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Res. 01794-2022 Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal II Circuito Judicial de San José · Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal II Circuito Judicial de San José · 13/12/2022
OutcomeResultado
The appeal was granted, the demolition order was reversed, and the criminal court was declared to lack subject-matter jurisdiction, so the requested permit annulment and demolition must be litigated before the contentious-administrative courts.Se acogió la apelación, se revocó la orden de derribo y se declaró que la sede penal carecía de competencia material, por lo que la nulidad de los permisos y la demolición pretendida deberán discutirse en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.
SummaryResumen
The Criminal Sentence Appeals Court granted the civil defendant’s appeal and reversed the criminal-court order requiring the mayor of Santa Ana to demolish a house and remove the debris because the building was allegedly located within a spring protection area. Although the defendants had been acquitted by a final judgment, the Attorney General’s Office sought restoration of the site to its original condition. The Court held that the criminal courts lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to invalidate, even implicitly, municipal acts that had recognized rights and authorized construction. Before seeking demolition, the Administration must pursue annulment of those acts through the procedures established by administrative law and, where appropriate, litigate before the contentious-administrative courts. The Court also noted that essential factual matters remained unresolved: whether the spring was permanent or intermittent, the resulting width of the protection area, the house’s location relative to that area, and why the subdivision plan endorsed by INVU contemplated only a thirty-meter setback.El Tribunal de Apelación declaró con lugar el recurso de la demandada civil y revocó la orden penal que obligaba al alcalde de Santa Ana a demoler una vivienda y retirar sus escombros por su presunta ubicación dentro del área de protección de una naciente. Aunque las imputadas habían sido absueltas mediante sentencia firme, la Procuraduría solicitó el restablecimiento de las cosas a su estado original. El Tribunal concluyó que la sede penal carecía de competencia material para dejar sin efecto, siquiera tácitamente, los actos municipales que habían reconocido derechos y autorizado la construcción. Antes de pretender el derribo, la Administración debe promover la nulidad de esos actos mediante los procedimientos previstos en la legislación administrativa y, cuando corresponda, acudir a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. También señaló que permanecían sin esclarecer cuestiones esenciales: si la naciente era permanente o intermitente, la extensión del área de protección, la ubicación de la vivienda y la razón del retiro de treinta metros contemplado en el plano visado por el INVU.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Accordingly, even if this chamber were to set aside the fact that the Legislative Assembly has not granted the criminal courts jurisdiction to revoke administrative acts to the detriment of a person’s subjective rights (at least not as occurred here, after the commission of a crime had been ruled out in final judgment number 1009-2018, in which both Nombre01 and her sister, Nombre01, both Nombre01, were acquitted), it likewise could not overlook that the Attorney General’s Office is not authorized to request demolition of the structure. Such relief, in any event—it bears repeating—would be plausible only after the competent judicial authority had declared null the municipal acts that granted rights to Nombre01. In other words, Ms. Mora Salguero cannot bypass the procedure described above and seek to have a criminal court, by ordering demolition, implicitly declare that nullity, particularly when a decision of such magnitude could affect third parties who also built their homes in reliance on those acts, such as the act approving the subdivision plan. For all the foregoing reasons, this chamber grants the appeal filed by counsel for the civil defendant and reverses the challenged judgment solely insofar as it: (i) ordered the mayor of Santa Ana to demolish the house built on the property owned by Nombre01 and remove the debris; and (ii) directed that the ruling be personally served upon the mayor and warned him that, if he failed to comply, evidence would be forwarded for prosecution for disobedience of authority. In its place, the Court declares on its own motion that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the claim filed by the Attorney General’s Office and refrains from ruling on it, while preserving the decision not to award costs against either party because there was a plausible basis for litigation, although not in this forum. Should