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Res. 00617-2024 Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal III Circuito Judicial de Alajuela San Ramón · Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal III Circuito Judicial de Alajuela San Ramón · 12/08/2024
OutcomeResultado
The appeal is denied, and the judgment is confirmed, ordering the civil defendant and Marina Linda S.A. jointly to pay $106,295.60 in damages and to restore the affected area.Se declara sin lugar el recurso de apelación y se confirma la sentencia que condenó al demandado civil y a Marina Linda S.A. a pagar solidariamente $106.295,60 por daños y perjuicios, así como a la restitución del área afectada.
SummaryResumen
The Criminal Appeals Tribunal of San Ramón upholds the joint civil liability imposed on an individual and the company Marina Linda S.A. for the destruction of 4.6 hectares of mangrove forest in Estero Zapote, Parrita. At the first trial, the accused was found responsible for development in public areas, but the Appellate Court partially annulled the sentence and remanded the case for quantification of environmental damage and restoration orders. The lower court, relying on SINAC technical reports, awarded $106,295.60 in damages, incorporating valuations for loss of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, sustainable forestry, ecotourism, and others. The defense appealed, arguing errors in evaluating expert evidence, disputing the area's classification as a forest, and challenging the calculation methodology. The Appellate Court rejects all claims, holding that the existence of damage was already firmly established, SNIAC reports constitute objective technical evidence unchallenged by the defense, and the judgment adequately explained the proportionality of the amount. It also confirms the restoration order under a plan to be set by SINAC.El Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de San Ramón confirma la condena civil solidaria impuesta a un particular y a la empresa Marina Linda S.A. por la destrucción de 4.6 hectáreas de bosque de manglar en el Estero Zapote, Parrita. En un primer juicio se había declarado la responsabilidad del imputado por desarrollo en zona pública, pero la Sala anuló parcialmente la sentencia y reenvió el caso para cuantificar el daño ambiental y ordenar la restitución. El tribunal de instancia, basándose en informes técnicos del SINAC, fijó la indemnización en $106.295,60, monto que incluye valoraciones por pérdida de servicios ecosistémicos como retención de carbono, explotación forestal sostenible, ecoturismo y otros. La defensa apeló alegando errores en la valoración de la prueba pericial, cuestionando la clasificación del área como bosque y la metodología de cálculo. El Tribunal de Apelación rechaza todos los agravios, señalando que el daño ya estaba acreditado en firme, que los informes del SINAC constituyen prueba técnica objetiva no desvirtuada por la defensa, y que la sentencia explicó adecuadamente la proporcionalidad del monto. Confirma además la orden de restitución del área conforme al plan que establezca el SINAC.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It follows that the ruling did indeed explain why the amount claimed by the representative of the Attorney General's Office was proportional to the damage already proven in the previous trial, setting forth the serious implications that the actions of the civil defendant had for the affected area, specifically for the site's flora and fauna, as well as the repercussions for the environment in general and for humanity itself, given that third-generation constitutionally recognized rights were violated. Likewise, the judicial body stated that the parameters used by SINAC for carrying out the mathematical calculations that allowed it to assign a quantifiable value to the environmental damage attributable to the civil defendant and the company he represents correspond to objective criteria established by the competent institution for determining such impact, which allowed the judge to grant probative value to that documentary evidence, clarifying that the defense's arguments were not strong enough to discredit the conclusions of report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007.Se colige entonces que el fallo sí se dedicó a explicar por qué el monto peticionado por el representante de la Procuraduría General de la República era el proporcional al daño causado ya acreditado desde el anterior juicio, exponiendo las serias implicaciones que aparejaron las acciones de la parte demandada civil para la zona afectada, propiamente para la flora y fauna del sitio, así como las repercusiones para el medio ambiente en general y para la humanidad misma, habida cuenta que con ello se violentaron derechos de tercera generación reconocidos constitucionalmente. Asimismo expuso el órgano judicante que los parámetros utilizados por el SINAC para efectuar los cálculos matemáticos que le permitieron otorgar un valor cuantificable al daño ambiental que en el caso concreto le fue atribuible al demando civil y a la empresa que representa, responden a criterios objetivos establecidos por la institución competente para determinar tal afectación, lo que le permitió al señor juez otorgar valor a esa prueba documental, aclarando que los argumentos de la defensa no contaron con la fortaleza suficiente como para desacreditar las conclusiones del informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la existencia del daño no es susceptible de discusión en esta sede, pues resulta ser un tema ya resuelto y en firme desde el 28 de julio del 2015."
"the existence of the damage is not subject to discussion at this venue, as it is a matter already resolved and final since July 28, 2015."
