantenimiento de las mismas podría incluir obras estructurales para su conservación."
"Therefore, under a sound understanding of human conduct, we may also conclude that the claimant took his own steps to assess the condition of the common areas—which, as he stressed in his claim, were the most important aspect of acquiring the condominium unit—and thus should have observed their proximity to the river channel and that their maintenance could require structural conservation works."
Considerando sobre diligencia del comprador
"Es por ello, que bajo un correcto entendimiento humano, evidentemente, también podemos concluir que el actor adoptó diligencias propias para analizar las condiciones de las áreas comunes, mismas que insistió en su acción, eran el aspecto más relevante en la adquisición de la filial condominal, ergo, debió haber observado su proximidad con el cauce y que el mantenimiento de las mismas podría incluir obras estructurales para su conservación."
Considerando sobre diligencia del comprador
"Nótese que si bien inicia exponiendo una declaratoria de responsabilidad, su hilación es de orden argumentativa, al exponer de seguido un fundamento normativo y jurisprudencial sin que se concrete en un acto o conducta pretendida en específico, razón suficiente para considerar que la pretensión lejos de materializar un objetivo concreto, se encuentra ésta contenida dentro de un argumento general de responsabilidad contractual."
"Although it begins by requesting a declaration of liability, its development is argumentative: it proceeds to present statutory and case-law grounds without identifying a specific act or conduct sought, which is sufficient reason to find that the claim, rather than embodying a concrete objective, is contained within a general argument of contractual liability."
Considerando III, pretensión subsidiaria
"Nótese que si bien inicia exponiendo una declaratoria de responsabilidad, su hilación es de orden argumentativa, al exponer de seguido un fundamento normativo y jurisprudencial sin que se concrete en un acto o conducta pretendida en específico, razón suficiente para considerar que la pretensión lejos de materializar un objetivo concreto, se encuentra ésta contenida dentro de un argumento general de responsabilidad contractual."
Considerando III, pretensión subsidiaria
"En el caso concreto, existiendo vencimiento recíproco, se dicta el presente fallo sin especial condenatoria en costas."
"In this case, because each party prevailed in part, this judgment is issued without a special award of costs."
Considerando VIII
"En el caso concreto, existiendo vencimiento recíproco, se dicta el presente fallo sin especial condenatoria en costas."
Considerando VIII
Full documentDocumento completo
EV Template Generation: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj ????????????????
Case File: 22-002829-1027-CA Ordinary proceeding (proceso de conocimiento) Plaintiff: Jurgen Henrich Antony Defendant: El Banco de Costa Rica N° 2024006929 First Section of the Administrative and Civil Court of the Treasury, Annex A. Calle Blancos, at once horas con cincuenta y siete minutos del diez de Octubre del dos mil veinticuatro.- Ordinary proceeding brought by Mr. Jurgen Henrich Antony, married, university professor, resident of Curridabat and holder of residence identification card number 1276000064331, against Banco de Costa Rica, represented by its special judicial attorney-in-fact (apoderado especial judicial), attorney Federico Mata Herrera, single, resident of San José, holder of identity card number 1-0561-0331 and professional license 4823. The plaintiff is represented by attorneys Carlos Andrés Manavella, professional license number 1901, and Ricardo Calvo Gamboa, license 2930, who participate as counsel of record (abogados directores).
BACKGROUND (RESULTANDO)
I.The plaintiff files this action, asserting the following claims for relief (pretensiones), which were clarified and amended at the oral trial: “That the judgment declare: 1. The nullity of the clause through which the Bank seeks to disclaim liability by reason of the purchaser’s waiver of claims concerning defects of that kind, pursuant to Article 1023 of the Civil Code. 2. The nullity of the aforementioned deed pursuant to Article 1082 of the Civil Code, which permits such a request when latent defects (vicios ocultos) exist that cause an error vitiating consent. 3. Once the deed of sale has been declared null and void, that the parties be ordered to restore to each other the performances previously rendered. With respect to the defendant Bank’s obligation, it shall reimburse the sum of 123.812.760 colones, an amount resulting from the adjustment of the value paid as of the filing of this action, using as the indexation criterion (criterio indexatorio) the value of the U.S. dollar on the date of the sale, when the exchange rate was 602.74 colones per dollar.
That amount shall be adjusted according to the value of the dollar, plus interest accruing until payment in full. 4. That the defendant shall pay the plaintiff the sum of veinte millones de colones as compensation for non-pecuniary harm caused by personal distress (daño moral subjetivo). 5. That, on the total amount ultimately established in the judgment, the defendant shall be required to pay statutory interest until the date of actual payment. 6. That the defendant be ordered to pay both categories of litigation costs (ambas costas del proceso). Alternative claim. Should our principal claims 2 and 3 not be deemed appropriate, we request: That the defendant Bank be held liable under the ordinary contractual liability regime applicable to sellers, who are obligated to deliver the property in a manner that allows it to perform its ordinary function, and who incur a breach of contract by failing to do so, pursuant to Articles 692, 693, 701, 702, 7, 764, and 1022 of the Civil Code, the last of which provides that ‘payment shall in every respect [respectos (sic)] conform to the terms of the obligation.’ It is an implied obligation of a sale to deliver the property as the purchaser expects to receive it, in accordance with the agreement (Articles 764 and 1022 ibidem).” Pursuant to the cited case law, these causes of action would be compatible—not mutually exclusive—in the ordinary situation of a defect in the property that impairs it or renders it unusable. We likewise request that the remaining principal claims numbered 4 through 6, inclusive, be granted.” (See images 13 to 16 of the digital court file).
II.The defendant denies the complaint and raises the defenses of failure to join a necessary party (falta de integración de la litis), lack of legal entitlement (falta de derecho), and non-actionable complaint (demanda improponible). Lastly, it requests an award of costs. (See images 227 to 237 of the digital court file).
III.By order issued at 07:53 horas del 07 de setiembre del 2022, the Case Management Judge (Jueza Tramitadora) granted the plaintiff an opportunity to respond regarding the answer to the complaint and the defenses raised. (See image 241 of the digital court file).
IV.By ruling number 1712-2022, issued at 09:35 horas del 13 de octubre del 2022, the Case Management Judge declared inadmissible the defense of mandatory joinder of defendants (litis consorcio pasivo necesaria). (See images 251 to 257 of the digital court file).
V.The preliminary hearing was held on 25 de abril del 2023, with both parties to the proceeding participating. At that hearing, the claims for relief were established, the documentary evidence offered by both parties was admitted, and the testimony of the plaintiff as a party and of one witness was admitted. (See images 270 to 273 of the digital court file).
VI.The oral and public trial was held on 25 de setiembre del año 2024, with both parties participating. At that hearing, the Court advised that the plaintiff’s mandate agreement (contrato de mandato) had not been properly executed, pursuant to Article 1256 of the Civil Code. The plaintiff was then asked to clarify the claims for relief, testimony was received from the plaintiff as a party and from the witness, and, lastly, closing arguments were presented. (See images 308 to 312 of the digital court file).
VII.The statutory formalities have been observed in the proceedings before this Court, and no nullities requiring correction or causing a denial of the right to a defense are apparent. This judgment is rendered unanimously, following deliberation by Judges Amy Miranda Alvarado, Cynthia María Morales Herra, and Claudia Bolaños Salazar, the last of whom serves as reporting judge and drafts the judgment.
CONSIDERATIONS (CONSIDERANDO)
I.Regarding the new fact alleged by the plaintiff: Pursuant to the order issued at nueve horas veintisiete minutos del veintiocho de mayo del año en curso, the defendant was granted an opportunity to respond concerning the new facts presented by the plaintiff, which, according to him, relate to events occurring on 15 de mayo del presente año in the condominium’s common area, alongside the river that forms its boundary. Photographs were submitted, and he states that the landslide caused the mesh structures to fall into the river, creating a dangerous subsidence that placed residents at risk (images 283 to 289 of the digital court file). The Bank’s representative responded, stating essentially that what the plaintiff describes is an act of nature, for which he has demonstrated neither human involvement nor, much less, any action attributable to Banco de Costa Rica. As already stated in the answer to the complaint, the Bank was neither the developer, designer, nor builder of the project; it merely acquired a property in 2017 in satisfaction of an unpaid debt, and the plaintiff purchased it two years later after being warned that the property was being sold in the same condition in which the Bank had found it, as recorded in the deed of sale and expressly admitted by the plaintiff in the second allegation of fact in his complaint.
Furthermore, based on the photographs submitted, the Bank observes that the damage is located in an easily accessible area within the condominium, specifically its public area; consequently, before purchasing his property, the plaintiff presumably had an opportunity to walk through and inspect it, and if he did not do so, this would amount to an omission of his duty of care (deber de diligencia). Another important matter the Bank infers from the photographs is that the condominium property has a retaining wall, meaning that the plaintiff could clearly observe and assess the protection that the wall provided to the common area. It adds that, in his supplemental statement of facts, the plaintiff does not demonstrate that the wall was improperly constructed, which, in any event, would plainly not be the Bank’s responsibility, and that he would have been affected in the same manner had he remained a condominium owner.
It contends that the photographs instead show that the subsequent damage resulted from poor maintenance by the condominium administration, force majeure (fuerza mayor) caused by natural forces (there is no need to discuss here the climatic disruptions that have occurred in recent years), or a combination of both factors. Under all these scenarios, the causes arose long after 2019, when the Bank sold the property. In conclusion, the Bank states that the damage alleged by the plaintiff cannot be characterized as resulting from a latent defect; on the contrary, the photographs show that the physical conditions of the land are readily visible, and Banco de Costa Rica therefore cannot be held liable in that regard. Having set out the facts and arguments of both parties, the Court will address them when ruling on the merits of this judgment.
II.Regarding the proven facts: The following facts are listed as relevant to the resolution of this matter:
(Statement recorded in audio and video) and 6) Mr. Miguel Segura Sánchez, holder of identity card number 1-1505-0350, testified at the oral trial that he is 32 years old, a resident of Aserrí, an attorney, and married. Regarding the facts about which he was called to testify, he states that sometime around 2021, Ms. Anastasia contacted him through personal referrals with a specific inquiry arising from a condominium owners’ meeting concerning the construction of retaining structures in part of the condominium’s common area. He was informed that certain decisions had caused Ms. Anastasia dissatisfaction and that it had been suggested that the work be carried out without a municipal permit. He told her that he did not consider that appropriate, but she did ask him to investigate the matter thoroughly. For that purpose, he was provided with a technical report from an engineering firm called SOES, which had conducted an on-site inspection and was preparing a quote for the work.
He reviewed the information and explained that the firm referred to retaining structures and that there was scouring, which he understood to mean a landslide. From the photographs contained in that report, he was able to observe that the structures, or the place where construction was intended, were the construction foundations supporting a shelter and a multipurpose court. The photographs show that the riverbed is immediately adjacent, with no separation. The report recommends the immediate installation of gabions (gaviones); the work was classified as green, red, and yellow, with some items designated for completion “now.” The gabions were marked in red, but if they had to be installed at the site, they would have to be placed within the riverbed. He specifies that he reviewed documents and databases in order to reach his conclusions. He explains that he consulted the national water-resources information system platform to verify whether there were any public-domain concessions (concesiones de dominio público) for the permanent watercourse (cauce permanente); he found none, nor was the stream identified in detail.
