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Res. 00617-2024 Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal III Circuito Judicial de Alajuela San Ramón · Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal III Circuito Judicial de Alajuela San Ramón · 12/08/2024
OutcomeResultado
The court denied the appeal in full and affirmed the joint and several award of $106,295.60 and restoration of 46,608 square meters of mangrove under a plan to be established by SINAC.El Tribunal rechazó íntegramente la apelación y confirmó la condena solidaria de $106.295,60 y la restauración de 46.608 metros cuadrados de manglar conforme al plan que establezca el SINAC.
SummaryResumen
The Criminal Judgment Appeals Court denied the civil defendants’ appeal and fully affirmed their joint and several liability for $106,295.60 in damages caused to 46,608 square meters of mangrove between Estero Zapote and Playa Palma in Parrita, as well as their duty to restore the area. The court held that the existence of environmental harm had already become final in an earlier judgment, so the remand trial was limited to calculating compensation and deciding restoration. It found that the trial court adequately explained its reliance on SINAC’s technical reports, whose objective criteria were not rebutted through expert evidence or other technical proof. The court also clarified that the judgment did not directly order the removal of red soil. Instead, it instructed SINAC to prepare an updated site assessment and an operational plan defining the required measures, timetable, and precise spatial boundaries for restoration, subject to oversight by SINAC and the Attorney General’s Office.El Tribunal Penal de Apelación rechazó el recurso presentado por los demandados civiles y confirmó íntegramente la condena solidaria al pago de $106.295,60 por los daños causados a 46.608 metros cuadrados de manglar entre el Estero Zapote y Playa Palma de Parrita, así como la obligación de restaurar el área. Determinó que la existencia del daño ambiental ya había quedado firme en una resolución anterior, por lo que el juicio de reenvío se limitaba a cuantificar la indemnización y resolver sobre la restitución. Consideró suficientemente motivada la valoración de los informes técnicos del SINAC, cuyos criterios objetivos no fueron desacreditados mediante prueba pericial u otra evidencia técnica. También aclaró que la sentencia no ordenó directamente remover tierra roja: dispuso que el SINAC elaborara un informe actualizado y un plan operativo que definiera las medidas, el plazo y la delimitación espacial de la restauración, bajo tutela del SINAC y la Procuraduría General de la República.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It follows clearly from the foregoing that, through the cited decision, the Criminal Judgment Appeals Court of San Ramón settled the existence of the harm asserted by the civil claimant, confirming that the topographic surveys established the destruction of the mangrove resulting from the conduct attributable to the civil defendants. It ordered the matter remanded solely so that a newly constituted panel of the same court could determine the amount of compensation for damages and rule on restoration to the prior condition. The representative of the Attorney General’s Office is therefore correct in arguing that the existence of the harm cannot be disputed in this proceeding, since that issue was already decided and became final on July 28, 2015; consequently, the appellant attorney’s argument on this point cannot be accepted. This appellate panel also observes that, rather than challenging the reasoning of the judgment under review, the appellant’s criticism is directed principally at questioning the findings made by SINAC officials in reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, which supported the challenged decision. What exists, however, is a subjective disagreement—understandable in light of the interests represented by counsel for the civil defendants—because the case file contains no objective evidence weakening the technical conclusions stated in those reports. Nor does it appear that the parties rebutted those conclusions when they were disclosed during the investigation. The defense attorney’s appellate argument is therefore unavailing. Accordingly, because the errors alleged by counsel for the civil defendants are not present, the appeal is denied in all respects and the judgment under review remains undisturbed.Se colige con claridad de lo anterior, que el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de San Ramón, zanjó mediante el voto citado la existencia del daño invocado por el actor civil, confirmando que los levantamientos topográficos permitieron acreditar la destrucción del manglar producto de la conducta que les fue achacable a los demandados civiles, ordenando el reenvío del asunto, únicamente para que, mediante nueva integración del mismo tribunal, se determinara el monto correspondiente a la indemnización por concepto de daños y perjuicios, así como para resolver en cuanto a la restitución de las cosas a su estado anterior, de manera que, lleva razón el representante de la Procuraduría General de la República cuando argumenta que la existencia del daño no es susceptible de discusión en esta sede, pues resulta ser un tema ya resuelto y en firme desde el 28 de julio del 2015, por lo que el reclamo del abogado recurrente en este sentido no puede ser acogido. Asimismo, advierte este colegio de alzada que la crítica del recurrente, más que cuestionar la fundamentación de la sentencia de marras, se dirige principalmente a poner en tela de duda lo establecido por los funcionarios del SINAC en los informes ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 y ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007 y que sirvieron de sustento para la decisión que se impugna, no obstante, lo que hay es una inconformidad subjetiva que se comprende, corresponde a los intereses que mantiene el representante de la parte demandada civil, ya que dentro del expediente no se cuenta con prueba objetiva que debilite el criterio técnico plasmado en los informes en mención, tampoco se observa que tales criterios hayan sido refutados por las partes procesales cuando fueron puestos en conocimiento durante la investigación, por lo que el argumento recursivo del abogado defensor deviene en inatendible. Así, por no observarse los yerros apuntados por el abogado representante de la parte demandada civil, se declara sin lugar el recurso de apelación en todos sus extremos, y en consecuencia, se mantiene incólume el fallo venido en alzada.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Existe un nexo de causalidad entre ese sobrepasar el perímetro que se le había otorgado el perímetro que se le había permitido y la afectación. Se ha podido acreditar una afectación esencial a una zona manglar."