Considerando III
"la existencia del daño no es susceptible de discusión en esta sede, pues resulta ser un tema ya resuelto y en firme desde el 28 de julio del 2015."
Considerando III
"los parámetros utilizados por el SINAC para efectuar los cálculos matemáticos que le permitieron otorgar un valor cuantificable al daño ambiental [...] responden a criterios objetivos establecidos por la institución competente."
"the parameters used by SINAC to carry out the mathematical calculations that allowed it to assign a quantifiable value to the environmental damage [...] correspond to objective criteria established by the competent institution."
Considerando III
"los parámetros utilizados por el SINAC para efectuar los cálculos matemáticos que le permitieron otorgar un valor cuantificable al daño ambiental [...] responden a criterios objetivos establecidos por la institución competente."
Considerando III
"dentro del expediente no se cuenta con prueba objetiva que debilite el criterio técnico plasmado en los informes en mención."
"the case file contains no objective evidence that weakens the technical opinion set forth in the aforementioned reports."
Considerando III
"dentro del expediente no se cuenta con prueba objetiva que debilite el criterio técnico plasmado en los informes en mención."
Considerando III
Full documentDocumento completo
Appellate Court of Criminal Sentencing, Third Judicial Circuit of Alajuela, San Ramón Date of Resolution: August 12, 2024, at 14:00 Case File: 07-000889-0647-PE Type of Matter: Criminal appeal Judgments from the same case file Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Strategic Topics: Environmental Type of Content: Unanimous vote Branch of Law: Environmental Law Topic: Environmental damage (Daño ambiental) Subtopics:
Use of technical criteria to quantify environmental damage (Daño ambiental).
"III. [...] It is therefore inferred that the judgment did dedicate itself to explaining why the amount requested by the representative of the Procuraduría General de la República was proportional to the damage caused, which had already been proven in the prior trial, setting out the serious implications brought about by the actions of the civilly sued party for the affected zone, specifically for the flora and fauna of the site, as well as the repercussions for the environment in general and for humanity itself, given that this violated constitutionally recognized third-generation rights. Likewise, the adjudicating body explained that the parameters used by SINAC to perform the mathematical calculations that allowed it to assign a quantifiable value to the environmental damage (Daño ambiental) that, in this specific case, was attributable to the civil defendant and the company he represents, correspond to objective criteria established by the competent institution for determining such impact, which allowed the judge to assign value to that documentary evidence, clarifying that the defense's arguments lacked sufficient strength to discredit the conclusions of report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007.
Likewise, this appellate court notes that the appellant's criticism, rather than questioning the reasoning of the judgment in question, is mainly aimed at casting doubt on what was established by SINAC officials in reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, which served as the basis for the challenged decision; however, what exists is a subjective disagreement that, understandably, corresponds to the interests held by the representative of the civilly sued party, since the case file does not contain objective evidence that weakens the technical criterion set out in the mentioned reports, nor is it observed that such criteria were refuted by the procedural parties when they were made known during the investigation, so the defense attorney's argument on appeal becomes unaddressable. [...]" ... See more Resolution: 2024-0617 Case File: 07-000889-0647-PE APPELLATE CRIMINAL COURT SPECIALIZED IN ORGANIZED CRIME.
First Judicial Circuit of San José (Acting for the T.A.S.P. Third Judicial Circuit of Alajuela, SAN RAMON venue), at fourteen hours, on the twelfth day of August of the year two thousand twenty-four.- APPEALS OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING filed in this case against [Name 001], who is of legal age, Canadian, bearer of passport number [Value 001], born on June 26, 1965, son of [Name 002] and [Name 003], with other qualities known in the record, and against MARINA LINDA S.A., legal identification number 3-101- 155141, for the crime of Violation, Wildlife Conservation Law (Infracción, Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre), to the detriment of The State. Judge Laura Cervantes Ocampo and Judges Raúl Madrigal Lizano and Rodrigo Obando Santamaría participate in the decision on the appeals. Attorney Bernal Jiménez Núñez appeared at this venue in his capacity as defense attorney for the accused and civil defendant [Name 001] and representative of the civil defendant Marina Linda S.A.
WHEREAS:
I.That by judgment number 90-2024, at eleven hours zero minutes on the thirteenth of May of two thousand twenty-four, the CRIMINAL COURT OF PUNTARENAS (QUEPOS VENUE), resolved: "THEREFORE: In accordance with the foregoing, cited norms, and rules of sound judgment (sana crítica); the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria) filed by the Procuraduría General de la República against the civil co-defendants [Name 001] and MARINA LINDA S.A. is granted. By universality of assets, they are jointly and severally ordered to pay ONE HUNDRED SIX THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED NINETY-FIVE DOLLARS AND SIXTY CENTS ($106,295.60) for damages (daños y perjuicios). The civil co-defendants are warned that the sum to which they were sentenced must be paid within fifteen days following the finality of the judgment, without need for further warnings; that is, by the simple order of the Court; failing this, the interested party is empowered to claim them through the appropriate legal channel.