that party deem it appropriate, it must take the corresponding steps so that the nullity of the administrative acts involved and the requested demolition may be litigated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.Así las cosas, incluso si esta cámara deja de lado que la Asamblea Legislativa no ha otorgado a la sede penal la competencia para revocar actos administrativos en detrimento de los derechos subjetivos de una persona (al menos no como sucede aquí, tras haberse descartado la comisión de un delito en una sentencia firme, a saber, la número 1009-2018, donde tanto Nombre01 como su hermana, Nombre01, ambas Nombre01, fueron absueltas), tampoco podría soslayarse que la Procuraduría General de la República no está facultada para solicitar el derribo de la obra, lo cual en todo caso —se insiste—solo sería plausible luego de que la autoridad jurisdiccional competente haya decretado la nulidad de los actos municipales que otorgaron derechos a Nombre01. Dicho en otras palabras, no puede la licenciada Mora Salguero obviar el trámite que se mencionó supra y pretender que un tribunal penal, al ordenar el derribo, disponga tácitamente la nulidad dicha, máxime cuando una decisión de semejante envergadura puede afectar a terceros que también han construido sus viviendas al amparo de esos actos, por ejemplo, aquel donde se avaló el plano de la urbanización. Por todo lo expuesto, esta cámara dispone acoger el recurso que formula la defensa técnica de la parte demandada civil y revocar la sentencia recurrida, únicamente en cuanto: i) ordenó al alcalde de Santa Ana derribar la casa construida en la finca propiedad de Nombre01 y retirar los escombros; ii) dispuso que la resolución le fuese notificada al citado alcalde de manera personal y advirtió a este acerca de que, de no cumplir con lo ordenado, se le testimoniarán piezas por el delito de desobediencia a la autoridad. En su lugar, de oficio se decreta la incompetencia material para conocer la demanda formulada por la Procuraduría General de la República y se omite pronunciamiento en cuanto a ella, manteniendo lo resuelto sobre la ausencia de condena en costas de ambas partes por haber razón plausible de litigio, aunque no en esta vía. Deberá esta parte procesal, si así lo estima oportuno, gestionar lo que corresponda a efectos de que se discuta el tema de la nulidad de los actos administrativos involucrados y el derribo pretendido en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La absolutoria no crea derecho para dejar el bien en un área de protección que tiene el fin de proteger la naciente."
"An acquittal does not create a right to leave the property within a protection area intended to protect the spring."
Audiencia oral, argumento de la Procuraduría General de la República
"La absolutoria no crea derecho para dejar el bien en un área de protección que tiene el fin de proteger la naciente."
Audiencia oral, argumento de la Procuraduría General de la República
"No se puede quedar una obra donde la ley indica claramente que no puede estar, esto ocasionaría que se dé una perpetuación del delito, además haría cosa juzgada, no se puede reclamar pues la obra está en su totalidad dentro del área de protección."
"A structure cannot remain where the law clearly says it may not be located; that would perpetuate the offense and would also create res judicata, and no complaint can be made because the structure lies entirely within the protection area."
Audiencia oral, argumento de la Procuraduría General de la República
"No se puede quedar una obra donde la ley indica claramente que no puede estar, esto ocasionaría que se dé una perpetuación del delito, además haría cosa juzgada, no se puede reclamar pues la obra está en su totalidad dentro del área de protección."
Audiencia oral, argumento de la Procuraduría General de la República
"Aun y cuando no es competencia de este tribunal indicar los aspectos que, eventualmente, deberán examinar las autoridades contencioso-administrativas, es importante señalar que sigue sin determinarse con precisión si la naciente o nacientes involucradas son permanentes o intermitentes (nótese que, a la fecha, el punto no ha sido zanjado con autoridad de cosa juzgada); la medida que, a partir de este dato, tendría el área de protección; la ubicación del inmueble en relación con esa área y los motivos en virtud de los cuales el plano de la urbanización que el INVU habría visado contempla un radio de escasos 30 metros en relación con la naciente."
"Although this Court is not competent to specify the matters that the contentious-administrative authorities may eventually have to examine, it is important to note that it remains undetermined whether the spring or springs involved are permanent or intermittent; the resulting size of the protection area; the property’s location relative to that area; and why the subdivision plan reportedly endorsed by INVU provides for a radius of only 30 meters from the spring."