"There is a causal link between exceeding the perimeter that had been granted and permitted and the resulting harm. Substantial harm to a mangrove area has been established."
Considerando III, transcripción del fallo de instancia
"Existe un nexo de causalidad entre ese sobrepasar el perímetro que se le había otorgado el perímetro que se le había permitido y la afectación. Se ha podido acreditar una afectación esencial a una zona manglar."
Considerando III, transcripción del fallo de instancia
"No hace falta ser biólogo, no hace falta ser científico para saber, pues efectivamente, la trascendencia que representa una zona marítima como es un manglar para la riqueza de fauna, para la riqueza de flora"
"One need not be a biologist or a scientist to understand the significance of a maritime area such as a mangrove for the richness of its fauna and flora."
Considerando III, transcripción del fallo de instancia
"No hace falta ser biólogo, no hace falta ser científico para saber, pues efectivamente, la trascendencia que representa una zona marítima como es un manglar para la riqueza de fauna, para la riqueza de flora"
Considerando III, transcripción del fallo de instancia
"Se colige entonces que el fallo sí se dedicó a explicar por qué el monto peticionado por el representante de la Procuraduría General de la República era el proporcional al daño causado ya acreditado desde el anterior juicio"
"It therefore follows that the judgment did explain why the amount requested by the representative of the Attorney General’s Office was proportional to the harm already established in the prior trial."
Considerando III
"Se colige entonces que el fallo sí se dedicó a explicar por qué el monto peticionado por el representante de la Procuraduría General de la República era el proporcional al daño causado ya acreditado desde el anterior juicio"
Considerando III
"Se declara sin lugar en todos sus extremos el recurso de apelación incoado por el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado representante de la parte demandada civil, en consecuencia, se confirma la sentencia venida en alzada."
"The appeal filed by attorney Bernal Jiménez Núñez, as counsel for the civil defendants, is denied in all respects; consequently, the judgment under review is affirmed."
Por tanto
"Se declara sin lugar en todos sus extremos el recurso de apelación incoado por el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado representante de la parte demandada civil, en consecuencia, se confirma la sentencia venida en alzada."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Decision:2024-0617 Case file: 07-000889-0647-PE SPECIALIZED CRIMINAL COURT OF APPEAL FOR ORGANIZED CRIME. Primer Circuito Judicial de San José (Acting in the capacity of the T.A.S.P. Tercer Circuito Judicial de Alajuela, SAN RAMON seat), at fourteen hundred hours, on doce de agosto del año dos mil veinticuatro.- APPEALS AGAINST A CRIMINAL JUDGMENT (RECURSOS DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL) filed in these proceedings against [Nombre 001], who is of legal age, Canadian, holder of passport number [Valor 001], born on 26 de junio de 1965, son of [Nombre 002] and [Nombre 003], whose other particulars are known in the record, and against MARINA LINDA S.A., corporate identification number 3-101- 155141, for an offense under the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, to the detriment of El Estado. Judge Laura Cervantes Ocampo and Judges Raúl Madrigal Lizano and Rodrigo Obando Santamaría participated in deciding the appeals. Attorney Bernal Jiménez Núñez appeared before this Court in his capacity as defense counsel for the accused and civil defendant (demandado civil), [Nombre 001], and as representative of the civil defendant Marina Linda S.A.
BACKGROUND:
I.By judgment number 90-2024, issued at eleven hours zero minutes on trece de mayo del dos mil veinticuatro, the TRIBUNAL PENAL DE PUNTARENAS (SEDE QUEPOS) ruled: “POR TANTO: In accordance with the foregoing, the cited provisions, and the rules of sound judicial reasoning (sana crítica), the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria) filed by the Procuraduría General de la República against the civil co-defendants [Nombre 001] and MARINA LINDA S.A. is granted. They are jointly and severally ordered, against the entirety of their assets, to pay ONE HUNDRED SIX THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED NINETY-FIVE DOLLARS AND SIXTY CENTS ($106.295,60) as damages. The civil co-defendants are hereby advised that the amount they have been ordered to pay must be paid within fifteen days after the judgment becomes final, without the need for any further notice; that is, solely by order of the Court. Should they fail to do so, the interested party shall be entitled to seek recovery through the appropriate proceedings.