In another order of ideas, the co-defendants [Name 001] and MARINA LINDA S.A. are ordered to restore to its original state forty-six thousand six hundred eight square meters located between Estero Zapote and Playa Palma de Parrita. Restoration that must be carried out according to the parameters established by the regional office of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). By reason of which, the regional office of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) is ordered, within a term of two months (counted from its notification), to prepare an updated situational report of the zone in question (ACOPACOSRAP-0472-07-05), establishing an operational plan that the civil defendants must follow for the restoration of the affected zone to its original state. Said plan must include time projections for its completion and a precise spatial delimitation of the zone to be restored.
Execution and compliance shall be under the supervision of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) and the Procuraduría General de la República (PGR). As it is issued entirely in oral format, the parties are hereby duly notified. Derick Sebastián Vargas Bustamante Judge." (sic).
II.That, against the preceding ruling, attorney Bernal Jiménez Núñez, in his capacity as defense attorney for the accused and civil defendant [Name 001] and representative of the civil defendant Marina Linda S.A., filed the criminal sentencing appeals, which shall be resolved by this panel of the Appellate Criminal Court Specialized in Organized Crime, according to an agreement of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, number XXVI, in session number 53-2023, of June 23, 2023.
III.That, having verified the respective deliberation in accordance with the provisions of Article 465 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the Court considered the questions raised in the challenge.
Drafted by Appellate Sentencing Judge Cervantes Ocampo; and,
CONSIDERING:
I.By resolution 2024-584 at eleven hours fifty-four minutes on the first of August of two thousand twenty-four, this chamber admitted for study on the merits the appeal filed by Bernal Jiménez Núñez, in his capacity as defense attorney for the accused and civil defendant [Name 001] and representative of the civil defendant Marina Linda S.A., a brief attached to folios 1454 and 1455 of the case file.
II.The appellant attorney Jiménez Núñez requested the holding of an oral hearing, which took place at the first hearing on the day of August 8, 2024. At that time, the representative of the civilly sued party reiterated the arguments outlined in the written filing of the appeal. He explained that the challenged judgment sentenced his clients to jointly and severally pay one hundred six thousand two hundred ninety-five dollars and sixty cents ($106,295.60) and to restore to their original state the 4.6 hectares allegedly damaged by his defendants. He believes the judgment does not conform to the principles of sound judgment (sana crítica), as it ignores the matter of the existence and certainty of the damage caused. He alleges, regarding the first grievance, that the trial court (a quo) made an incorrect assessment of reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007. He considers that the problem with the decision at the trial level is that it based its sentence on report ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, which did not estimate the damage to the uprooted trees; therefore, as there is no certainty in that aspect, the quantification is poorly done.
Regarding the second grievance, the defense attorney stated that report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 quantified the damage using a multiplication factor per hectare, which, in his opinion, is not applicable to the specific case, since for that purpose, it should have determined how those 300 trees were distributed or how much each hectare was affected, calculations that are not recorded in the reports he questions. The appellant calculates that if there were 300 trees on a surface area of 4.6 hectares, according to his understanding, each tree was located at a distance of 153 meters from each other, so the reports should have determined the actual damage and its density. He criticizes that the Procuraduría General de la República established that his client impaired a forest (bosque); however, according to the definition of forest (bosque) given in the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley Conservación de Vida Silvestre), it is not possible to consider the damaged space as such, considering that each tree was planted 153 meters apart.
He reiterates that report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 quantifies the damage per hectare and establishes percentages for each affected item, so there are inconsistencies in the determination of the damage, and it does not justify how it concludes that it is a primary forest (bosque primario). He alleges that the error of the judgment is that it starts from the quantification of the damage given by the Ministerio Nacional de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), but this departs from reality, as it speaks of the economic value of the forest (bosque) and the value per hectare, but there is no determination of how much was affected by cutting down 300 trees on 4.6 hectares. Moreover, the legal professional argues that mangrove trees have an extremely high environmental value but no commercial value, so it was not appropriate to quantify the damage using sustainable commercial exploitation, as the judgment did.