Considerando III
"Aun y cuando no es competencia de este tribunal indicar los aspectos que, eventualmente, deberán examinar las autoridades contencioso-administrativas, es importante señalar que sigue sin determinarse con precisión si la naciente o nacientes involucradas son permanentes o intermitentes (nótese que, a la fecha, el punto no ha sido zanjado con autoridad de cosa juzgada); la medida que, a partir de este dato, tendría el área de protección; la ubicación del inmueble en relación con esa área y los motivos en virtud de los cuales el plano de la urbanización que el INVU habría visado contempla un radio de escasos 30 metros en relación con la naciente."
Considerando III
"Si bien el fallo se revocó en cuanto al tema del derribo, dada la falta de competencia material, los defectos presentes en él se exponen con el único propósito de aclarar que existen aspectos medulares que no han sido zanjados con la debida fundamentación y que, por ello, eventualmente deberán ser dilucidados en la vía correspondiente."
"Although the judgment was reversed as to demolition because of the lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, its defects are discussed solely to clarify that central issues have not been resolved with adequate reasoning and may therefore have to be determined in the proper forum."
Considerando III
"Si bien el fallo se revocó en cuanto al tema del derribo, dada la falta de competencia material, los defectos presentes en él se exponen con el único propósito de aclarar que existen aspectos medulares que no han sido zanjados con la debida fundamentación y que, por ello, eventualmente deberán ser dilucidados en la vía correspondiente."
Considerando III
Full documentDocumento completo
Decision: 2022-1794 Case File: 12-001421-0283-PE (4) CRIMINAL JUDGMENT APPEALS COURT. Second Judicial Circuit of San José. Goicoechea, at fourteen hours thirty-five minutes, on the thirteenth day of December, two thousand twenty-two. - APPEAL filed in the present proceeding brought against Nombre01, who is of legal age, Costa Rican, holder of identity card number CED01, born in San José on 04 April 1962, daughter of Nombre02 and Nombre03, residing in San José, Santa Ana Río Oro, and against Nombre01, who is of legal age, Costa Rican, holder of identity card number CED02, born in San José on 18 July 1959, daughter of Nombre02 and Nombre03, residing in San José, Piedades de Santa Ana; for the offense of VIOLATION OF THE LEY FORESTAL, to the detriment of NATURAL RESOURCES. Judges Patricia Vargas González, Rosaura Chinchilla Calderón, and Kathya Jiménez Fernández participated in the decision. Nombre01 appeared before this Court as the civil defendant, as did attorney Kasandra Mora Salguero, Attorney for the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND:
I.By Judgment No. 42-2022, issued at nine hours thirty minutes on the twenty-sixth day of January, two thousand twenty-two, the Criminal Court of the Third Judicial Circuit of San José, Southwest Seat, ruled: “THEREFORE: In accordance with the foregoing; Articles 39, 41, and 42 of the Political Constitution; Article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights; Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Articles 1 and 103 of the Criminal Code; Articles 1 through 6, 9, 11 through 13, 140 through 145, 265, 359, 360 through 365, 368, and 466 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; Articles 1, 33, 58, and related provisions of the Ley Forestal; and Article 1045 of the Civil Code, this single-judge court rules as follows: RESTORATION TO THE ORIGINAL CONDITION, as requested by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, IS ORDERED; a period of three months from the date this judgment becomes final is established for the Mayor of the Municipality of Santa Ana to carry out the demolition of the house constructed at Dirección01, specifically Dirección02, owned by Ms.
Nombre01, and to remove the debris; prior to demolition, it must be verified that the house at the site corresponds to the house identified in these proceedings. The Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana shall be personally served with this judgment. Should the order herein not be complied with, certified copies of the pertinent records shall be forwarded for prosecution of the offense of Disobedience to Authority. The remand proceedings are resolved without a special award of costs. Pursuant to Article 364 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the full reading of the judgment is deferred until sixteen hours on Thursday, the third day of February, two thousand twenty-two. Let notice be given.” (sic)
III.After the corresponding deliberation was conducted in accordance with Article 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Court considered the issues raised in the appeal.