In addition, the co-defendants [Nombre 001] and MARINA LINDA S.A. are ordered to restore to their original condition forty-six thousand six hundred eight square meters located between Estero Zapote and Playa Palma de Parrita. Such restoration shall be carried out in accordance with the parameters established by the office of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). Accordingly, the regional office of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) is ordered, within a period of two months (calculated from the date of service), to prepare an updated situational report on the area in question (ACOPACOSRAP-0472-07-05), establishing an operational plan with which the civil defendants must comply in order to restore the affected area to its original condition. That plan must include time projections for its implementation and a precise spatial delimitation of the area to be restored.
Its execution and compliance shall be supervised by the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) and the Procuraduría General de la República (PGR). Because the judgment was rendered in its entirety orally, the parties are duly notified at this hearing. Derick Sebastián Vargas Bustamante, Judge.” (sic).
II.Attorney Bernal Jiménez Núñez, in his capacity as defense counsel for the accused and civil defendant [Nombre 001] and as representative of the civil defendant Marina Linda S.A., filed appeals against the foregoing criminal judgment. Those appeals shall be decided by the present panel of the Tribunal Penal de Apelación Especializado en Delincuencia Organizada, pursuant to agreement number XXVI of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, adopted at session number 53-2023, on 23 de junio de 2023.
III.Following the corresponding deliberation pursuant to Article 465 of the Código Procesal Penal, the Court considered the issues raised in the challenge.
Appellate Judge Cervantes Ocampo authors the decision; and,
CONSIDERANDO:
I.By decision 2024-584, issued at eleven hours fifty-four minutes on primero de agosto del dos mil veinticuatro, this chamber admitted for consideration on the merits the appeal filed by Bernal Jiménez Núñez, in his capacity as defense counsel for the accused and civil defendant [Nombre 001] and as representative of the civil defendant Marina Linda S.A.; the pleading appears at pages 1454 and 1455 of the case file.
II.Appellant’s counsel Jiménez Núñez requested an oral hearing, which took place during the first hearing of the day on 08 de agosto del 2024. On that occasion, the representative of the civil defendant reiterated the arguments set forth in the notice of appeal. He explained that the challenged judgment ordered his clients jointly and severally to pay one hundred six thousand two hundred ninety-five dollars and sixty cents ($106.295,60) and to restore to their original condition the 4.6 hectares that his clients were said to have damaged. He contends that the judgment does not conform to the principles of sound judicial reasoning because it disregards the issue of the existence and certainty of the damage caused. As his first ground for appeal (agravio), he argues that the court below (a quo) incorrectly assessed reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007. He contends that the problem with the lower court’s decision is that it based its award on report ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, which did not assess the damage relating to the trees that had been uprooted; consequently, because there was no certainty in that regard, the quantification was incorrectly performed.
With respect to the second ground for appeal, defense counsel stated that report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 quantified the damage by using a per-hectare multiplication factor that, in his view, is not applicable to this particular case, because doing so would have required determining how those 300 trees were distributed or how much of each hectare was affected, calculations that do not appear in the reports he challenges. The appellant calculates that, if there were 300 trees on an area of 4.6 hectares, then, according to his understanding, each tree was located 153 meters from the others; therefore, the reports should have determined the actual damage and its density. He criticizes the Procuraduría General de la República for asserting that his client impaired a forest, even though, under the definition of forest provided in the Ley Conservación de Vida Silvestre, the damaged area cannot be regarded as such, considering that each tree was planted 153 meters apart.
He reiterates that report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 quantifies the damage per hectare and establishes percentages for each affected category, and therefore inconsistencies exist in the determination of the damage; he further argues that the report does not explain how it concludes that the area is primary forest (bosque primario). He asserts that the judgment erred by relying on the damage quantification provided by the Ministerio Nacional de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), because that quantification is detached from reality: it discusses the economic value of the forest and the value per hectare, but does not determine the extent of the impact caused by cutting down 300 trees across 4.6 hectares. Counsel also argues that mangrove trees have an extremely high environmental value but no commercial value, and therefore it was inappropriate to quantify the damage based on sustainable commercial exploitation, as the judgment did.