He alleges as a fifth grievance that the accused was sentenced to move the red soil (tierra roja) from the land, but the trial showed that this red soil (tierra roja) existed on the property before it was intervened by the civil defendant, and he questions the current persistence of the damage, considering that the case dates back to 2007 and the real state of the land is unknown. Finally, he questions the wording of the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria) and reproaches that a series of facts were included that cannot be attributed to his client, and that the exact damage claimed was not determined in the filing document. He requests that the judgment be revoked and the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria) be dismissed. For his part, attorney Enrique Montero Gamboa, representative of the Procuraduría General de la República, refutes the appellant's arguments and explains that the remand trial that generated the judgment in question was limited to discussing two specific points: 1) the quantification of the damage generated by a civil action in favor of the State that is already final, and 2) the actions for restoration of the environment that were requested by the Procuraduría, which was so ordered by the appellate court that heard the appeals filed against the first judgment issued in this case.
He reports that the proof of the damage claimed in the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria) became final on June 28, 2015, and that point six of that judgment establishes the facts that were deemed proven regarding the damage caused by the action of the civilly sued party, so that aspect did not need to be reviewed again in the remand trial. Regarding the assessment of evidence for quantifying the damage, he alludes that the trial court based its decision on what was established by report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007, which reveals the elements taken into account to determine the impact on the forest (bosque). Therefore, since there is no professional expert report refuting those arguments, it is not appropriate to annul the judgment based on subjective theories such as those outlined by the complainant. He criticizes that the appeal seeks to return to stages already passed, as the damage caused was already the subject of analysis in the previous judgment and has become final.
Regarding the claim for the restitution of things to their natural state, he requests that what was argued by the defense attorney be rejected, since the trial court was rather careful in ordering an on-site inspection to determine the current state and thus define the method of restoration. He requests that the appeal be dismissed because the jurisdictional decision is completely reasoned.
III.Content of the claims outlined in the challenging brief. As the sole reason for his claim, the defense attorney expressed disagreement with the assessment of evidence, considering it violated the principle of rational sound judgment (sana crítica racional). He criticizes that the challenged judgment based its decision solely on the assessment conducted by the Sistema Nacional de Conservación (SINAC) in reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-07, which determined the quantification of the environmental damage (Daño ambiental) based on a multiplication factor determined per hectare, as well as on the elimination of 300 trees from the mangrove forest (bosque de manglar), but failed to analyze the arguments raised by the defense theory in the sense that it is not possible to consider a 4.6-hectare area with 300 trees as a mangrove forest (bosque de mangle). The appellant sets out several suppositions, namely (without indicating the source of his statement):
This court does determine that indeed, if a projection is made for 10,000 m², taking into consideration all of these variables, what generates that detriment—losing that space, that spatial mangrove zone—well, for 10,000 m² what it leaves, or in this case what it economically symbolizes, because we are speaking of a symbolism, the value for humanity and for the environment, well, is incalculable, but a way of estimating or dimensioning the damage produced through these actions, well, they dimension it in a proportion of 10,000 m² at 2,225 dollars. Now, then, a mathematical operation is performed, indicating that if 10,000 m² are 2,225, then 46,608 m², well, effectively taking into consideration an additional amount of 1,025%, which is another valuation, an index that those professionals apply, estimated the total amount of 10,370.30 cents, well, in this case it would be 10,370 dollars and 30 cents.
Regardless, the position of your defense counsel, in the exercise of his powers, is in this case respectable; he argued and tried to discredit this expert valuation that at the time provides an estimate of the injury or the damage that was caused, and which, as indicated, has already been accredited. He argues that there are other distinct operations that have been attributed as factors that influenced that specific amount, or that sum being claimed by the Procuraduría. We also have to take into consideration, and it is described factually from the facts of the accusatory pleading—pardon me—from the facts of the civil damages action, that what emerges is not only an action of making the lagoons, but also you have been accused, you were denounced, that you proceeded to create fills, to fill a mangrove zone with red-colored earth, this for commercial purposes. And why for commercial purposes?
Well, because as you clearly indicated, what you intended was to cultivate shrimp and generate an increase in your assets with this harvest, with this cultivation of this animal species. That also implied, to carry out these filling maneuvers with this earth that could be identified, that you had to incur the use of heavy machinery, using a “backhoe,” which destroyed the flora and also endangered the biodiversity, the fauna in this zone. These are aspects that, regardless of the position of your defense counsel, had factually been set forth at the time from a civil perspective as a generating source of this conduct. And it is here, indeed, where the court enters into an analysis: although the connection or link between the conduct performed, your commercial operation, and the consequences that have been brought to light by the Procuraduría and by the Public Prosecutor’s Office had already been established and is thus accredited—you were clear, you were transparent, you were sincere, and you told us that indeed you came here with an operation, with an intention to buy a piece of land and exploit that land in a proportion that would allow you to cultivate, to make those lagoons and be able to exploit shrimp.