Judge Vargas González writes the opinion; and,
CONSIDERING:
I.Summary of the parties’ arguments. Ms. Nombre01, the civil defendant (demandada civil) and accused (imputada) (acquitted by final judgment), claims, in the sole ground of her appeal, a “lack of evidentiary, descriptive, and intellectual reasoning (fundamentación probatoria, descriptiva e intelectiva) due to the omission of practically all the evidence that was timely submitted by the defense” (sic, front of f. 769). She states that the court harmed another person’s property by applying Article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure without examining a single item of evidence submitted by the defense, and discounted the testimonial evidence on the ground that the expert had been a public official at the same institution where her attorney had worked. The complainant maintains that, at the hearing preceding the issuance of the decision, substantial documentary evidence was submitted regarding authorizations dating back even to 1982, issued by the “Instituto Nacional de la Vivienda,” which demonstrated that the complaints existing in 2012 were untrue and, even less, could be subsumed under any type of conduct attributable to her by virtue of “control over the acts” (dominabilidad de los hechos), for which reason she was acquitted.
According to the appellant, that evidence demonstrated that construction was never carried out in violation of the regulations or at a spring (naciente) whose flow was permanent rather than intermittent. She alleges that the O.I.J.’s own report, N° DCF 2014-011159-ING, refers in its conclusions only to “mere distances,” despite being the expert evidence (elemento pericial) supporting the ordered demolition. Nor was the damage allegedly caused determined, or why regulations more than four decades old that permitted the establishment of the Hacienda Paraíso development (urbanización) were being rendered ineffective. She further argues that Article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides for a precautionary measure (medida cautelar) and that a conviction, which was never entered, was required for that issue to be finally resolved in the judgment. Moreover, the appellant states, no adverse effect whatsoever on the environment was proven, nor was it shown that she disobeyed regulations already in existence before the construction that is now, abusively, sought to be demolished.
In confusing language, she states: “Going beyond what is permitted by due process, then, causes the appealable decision at this stage to lack the required reasoning, when what is sought is to issue judgment in order to impose a precautionary measure which, it bears noting, is provisional by legislative mandate; yet nowhere in the decision at issue is it recognized that what was sought was the final resolution of a specific accusation against me based on control over the acts, even though I was acquitted of committing them, without it being possible, moreover, to prove any adverse effect on the environment or any disobedience on my part of regulations that already existed before any construction that is now sought—abusively—through a judgment—to be demolished. In strict accordance with the principle of factual truth (principio de la verdad real) and the ascertainment of the facts, the Trial Judge, even violating the principle of the judge’s independent investigation (principio de investigación autónoma del Juzgador), proceeds to order property damage through the application—for the first time—of a provisional measure whose termination occurs precisely when a Judgment is issued, and not when that measure is ordered as its commencement […]” (f. 773 and 774).
After citing decision number 2001-02234 of the Sala Constitucional, she maintains that the provisional measure contained in Article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure terminates upon judgment and that, despite this, it was imposed for the first time during the final decision-making phase, never during the course of the proceedings. Thus, damage is caused to the property of a person who was acquitted on the basis of a factual scenario from which it follows that there was no environmental damage, criminal conduct, or failure to comply with existing regulations. The appellant considers that the principle of citizens’ legitimate expectations (principio de confianza legítima) vis-à-vis public authorities was also violated by ruling against her, despite the declaration of her innocence and the failure to prove environmental damage (here she cites decision number 10171-10 of the Sala Constitucional).