The case files provided to him were also reviewed. Regarding the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, he states that the Municipality had already filed a complaint against the condominium. He also contacted the Municipality regarding construction permits at the site. Based on those materials, together with publicly available information, the matter was reviewed, and it was determined that there was a risk of the offense of encroachment (invasión) arising from structures within the protected area (área de protección), namely the shelter and the court. He therefore considered it inadvisable to carry out any work without the authorization afforded by a municipal license (licencia municipal). He notes that he saw no permit proceedings for work within the watercourse and told them that such permits required three engineering studies mandated by the Dirección de Aguas: hydrogeological studies (estudios hidrogeológicos), a cross-sectional watercourse study (estudio transversal de cauce), and an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental), depending on the scale of the work; he did not see those studies included in the quotation.
It appeared that the intention was to proceed without studies and then notify the authorities empowered to conduct oversight. He recommended that they refrain from carrying out the work, that they not vote in favor of it under those terms, and that potential liabilities be assessed by a professional team. He clarifies that he did not visit the site. He performed the assessment based on the SOES study. The photographs were clear. They constituted the technical component. The materials considered consisted solely of documents, and he deemed them sufficient. (Statement received at the oral and public trial)
III.Regarding the unproven facts: The plaintiff failed to prove the following facts relevant to the resolution of this matter: 1) The existence, at the time this judgment was rendered, of actual and individually ascertainable damage affecting the entirety of the property acquired on 02 de abril del año 2019, corresponding to unit number 41729-F and number eighteen of Condominio Residencial del Río, as a result of the undercutting that has occurred along the boundaries of the condominium property adjoining the right bank of quebrada seca and the río Puruses. 2) The extent or area of the damage caused in the condominium’s common area, particularly the multipurpose court, swimming pool, and green areas, arising from the undercutting of its boundary with quebrada seca and the río Puruses. 3) That the undercutting of the boundary with quebrada seca and the río Puruses of the condominium in which unit number 41729-F is located has deprived the claimant’s property right of its substance at the time this judgment was rendered.
IV.Regarding the plaintiff’s arguments: In summary, and insofar as relevant to rendering this judgment, the complaint and the statements made at the supplementary hearing indicate that on 2 de abril del año 2019, he acquired unit number 18, comprising two levels, a patio, and a green area intended for residential use and under construction, located in district two, Grandilla, in the Canton of Curridabat, under real-property folio number 51.729-F-000, which forms part of the “Del Río” horizontal residential condominium. For that purpose, he executed a deed of sale secured by a mortgage, the loan for which was subsequently paid in full. He specifies that the deed of sale includes a clause stating: “without entry thereof being made in the Registry: The appearing party, Jurgen Henrich Antony, states that because these are properties awarded to Banco de Costa Rica in payment of obligations, and being familiar with them, he accepts them in their current condition and expressly waives any administrative or judicial claim arising from or in connection with differences in their nature or measurements, or on grounds of eviction (evicción) or warranty against defects in title or quality (saneamiento).” He adds that, at the time of the sale, the plaintiff and his wife, Anastasia Alvear, placed particular importance on the extensive green spaces, landscaping features, and amenities such as a large swimming pool, multipurpose sports courts, and an events pavilion, while being entirely unaware of the existence of hidden defects (vicios ocultos) and other implications affecting the property which, had they known of them, would have caused them not to purchase it.
In junio del año 2021, a condominium owners’ meeting was held because a hole had opened in the basketball court, which had previously been repaired, and on that occasion the condominium administrator stated that the undermining (socavación) had been caused by the river bordering the property and that the repair had to be carried out without the Municipality becoming aware of it. He explains that on that occasion the condominium provided them with a report from the engineering and construction company SOES, which reported and illustrated with photographs the serious condition caused by the undermining of the property’s land near the right bank of Quebrada Seca and the río Puruses, recommending work that would cost $40.000. Upon receiving this news, he went to the Municipality, where they learned of the existence of proceedings before the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, expediente número 067-06-03-TAA, concerning an investigation into the complaint filed by the Municipalidad de Curridabat regarding serious irregularities detected at Condominio del Río since febrero del año 2006, with a history dating back to año 1998.
As a result of the foregoing, they retained an environmental attorney to provide them with a technical assessment of the situation. From that report, he emphasizes that, among the serious irregularities, it was found that the permit for work within a watercourse (permiso de obra en cauce) had been processed by Desarrollos y Sistemas de Potencia DEYSPO S.A., but was never granted, and that the complaint concerns an investigation into possible environmental damage resulting from encroachment upon a stream protection area (invasión de área de protección de quebrada) committed in el año 2006. He then describes certain background information from the proceedings pending before the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. Returning to his principal argument, he reiterates that he and his wife placed particular importance, in expressing their consent, on the existence of the extensive green spaces, landscaping features, and amenities described above, but that the cited facts pose serious threats to the peaceful enjoyment, both factual and legal, of the property acquired.
He states that attorney Manavella, acting on his behalf, informed the defendant Bank of the foregoing with the intention of reaching a settlement, but none was achieved, even though the banking institution sent its experts on 17 de noviembre del año 2021, and they verified on site the seriousness of the situation, particularly in the areas containing the pavilions, multipurpose court, green space, and swimming pool, which were built within the setback areas (áreas de retiro) of a protected zone. He notes that the outcome of that inspection was not disclosed to him despite his repeated requests. In essence, the banking institution stated that, because the registry and cadastral studies contained no information about the property’s situation, it could not address the existence of hidden defects and therefore denied the administrative claim. In response, he argues that the existence of the cited defects constitutes an impediment to the peaceful use of the purchased property because it cannot fulfill the function for which it was intended when acquired, given the latent threat of physical destruction due to the land-undermining process and the potential dispossession of a significant portion of the recreational area as a consequence of the ongoing administrative proceeding.
He asserts that these circumstances entail the virtually total depreciation of the property, insofar as contractual good faith would require disclosure of the existence of a defect to any prospective interested party when the property is conveyed or encumbered, which in fact constitutes a legal impossibility under artículos 627 inciso 2) y 631 inciso 2) del Código Civil. He adds that the situation described is frustrating for the entire family, creates a constant state of apprehension and anguish, and requires exhausting involvement in administrative proceedings, unquestionably causing non-pecuniary harm (daños de afectación) that may be assessed in re ipsa. He then addresses the legal considerations, beginning with the warranties against eviction and redhibitory defects (vicios redhibitorios) as natural elements or effects of contracts for transfers for value (contratos traslativos onerosos).
He states that in such contracts, including a commercial sale, two types of warranties that the seller must provide to the buyer in relation to the item sold are particularly significant: the warranty against eviction (garantía por evicción) and the warranty against hidden defects (garantía por vicios ocultos), for which specific remedies for curing the defect are provided. In support of this discussion, he cites two judgments of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, número 320, de las 14:20 horas del 9 de noviembre del año 1990 y 227, de la 14:15 horas del 20 de diciembre del año 1991. In addition, he cites artículos 1034 y 1037 del Código Civil and concludes that the warranty against eviction at issue in these proceedings is asserted by the purchaser against the seller when the purchaser has lost, or fears losing, the purchased item through eviction, and is understood as an action seeking a cure (acción de saneamiento) intended to protect, through validation, an act affected by nullity.
He adds that legal scholarship recognizes as a remedy the granting to the buyer of the option either to rescind the contract and receive reimbursement of the expenses paid—the redhibitory action (acción redhibitoria)—or to obtain a proportional reduction in the price—the price-reduction action (acción estimatoria o quanti minoris). With respect to the first option, artículo 1082 del Código Civil provides that: “the sale may not be annulled on account of hidden flaws or defects in the item, known as redhibitory defects, unless those flaws or defects involve a mistake that vitiates consent, or unless otherwise stipulated.” He further states that Costa Rican civil legislation, rather than providing a typically redhibitory action, permits an action for relative nullity or voidability (nulidad relativa o anulabilidad), based on mistake as a defect of intent (error como vicio de voluntad); that is, the action is jointly founded on the hidden defects and the mistake.
He therefore considers that the sale cannot be annulled solely because hidden defects exist, unless they also constitute a mistake that vitiates consent, while clarifying that the possibility always remains of imposing ordinary contractual liability (responsabilidad contractual común) on the seller, who is obligated to deliver the item in a manner that allows it to fully perform its normal function; depending on the nature of the breach, such liability could result in compensation for damages (indemnización por daños y perjuicios). If the seller delivers the item with a flaw or defect that renders it unsuitable for its normal function or diminishes its quality, the seller commits a breach of contract (incumplimiento contractual), pursuant to artículos 692, 693, 704 y 764 del Código Civil, the last of which provides that “payment shall in all respects be made in accordance with the terms of the obligation,” it being an implied obligation in a sale to deliver the item as the buyer expects to receive it, in accordance with what was agreed.
He explains that the purpose of the warranty against hidden defects is to prevent the buyer from receiving an item with defects that were not visible when the purchase was made; consequently, it fundamentally concerns a breach of contract because the seller has delivered an item different from that agreed upon, namely, an item with a defect. He specifies that in commercial matters two provisions approximate the redhibitory action, numerales 467 y 450, whereas the Código Civil establishes an action for voidability, the requirements for bringing which are: a) that the flaws or defects be hidden; b) that they predate execution of the contract; c) that they render the item unsuitable for its intended purposes; and d) that, had the purchaser known of them, the purchaser would not have entered into the contract. He explains that if all the foregoing requirements are not met, the buyer, on the basis of mistake (artículo 1082), retains the right to seek contractual liability where the seller has breached the contract by delivering an item that differs in some respect from the agreed characteristics or contains a hidden defect that diminishes its quality.
He considers it undisputed in legal scholarship that the specific rules governing hidden defects do not displace other provisions that may apply to the same factual circumstances, such as, in Costa Rica, those concerning termination of the contract (resolución contractual) (artículo 692 del Código Civil) and compensation for damages resulting from breach of contract (artículos 701 y siguientes ibídem). He then refers to the case law of the Tribunal Supremo Español and to judgments número 810 de la 10 horas del 17 de setiembre del 2004 y 37 de las 11:10 horas del 28 de mayo del año 1993 of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. Regarding “the impossibility of contractual exclusion in light of the non-derogability of mandatory rules protecting consent,” he states that, in his view, the contested clause in the deed is null under artículo 1023 del Código Civil, which enshrines the principle that contractual exclusion is impermissible in light of the non-derogability of mandatory rules protecting consent, based on the most modern forms of protection afforded to the weaker party in an obligatory relationship.
Finally, in presenting his opening arguments and oral conclusions, he informed the court that it is currently the tennis court that has been closed, thereby preventing its enjoyment and causing the suffering for which relief is sought. He further specifies that the Bank was likewise unaware of the hidden defects to which he could not have consented. Regarding the undermining, he asserts that it has existed for several years and did not arise subsequently. He states that the Bank maintains that the residential area was not affected, disregarding the fact that the property is composite in nature, because if the plaintiff had known of those structural defects and disputed conditions, he would not have purchased it, and his consent was therefore seriously vitiated. He considers the facts proven and states that it was established that the Bank’s assertion that the buyer failed to take precautions is untrue, since the buyer did inspect the property very carefully and recorded in detail what he found on the principal property; moreover, it would be inconsistent to state that it is a redhibitory defect, given that it is not visible.