What happens? Well, you exceeded the dimensions authorized by the competent environmental authorities and generated an impact. A causal link exists between that exceeding of the perimeter that had been granted to you, the perimeter that had been permitted to you, and the impact. It has been possible to prove an essential impact on a mangrove zone. One does not need to be a biologist, one does not need to be a scientist to know, indeed, the significance that a maritime zone like a mangrove represents for the richness of fauna, for the richness of flora, and as was indicated a few minutes ago, Mr. Alain, what the contribution of gaseous exchange that these zones represent for the environment—it has been scientifically possible to prove that they generate for humanity, and it is not for Costa Rica itself, because it is for the environment for all of humanity itself. And that comes to benefit, hence the importance of preserving, and it is not only preserving, but also trying to ensure that it is ever greater, to guarantee us a life of quality, not only for us, but also for future generations…
In the court’s judgment, and to conclude, this court assesses that both you and the legal entity you represent must answer for the civil claims, for the amounts that the Prosecutor (Procurador) has liquidated today. Why? Because from this cited report, a series of socioeconomic valuation aspects emerge, which are necessary when determining that, in proportion to the affected public maritime-terrestrial zone, that is the dimension that must be applied. Including, well, that was the subject of discussion in a first judgment, that this amount had been exceeded, and it is not fair that you be charged beyond what you must answer for. This court determines that the sum of 106,295 dollars and 60 cents conforms to the calculations and is in a manner that is proportional to the magnitude of the damage caused. Damage that is, well, collateral, that is correlated with the economic activity that has been accredited against you in the civil damages action, and that by reason thereof, well, generates the obligation for both you and the company Marina Linda S.A. to mitigate that damage.
Furthermore, then it will indeed be your obligation and that of the public limited company Marina Linda to return these 4.6 hectares to their original state, after a prior determination by the authority. In this case, it will be SINAC; a timeframe will be set; precisely the space to be treated will be delimited; and recommendations will be provided.” (according to the time counter from 14:33 to 24:34, and from 30:37 to 32:38 of file 070008890647PE-13052024112008-2_Multi). It is thus inferred that the ruling did dedicate itself to explaining why the amount requested by the representative of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) was proportional to the damage caused, as already accredited from the previous trial, setting forth the serious implications that the actions of the civil defendant brought to the affected zone, properly for the flora and fauna of the site, as well as the repercussions for the environment in general and for humanity itself, given that third-generation rights constitutionally recognized were violated thereby.
Likewise, the adjudicating body set forth that the parameters used by SINAC to perform the mathematical calculations that allowed them to grant a quantifiable value to the environmental damage that, in the specific case, was attributable to the civil defendant and the company he represents, respond to objective criteria established by the competent institution to determine such impact, which allowed the judge to grant value to that documentary evidence, clarifying that the defense’s arguments did not have sufficient strength to discredit the conclusions of report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007. Likewise, this appellate panel warns that the appellant’s criticism, rather than questioning the reasoning of the judgment in question, is mainly directed at calling into doubt what was established by SINAC officials in reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, which served as support for the decision being challenged.
Nevertheless, what exists is a subjective disagreement, which is understandable and corresponds to the interests held by the representative of the civil defendant, since within the case file there is no objective evidence that weakens the technical criteria set forth in the mentioned reports. It is also not observed that such criteria were refuted by the procedural parties when they were made known during the investigation. Therefore, the defense counsel’s appellate argument becomes unaddressable. Finally, Mr. Jiménez Núñez claimed that his client was forced by the lower court (a quo) to restore things to their original state by mobilizing a quantity of red earth that, according to him, was proven to have already existed at the site before the civil defendant’s intervention. However, this argument is defeated by a comprehensive reading of the oral ruling, and especially of its operative part (parte dispositiva), from which it is derived that the trial court ordered the regional office of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC) to, within a term of two months, prepare an updated situational report of the affected zone and establish an operational plan for the restoration of the impacted area to its original state.
That is, it is not true that the civil convict was compelled to remove a mound of earth in the judgment; rather, he must await the indications from SINAC to know the manner in which he must comply with what was ordered. Thus, the claim—in addition to having been introduced during the oral hearing held, as it was not part of the ground raised in the written appeal—also does not correspond to the reality of what was ordered in the instance decision, and therefore must be rejected. Thus, as the errors pointed out by the attorney representing the civil defendant are not observed, the appeal is declared without merit in all its aspects, and consequently, the judgment brought on appeal remains unchanged.
POR TANTO
The appeal filed by Mr. Bernal Jiménez Núñez, in his capacity as attorney representing the civil defendant, is declared without merit in all its aspects; consequently, the judgment brought on appeal is confirmed. NOTIFY.