As his fifth ground for appeal, he argues that the accused was ordered to move the red soil from the property, even though it was demonstrated at trial that this red soil had been present on the property before the civil defendant intervened there. He also challenges whether the damage currently persists, considering that the case dates from 2007 and the actual condition of the property is unknown. Finally, he challenges the drafting of the civil action for damages and objects that it included a series of acts that cannot be attributed to his client, and that the initiating pleading did not identify the precise damage being claimed. He requests that the judgment be reversed and the civil action for damages denied. For his part, attorney Enrique Montero Gamboa, representative of the Procuraduría General de la República, refutes the appellant’s arguments and explains that the remand trial (juicio de reenvío) that resulted in the judgment at issue was limited to addressing two specific points: 1) the quantification of the damage arising from a civil action in favor of the State that is already final and binding (en firme); and 2) the environmental restoration measures requested by the Procuraduría, because those were the matters ordered by the appellate court that heard the challenges filed against the first judgment rendered in this case.
He states that the determination of the damage claimed in the civil action for damages became final and binding on 28 de junio del 2015, and that paragraph six of that judgment sets forth the facts found proven regarding the damage caused by the conduct of the civil defendant; accordingly, that issue was not to be reconsidered during the remand trial. With respect to the assessment of the evidence used to quantify the damage, he states that the court based its decision on report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007, which identifies the factors considered in determining the impact on the forest. Therefore, in the absence of a professional expert assessment (peritaje profesional) refuting those findings, there is no basis for vacating the judgment on the strength of subjective theories such as those advanced by the appellant. He criticizes the appeal for attempting to return the proceedings to stages that have already concluded, since the damage caused was analyzed in the prior judgment and that determination became final and binding.
Regarding the claim concerning restoration to the natural condition, he requests that defense counsel’s argument be rejected, because the trial court in fact acted cautiously by ordering an on-site inspection to determine the current condition and thereby establish how restoration is to be carried out. He requests that the appeal be denied because the judicial decision is fully reasoned.
III.Content of the claims outlined in the appellate brief (libelo impugnativo). As the sole ground for his claim, defense counsel expressed disagreement with the assessment of the evidence (valoración de la prueba), considering it contrary to the principle of rational sound judgment (sana crítica racional). He criticizes the challenged judgment for basing its decision solely on the assessment conducted by the Sistema Nacional de Conservación (SINAC) in reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-07, which quantified the environmental damage (daño ambiental) on the basis of a multiplication factor determined per hectare, as well as on the removal of 300 trees from the mangrove forest (bosque de manglar), while failing to analyze the arguments advanced by the defense theory to the effect that an area of 4.6 hectares containing 300 trees cannot be regarded as a mangrove forest. The appellant sets out several assumptions, namely (without identifying the source of his assertion):
For the sake of completeness, it is clarified first that the definition of “forest” (bosque) is contained in the Ley Forestal and not in the Ley de Conservación de Vida la Silvestre, as defense counsel stated at the appellate hearing, and under the cited provision, a “forest” is considered to be: “A native or indigenous ecosystem, whether disturbed or undisturbed, regenerated through natural succession or other forestry techniques, occupying an area of two or more hectares, characterized by the presence of mature trees of different ages, species, and sizes, with one or more canopies covering more than seventy percent (70%) of that area, and containing more than sixty trees per hectare with a diameter of fifteen or more centimeters measured at breast height (DBH).” For his part, José Rolando Manfredi Abarca, a graduate in biology and official of the Área de Conservación Pacífico Central of SINAC responsible for issuing report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007, determined that the affected area was a mangrove forest (bosque de mangle), whose vegetation is dense, with many trees and shrubs characteristic of the shoreline or coasts.
This technical opinion has again been challenged by defense counsel before this Court; nevertheless, this panel considers that his arguments are based on subjective interpretations of what, in his view, should be understood as a forest area, without any expert or technical evidence having been submitted to discredit the assessment performed by the responsible institution. The objections are therefore untenable. This appellate panel further considers that the adjudicating body properly assessed the documentary evidence admitted at trial, which enabled it to quantify the damages payable by the civil defendant, sufficiently explaining why the monetary calculations performed by MINAE professionals on the basis of the area proven to have been affected were persuasive and reliable, such that they provided the basis for determining the amount of compensation to be paid jointly and severally by the civil defendant and the company he represents.
The trial judge found as follows: “But this Court, proceeding from what was indeed already proven at the previous trial and remains established to this day, finds that an area of 4.6 hectares in a wetland or mangrove area was in fact affected. That is what the Office of the Attorney General stated, what it recorded at the time, and what was proven. And as to that impact, which is what we heard today from the Attorney General’s representative, supported by documentary evidence that was also made available to the parties, it was established—and so that the parties may know precisely—from the ecological-damage assessment numbered ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-7 that the competent authority, namely the Ministry of Environment and Energy through the National System of Conservation Areas, performed a scientific calculation, a mathematical calculation, and a projection of the extent of the proven impact upon approximately 4.6 hectares in a wetland area.