He states that the seller of property must provide two warranties: the warranty against eviction (garantía de evicción) and a warranty relating to obstacles that have not yet been determined, due to the lack of permits, a possible sanction by the TAA, and the fact that the proceedings have not concluded, although the threat remains. They therefore limit themselves to the warranty against latent defects (garantía de los vicios ocultos), which concerns a factual impediment: the erosion (socavamientos) that increasingly diminishes the possibility of using or enjoying this area. Lastly, he asserts that the disputed clause is a notarial “boilerplate form” (“machote”) that disregards all consumer protections and that clauses waiving warranties are therefore abusive.
V.Regarding the arguments of Banco de Costa Rica: In summary, the institutional representative states that, indeed, the property purchased by the plaintiff was an asset awarded to Banco de Costa Rica on 26 de setiembre del año 2017 as a result of collection proceedings for an unpaid loan. The representative adds that the Bank was neither the developer of the condominium nor the financier of its construction. Furthermore, the Bank usually publicly offers such properties for sale by means of a notice posted at the property or through its website. The representative states that the deed contains an express declaration of intent by the plaintiff that he knew the circumstances and condition of the property he was acquiring and accepted it as such. The representative adds that the filing of this action constitutes a breach of a contractual obligation, since the plaintiff acknowledges having thoroughly inspected the property before acquiring it, and page 30 of the administrative record shows that the client requested a 20% reduction in the condominium’s price due to the deterioration he observed as a result of the building’s abandonment.
The Bank has no knowledge of the remaining facts because they are unrelated to the banking institution. The representative notes that the plaintiff himself identifies the alleged perpetrator of the violation and that it was not Banco de Costa Rica, and that the date on which the violation is said to have been committed predates the Bank’s acquisition of the property through adjudication. The representative states that the approaches made to the Bank are indeed acknowledged and demonstrate the prompt attention provided, but that the use of the term “seriousness” is merely an assertion by the plaintiff, as the experts’ report does not use that term. The representative reiterates that the Bank did not construct the property and never used it, having acquired ownership through the collection of a debt. The representative emphasizes that, in the second statement of fact, the plaintiff admits that he inspected the property very thoroughly before deciding to acquire it; therefore, if there was any type of encroachment upon the river protection zone at that time, he personally saw it and did not consider it relevant.
Furthermore, referring to the response provided to the requests submitted to the Bank, the representative notes that it is true that, in the Bank’s view, no irregular situation had been found. On a separate matter, the representative supports the assertion of the defenses on the merits (defensas de fondo), beginning with the “inadmissible claim (demanda improponible),” arguing that this litigation lacks any substantial basis and that Article 35, subsection 9), of the Civil Code applies because an essential substantive prerequisite of the claim is plainly lacking. The representative explains that, according to the complaint, no harm has materialized and that, should any occur, it would be attributable to third parties, making it improper to seek damages from the Bank. Furthermore, given the nature of the pending proceeding, the plaintiff’s property right will not be threatened at any time, and the action is therefore frivolous.
On a separate matter, the representative states that the defendants subject to mandatory joinder (litis consorcio pasiva) must include Sociedad Maderera El Bosque S.A, because Municipalidad de Curridabat attributed the violations to that company in its complaint filed before Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, as well as the condominium as a legal entity, because it has been making decisions that could be the cause of the harm claimed by the plaintiff. Regarding the defense of lack of legal entitlement (falta de derecho), the representative states that the complaint is based solely on Articles 1023 and 1082 of the Civil Code and has therefore been characterized by the plaintiff as a matter of contractual civil liability (responsabilidad civil contractual). Nevertheless, the first conclusion arising from the statement of facts is that no harm has materialized; moreover, it refers to an administrative proceeding initiated by a complaint filed 16 years ago, in which the most recent action is dated 26 de marzo del año 2020, this circumstance alone being sufficient to deem the claim inadmissible.
The representative adds that no less important is the plaintiff’s own assertion in his statement of facts that the property he acquired is located within a condominium and that he knows that the alleged irregular acts that could cause him economic loss were committed by the company that developed the condominium and arose from resolutions adopted by the Condominium Owners’ Assembly itself, of which he is a member and which he attended. It is therefore clear that, if there is any event giving rise to damages, two third parties have been clearly identified. The representative states that the plaintiff acknowledges having read the contract he signed and under which he acquired his property; that the property was an asset awarded to Banco de Costa Rica in collection of a debt; and that the Bank therefore sold it under the same conditions in which it had acquired it. Accordingly, the only basis on which he could hold the Bank liable would be if an action originating from the Bank itself during the months in which it held title gave rise to the alleged harm he invokes.
That is not the case, since the events he identifies occurred during construction of the condominium in 2006, 11 years before the Bank acquired it through adjudication, and the events described occurred in June 2021, when the plaintiff already owned the property. In this regard, the representative notes that the plaintiff states that both he and his spouse “diligently” assessed the property they were considering acquiring, which suggests that they must have spoken with the condominium administration, which did not inform them of the existence of the complaint, of which the Bank had likewise not been informed. In view of the foregoing, the representative identifies a clear causal link (relación de causalidad) between the alleged damages and third parties, rather than Banco de Costa Rica, and therefore argues that the plaintiff has no justification for attempting to disregard his obligation to observe the principle of pacta sunt servanda.
The representative continues by stating that it must be determined whether the alleged latent defect (vicio oculto) invoked by the plaintiff is sufficiently serious to justify the complete annulment of the purchase and sale agreement and the payment of substantial compensation for non-pecuniary harm (daño moral). The representative reiterates that, first, no harm has materialized; therefore, the alleged defect invoked in the complaint has not even occurred, a circumstance that by itself renders the claim inadmissible. In addition, the punitive proceeding (procedimiento sancionatorio) that could give rise to the alleged damages has plainly lapsed or, at least, that is what the documentation submitted with the complaint indicates; consequently, the materialization of any type of harm cannot even be considered probable. Second, the representative notes that, because the outcome of the administrative proceeding is unknown, any assessment of harm arising from a final sanction is entirely speculative.
Moreover, the claim for contractual rescission (rescisión contractual) and substantial compensation could be granted only if Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo imposed a sanction on the plaintiff that made his dwelling uninhabitable, such as a demolition order. In view of the foregoing, applying the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, it is apparent that the complaint against the condominium concerns the performance of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and the apparent cutting of vegetation along the riverbank without the corresponding permits; it therefore does not concern serious defects, such as construction of the plaintiff’s dwelling within public-domain land (zona demanial), which the condominium plan readily shows is not the case. Accordingly, the representative argues that the circumstance that prompted the plaintiff to seek judicial protection does not exist, because his right to occupy his dwelling is not being threatened at any time.
Under the legal system, if a sanction is imposed, it will consist of a fine or the performance of environmental restoration work, neither of which will be the responsibility of Banco de Costa Rica, since it is not the respondent named in the complaint and the events occurred 11 years before the Bank acquired the property through adjudication. The representative cites Article 1082 of the Civil Code to state that, to the contrary, the contract expressly warned that the buyer knew the circumstances under which the Bank had acquired the property and released it from liability for defects or deficiencies of this kind. In presenting oral closing arguments, the representative stated that the action lacks legal basis because it contains none of the essential elements required to attribute liability to the Bank, since the Bank did not finance the work, prepare the plans, undertake the construction, or have any involvement in the construction of the property where the plaintiff resides.
The representative explains that a Bank customer provides a subsidiary property as collateral, the Bank acquires the property through adjudication, which is normal in banking activity, but notes that the Bank is not in the business of taking ownership of real property and must sell it to recover the unpaid loan. The representative adds that the Bank has no control over the physical condition in which it receives properties, which is why that clause is included; it sells the properties in the condition in which it received them, as a temporary owner. Moreover, in purchasing any asset, every consumer is expected to exercise due diligence proportional to the asset’s value. The representative argues that, in this specific case, the plaintiff alleges a problem affecting common areas. It is not hidden; it is evident and concerns a common area of the condominium. The plaintiff’s argument therefore collapses: there was no bad faith by the Bank in selling the asset it had acquired, it is not known whether the plaintiff conducted any due diligence, and there is no latent defect.
In other words, no specialist is needed to see that common areas are located at the edge of the stream. The representative adds that the dwelling is one thing and the common areas are another, and that the latter are not 100% unusable. Thus, based on an ancillary issue, the plaintiff seeks to terminate the entire contract and to have all the years during which he has lived in the property cost him nothing, which would constitute unjust enrichment (enriquecimiento sin causa). The representative further states that the complaint in the administrative forum is longstanding, that the damage must be repaired by the condominium, and that the action should have been brought against it rather than against the party that sold the property. The representative underscores that, in his deposition, the plaintiff testified at length that he knew he was acquiring a deteriorated property and therefore cannot later claim that the Bank concealed the nature of the property from him.
The representative notes that the plaintiff refers to an act of nature occurring at least two years after the sale, which he now seeks to attribute to the Bank. Moreover, the problem involving waterways is a matter known throughout the country and is public and notorious. The representative warns that the damage does not affect all common areas and therefore has not materialized and did not result from any action by the Bank itself; liability based on fault (responsabilidad civil por culpabilidad) thus ceases to exist. The representative notes that the plaintiff seeks to hold the Bank liable for damage that may arise from inaction regarding acts by third parties, namely the condominium owners and the condominium itself. The representative then cites judgment number 2024006326, issued at 11:50 hras del lunes 23 de setiembre, in which the court dismissed an action against the Bank because the owner failed to exercise due diligence and the damage he suffered was caused not by the Bank but by a third party or acts of nature.
Regarding the testimonial evidence (prueba testimonial) received, the representative states that the retained professional did not challenge the technical opinion (dictamen técnico), which indicated that the defects were repairable; therefore, if any harm exists, it would be limited to the proportional share suffered, namely the ancillary portion of the entirety of the property right held by the plaintiff.
VI.Merits of the case (fondo del asunto): The subject matter to be decided in this judgment revolves around two thematic issues that must be addressed. The first is whether the clause introduced by the banking entity upon selling property awarded at auction (bien adjudicado por remate), which requires the purchaser to waive claims for hidden defects (vicios ocultos), is lawful. The second is whether the alleged damage that the plaintiff maintains the condominium property has sustained is sufficient to support a claim based on a redhibitory defect (vicio redhibitorio), given his contention that he was unaware of the vulnerable conditions of the boundaries adjoining the common areas, which impaired his capacity to exercise free will when acquiring unit number 18 of the residential condominium “Del Río,” located in Granadilla de Curridabat, and therefore warrants a declaration that the deed is null and void, reimbursement of the amount paid for the property, and compensation for subjective emotional distress (daño moral subjetivo).
This Panel of Judges now rules on those arguments as follows. 1) The clause waiving claims for hidden defects is absolutely null and void. Violation of the rules governing legal transactions (negocios jurídicos): According to the banking entity’s theory of the case, the fact that it acquired the property through an auction arising from the enforcement of a mortgage guarantee (garantía hipotecaria) granted in its favor justifies including a clause whereby the purchaser of the property waives any claim for hidden defects in the real property. The plaintiff and purchaser challenges that line of argument, alleging “the impossibility of contractual exclusion in view of the non-derogability of the mandatory rules protecting consent,” which leads him to maintain that the clause in the challenged deed is null and void because it introduces a contractual provision contrary to the non-derogability of the mandatory rules protecting consent, based on the most modern forms of protection for the weaker party in an obligational relationship (relación obligatoria).