Laura Cervantes Ocampo Raúl Madrigal Lizano Rodrigo Obando Santamaría Judge and Judges of the Criminal Appeals Court Specialized in Organized Crime File: 07-000889-0647-PE Defendant: [Name 001] Offense: Violation of the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre).
Victim: Natural Resources.
kmurillog File No. 07-000889-0647-PE - Vote No. 2024-0617 - Page: 1 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ First Judicial Circuit of San José, San José, Courts Building, Third Floor, Telephones: 2211-5349, 2211-5350 or 2211-5351. Email: [email protected] Classification prepared by the JUDICIAL INFORMATION CENTER (CENTRO DE INFORMACIÓN JURISPRUDENCIAL) of the Judicial Branch. Its reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited. It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 05-08-2026 16:27:27.
Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal III Circuito Judicial de Alajuela San Ramón Sentencias del mismo expediente Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental Tipo de contenido: Voto unánime Rama del Derecho: Derecho Ambiental Tema: Daño ambiental Subtemas:
Uso de criterios técnicos para cuantificar el daño ambiental.
"III. [...] Se colige entonces que el fallo sí se dedicó a explicar por qué el monto peticionado por el representante de la Procuraduría General de la República era el proporcional al daño causado ya acreditado desde el anterior juicio, exponiendo las serias implicaciones que aparejaron las acciones de la parte demandada civil para la zona afectada, propiamente para la flora y fauna del sitio, así como las repercusiones para el medio ambiente en general y para la humanidad misma, habida cuenta que con ello se violentaron derechos de tercera generación reconocidos constitucionalmente. Asimismo expuso el órgano judicante que los parámetros utilizados por el SINAC para efectuar los cálculos matemáticos que le permitieron otorgar un valor cuantificable al daño ambiental que en el caso concreto le fue atribuible al demando civil y a la empresa que representa, responden a criterios objetivos establecidos por la institución competente para determinar tal afectación, lo que le permitió al señor juez otorgar valor a esa prueba documental, aclarando que los argumentos de la defensa no contaron con la fortaleza suficiente como para desacreditar las conclusiones del informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007.
Asimismo, advierte este colegio de alzada que la crítica del recurrente, más que cuestionar la fundamentación de la sentencia de marras, se dirige principalmente a poner en tela de duda lo establecido por los funcionarios del SINAC en los informes ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 y ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007 y que sirvieron de sustento para la decisión que se impugna, no obstante, lo que hay es una inconformidad subjetiva que se comprende, corresponde a los intereses que mantiene el representante de la parte demandada civil, ya que dentro del expediente no se cuenta con prueba objetiva que debilite el criterio técnico plasmado en los informes en mención, tampoco se observa que tales criterios hayan sido refutados por las partes procesales cuando fueron puestos en conocimiento durante la investigación, por lo que el argumento recursivo del abogado defensor deviene en inatendible. [...]" ... Ver más Resolución:2024-0617 TRIBUNAL PENAL DE APELACIÓN ESPECIALIZADO EN DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA.
Primer Circuito Judicial de San José (En función del T.A.S.P. Tercer Circuito Judicial de Alajuela, sede SAN RAMON), a las catorce horas, del día doce de agosto del año dos mil veinticuatro.- RECURSOS DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL interpuestos en la presente causa seguida contra [Nombre 001], quien es mayor de edad, canadiense, portador del pasaporte número [Valor 001], nacido el 26 de junio de 1965, hijo de [Nombre 002] y [Nombre 003], de demás calidades conocidas en autos, y contra MARINA LINDA S.A., cédula jurídica número 3-101- 155141, por un delito de Infracción, Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, en perjuicio de El Estado. Intervienen en la decisión de los recursos, la jueza Laura Cervantes Ocampo y los jueces Raúl Madrigal Lizano y Rodrigo Obando Santamaría. Se apersonaron en esta sede, el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado defensor del imputado y demandado civil [Nombre 001] y representante de la demandada civil Marina Linda S.A.
RESULTANDO:
I.Que mediante sentencia número 90-2024, de las once horas cero minutos del trece de mayo del dos mil veinticuatro, el TRIBUNAL PENAL DE PUNTARENAS (SEDE QUEPOS), resolvió: "POR TANTO: De conformidad con lo expuesto, normas citadas y reglas de la sana crítica; se declara con lugar la acción civil resarcitoria interpuesta por la Procuraduría General de la República contra los codemandados civiles [Nombre 001] y MARINA LINDA S.A.. Por universalidad de los bienes de manera solidaria se les condena al pago de CIENTO SEIS MIL DOSCIENTOS NOVENTA Y CINCO DÓLARES CON SESENTA CENTAVOS ($106.295,60) por concepto de daños y perjuicios. Quedan apercibidos los codemandados civiles que la suma a que fueron condenados deberá ser cancelada dentro de los quince días siguientes a partir de la firmeza del fallo sin necesidad de más apercibimientos; es decir, por la simple orden del Tribunal; en caso de no hacerlo queda la parte interesada facultada para reclamarlas en la vía correspondiente.