Because the location could be identified, because an inspection was conducted, and because this can therefore be established through documentary evidence, a projection and assessment of that damage, or at least of that harm to the environment, was performed. As the Attorney General’s representative specifically stated, the competent authority and the technical specialists in the field make projections and calculations, as may be seen in filing 212 of the principal case file, volume 1. Certain assessments—or this assessment—were made on the basis of several factors. First, what was affected? Carbon sequestration. It is well known, as various studies conducted in this field have shown, that mangroves perform a fundamental function in carbon removal and oxygen production due to biological characteristics that need not be addressed in today’s case. It is known that this gas exchange occurs in a very significant proportion for the benefit of humankind and the environment in an area such as a mangrove, hence the importance of preserving these areas.
That was one of the factors assessed. Sustainable forestry was also assessed, as were aspects involving ecotourism, the existence and option of hydroelectric power, pharmaceuticals, and water for rural and urban use; in other words, these are variable factors and elements taken into account when making these cost projections. Furthermore, as the Attorney General’s representative stated, the assessment in this case is based on an area of 46608 m2, equivalent to 4.6 hectares. This Court understands the basis on which the Court of Appeal, at second instance, accepted the assessment that defense counsel in this case challenges as erroneous on the ground that it overstates the damage or the compensatory consequences arising from it. This Court does determine that, if a projection is made for 10000 m2 while taking all those variables into consideration, the harm caused by the loss of that space, that spatial mangrove area, amounts economically—for 10000 m2—to what it represents, because we are speaking symbolically: its value to humankind and the environment is incalculable.
Nevertheless, as a means of estimating or measuring the damage caused by these actions, it is valued at a rate of 2225 dollars per 10000 m2. A mathematical operation is then performed, indicating that if 10000 m2 amounts to 2225, then 46608 m2, taking into account an additional amount of 1025%, which is another assessment factor, an index applied by those professionals, yields an estimated total amount of 10370.30 cents—well, in this case, that would be 10370 dollars and 30 cents. Regardless, the position taken by defense counsel in the exercise of his authority is worthy of respect in this case; he argued and attempted to refute this expert assessment, which at the time provided an estimate of the injury or damage that was caused and that, as stated, has already been established. He contends that other, different calculations are being attributed as factors affecting that specific amount or the sum sought by the Office of the Attorney General.
We must also take into account—as is factually described in the allegations of the indictment, pardon me, in the facts alleged in the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria)—that these involve not only the act of creating the ponds, but also that you were accused and reported for having placed fill, filling the mangrove area with red soil for commercial purposes. And why for commercial purposes? Well, because, as you clearly stated, your intention was to farm shrimp and increase your assets through the harvest and cultivation of this animal species. This also meant that, to carry out these filling operations with the soil that was identified, you had to use heavy machinery, including a ‘backhoe’; this destroyed the flora and also endangered the biodiversity and fauna in this area. Regardless of defense counsel’s position, these are factors that had in fact been presented at the time, from a civil-law perspective, as giving rise to this conduct.
And it is here that the Court undertakes an analysis, although one had already been conducted and is thus established, of the connection or link between the conduct carried out, your commercial operation, and the consequences demonstrated by the Office of the Attorney General and the Public Prosecutor’s Office. You were clear, transparent, and candid, and you told us that you came here with an operation and the intention of purchasing land and exploiting it to an extent that would allow you to farm, build those ponds, and commercially farm shrimp. What happened? Well, you exceeded the dimensions authorized by the competent environmental authorities and caused an impact. There is a causal nexus between exceeding the perimeter that had been granted and permitted to you and the impact. A material impact on a mangrove area has been established. One need not be a biologist or scientist to understand the importance of a marine area such as a mangrove to the abundance of fauna and flora and, as was explained a few minutes ago, Don Alain, what the gas-exchange contribution of these areas represents for the environment.
It has been scientifically established that these areas provide such benefits to humankind, and not merely to Costa Rica itself, because they benefit the environment and all humankind. Hence the importance of preservation—and not only preservation, but also attempting to increase such areas—to ensure a high-quality life not only for us but also for future generations.… In the Court’s view, and to conclude, both you and the legal entity you represent must answer for the civil claims in the amounts calculated today by the Attorney General’s representative. Why? Because the cited report contains a series of assessments of socioeconomic factors that must be considered in determining the appropriate valuation in proportion to the affected maritime-terrestrial zone. Indeed, that was the subject of discussion in the first judgment: the amount had been exceeded, and it is not fair for you to be charged more than the amount for which you must answer.