The Court’s assessment: Having analyzed the positions timely presented by both parties, we conclude, in light of the legal system, that the challenged clause is indeed unlawful, as explained below. The plaintiff’s first claim in these proceedings seeks a declaration of “the nullity of the clause by which the Bank seeks to exempt itself from liability through the purchaser’s waiver of any claim for such defects under the terms of Article 1023 of the Civil Code....” Upon reviewing the factual record, we find that on 02 de abril del año 2019, Mr. Jurgen Henrich Antony purchased from the seller, Banco de Costa Rica, unit number 41729-F, corresponding to unit eighteen of the Residential Condominium “Del Río,” comprising two levels, a patio, and a green area intended for residential use and under construction, located in District two, Granadilla, canton of Curridabat, province of San José, for the sum, received in full satisfaction, of one hundred twelve million three hundred ninety thousand three hundred twenty colones.
The deed states, insofar as relevant, the following: “WITHOUT ENTRY IN THE REGISTRY: The appearing party, JURGEN HENRICH ANTONY, states that, because these are properties awarded to Banco de Costa Rica in payment of obligations and because he is familiar with them, he accepts them in their current condition and expressly waives any administrative or judicial claim arising from or in connection with discrepancies in their nature or dimensions, or on grounds of eviction (evicción) or warranty against defects in title or condition (saneamiento)....” Upon reviewing the foregoing under the applicable legal regime, there can be no doubt that the banking entity is incorrect in seeking to justify the inclusion of a clause requiring the purchaser to waive rights on the basis of the entity’s omission of its duty to guarantee the condition of the property sold against hidden defects or disturbances of possession (turbaciones en la posesión) arising from causes predating the sale.
That position is deemed unlawful because, as a mandatory matter of law, “Contracts are binding both as to what is expressly stated therein and as to the consequences that equity, usage, or the law causes to arise from the obligation, according to its nature....” (Article 1023, subsection 1, of the Civil Code). In this regard, the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has long analyzed the parties’ contractual obligations and the unlawfulness of waiving the exercise of rights inherent in a legal transaction. This Panel of Judges fully concurs with that position, which is expressed as follows: “(...) XIV.- In the contractual sphere, an objective basis for attributing liability is found in the warranty obligation (obligación de garantía), which appears as an implied clause in every agreement and requires that the contracting parties’ property be protected against damage that may arise from the performance of a legal transaction.
Accordingly, in addition to the effect of terminating, rescinding, or revoking the transaction, as applicable, that such a situation could entail, the warrantor must compensate the counterparty if any property—whether the subject matter of the agreement itself or other property within the latter’s estate—suffers impairment arising from the performance of the agreement. Such impairment may be material or may result from legal effects, as in the case of eviction. It may also arise from intrinsic defects in the property or from extrinsic factors, such as the conduct of the warrantor, that of the warrantor’s employees or subordinates, or even, exceptionally, that of a third party unrelated to the legal transaction who cannot be identified, which is borne at the seller’s risk and responsibility where the warrantor could or should have prevented such conduct but failed to take action to that end.
In the latter case, the warrantor must prove that it neither had the ability nor the duty to prevent the third party’s harmful conduct. Finally, in addition to the other exemptions from liability indicated above, the warrantor will also be relieved of liability if it proves that everything was attributable to the victim’s own act, whereby the victim caused the damage to itself. The foregoing is embodied generally in positive law in Article 1023, subsection one, of the Civil Code, which provides: ‘Contracts are binding both as to what is expressly stated therein and as to the consequences that equity, usage, or the law causes to arise from the obligation, according to its nature.’ Thus, irrespective of whether what occurred is attributable to fault on the part of the warrantor, whether through willful misconduct or gross negligence, the obligation to answer to the counterparty whenever the circumstances described above occur will always be inherent in the legal transaction.
More specifically, with respect to a contract of sale in the civil-law sphere, section 1034 provides: ‘Anyone who has transferred a real or personal right for valuable consideration guarantees the free exercise thereof to the person to whom it was transferred.’ The foregoing is directly related to the cited provision 1023, as a general rule within the Law of Obligations. Moreover, specifically with respect to a commercial relationship, as has been disputed in this litigation, section 467 provides: ‘In every sale, the seller shall be bound by the warranty against defects in title or condition, unless otherwise agreed.’ From the three cited provisions, it follows as a unified principle that, in a sale, the warranty imposes upon the seller the duty to provide the purchaser with such warranty. Those provisions do not expressly establish that this obligation arises only from the seller’s willful misconduct or gross negligence; consequently, the general principles of law set forth earlier in this recital apply to the warranty.
It should be added that, in the event of breach of an obligation, such as the obligation to guarantee the suitability of the property sold, both objectively and legally, the seller would bear the burden of proving that the breach resulted from the fault of the creditor (purchaser), force majeure, or a fortuitous event, pursuant to section 702 of the Civil Code....” (Resolution Nº 00212 - 2008, at 08:15 on 25 de Marzo del 2008). It should therefore be noted that, by operation of law, the seller must act as warrantor of the property constituting the subject matter of the transaction, and the justification offered by the banking entity to exempt itself from that statutory obligation, where the law itself does not do so, is untenable. This is without prejudice to the fact that, in this specific case, the entity acquired the property pursuant to a mortgage guarantee; therefore, under the rules governing its financial intermediation, it should have ascertained that the property was eligible to serve as collateral for a loan because it was in optimal condition to be accepted as security, in accordance with Article 69 of La Ley Orgánica del Sistema Bancario Nacional, law number 1644 of 26 de setiembre de 1953, Article 69 of which provides: “Before granting any loan, banks shall have the property offered as security appraised or calculate the value of the crop for which the loan is intended.” The foregoing leads to the conclusion that the seller of property is inescapably obligated to take all necessary steps to guarantee the purchaser’s enjoyment of the transferred property, free from hidden defects or disturbances of possession arising from causes predating the sale.
Accordingly, in this specific case, the banking entity should have inspected the property being sold, not only to establish its sale price but also to verify that it was in a condition suitable for sale, thereby avoiding problems involving hidden defects or eviction, regardless of whether it acted with willful misconduct or gross negligence. Its duty is to guarantee the unrestricted enjoyment of the property sold and to adopt all logical, reasonable, and appropriate measures to prevent damage to the real property, beyond merely verifying registry and cadastral records, even though it acquired the property at auction in payment of a monetary obligation. Accordingly, this Court has no doubt that the clause at issue in these proceedings is absolutely null and void because it is abusive and contrary to law. The clause is therefore declared null and void and shall be deemed not to have been included in the deed of sale under review. 2) Failure to prove loss of the general use and enjoyment of the common areas.
No serious impairment of quality of life or decisive effect on the capacity to exercise free will in the legal transaction entered into: The second thematic issue, which is decisive to this Court’s ruling on claims 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the complaint—summarized as seeking a declaration that the sale is null and void, reimbursement of the indexed amount paid, payment of interest, and compensation for emotional distress (daño moral)—is based on the plaintiff’s theory of the case that the existence of a complaint filed in 2006 by the Municipalidad de Curridabat before the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo was not disclosed to him when he acquired the property. That information was also apparently unknown to the banking entity, but it essentially reflects the problem affecting the right-hand boundary of the condominium property, specifically the common areas, which could be affected by measures adopted in the future by that administrative authority in proceedings that have not yet concluded.
It further warns, by means of the new fact described in the first recital (considerando primero) of this decision, that the damage can be observed in the undercutting (socavamientos) along the right-hand boundary of the property, as illustrated in the 2021 report by the company SOES Ingeniería & Construcción, with the damage having materialized to date through the closure of the clubhouse; however, it understands that part of the swimming pool and the multipurpose court were built within the setback area (área de retiro) of the río Puruses, and therefore there is a threat of interference with the peaceful use and enjoyment of the common property (bienes comunes), such as the green areas, multipurpose court, and swimming pool, which were the principal reason for acquiring the property, having been evaluated by him and his partner when they decided to make the purchase. He asserts that these circumstances entail an almost complete devaluation of the property, insofar as contractual good faith would require that, when transferring or encumbering the property, the existence of the defect be disclosed to any prospective interested party, which in fact amounts to a legal impossibility under articles 627 subsection 2) and 631 subsection 2) of the Código Civil.
He adds that legal scholarship recognizes, as a warranty remedy (acción de saneamiento), granting the purchaser the option either to rescind the contract and be reimbursed for the expenses paid (redhibitory action (acción redhibitoria)) or to obtain a proportionate reduction in the price (price-reduction action (acción estimatoria o quanti minoris)). Along those lines, he contends that there is a serious defect in consent (vicio grave en el consentimiento), and that a redhibitory defect (vicio redhibitorio) is therefore present; on that basis, he requests that the claims in the proceeding be granted. For its part, the banking institution answers the action by stating that it played no role in the construction project or its financing, and therefore the complaint was improperly brought against it rather than against the responsible third parties; that the administrative proceeding before the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo has not concluded and is not directed against it; and that, in any event, the condominium unit (filial) purchased is not being affected.
It repeatedly draws attention to the fact that the plaintiff inspected the property in detail when acquiring it, as he expressly states in his complaint and testimony, and therefore cannot claim that he was unaware that the common areas bordered the river. The Court’s assessment: Having comprehensively reviewed and analyzed the evidence introduced into the record by the parties, as well as their arguments, this Chamber concludes that, in this particular case, the prerequisites have not been established for granting the claims associated with an alleged defect in consent of such magnitude and effect as to invalidate the purchase-and-sale transaction under review, which is, in essence, the central subject matter of the proceeding. The possibility of awarding damages for loss of the property’s increased value is not addressed because the party did not request such relief, and we therefore confine ourselves to the specific claim presented.
With the foregoing clearly established, we must specify that, although the plaintiff states that the condominium’s common areas—namely, the green areas, swimming pool, multipurpose court, and clubhouse—were decisive factors in the decision to purchase the condominium property, the fact remains that the damage established thus far is minimal and speculative when measured against the condominium unit itself. This is because it is undisputed that the plaintiff inspected the property before acquiring it, as he described at length when testifying before this Court, and consequently knew the condition and layout of the property’s common areas. It is also undisputed that Banco de Costa Rica was unaware of the existence of a complaint filed by Municipalidad de Curridabat on 06 de marzo del año 2006 before Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. Indeed, the evidence submitted into the record shows that Ms.
Lucy Retana Chinchilla, in her capacity as Mayor of Municipalidad de Curridabat, filed a complaint against Mr. Aristide Vargas Artavia and the company Sociedad Maderera El Bosque S.A for alleged environmental violations arising from earthworks (movimientos de tierras) carried out in the channel and surrounding areas of the río Puruses, specifically where the “Del Río” residential condominium stands, located in Curridabat, to which expediente number 67-06-03-TAA was assigned. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the parties did not submit evidence regarding the current status of that administrative proceeding or its impact on the common areas. Accordingly, the extent of any possible final administrative decision issued by Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo in that regard—or whether it might merely order containment and repair works—is purely conjectural on the plaintiff’s part. Moreover, the plaintiff did not even submit technical evidence conclusively establishing the area or dimensions of any possible impact on the common areas in relation to the setback area imposed by the legal system, instead basing his distress and concern on mere speculation, since we have no technical certainty regarding the degree of encroachment upon the setback area or whether it would result in the removal of a portion or all of the constructed areas.