The complainant challenges the court of first instance’s reliance, as grounds for its decision, on the concept of secondary forest (bosque secundario), when that concept does not actually exist: under Article 3 of the Ley Forestal, land either is forest or it is not. Furthermore, there is no certification from SINAC or a forestry engineer establishing that the site is forest. Continuing this line of argument, the appellant maintains that she was not given the opportunity to testify at trial because the judge closed the hearing after defense counsel’s closing arguments, without giving her the last word, as required by Article 358 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. She also asserts that the matter should have been addressed in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa); that the judgment lacks descriptive reasoning (because it does not mention the evidence submitted by the defense) and intellectual reasoning; and that the court even goes so far as to “override the environmental system” by turning land that is not forest into forest when there is no environmental damage whatsoever validating its decision.
She summarizes the foregoing as follows: “The alleged Defect is inherently relevant, because if the judge had taken the trouble to examine the exculpatory evidence (prueba de descargo) submitted, as well as the remaining evidence offered by the defense after that exculpatory evidence, she could have realized that the propositions set forth in her decision were as follows: (1) that there was insufficient evidence to establish the accused’s guilt to the degree of certainty or any environmental damage, (2) that the accused carried out the construction in accordance with the legal framework authorizing her to do so and with all necessary permits from the required entities, (3) That Article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure terminates, because it is a provisional measure, upon the final act known as the Judgment. (4) That the risks of adversely affecting the property status quo of a person declared acquitted in Criminal Proceedings remain, and that there is no environmental damage that would make it relevant to apply provisional measures in final judgments without this entailing a violation of due process and a nonexistent judgment, since the issue to be addressed (if any) belongs to a different Jurisdiction, namely the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction required by the proceedings, which is lacking where the judgment is entirely devoid of evidentiary and intellectual reasoning.
It even lacks all descriptive reasoning, since the challenged ruling does not even describe the evidence submitted by the defense before impartially and objectively analyzing it, and it even overrides the Environmental system when, to justify its decision, it turns into forest an area of land that does not possess those characteristics, much less any environmental damage that could properly validate its decision” (f. 780 and 781). She requests that the claim be granted and the judgment vacated. Response of the opposing party. Attorney Kasandra Mora Salguero, representative of the Procuraduría General de la República, states that the appellant merely expresses disagreement with the assessment of the defense witness, which does not warrant invalidating the judgment. She further states that the interpretation of Article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is incorrect and that restoration of things to their original condition (restablecimiento de las cosas a su estado original) (supported by provisions such as Article 103 of the Criminal Code) is appropriate even when an acquittal has been entered, as extensive case law has held.
After criticizing the appeal for allegedly failing to comply with formal requirements (for example, it does not specify the prejudice or relate the decisions of the Sala Constitucional to the specific case), she adds that, regarding the court’s failure to give the appellant the floor before closing the trial, nullity for nullity’s sake is an outdated concept and, in this case, the resulting prejudice has not been demonstrated, nor has it been shown how matters would have taken a different course had she made any particular statement. Moreover, if that omission actually occurred, the appellant, being an attorney, could readily have asked the court to correct it. Oral hearing. It was held on 10 August 2022 through the Teams platform with the parties’ consent, because a nationally coordinated evacuation drill was conducted at the court building of the Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, as well as at public institutions throughout the rest of the country.
On that occasion, the court was composed of Judges Patricia Vargas González, Kathya Jiménez Fernández, and Rosaura Chinchilla Calderón. Ms. Nombre01 and Ms. Nombre01, both accused persons acquitted by final judgment, appeared, together with their attorneys (Rodrigo Rosales Arce and Carlos García Rivera), while Attorney Kasandra Mora Salguero appeared on behalf of the Procuraduría General de la República. The latter, it should be noted, clarified that the only civil defendant was Ms. Nombre01, not Ms. Nombre01. She then added orally that the judgment was consistent with the law and was based on the evidence analyzed not only at this trial but throughout the proceedings. Nombre01 was initially charged with constructing a house, and Nombre01 with building terraces for construction. Dismissal of the proceedings (sobreseimiento) was requested for both, although, in Nombre01’s case, demolition of the structure was requested because it encroaches upon the protection area (área de protección) of a permanent spring.