This Court determines that the sum of 106295 dollars and 60 cents is consistent with the calculations and is proportional to the magnitude of the damage caused, damage that is collateral and correlated with the economic activity attributed to you in the civil action for damages and that consequently gives rise to an obligation for both you and Marina Linda S.A. to mitigate that damage. Furthermore, both you and the corporation Marina Linda shall be obligated to restore these 4.6 hectares to their original condition, subject to a prior determination by the authority, which in this case will be SINAC; a time period will be established, the precise area to be treated will be delimited, and recommendations will be issued” (according to the time counter from 14:33 through 24:34, and from 30:37 through 32:38 of file 070008890647PE-13052024112008-2_Multi). It follows, therefore, that the judgment did explain why the amount sought by the representative of the Procuraduría General de la República was proportional to the damage caused, which had already been established at the previous trial, describing the serious consequences that the civil defendant’s actions had for the affected area, specifically for the site’s flora and fauna, as well as their repercussions for the environment generally and for humankind itself, given that they violated constitutionally recognized third-generation rights (derechos de tercera generación).
The adjudicating body also explained that the parameters used by SINAC to perform the mathematical calculations through which it assigned a quantifiable value to the environmental damage attributable in this specific case to the civil defendant and the company he represents were based on objective criteria established by the institution competent to determine such impact. This allowed the judge to give evidentiary weight to that documentary evidence, while clarifying that the defense’s arguments were not sufficiently persuasive to discredit the conclusions of report ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007.
Likewise, this appellate court notes that the appellant’s criticism, rather than challenging the reasoning of the judgment at issue, is primarily directed at calling into question the findings made by SINAC officials in reports ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 and ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, which served as the basis for the challenged decision. Nevertheless, what exists is a subjective disagreement that is understandable and consistent with the interests represented by counsel for the civil defendant, since the case record contains no objective evidence that undermines the technical opinion set forth in the aforementioned reports. Nor does it appear that those opinions were refuted by the parties to the proceedings when they were disclosed during the investigation; therefore, defense counsel’s appellate argument cannot be entertained. Lastly, attorney Jiménez Núñez argued that the court below (a quo) ordered his client to restore matters to their original condition by moving a quantity of red soil that, according to him, had been proven to have already been present at the site before the civil defendant’s intervention.
However, that argument is disproved by a complete reading of the oral judgment, particularly its operative provisions (parte dispositiva), from which it follows that the trial court ordered the regional office of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) to prepare, within two months, an updated status report on the affected area and establish an operational plan for restoring the impacted area to its original condition. In other words, it is not true that the civilly liable defendant was ordered in the judgment to remove a mound of soil; rather, he must await SINAC’s instructions to learn how he is to comply with the order. Accordingly, the claim—besides having been introduced during the oral hearing, as it was not part of the ground asserted in the written appeal—also does not reflect what the lower court actually ordered and must therefore be rejected. Thus, because the errors alleged by counsel for the civil defendant are not found to exist, the appeal is denied in all respects and, consequently, the judgment under review remains undisturbed.
POR TANTO
The appeal (recurso de apelación) filed by attorney Bernal Jiménez Núñez, in his capacity as counsel representing the civil defendant, is denied in its entirety; consequently, the judgment under appeal is affirmed. NOTICE SHALL BE GIVEN.
Laura Cervantes Ocampo Raúl Madrigal Lizano Rodrigo Obando Santamaría Judge and Judges of the Tribunal Penal de Apelación Especializado en Delincuencia Organizada Case File: 07-000889-0647-PE Defendant: [Name 001] Offense: Violation of the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre.
Injured Party: Natural Resources.
kmurillog ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Email: [email protected]
Resolución:2024-0617 TRIBUNAL PENAL DE APELACIÓN ESPECIALIZADO EN DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA. Primer Circuito Judicial de San José (En función del T.A.S.P. Tercer Circuito Judicial de Alajuela, sede SAN RAMON), a las catorce horas, del día doce de agosto del año dos mil veinticuatro.- RECURSOS DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL interpuestos en la presente causa seguida contra [Nombre 001], quien es mayor de edad, canadiense, portador del pasaporte número [Valor 001], nacido el 26 de junio de 1965, hijo de [Nombre 002] y [Nombre 003], de demás calidades conocidas en autos, y contra MARINA LINDA S.A., cédula jurídica número 3-101- 155141, por un delito de Infracción, Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, en perjuicio de El Estado. Intervienen en la decisión de los recursos, la jueza Laura Cervantes Ocampo y los jueces Raúl Madrigal Lizano y Rodrigo Obando Santamaría. Se apersonaron en esta sede, el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado defensor del imputado y demandado civil [Nombre 001] y representante de la demandada civil Marina Linda S.A.