En otro orden de ideas, se ordena a los codemandados [Nombre 001] y MARINA LINDA S.A., la restitución a su estado original de cuarenta y seis mil seiscientos ocho metros cuadrados ubicados entre el Estero Zapote y Playa Palma de Parrita. Restitución que deberá efectuarse de acuerdo a los parámetros que establezca la oficia del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). En razón de lo cual, se ordena a la oficia regional del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) dentro del término de dos meses (contados a partir de su notificación) realizar un informe situacional actualizado de la zona en cuestión (ACOPACOSRAP-0472-07-05), en el que se establezca un plan operativo que deberán acatar los demandados civiles para la restitución de la zona afectada a su estado original. Mismo que deberá contemplar proyecciones temporales para su realización y una delimitación espacial precisa de la zona a restituir.
Ejecución y cumplimiento que estará bajo la tutela del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) y la Procuraduría General de la República (PGR). Por dictarse de manera íntegra en formato oral, quedan debidamente notificadas las partes en el acto. Derick Sebastián Vargas Bustamante Juez." (sic).
II.Que, contra el anterior pronunciamiento, el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado defensor del imputado y demandado civil [Nombre 001] y representante de la demandada civil Marina Linda S.A., interpusieron los recursos de apelación de sentencia penal, mismos que serán resueltos por la presente integración del Tribunal Penal de Apelación Especializado en Delincuencia Organizada, según acuerdo del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial número XXVI, en la sesión número 53-2023, del 23 de junio de 2023.
III.Que verificada la deliberación respectiva de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 465 del Código Procesal Penal, el Tribunal se planteó las cuestiones formuladas en la impugnación.
Redacta la jueza de apelación de sentencia Cervantes Ocampo; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
I.Mediante resolución 2024-584 de las once horas cincuenta y cuatro minutos del primero de agosto del dos mil veinticuatro, esta cámara admitió para estudio de fondo el recurso de apelación interpuesto por Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado defensor del imputado y demandado civil [Nombre 001] y representante de la demandada civil Marina Linda S.A., libelo que rola agregado a folios 1454 y 1455 del expediente.
II.El abogado recurrente Jiménez Núñez solicitó la celebración de una audiencia oral, la que tuvo lugar en la primera audiencia del día 08 de agosto del 2024. En dicha oportunidad el representante de la parte demandada civil reiteró los argumentos esbozados en el escrito de interposición del recurso de apelación. Explicó que la sentencia impugnada condenó a sus representados al pago solidario de ciento seis mil doscientos noventa y cinco dólares con sesenta centavos ($106.295,60) y a la restitución a su estado original de las 4.6 hectáreas que se dijo fueron dañadas por sus defendidos. Considera que la sentencia no se ajusta a los principios de la sana crítica, ya que desconoce el tema de la existencia y certeza del daño causado. Alega en cuanto al primer agravio, que el a quo efectuó una incorrecta valoración de los informes ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 y ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007. Considera que el problema de la decisión de instancia es que basó su condena en el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, el cual no estimó el daño sobre los árboles arrancados, por lo que, al no existir certeza en ese aspecto, la cuantificación se encuentra mal realizada.
En relación con el segundo agravio, expuso el abogado defensor que el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007, efectuó una cuantificación del daño utilizando un factor de multiplicación por hectárea, el que a su criterio no resulta aplicable al caso concreto, pues para ello debió haberse determinado la forma en que se encontraban distribuidos esos 300 árboles o cuánto se vio afectada cada hectárea, cálculos que no constan en los informes que cuestiona. Calcula quien impugna, que si existían 300 árboles sobre una superficie de 4.6 hectáreas, según su entender, cada árbol se encontraba ubicado a una distancia de 153 metros entre sí, por lo que los informes debieron determinar cuál es el daño real y su densidad. Fustiga que la Procuraduría General de la República estableció que su representado menoscabó un bosque, no obstante, según la definición de bosque dada en la Ley Conservación de Vida Silvestre no es posible considerar el espacio dañado como tal, tomando en cuenta que cada árbol se encontraba sembrado a 153 metros de separación.