The private criminal complaint (querella) and civil action (acción civil) stated that Nombre01 was responsible for the construction; on 8 August 2012, she sent Nombre04, the municipal official in charge, a written communication asking whether he had received notice from MINAE, and he replied on 10 August. It was an essential requirement that MINAE issue a determination; several water reports stated that the spring was permanent. The Ley Forestal is clear: Article 33 specifies the protection areas and refers to those bordering permanent springs, defined as 100 meters measured horizontally. It cannot be argued that another institution is responsible for determining the protection areas when the Ley Forestal itself establishes them. This is the third time this case has been tried; twice the appellate court vacated the judgment and ordered an assessment of all the evidence to determine whether the house is within a protection area.
Whether Nombre01 was acquitted or convicted is irrelevant; what is at issue is the civil component. The acquittal does not create a right to leave the property within a protection area intended to protect the spring. The defense seeks to discredit the witness; that case dates from 2015, whereas this one dates from 2012. He is the complainant in this case and stated that he had been forced to approach various entities to be heard, that they depended on the spring, and that they had an ASADA. Nor is it valid to invoke the ages of the accused. She adds that no provision allows a person to create a right in a place that must be conserved; this is the area established by law. If the accused party believes that she had all the documents authorizing her to act despite knowing that the construction had been halted, she may pursue administrative proceedings against the entity that caused her to act under a mistaken belief.
A structure cannot remain where the law clearly states that it may not be located; that would perpetuate the offense and would also render the matter res judicata (cosa juzgada). No claim may be made because the structure lies entirely within the protection area. Attorney Rosales Arce stated that the appeal challenges the judgment for lack of reasoning. According to counsel, the judgment fails to assess the evidence, particularly the evidence stating that the spring is intermittent. The official plan, dated 1982, authorized his clients to build and the municipality to issue the permits. Article 34 of the Ley Forestal establishes that setback determinations (alineamientos) fall within the authority of INVU.
There is evidence sufficient to conclude that Ms. Nombre01 and Ms. Nombre01, both Nombre01, acted in good faith, to the point that they were acquitted in the first trial, something that the Procuraduría and the judge now seek to disregard. Reality cannot be ignored; there is a principle of legitimate expectation (principio de confianza): citizens turn to the public administration and act on the basis of its decisions. That principle is violated—she adds—when an attempt is later made to criminalize what was done and the dwelling is ordered demolished. She adds that both sisters are over 60 years old; justice delayed is justice denied, and they have spent years in a vicious cycle despite having acted in accordance with the law. Nombre05 is the opposing party’s star witness, an accommodating witness of questionable credibility, since he was prosecuted for breaking the Acueductos y Alcantarillados pipes to channel water into the spring (naciente), so that it would change from intermittent to permanent.
It was in that witness’s interest to act in this way because he benefits from that spring, but the judge did not analyze this. At folio 52 is the SINAC letter to the complainant (stating that it was unable to locate the spring); at folio 104 is the MINAET letter stating that responsibility for determining the setback (alineamiento) lies with INVU. If that institution is responsible and the setback applicable in 1982 is 30 meters, how can a different measurement now be invoked? Folios 117 and 118 state that the use made of the property complies with the regulations for the area (from which it follows that the sisters acted on the basis of the principle of legitimate expectation); at folio 164 is Nombre01’s complaint against Nombre05. Whether the spring is intermittent or permanent is relevant to the definition of the criminal offense (tipo penal), and the defendants were acquitted. She insists that both acted in good faith: they built their house because the State permitted it, and now that same State seeks to demolish it even though the evidence points in another direction.
She requests that the judgment be declared ineffective and that this matter finally be brought to an end; her clients have lost their peace of mind, are receiving psychiatric care, and have spent money. This is not merely a case file; it is a social conflict. Luis Carlos García Rivera, co-counsel for the defense, adds that Article 140 of the Código Procesal Penal, concerning the authority to order demolition, was applied incorrectly. According to him, it must be requested by the injured party and is a provisional measure, not a final one. He adds that in this matter the prosecution evidence, but not the defense evidence, was examined, even though the defendants were acquitted to the requisite degree of certainty because one person had been investigated for altering the flow of the watercourse in order to cause a complaint to be filed against Ms. Nombre01. Defense counsel points out that these proceedings would not be taking place had the star witness not altered the flow, and that if it is now permanent, it is because that individual changed it.