RESULTANDO:
I.Que mediante sentencia número 90-2024, de las once horas cero minutos del trece de mayo del dos mil veinticuatro, el TRIBUNAL PENAL DE PUNTARENAS (SEDE QUEPOS), resolvió: "POR TANTO: De conformidad con lo expuesto, normas citadas y reglas de la sana crítica; se declara con lugar la acción civil resarcitoria interpuesta por la Procuraduría General de la República contra los codemandados civiles [Nombre 001] y MARINA LINDA S.A.. Por universalidad de los bienes de manera solidaria se les condena al pago de CIENTO SEIS MIL DOSCIENTOS NOVENTA Y CINCO DÓLARES CON SESENTA CENTAVOS ($106.295,60) por concepto de daños y perjuicios. Quedan apercibidos los codemandados civiles que la suma a que fueron condenados deberá ser cancelada dentro de los quince días siguientes a partir de la firmeza del fallo sin necesidad de más apercibimientos; es decir, por la simple orden del Tribunal; en caso de no hacerlo queda la parte interesada facultada para reclamarlas en la vía correspondiente.
En otro orden de ideas, se ordena a los codemandados [Nombre 001] y MARINA LINDA S.A., la restitución a su estado original de cuarenta y seis mil seiscientos ocho metros cuadrados ubicados entre el Estero Zapote y Playa Palma de Parrita. Restitución que deberá efectuarse de acuerdo a los parámetros que establezca la oficia del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). En razón de lo cual, se ordena a la oficia regional del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) dentro del término de dos meses (contados a partir de su notificación) realizar un informe situacional actualizado de la zona en cuestión (ACOPACOSRAP-0472-07-05), en el que se establezca un plan operativo que deberán acatar los demandados civiles para la restitución de la zona afectada a su estado original. Mismo que deberá contemplar proyecciones temporales para su realización y una delimitación espacial precisa de la zona a restituir.
Ejecución y cumplimiento que estará bajo la tutela del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) y la Procuraduría General de la República (PGR). Por dictarse de manera íntegra en formato oral, quedan debidamente notificadas las partes en el acto. Derick Sebastián Vargas Bustamante Juez." (sic).
II.Que, contra el anterior pronunciamiento, el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado defensor del imputado y demandado civil [Nombre 001] y representante de la demandada civil Marina Linda S.A., interpusieron los recursos de apelación de sentencia penal, mismos que serán resueltos por la presente integración del Tribunal Penal de Apelación Especializado en Delincuencia Organizada, según acuerdo del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial número XXVI, en la sesión número 53-2023, del 23 de junio de 2023.
III.Que verificada la deliberación respectiva de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 465 del Código Procesal Penal, el Tribunal se planteó las cuestiones formuladas en la impugnación.
Redacta la jueza de apelación de sentencia Cervantes Ocampo; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
I.Mediante resolución 2024-584 de las once horas cincuenta y cuatro minutos del primero de agosto del dos mil veinticuatro, esta cámara admitió para estudio de fondo el recurso de apelación interpuesto por Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado defensor del imputado y demandado civil [Nombre 001] y representante de la demandada civil Marina Linda S.A., libelo que rola agregado a folios 1454 y 1455 del expediente.
II.El abogado recurrente Jiménez Núñez solicitó la celebración de una audiencia oral, la que tuvo lugar en la primera audiencia del día 08 de agosto del 2024. En dicha oportunidad el representante de la parte demandada civil reiteró los argumentos esbozados en el escrito de interposición del recurso de apelación. Explicó que la sentencia impugnada condenó a sus representados al pago solidario de ciento seis mil doscientos noventa y cinco dólares con sesenta centavos ($106.295,60) y a la restitución a su estado original de las 4.6 hectáreas que se dijo fueron dañadas por sus defendidos. Considera que la sentencia no se ajusta a los principios de la sana crítica, ya que desconoce el tema de la existencia y certeza del daño causado. Alega en cuanto al primer agravio, que el a quo efectuó una incorrecta valoración de los informes ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 y ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007. Considera que el problema de la decisión de instancia es que basó su condena en el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-2007, el cual no estimó el daño sobre los árboles arrancados, por lo que, al no existir certeza en ese aspecto, la cuantificación se encuentra mal realizada.
En relación con el segundo agravio, expuso el abogado defensor que el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007, efectuó una cuantificación del daño utilizando un factor de multiplicación por hectárea, el que a su criterio no resulta aplicable al caso concreto, pues para ello debió haberse determinado la forma en que se encontraban distribuidos esos 300 árboles o cuánto se vio afectada cada hectárea, cálculos que no constan en los informes que cuestiona. Calcula quien impugna, que si existían 300 árboles sobre una superficie de 4.6 hectáreas, según su entender, cada árbol se encontraba ubicado a una distancia de 153 metros entre sí, por lo que los informes debieron determinar cuál es el daño real y su densidad. Fustiga que la Procuraduría General de la República estableció que su representado menoscabó un bosque, no obstante, según la definición de bosque dada en la Ley Conservación de Vida Silvestre no es posible considerar el espacio dañado como tal, tomando en cuenta que cada árbol se encontraba sembrado a 153 metros de separación.