Reitera que el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 cuantifica el daño por hectárea y establece porcentajes por cada rubro afectado, por lo que existen inconsistencias en la determinación del daño, así como que no justifica cómo concluye que se trata de un bosque primario. Alega que el error de la sentencia es que parte de la cuantificación del daño dada por el Ministerio Nacional de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) pero éste se aleja de la realidad, ya que habla del valor económico del bosque y el valor por hectárea, pero no existe determinación de cuánto se afectó al talar 300 árboles en 4.6 hectáreas. Asimismo, argumenta el profesional en derecho que los árboles de mangle tienen valor ambiental altísimo, pero no comercial, por lo que no resultaba adecuado cuantificar el daño por explotación comercial sostenible, como lo hizo la sentencia. Alega como quinto agravio, que se condenó al imputado a mover la tierra roja del terreno, pero en debate se demostró que esa tierra roja existía en la propiedad desde antes de ser intervenida por el demandado civil, así como que cuestiona la subsistencia del daño actual, tomando en cuenta que la causa data del 2007 y no se conoce el estado real del terreno.
Por último, cuestiona la redacción de la acción civil resarcitoria y reprocha que se incluyeron una serie de hechos que no le son achacables a su representado, así como que no se determinó en el escrito de constitución el daño exacto que se reclamó. Solicita se revoque la sentencia y se declare sin lugar la acción civil resarcitoria. Por su parte, el licenciado Enrique Montero Gamboa, represente de la Procuraduría General de la República refuta los argumentos del recurrente y explica que el juicio de reenvío que generó la sentencia de marras se limitó a discutir dos puntos en concreto: 1) la cuantificación del daño generado por una acción civil en favor del Estado que ya se encuentra en firme, y, 2) las acciones de restitución del medio ambiente que fueron solicitadas por la Procuraduría, lo anterior por cuanto así fue ordenado por el tribunal de apelación que conoció los recursos planteados en contra de la primera sentencia que se dictó en este caso.
Informa que la acreditación del daño reclamado en la acción civil resarcitoria adquirió firmeza desde el 28 de junio del 2015, siendo que, en el punto sexto de ese fallo, se establecen los hechos que se tuvieron por demostrados en cuanto al daño ocasionado con la acción de la parte demandada civil, de manera que ese aspecto no debía ser nuevamente revisado en el juicio de reenvío. En lo que respecta a la valoración de la prueba para cuantificar el daño, alude que el tribunal fundó su decisión en lo establecido por el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007, el cual revela los elementos que se tomaron en cuenta para determinar la afectación al bosque, por lo que al no existir peritaje profesional que refute dichos argumentos, no es atendible anular el fallo sobre la base de tesis subjetivas como las esbozadas por el quejoso. Fustiga que el recurso de apelación pretende devolverse a etapas ya superadas, pues el daño ocasionado ya fue motivo de análisis en la sentencia anterior y adquirió firmeza.
En cuanto al reclamo por la restitución de las cosas a su estado natural, solicita se rechace lo argumentado por el abogado defensor, ya que el tribunal de juicio fue más bien cuidadoso al ordenar que se realizara una inspección en el sitio para determinar el estado actual y así definir la forma en que se hará la restitución. Solicita que el recurso sea declarado sin lugar pues la decisión jurisdiccional se encuentra completamente fundamentada.
III.Contenido de los reclamos esbozados en el libelo impugnativo. Como único motivo de su reclamo, el abogado defensor mostró una inconformidad con la valoración de la prueba por considerarla violatoria del principio de sana critica racional. Fustiga que la sentencia impugnada fundamentó su decisión únicamente en la valoración realizada por el Sistema Nacional de Conservación (SINAC) en los informes ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 y ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-07, los cuales determinaron la cuantificación del daño ambiental sobre la base de un factor de multiplicación determinado por hectárea, así como en la eliminación de 300 árboles del bosque de manglar, pero dejó de lado analizar los argumentos que planteó la tesis defensiva en el sentido que no es posible considerar como bosque de mangle un área de 4.6 hectáreas con 300 árboles. Expone el recurrente varios supuestos a saber (sin indicar la fuente de su afirmación):
POR TANTO
Se declara sin lugar en todos sus extremos el recurso de apelación incoado por el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado representante de la parte demandada civil, en consecuencia, se confirma la sentencia venida en alzada. NOTIFÍQUESE.
Laura Cervantes Ocampo Raúl Madrigal Lizano Rodrigo Obando Santamaría Jueza y Jueces del Tribunal Penal de Apelación Especializado en Delincuencia Organizada Imputado: [Nombre 001] Delito: Infracción a a la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre.
Ofendido: Los Recursos Naturales.
kmurillog ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Clasificación elaborada por CENTRO DE INFORMACIÓN JURISPRUDENCIALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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