We must point out that the only technical evidence submitted in the proceeding is the report prepared in mayo del año 2021 by the company SOES Ingeniería & Construcción, a study entitled “Maintenance Works on the Right Bank of Quebrada Seca and río Puruses, Condominio Del Río” (“Obras de mantenimiento sobre margen derecha quebrada seca y río Puruses Condominio Del Río”), located in distrito Granadilla, cantón Curridabat, Provincia de San José. That study states that it was conducted specifically along the right bank of Quebrada Seca and río Puruses on the affected property, where inspections confirmed the existence of scouring beneath the foundations of the existing walls, both block walls and gabion walls (gaviones). Nevertheless, as stated above, it is insufficient to substantiate the plaintiff’s speculation supporting his assertions regarding the loss of the common areas, as to which, we reiterate, there is no conclusive evidence of the actual extent of the impact.
It should be noted that even the witness offered by the plaintiff, Mr. Miguel Segura Sánchez, who prepared a legal study of the situation at the request of the plaintiff’s wife, stated that he believed there was a risk arising from construction within the protected area (área de protección) only with respect to the clubhouse and the court, excluding the swimming pool from that risk, which confirms the imprecision of the facts underlying the complaint. Even less tenable is the contention that the condominium unit owned by the plaintiff has lost all value, because although the common areas are an integral part of the property regime (régimen de propiedad) to which it is subject, including the unit’s corresponding interest in those common areas, it is clear that the physical integrity of the residence is not in dispute. Nor can the argument concerning the possible investment that each condominium owner may have to make to prevent further damage along the boundaries between the property and the río Puruses be accepted as justification for granting the requested declaration of a redhibitory defect, since this is not only insufficient, but the amount involved has also not been established.
It must again be noted that reimbursement of such an expenditure is not among the claims in this proceeding, even though there is no doubt that the expenditure will have to be made on the basis of the technical study submitted and any studies required by the corresponding administrative authorities; therefore, no further analysis is undertaken in that regard. For the reasons stated, we must clarify that, as the plaintiff contends, article 1082 of the Código Civil establishes a system of protection for purchasers against defects in the property that is the subject of the legal transaction and that were unknown to the parties. The provision clearly states: “A sale may not be annulled because of hidden defects or flaws in the thing, known as redhibitory defects, unless those defects or flaws involve an error that invalidates consent, or unless otherwise stipulated.” Nevertheless, the plaintiff errs in considering that contingent and uncertain damage qualifies as grounds for an action to annul the public deed of sale, or that, if its existence were established—that is, if it were actual and individually ascertainable under section 196 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública—it would be of such magnitude as to deprive the plaintiff’s property right of its substance.
Thus, the plaintiff has not established a defect in consent having a substantial bearing on his acquisition of the condominium property. In this regard, Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia has consistently cautioned that the defects must be so significant that it may be concluded that the purchaser’s intent was absent, a fact that has not been established in this proceeding, as we explain below. Sala Primera has reiterated the following in its recently issued opinion: “… The first point to emphasize is that article 1082 of the Código Civil provides: ‘A sale may not be annulled because of hidden defects or flaws in the thing, known as redhibitory defects, unless those defects or flaws involve an error that invalidates consent, or unless otherwise stipulated.’ As can be seen, the law provides, with respect to a contract of sale (contrato de compraventa), that defects in the thing constituting the subject matter of the transaction may result in a defect in consent.
Furthermore, that provision applies to exchanges (permuta), pursuant to section 1100 of the same body of law: ‘A contract of exchange shall be governed by the same principles as a sale: each party to the exchange shall be regarded as the seller of the thing that party gives, and its price as of the date of the contract shall be deemed the price paid for what that party receives in exchange.’ It is therefore clear that hidden or redhibitory defects in the exchanged property could potentially result in the annulment of consent. Logically, for this consequence to arise, the anomalies must be serious and unknown to the party acquiring the defective property, such that, had that party known of the defects, the transaction would not have been carried out. The foregoing is consistent with article 1015, subsection two, of the Código Civil: ‘A contract in which consent is given under error is voidable: (…) 2º.- When the error concerns the identity of the specific thing at issue, or its substance or essential quality.’ Regarding the availability of an action for nullity (acción de nulidad) based on defects in consent, see judgment no. 37-1993 of 11 horas 10 minutos del 28 de mayo de 1993.” (Resolución número 000917-F-S1-2023, de las 09:44 horas del 21 de junio del año 2023).
From the foregoing quotation, we derive two fundamental premises for resolving the present matter. The first is that it is not enough merely to establish that the damage is actual or potential; it must also necessarily be duly substantiated and must not be speculative or hypothetical damage, as it is in the present case.
Second, we must emphasize that the legal provision permits annulment on the grounds of mistake in the transaction (error del negocio), insofar as it is demonstrated that the purchaser is mistaken regarding the actual conditions of the subject matter of the transaction, which was not demonstrated in these proceedings. On the contrary, it is clear from the party testimony (declaración de parte) received at the oral and public trial that the plaintiff took particular care to ascertain the actual conditions of the property, as he described in detail the observations he made regarding the condominium unit (filial) and stated that he even requested a price review for that reason. Therefore, based on a proper understanding of human conduct, we may evidently also conclude that the plaintiff undertook his own due diligence to assess the condition of the common areas (áreas comunes), which, as he insisted in his action, were the most significant aspect of his acquisition of the condominium unit; hence, he should have observed their proximity to the river channel (cauce) and that their maintenance might entail structural works for their preservation.
From this perspective, serious doubts arise concerning his theory of the case, insofar as he claims to have been unaware that the common areas of the "Del Río" condominium adjoined a river. Accordingly, the argument that the transaction was legally impossible cannot be accepted under the terms set forth in numerals 627 subsection 1) and 631 of the Civil Code, given the plaintiff’s capacity to understand the condition of the property acquired and the effects that a reduction of the common areas would have on his condominium ownership right (derecho de propiedad condominal), since those areas are located along the boundary adjoining the río Puruses, and it is well known that a river channel is liable to be altered by natural events, thereby affecting its boundaries. Consequently, because there are no grounds for finding a redhibitory defect (vicio redhibitorio) in the legal transaction (negocio jurídico) entered into by the parties capable of demonstrating a serious defect in the plaintiff’s consent (vicio grave en la voluntad) when he acquired unit number 18 of the "Del Río" residential condominium, and because the impossibility of actually and reasonably enjoying the condominium’s common areas as of this date has not been demonstrated, with the exception of the ranch area, which is not deemed to seriously affect his quality of life or his intent to acquire the property, this is illustrated by the fact that, when giving testimony, the plaintiff freely stated that they had ceased using the swimming pool because they had chosen other means of engaging in swimming, having purchased a membership interest in the Indoor Club.
This unquestionably shows that it was not specifically the threat or risk of destruction of the common areas or any portion thereof that caused their reduced use, nor that any serious impairment of his unit and the remaining common property associated with his condominium ownership right occurred that would justify annulment of the legal transaction and the requested award of damages. Consequently, in light of the foregoing analysis, this Chamber orders the complete dismissal of both the claim for annulment and the associated claims for damages based on this argument; therefore, claims 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the complaint are denied. III.- Alternative claim (pretensión subsidiaria). Inadmissibility of an argumentative claim: The plaintiff asserts, as an alternative claim, a line of argument without stating a specific prayer for relief (petitoria concreta), as required by numeral 42 of the Code of Administrative Judicial Procedure, since the plaintiff does not specify whether the relief sought is a declaration of nullity, the modification or adjustment of conduct, the recognition or declaration of a specific legal situation, a declaration concerning a legal-administrative relationship, an award, or a specific order.
Let us examine it. The alternative claim is as follows: "That the defendant Bank be declared liable under the ordinary contractual liability system applicable to the seller, who is obligated to deliver the item in such a manner that it performs its normal function and incurs a breach of contract (incumplimiento contractual) by failing to do so, in accordance with articles 692, 693, 701, 702, 7, 764 and 1022 of the Civil Code, the last of which provides that ‘payment shall in all respects (sic) be made in accordance with the terms of the obligation’; it is an implied obligation in a purchase and sale transaction to deliver the item as the purchaser expects to receive it, in accordance with what was agreed (articles 764 and 1022 ibid.)". According to the cited case law, these actions would be compatible—not mutually exclusive—under the common circumstance: a defect in the item that diminishes its quality or renders it unusable." Note that although the claim begins by seeking a declaration of liability, its reasoning is argumentative in nature, as it proceeds to set forth a statutory and case-law basis without identifying any specific act or conduct sought, which is sufficient reason to conclude that, rather than embodying a specific objective, the claim is contained within a general argument concerning contractual liability (responsabilidad contractual). Consequently, because the claim cannot be entertained, it is declared inadmissible on the grounds explained above.
VII.Regarding the defenses raised: By virtue of the analysis conducted in the preceding recital (considerando), the complaint is partially granted; therefore, the defense of lack of legal right (falta de derecho) is rejected with respect to the first claim but sustained with respect to the remaining claims. As for the defense of an “untenable complaint” (demanda improponible), it is sustained solely with respect to the alternative claim, but not with respect to the principal claim, because the subject matter of the dispute may properly be heard in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (sede contencioso administrativa), as is apparent from the preceding recital.
VIII.Regarding procedural costs and attorneys’ fees (costas procesales y personales): Pursuant to section 193 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, procedural costs and attorneys’ fees constitute a burden imposed upon the losing party by virtue of having lost. Exemption from this award is appropriate only when, in the Tribunal’s judgment, there was sufficient reason to litigate or when judgment is rendered on the basis of evidence whose existence was unknown to the opposing party. In this specific case, since each party has prevailed in part, this judgment is rendered without any specific award of costs.
POR TANTO
The defense of lack of legal right is partially sustained. Claims 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the complaint are denied, and the alternative claim is declared inadmissible. The clause contained in deed number eleven, appearing on the reverse of folio fifty-six of volume one hundred fifteen of the notarial protocol of Kattia Vargas Cordero, executed on 02 de abril del año 2019, recording the purchase of the real property, unit number 41729-F, which is unit eighteen of Condominio Residencial del Río, by Mr. Jurgen Henrich Antony, is declared absolutely null and void (nulidad absoluta) insofar as it states the following, which shall be deemed unwritten: “WITHOUT THE REGISTRY TAKING NOTE: The appearing party, JURGEN HENRICH ANTONY, states that, because these are properties awarded by Banco de Costa Rica in payment of obligations and because he is familiar with them, he accepts them in their current condition and expressly waives any administrative or judicial claim arising from or in connection with discrepancies in their nature or measurements, or on grounds of eviction or warranty of title (saneamiento)...”. This judgment is rendered without any specific award of costs. Let notice be served.- Claudia Bolaños Salazar. Cinthya Morales Herra. Amy Miranda Alvarado.
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CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - DECIDING JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A) ???????????????
CINTHYA MARIA MORALES HERRA - DECIDING JUDGE ????????????????
AMY MIRANDA ALVARADO - DECIDING JUDGE Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of BNCR, across from Café Dorado. Telephone numbers: 2545-0107 or 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006. Email: [email protected]
EV Generación de Machote: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj ????????????????