Reitera que el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 cuantifica el daño por hectárea y establece porcentajes por cada rubro afectado, por lo que existen inconsistencias en la determinación del daño, así como que no justifica cómo concluye que se trata de un bosque primario. Alega que el error de la sentencia es que parte de la cuantificación del daño dada por el Ministerio Nacional de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) pero éste se aleja de la realidad, ya que habla del valor económico del bosque y el valor por hectárea, pero no existe determinación de cuánto se afectó al talar 300 árboles en 4.6 hectáreas. Asimismo, argumenta el profesional en derecho que los árboles de mangle tienen valor ambiental altísimo, pero no comercial, por lo que no resultaba adecuado cuantificar el daño por explotación comercial sostenible, como lo hizo la sentencia. Alega como quinto agravio, que se condenó al imputado a mover la tierra roja del terreno, pero en debate se demostró que esa tierra roja existía en la propiedad desde antes de ser intervenida por el demandado civil, así como que cuestiona la subsistencia del daño actual, tomando en cuenta que la causa data del 2007 y no se conoce el estado real del terreno.
Por último, cuestiona la redacción de la acción civil resarcitoria y reprocha que se incluyeron una serie de hechos que no le son achacables a su representado, así como que no se determinó en el escrito de constitución el daño exacto que se reclamó. Solicita se revoque la sentencia y se declare sin lugar la acción civil resarcitoria. Por su parte, el licenciado Enrique Montero Gamboa, represente de la Procuraduría General de la República refuta los argumentos del recurrente y explica que el juicio de reenvío que generó la sentencia de marras se limitó a discutir dos puntos en concreto: 1) la cuantificación del daño generado por una acción civil en favor del Estado que ya se encuentra en firme, y, 2) las acciones de restitución del medio ambiente que fueron solicitadas por la Procuraduría, lo anterior por cuanto así fue ordenado por el tribunal de apelación que conoció los recursos planteados en contra de la primera sentencia que se dictó en este caso.
Informa que la acreditación del daño reclamado en la acción civil resarcitoria adquirió firmeza desde el 28 de junio del 2015, siendo que, en el punto sexto de ese fallo, se establecen los hechos que se tuvieron por demostrados en cuanto al daño ocasionado con la acción de la parte demandada civil, de manera que ese aspecto no debía ser nuevamente revisado en el juicio de reenvío. En lo que respecta a la valoración de la prueba para cuantificar el daño, alude que el tribunal fundó su decisión en lo establecido por el informe ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007, el cual revela los elementos que se tomaron en cuenta para determinar la afectación al bosque, por lo que al no existir peritaje profesional que refute dichos argumentos, no es atendible anular el fallo sobre la base de tesis subjetivas como las esbozadas por el quejoso. Fustiga que el recurso de apelación pretende devolverse a etapas ya superadas, pues el daño ocasionado ya fue motivo de análisis en la sentencia anterior y adquirió firmeza.
En cuanto al reclamo por la restitución de las cosas a su estado natural, solicita se rechace lo argumentado por el abogado defensor, ya que el tribunal de juicio fue más bien cuidadoso al ordenar que se realizara una inspección en el sitio para determinar el estado actual y así definir la forma en que se hará la restitución. Solicita que el recurso sea declarado sin lugar pues la decisión jurisdiccional se encuentra completamente fundamentada.
III.Contenido de los reclamos esbozados en el libelo impugnativo. Como único motivo de su reclamo, el abogado defensor mostró una inconformidad con la valoración de la prueba por considerarla violatoria del principio de sana critica racional. Fustiga que la sentencia impugnada fundamentó su decisión únicamente en la valoración realizada por el Sistema Nacional de Conservación (SINAC) en los informes ACOPAC-OSRAP-524-2007 y ACOPAC-OSRAP-472-07, los cuales determinaron la cuantificación del daño ambiental sobre la base de un factor de multiplicación determinado por hectárea, así como en la eliminación de 300 árboles del bosque de manglar, pero dejó de lado analizar los argumentos que planteó la tesis defensiva en el sentido que no es posible considerar como bosque de mangle un área de 4.6 hectáreas con 300 árboles. Expone el recurrente varios supuestos a saber (sin indicar la fuente de su afirmación):
POR TANTO
Se declara sin lugar en todos sus extremos el recurso de apelación incoado por el licenciado Bernal Jiménez Núñez, en su condición de abogado representante de la parte demandada civil, en consecuencia, se confirma la sentencia venida en alzada. NOTIFÍQUESE.
Laura Cervantes Ocampo Raúl Madrigal Lizano Rodrigo Obando Santamaría Jueza y Jueces del Tribunal Penal de Apelación Especializado en Delincuencia Organizada Imputado: [Nombre 001] Delito: Infracción a a la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre.
Ofendido: Los Recursos Naturales.
kmurillog ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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