Proceso de conocimiento Actor: Jurgen Henrich Antony Demandado: El Banco de Costa Rica N° 2024006929 Sección Primera del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, anexo A. Calle Blancos, a las once horas con cincuenta y siete minutos del diez de Octubre del dos mil veinticuatro.- Proceso de conocimiento establecido por el señor Jurgen Henrich Antony, casado, profesor universitario, vecino de Curridabat y portador de la cédula de residencia número 1276000064331, en contra del Banco de Costa Rica, representado por su apoderado especial judicial, el licenciado Federico Mata Herrera, soltero, vecino de San José, portador de la cédula de identidad número 1-0561-0331 y el carné profesional 4823. El actor cuenta con el patrocinio letrado de los licenciados Carlos Andrés Manavella, con el carné profesional número 1901 y Ricardo Calvo Gamboa, carné 2930, quienes participan en condición de abogados directores.
RESULTANDO
I.El actor interpone la presente demanda, con las siguientes pretensiones que son aclaradas y ajustadas en el juicio oral: "Que en sentencia se declare: 1. La nulidad de la cláusula por la cual el Banco pretende exonerarse de responsabilidad ante la renuncia del comprador al reclamo por ese tipo de vicios en los términos del artículo 1023 del Código Civil. 2. La nulidad de la escritura mencionada en base a lo dispuesto en el artículo 1082 del Código Civil que permite tal petición ante la existencia de vicios ocultos cuando generan error que vicia el consentimiento. 3. Declarada la nulidad de la escritura de venta se ordene a las partes restituir a la otra las prestaciones oportunamente cumplidas. En el caso de la obligación por parte del Banco demandado, deberá restituir la suma de 123.812.760 colones, suma que surge de la actualización del valor pagado al momento de la presente demanda como criterio indexatorio el valor del dólar americano para el día de la venta el cual se encontraba al día de cambio de 602.74 colones por dólar.
Dicho monto deberá ser actualizado al valor del dólar más los intereses que se produzcan hasta su pago efectivo. 4. Que la demandada deberá pagar a la actora la suma de veinte millones de colones en concepto de daño moral por afectación (daño moral subjetivo). 5. Que sobre el monto total que se llegue a establecer en sentencia, deberá la accionada reconocer el pago de intereses legales hasta el día de su efectivo pago. 6. Que se condene a la demandada al pago de ambas costas del proceso. Petición subsidiaria. En caso de no considerarse pertinente nuestras peticiones principales 2 y 3, solicitamos: Que se declare la responsabilidad del Banco demandado basado en el sistema de responsabilidad contractual común del vendedor, quien tiene la obligación de entregar la cosa en forma tal que cumpla su función normal incurriendo en un incumplimiento contractual, de conformidad con los artículos 692, 693, 701, 702, 7, 764 y 1022 del Código Civil, éste último en cuanto dispone que "el pago se hará bajo todos los respectos (sic) conforme al tenor de la obligación" es una obligación implícita en la compra venta el entregar la cosa tal y como el comprador espera recibirla, de conformidad con lo acordado (artículos 764 y 1022 ibidem)".
De conformidad con la jurisprudencia citada éstas acciones serían compatibles - no excluyentes- entre el supuesto común: el defecto en la cosa desmejorándola o haciéndola inutilizable. De igual manera se acojan las restantes petitorias principales numeradas de la 4 a la 6 inclusive". (Ver imágenes 13 a 16 del expediente judicial digital).
II.La parte demandada contesta negativamente la demanda e interpone las defensas de falta de integración de la litis, falta de derecho y demanda improponible. Por último, solicita la condenatoria en costas. (Ver imágenes 227 a 237 del expediente judicial digital).
III.A través del auto de las 07:53 horas del 07 de setiembre del 2022, la Jueza Tramitadora confiere audiencia a la parte actora respecto a la contestación de la demanda y las defensas interpuestas. (Ver imagen 241 del expediente judicial digital).
IV.Mediante resolución número 1712-2022, de las 09:35 horas del 13 de octubre del 2022, la Jueza Tramitadora declara inadmisible la defensa de litis consorcio pasivo necesaria. (Ver imágenes 251 a 257 del expediente judicial digital).
V.La audiencia preliminar fue celebrada el día 25 de abril del 2023, con la participación de ambas partes del proceso. En dicha audiencia, se fijan las pretensiones, se admite prueba documental ofrecida por ambas partes y la declaración de parte del actor y un testigo. (Ver imágenes 270 a 273 del expediente judicial digital).
VI.El juicio oral y público, fue celebrado el día 25 de setiembre del año 2024, con la participación de ambas partes. En dicha audiencia, el Despacho advierte que el contrato de mandato de la parte actora no se encuentra correctamente rendido, conforme al artículo 1256 del Código Civil. De seguido, se solicita a la parte actora aclarar las pretensiones, se recibe la declaración de parte y del testigo y por último, se rinden conclusiones. (Ver imágenes 308 a 312 del expediente judicial digital).
VII.En los procedimientos ante este Tribunal se han cumplido las formalidades de ley y no se observan nulidades que subsanar o que generen indefensión. Esta sentencia se dicta por unanimidad y con previa deliberación de las juezas Amy Miranda Alvarado, Cynthia María Morales Herra y Claudia Bolaños Salazar, quien asume la ponencia y redacta la sentencia.
CONSIDERANDO
I.Sobre el hecho nuevo alegado por la parte actora: De conformidad con el auto de las nueve horas veintisiete minutos del veintiocho de mayo del año en curso, se confirió a la accionada audiencia acerca de los hechos nuevos presentados por la parte actora, los cuales obedecen, según refiere, a hechos acaecidos en fecha 15 de mayo del presente año, en el área común del condominio, frente al río que sirve de colindancia. Se aportan fotografías y expone que el deslizamiento produjo que las estructuras de la malla se cayeran al río, provocando un hundimiento peligroso para sus residentes (imágenes 283 a 289 del expediente judicial digital). La representación bancaria contestó la audiencia, señalando en esencia que lo que expone la parte actora es un hecho de la naturaleza, sobre el cual no demuestra ninguna injerencia humana y menos ninguna acción atribuible al Banco de Costa Rica, que como ya se dijo en la contestación de la demanda, no fue ni desarrollador, ni diseñador, ni constructor del proyecto, simplemente se adjudicó en el año 2017 un inmueble en cobro de una deuda insoluta y que fue adquirida por el actor dos años después, previa la advertencia de que la propiedad se vendía en las mismas condiciones en las que la había encontrado el Banco, según consta en la escritura de compraventa y lo admite expresamente la parte actora en el hecho segundo de su escrito de demanda.
Por otra parte, con vista en las fotos aportadas, aprecia que el daño es en una zona que es de fácil accesibilidad dentro del condominio, específicamente el área pública del mismo, por lo que el actor antes de comprar su propiedad se supone que tuvo la oportunidad de recorrerla e inspeccionarla y si no lo hizo sería entonces admitir una omisión a su deber de diligencia. Otro asunto importante que deduce de las fotos es que la propiedad condominal cuenta con un muro de retención, o sea que el aquí actor pudo observar claramente y deducir la protección que le daba dicho muro al área común. Añade que en su ampliación de hechos el actor no demuestra que dicho muro se encuentra mal construido, lo que evidente en todo caso no sería responsabilidad del Banco, y de seguir siendo condómino hubiese sido afectado igualmente. Alega que las fotos lo que evidencian es que el daño sobreviniente obedece a un mal mantenimiento por parte de la administración del condominio, a una fuerza mayor ocasionada por fuerzas de la naturaleza (no hace falta discutir acá los trastornos climáticos acaecidos en los últimos años) o una conjunción de ambos factores.
En todos estos supuestos, las causas son muy posteriores al año 2019 que fue cuando el Banco vendió la propiedad. En conclusión, precisa que no se puede decir que el daño que alega la parte actora sea producto de un vicio oculto, todo lo contrario, en las fotos se aprecia que las condiciones físicas del terreno son manifiestamente visibles, por lo que no se le puede exigir al Banco de Costa Rica responsabilidad alguna al respecto. Teniendo claro los hechos y argumentos de ambas partes, ambos serán abordados en el fondo de la presente sentencia.
II.Sobre los hechos probados: De importancia para la resolución del presente asunto, se enlistan los siguientes:
III.Sobre los hechos no probados: No acreditó la parte actora, los siguientes hechos de interés para la resolución de este asunto: 1) La existencia de un daño efectivo e individualizable, al momento del dictado de la presente sentencia, en la totalidad del inmueble adquirido en fecha 02 de abril del año 2019, que corresponde a la filial número 41729-F y número dieciocho del Condominio Residencial del Río, con ocasión de los socavamientos que se han presentado en las colindancias del bien condominal que corresponden al margen derecho de quebrada seca y el río Puruses. 2) La dimensión o cabida de los daños generados en el área común del condominio, particularmente, en la cancha multiusos, la piscina y áreas verdes derivados del socavamiento de su colindancia con la quebrada seca y el río Puruses. 3) Que el socavamiento de su colindancia con la quebrada seca y el río Puruses del Condominio donde está ubicada la filial número 41729-F, conlleven el vacío del contenido del derecho de propiedad del acciontante, momento del dictado de la presente sentencia.
IV.Sobre los argumentos del accionante: En síntesis y en lo que resulta relevante para el dictado de esta sentencia, tenemos que al texto de la demanda y conforme a las manifestaciones expuestas en la audiencia complementaria, señala que en fecha 2 de abril del año 2019, adquirió la filial número 18, que comprende dos niveles, patio y zona verde destinada a uso habitacional en proceso de construcción, situada en el distrito dos, Grandilla, del Cantón de Curridabat con el número de folio real 51.729-F-000, que forma parte del condominio horizontal residencial "Del Río". Para tal efecto, otorgó escritura de venta con garantía hipotecaria, cuyo préstamo fue cancelado posteriormente en su totalidad. Precisa que en la escritura de venta, se incluye una cláusula que reza: "sin que tome nota el Registro: Manifiesta el compareciente Jurgen Henrich Antony que por tratarse de inmuebles adjudicados por el Banco de Costa Rica en pago de obligaciones y por conocerlo, los acepta en el estado en que se encuentran y renuncia expresamente a cualquier reclamo administrativo o judicial por motivo o con ocasión de diferencias en la naturaleza, medida o por motivos de evicción o saneamiento".
Añade, que al momento de la venta, el actor y su esposa, la señora Anastasia Alvear, valoraron muy especialmente la existencia de amplios espacios verdes, condiciones paisajísticas, amenidades como una amplia piscina, canchas deportivas multiusos y rancho para eventos especiales, desconociendo totalmente la existencia de vicios ocultos y otras implicaciones en la propiedad, que de haberlos conocido, no la habrían comprado. En el mes de junio del año 2021, se celebró una asamblea de condóminos, debido a que se había abierto un hueco en la cancha de básquetball, que ya antes se había reparado, y en esa oportunidad la administradora del condominio indicó que la socavación fue producida por el río que colinda con la propiedad y que la reparación debía realizarse sin que la Municipalidad se enterara. Explica que en esa oportunidad se les entregó por parte del condominio, un informe de la empresa de ingeniería y construcción SOES, en la cual se informaba e ilustraba con fotografías, la gravedad que surgía del socavamiento del terreno de la propiedad en su cercanía con el margen derecho de la quebrada seca y el río Puruses, aconsejando una obra cuyo costo ascendería a $40.000.
Ante tal noticia, acudió a la Municipalidad, donde se enteraron de la existencia de un expediente ante el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, número 067-06-03-TAA, en el cual se investigaba la denuncia de la Municipalidad de Curridabat acerca de graves irregularidades detectadas en el Condominio del Río desde el mes de febrero del año 2006 y con antecedentes que se remontaban al año 1998. Es con ocasión de lo expuesto, que contratan un abogado ambientalista para que les informara de forma técnica la situación. De dicho informe, subraya el hecho que entre las graves anomalías, se detecta que el permiso de obra en cauce fue tramitado por la empresa Desarrollos y Sistemas de Potencia DEYSPO S.A., pero que nunca llegó a otorgarse y que en la denuncia existe una investigación debido a posible daño ambiental por invasión de área de protección de quebrada cometida en el año 2006. De seguido, precisa algunos antecedentes del expediente que se conoce en el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo.
Retoma el argumento de fondo para reiterar que su persona y su esposa, valoraron muy especialmente para expresar su voluntad la existencia de amplios espacios verdes, condiciones paisajísticas y amenidades descritas, pero que los hechos citados constituyen serias amenazas al goce pacífico de hecho y derecho del inmueble adquirido. Señala, que el licenciado Manavella en su representación, informó lo anterior al Banco demandado, con la intención de llegar a algún acuerdo conciliatorio, lo cual no se obtuvo, pese que la entidad bancaria envió a sus peritos en fecha 17 de noviembre del año 2021, quienes constataron la gravedad de la situación en el sitio, particularmente en la zona de ranchos, cancha multiusos, zona verde y piscina construidas en áreas de retiro de una zona protegida. Advierte, que el resultado de tal diligencia no le fue puesto en conocimiento pese solicitarlo en varias oportunidades.
En esencia, la entidad bancaria indicó que al no aparecer a lo largo de los estudios registrales y catastrales información alguna sobre la situación del inmueble, no podían referirse a la existencia de vicios ocultos y por ello no admitía el reclamo administrativo. Ante ello, argumenta que la existencia de los vicios señalados suponen un impedimento para el uso pacífico del inmueble comprado, al no poder cumplir con la función para la cual fue pensada al adquirirla, por existir una latente amenaza a la destrucción física, debido al proceso de socavamiento del terreno, con la eventual desposesión de una importante parte del área de recreación como consecuencia del procedimiento administrativo en curso. Afirma, que tales situaciones suponen prácticamente una desvalorización total de la propiedad en la medida que la buena fe contractual exigiría que al momento de enajenar o gravar la propiedad debería comunicarse la existencia de vicio a un eventual interesado, lo que de hecho supone una imposibilidad jurídica en los términos de los artículos 627 inciso 2) y 631 inciso 2) del Código Civil.
Añade, que la situación relatada es una situación frustrante para toda la familia, genera un permanente estado de zozobra, angustia y una ocupación desgastante en los trámites administrativos, generando sin duda daños de afectación que pueden ser valorados in re ipsa. De seguido se refiere a las consideraciones de derecho, iniciando con la referencia a las garantías de evicción y vicios redhibitorios como elementos o efectos naturales de los contratos traslativos onerosos. Señala que, en los contratos traslativos onerosos, como lo es la compra venta mercantil, sobresalen dos tipos de garantías que debe otorgar el vendedor al comprador en relación con la cosa vendida: la garantía por evicción y la garantía por vicios ocultos para los cuales se preven particulares mecanismos de saneamiento. Para tal abordaje, cita dos sentencias de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, la número 320, de las 14:20 horas del 9 de noviembre del año 1990 y 227, de la 14:15 horas del 20 de diciembre del año 1991.
Aunado a lo anterior, cita los artículos 1034 y 1037 del Código Civil, para concluir que la garantía por evicción que se discute en este proceso se presenta el adquirente contra el vendedor cuando por evicción ha perdido o teme perder la cosa comprada y se entiende como una acción de saneamiento tendiente a proteger como validación un acto afectado de nulidad. Añade que en la doctrina se admite como acción de saneamiento, el conceder al comprador la posibilidad de optar entre desistir del contrato, abonándose los gastos que pagó (acción redhibitoria) o rebajar una cantidad proporcional del precio (acción estimatoria o quanti minoris). Optando por la primera vía, el artículo 1082 del Código Civil dispone que: "la venta no podrá ser anulada por vicios o defectos ocultos de la cosa de los llamados redhibitorios, salvo sí esos vicios o defectos envuelven error que anule el consentimiento, o si hay estipulación en contrario".
Suma, que la legislación civil patria más que una acción típicamente redhibitoria habilita una acción de nulidad relativa o anulabilidad, basada en el error como vicio de voluntad, es decir, que dicha acción se funda en los vicios ocultos y en el error, conjuntamente. De esta manera, estima que la venta no pueda ser anulada por la sola existencia de los vicios ocultos, salvo que constituya, además, error que anule el consentimiento, aclarando que siempre queda la posibilidad de la responsabilidad contractual común del vendedor, quien tiene la obligación de entregar la cosa en forma tal que cumpla su función normal a cabalidad, responsabilidad que podría derivar en una indemnización por daños y perjuicios, según la naturaleza del incumplimiento. Si el vendedor entrega la cosa con algún vicio o defecto que la haga impropia para su función normal o la desmejore, incurre en un incumplimiento contractual, de conformidad con los artículos 692, 693, 704 y 764 del Código Civil, éste último en cuanto dispone que "el pago se hará bajo todos los respectos conforme al tenor de la obligación", siendo una obligación implícita en la compraventa el entregar la cosa tal y como el comprador espera recibirla, de conformidad con lo acordado.
Expone que la garantía por vicios ocultos, lo que procura es evitar que el comprador reciba una cosa con defectos que no eran visibles al momento de realizar la compra, por lo que en el fondo se trata de un incumplimiento contractual, ya que el vendedor ha entregado una cosa distinta a la pactada, es decir, una cosa con algún defecto. Precisa que en materia mercantil dos normas se acercan a la acción redhibitoria, los numerales 467 y 450, más en el Código Civil establece una acción de anulabilidad, cuyos requisitos para plantearla son: a) que los defectos o vicios se encuentren ocultos, b) que sean anteriores a la celebración del contrato, c) que hagan impropia la cosa para los fines a que está destinada y d) que de haberlos conocido el adquirente, no hubiese celebrado el contrato. Expone que en caso que no se cumplan todos los anteriores requisitos, con base en el error (artículo 1082) el comprador siempre tiene la posibilidad de exigir la responsabilidad contractual, cuando el vendedor haya incumplido el contrato al entregar una cosa que difiere en algún aspecto de las características pactadas o bien, que contenga algún vicio oculto que la desmejore.
Estima que se admite sin discusión en la doctrina que la específica regulación de los vicios ocultos no desplaza a otras normas que pudieran aplicarse al mismo supuesto de hecho, como son en Costa Rica las relativas a la resolución contractual (artículo 692 del Código Civil) y a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios provenientes del incumplimiento contractual (artículos 701 y siguientes ibídem). De seguido, se refiere a la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo Español y las sentencias número 810 de la 10 horas del 17 de setiembre del 2004 y 37 de las 11:10 horas del 28 de mayo del año 1993 de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. En cuanto al abordaje de "la imposibilidad de exclusión convencional frente a la inderogabilidad de las normas imperativas de protección del consentimiento", expone que la cláusula de la escritura cuestionada, es nula a su criterio al tenor de lo dispuesto en el artículo 1023 del Código Civil, el cual consagra el principio de la imposibilidad de exclusión convencional frente a la inderogabilidad de las normas imperativas de protección del consentimiento basado en las más modernas formas de protección al débil en la relación obligatoria.
Finalmente, al rendir los alegatos de apertura así como las conclusiones orales, señaló la dirección del proceso que lo clausurado en este momento es la cancha de tenis y se impide el disfrute, lo que provoca el sufrimiento reclamado. Precisa además, que los vicios ocultos que no pudo haber consentido, también el banco lo desconocía. En cuanto a los socavamientos, afirma que es un tema de varios años, no son sobrevinientes. Señala que el banco dice que no afectó área habitacional, dejando de lado que la propiedad es compuesta, ya que si el actor hubiera conocido esos daños estructurales y cuestionados, no hubiese comprado, por lo que su voluntad estuvo seriamente viciada. Considera que los hechos están demostrados y que quedó acreditado que no es cierto lo indicado por el Banco que el comprador no tomó las previsiones, ya que éste sí se fijó demasiado, detalló lo que encontró en la propiedad principal, y sería incoherente el señalar que es un vicio redhibitorio, dado que no se ve.
Expone que el vendedor de un bien es quien debe garantizar dos cosas, la garantía de evicción y que tendrían que ver con los obstáculos que no se han determinado, por la falta de permisos, por posible sanción del TAA, porque no han finalizado, pero es una amenaza. Por eso se limitan a la garantía de los vicios ocultos, lo que recae sobre una dificultad de hecho, socavamientos que hacen perder cada vez más, la posibilidad de disfrutar o gozar de esta zona. Por último, afirma que la cláusula cuestionada es un "machote" de los notarios, desconociendo toda la protección del consumidor, por lo que las cláusulas de renuncia de garantía son abusivas.
V.Sobre los argumentos del Banco de Costa Rica: En resumen, la representación institucional señala que en efecto, el inmueble que compró el actor era un bien adjudicado por el Banco de Costa Rica en fecha 26 de setiembre del año 2017, como resultado de un proceso de cobro por un crédito no pagado. Agrega que el Banco no fue el desarrollador del condominio ni financió su construcción. Además, que suele ofertar públicamente la venta de esas propiedades mediante un aviso en el lugar o por medio de su página de internet. Expone que en la escritura existe una manifestación de voluntad expresa del actor, que conocía las circunstancias y el estado del bien que adquiría y que lo aceptaba. Añade, que la interposición de la presente demanda es una violación de una obligación contractual, ya que el actor reconoce haber inspeccionado con detenimiento el inmueble antes de su adquisición, observándose en la página 30 del expediente administrativo que el cliente solicitó un 20% en el precio del condominio debido a los deterioros que observó producto del abandono en que se encontraba la edificación.
No le constan los demás hechos por cuanto son ajenos a la entidad bancaria. Precisa que el mismo actor menciona quien fue el supuesto autor de la infracción y que no fue el Banco de Costa Rica, siendo la fecha en la que se dice se cometió dicha infracción anterior a la adjudicación del inmueble por parte del Banco. Indica que son ciertas las gestiones ante el Banco y se demuestra la rápida atención brindada, pero que el uso del término "gravedad" corresponde únicamente a un decir de la parte actora, sin que el informe de los peritos utilicen esa expresión. Reitera que el Banco no construyó el inmueble y nunca lo utilizó, adquiriendo la condición de propietario en cobro de una deuda. Enfatiza, que el actor admite en el hecho segundo que inspeccionó bien a fondo antes de decidirse por su adquisición, así que si en ese momento había algún tipo de violación a la zona de protección del río, la vio personalmente y no estimó que fuese relevante.
Por otra parte, al referirse a la respuesta brindada a las gestiones formulas ante el banco, precisa que es cierto que en su criterio no se había encontrado ninguna situación anómala. En otro orden, sustenta la interposición de las defensas de fondo, iniciando con "la demanda improponible"; argumentando que el presente litigio no tiene mayor fundamento, siendo aplicable el artículo 35 inciso 9) del Código Civil, al considerar que es evidente la falta de un presupuesto material o esencial de la pretensión. Explica, que conforme a la demanda, no se ha materializado daño alguno y que de suceder, es imputable a terceros como para pretender cobrarle daños al banco. Además, que dada la naturaleza del proceso pendiente, en ningún momento se va a amenazar el derecho de propiedad del actor, por lo que la demanda es temeraria. En otro orden, expresa que la litis consorcio pasiva debe integrarse con la empresa Sociedad Maderera El Bosque S.A, ya que la Municipalidad de Curridabat atribuyó a ésta las faltas en su denuncia presentada ante el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo y el condominio como persona jurídica, por estar tomando decisiones que podrían ser la causa del daño que reclama el actor.
Respecto a la defensa de falta de derecho, señala que la demanda se basa únicamente en los artículos 1023 y 1082 del Código Civil, por lo que ha sido tipificado por la parte actora como una responsabilidad civil contractual, no obstante, de la relación de hechos lo primero que se desprende es que no se ha materializado daño alguno, por lo demás, hace referencia a un procedimiento administrativo originado por una denuncia planteada hace 16 años y cuya última actuación tiene fecha 26 de marzo del año 2020, siendo este aspecto suficiente para considerar la demanda como improponible. Añade, que no menos importante es lo que afirma la misma parte actora en su relación de hechos, de que la propiedad que él adquirió está ubicada en un condominio y que es de su conocimiento que los supuestos actos irregulares que le podrían generar un perjuicio económico fueron emanados por la empresa que desarrolló el condominio y de acuerdos adoptados por la misma Asamblea de Condóminos a la que él pertenece y asistió, con lo cual queda claro que si hay algún hecho generador de daños, hay dos terceros que están claramente identificados.
Expresa que el actor reconoce haber leído el contrato que firmó y por medio del cual adquirió su inmueble, que el mismo era un bien adjudicado por el Banco de Costa Rica en cobro de una deuda y que por lo tanto lo vendía en las mismas condiciones que lo adquirió, por lo tanto la única razón por la cual puede exigir al Banco responsabilidad, es que alguna acción originada por el mismo Banco durante los meses en que ostentó el derecho de propiedad, sea la que origina el supuesto daño que invoca, lo cual no es así, ya que los hechos que señala sucedieron durante la construcción del condominio en el año 2006, once años antes de que el Banco se adjudicara y por los hechos narrados que acaecieron en el mes de junio del año 2021, cuando el actor ya era propietario del inmueble. En este sentido, hace notar que el actor menciona que tanto su persona como su cónyuge de manera "diligente" valoraron la propiedad que pensaban adquirir, lo que supone que debieron haber hablado con la administración del condominio y ésta no les informó de la existencia de la denuncia, de la cual tampoco el Banco había sido informado.
Es en virtud de lo expuesto, que identifica una clara relación de causalidad de los supuestos daños que se origina con terceros y no con el Banco de Costa Rica, y por lo tanto no justifica que la parte actora pretenda venir a desconocer su obligación de observar el principio de pacta sunt servanda. Continúa exponiendo que debe revisarse si el supuesto vicio oculto que invoca la parte actora, reviste tal gravedad que justifique la anulación total del contrato de compraventa y el pago de un apreciable daño moral. Reitera que en primer lugar no se ha materializado daño alguno, por lo tanto el supuesto vicio invocado en la demanda ni siquiera se ha producido, situación que por sí sola convierte la demanda en improponible. Aunado a lo anterior, el procedimiento sancionatorio que podría generar los supuestos daños evidentemente está caduco o al menos así lo evidencia la documentación aportada en la demanda, por lo que no puede tenerse ni siquiera como probable la materialización de algún tipo de daño.
En segundo lugar, precisa que como no se conoce el resultado del procedimiento administrativo, cualquier evaluación de un daño que derive de una sanción firme resulta totalmente especulativo. Además, pretensión de rescisión contractual y cuantiosa indemnización solo podría concederse si el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo impone al actor una sanción que hiciera imposible la habitación de la vivienda del actor, como lo sería una orden de demolición. En razón de lo expuesto, aplicando los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, se observa que la denuncia contra el condominio es por haber hecho movimientos de tierra y aparentemente haber cortado vegetación en el margen del río sin contar con los permisos respectivos, por lo que no se refiere a vicios grave como lo sería la construcción de la vivienda del actor en una zona demanial, lo cual conforme al plano del condominio, fácilmente se deduce que no es así.
Por lo expuesto, alega que lo que motivó al actor a acudir a la tutela judicial, no existe, ya que su derecho a la habitación de su vivienda en ningún momento está siendo amenazado y de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, si se impone una sanción, va a ser una multa o la realización de obras de restauración ambiental que no le van a corresponder al Banco de Costa Rica, toda vez que no es la parte denunciada y los hechos fueron cometidos once años antes que el Banco se adjudicara la finca. Cita el artículo 1082 del Código Civil para señalar que más bien se tiene que el contrato expresamente advertía que el comprador conocía las circunstancias bajo las cuales el Banco adquirió el inmueble y lo eximía de responsabilidad para este tipo de vicios o defectos. Al rendir conclusiones orales, expresó que la demanda carece de fundamento jurídico por cuanto no posee ninguno de los elementos esenciales para atribuir responsabilidad al Banco, toda vez que éste no financió las obras, no hizo plano, no hizo construcción y no tuvo relación con la edificación del inmueble donde reside la parte actora.
Precisa que un cliente del banco da en garantía filial, éste se adjudica el bien, cosa que es normal en la actividad bancaria, más advierte que no es negocio del banco adueñarse de inmuebles, debiendo venderlo para resarcir el crédito no pagado. Añade, que el banco no tiene control del estado físico de cómo recibe los inmuebles, por eso se incorpora esa cláusula, vende los inmuebles en el estado que los recibió, siendo un propietario temporal. Por otro lado, en la compra de cualquier bien, se espera de todo consumidor una debida diligencia, proporcional al valor del bien. Argumenta que en el caso concreto, la parte aduce un problema que abarca áreas comunes. No está oculto, es evidente, es área común del condominio, por eso el argumento de la parte actora se derrumba, no hay mala fe del banco al vender el bien que adquirió y no se sabe si la parte hizo alguna diligencia y no hay ningún vicio oculto.
Es decir, no se necesita especialista para ver que áreas comunes están al borde de la quebrada. Añade, que una cosa es la habitación y otra las áreas comunes, que no están 100% inhabilitadas. De esta manera, la parte por un tema accesorio, pretende dar por terminada la totalidad del contrato y que todos los años que ha vivido en el inmueble le salgan gratis, siendo esté un enriquecimiento sin causa. Expone además, que la denuncia en sede administrativa es de larga data, los daños deben ser reparados por el condominio, debiéndose cursar la acción contra éste y no contra quien vendió el inmueble. Subraya que el actor declaró en su deposición de forma extensa que tenía conocimiento que adquiría un bien deteriorado, por lo que posteriormente no puede decir que el banco le ocultó naturaleza del bien. Precisa que parte actora habla de un hecho de la naturaleza, posterior al menos dos años a la venta y que ahora pretende atribuir al Banco.
Además, que es un tema de conocimiento en todo el país y que es público y notorio, el problema de los cauces. Advierte el daño no afecta a todas las áreas comunes y por lo tanto, éste no se ha materializado y no obedece a la propia acción del banco, por lo que desaparece la responsabilidad civil por culpabilidad, precisando que la parte actora atribuye al banco por daños que puede tener por inacción de hechos de tercero, los condóminos y el propio condominio. De seguido cita la sentencia número 2024006326 de las 11:50 hras del lunes 23 de setiembre, en la cual el tribunal declara sin lugar una demanda contra el banco porque el propietario no hizo la diligencia debida y los daños que sufrió no son ocasionados por el banco sino por tercero o hechos de la naturaleza. En cuanto a la prueba testimonial recibida, indica que no se cuestionó por el profesional contratado el dictamen técnico y se señaló en este que los mismos son reparables, de modo que el daño de existir, sería por la parte proporcional sufrida, esto es, la parte accesoria de todo el derecho de propiedad que ostenta el actor.
VI.Sobre el fondo del asunto: El objeto de pronunciamiento de la presente sentencia, gira en torno a dos ejes temáticos por abordar, el primero, la determinación si la cláusula introducida por la entidad bancaria al vender un bien adjudicado por remate, la cual impone al comprador una renuncia a reclamos por vicios ocultos, es legítima, y el segundo, si el daño reclamado que sustenta el actor ha sufrido el bien condominal, es suficiente para reclamar un vicio redhibitorio, al estimar que desconocía las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de las colindancias de las áreas comunes que restan capacidad volitiva al momento de adquirir la filial número 18, del condominio residencial "Del Río", ubicado en Granadilla de Curridabat y por ende, permite una declaratoria de nulidad de la escritura, la devolución del monto pagado por el bien así como el reconocimiento de daño moral subjetivo. En orden a dichos argumentos, se pronuncia esta Cámara de Juezas a continuación.
VII.Sobre las defensas interpuestas: En virtud del análisis realizado en el considerando anterior, la demanda es declarada parcialmente con lugar, por lo que la defensa de falta de derecho es rechazada respecto a la primera pretensión más es acogida respecto a las restantes. En cuanto la defensa de "demanda improponible", la misma se acoge, únicamente respecto a la pretensión subsidiaria, no así con relación a la pretensión principal, al ser el objeto de la litis viable de conocimiento en la sede contencioso administrativa, tal y como se desprende del considerando anterior.
VIII.Sobre las costas procesales y personales: De conformidad con el numeral 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, las costas procesales y personales constituyen una carga que se impone a la parte vencida por el hecho de serlo. La dispensa de esta condena solo es viable cuando hubiere, a juicio del Tribunal, motivo suficiente para litigar o bien, cuando la sentencia se dicte en virtud de pruebas cuya existencia desconociera la parte contraria. En el caso concreto, existiendo vencimiento recíproco, se dicta el presente fallo sin especial condenatoria en costas.
POR TANTO
Se acoge parcialmente la defensa de falta de derecho. Se declaran sin lugar las pretensiones 2, 3, 4 y 5 de la demanda e inadmisible la pretensión subsidiaria. Se declara la nulidad absoluta de la cláusula contenida dentro de la escritura número once, visible al folio cincuenta y seis vuelto, del tomo ciento quince del protocolo de la notaria Kattia Vargas Cordero, celebrada el día 02 de abril del año 2019, que registra la compra del inmueble, filial número 41729-F, que es finca filial dieciocho del Condominio Residencial del Río, por el señor Jurgen Henrich Antony, en lo que se indica a continuación, debiendo entenderse por no puesto lo siguiente: "SIN QUE TOME NOTA EL REGISTRO: Manifiesta el compareciente JURGEN HENRICH ANTONY que por tratarse de inmuebles adjudicados por el Banco de Costa Rica en pago de obligaciones y por conocerlo, los acepta en el estado en que se encuentran y renuncia expresamente a cualquier reclamo administrativo o judicial por motivo o con ocasión de diferencias en la naturaleza, medida o por motivos de evicción o saneamiento...". Se dicta el presente fallo, sin especial condenatoria en costas. Notifíquese.- Claudia Bolaños Salazar. Cinthya Morales Herra. Amy Miranda Alvarado.
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CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ???????????????
CINTHYA MARIA MORALES HERRA - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ????????????????
AMY MIRANDA ALVARADO - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0107 ó 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: [email protected]
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