No one may benefit from their own willful misconduct, and that person’s complaint cannot succeed. The measure under the cited Article 140 is provisional and is not intended to result in a final judgment. The Procuraduría acted improperly; it could have reviewed the official letter at folio 106. Responsibility for determining setbacks lies with INVU; if that institution knows this, it is unclear why it relies after the fact on assessments from other entities. What is significant is that the case dates from 1982. When the residential development (urbanización) where the Nombre01 sisters live was built, INVU established an official map and those structures were approved. Defense counsel adds that the Procuraduría violated its duty of integrity (deber de probidad). Both Nombre01 and Nombre01 acted in accordance with the law, and there is a legal gap regarding the application of demolition. It is strange for a convicted person to file a complaint when he was the one who caused the case against the sisters.
Regarding the application of the cited Article 140, the judge’s interpretation is dangerous: if demolition were extended to the 100 meters advocated by the Procuraduría, the entire residential development would have to be destroyed. He insists that Article 34 of the Ley Forestal gives INVU the authority to establish setbacks and that his clients acted in good faith. Their star witness is the person who transformed an intermittent flow into a permanent one. Ms. Nombre01 stated as follows: “My sister and I purchased lots as part of our life plan. She built in 2011 with every legal requirement, including land-use certification (uso de suelo), etc. In 2012, I was going to build; I requested land-use certification, had the plans prepared, and the Colegio de Ingenieros issued the permit. On June 1, 2012, the bank was going to conduct the appraisal, so I had the lot cleared for the bank’s appraiser.
Nombre06 saw the clearing and began filing his complaint. On July 1, I was issued the permit. On the 13th of that month, I received a fax stating that I had to stop the work because a neighbor had reported the existence of a spring near the property and MINAE had to be consulted.” Ms. Nombre01 says that this was when she learned that there was a spring. She went to the municipality, where Mr. Nombre04 assisted her, and told him that a neighbor had reported a nearby spring and that MINAE needed to specify the restrictions. Mr. Nombre04 said there were restrictions of 100 meters. She asked him why subdivisions (segregaciones) and the processing of cadastral plans were permitted. She pointed out that she had not purchased a lot as an ornament; she had purchased it to build on it. The same municipality had issued her the building permit; that entity did not know what the actual circumstances were.
According to Ms. Nombre01, she began investigating and learned that there are two kinds of springs, permanent and intermittent. For the latter, a distance of 60 meters must be observed under the Ley de aguas, while for the former it is 100 meters under the Ley Forestal. According to the sole expert opinion available in 2012—there were no others before 2012—the spring near the house was intermittent. Nombre06 filed his complaint using that opinion, but crossed out the word “intermittent.” She was issued a new opinion stating that the spring was intermittent and that such springs are governed by the Ley de aguas. She hired a surveyor, and the distance from the spring to her property is 82 meters. She insists that it was intermittent before 2012; all the opinions are subsequent. Curiously, a water leak occurred, thereby turning the spring into a permanent one, as stated by a court that found the man guilty of diverting water from A y A into it.
Nombre06 had Acueductos y Alcantarillados meters; he wanted to use the spring because its water was free. Article 33 of the Ley Forestal states that the distance is 100 meters; Article 34 of the same law states that all setbacks required under the preceding article must be processed by INVU. In other words, INVU is the entity that establishes the setback because this is a residential development. She went to INVU and SINAC. INVU establishes the setbacks and decides whether to request information from the Dirección de Agua. She brought INVU the map showing a circle around the spring, asked about it there, and was told that the 30 meters were valid; that in 1982 the distance was 50 meters because the regulation referred to land awaiting development, yet 30 meters were nevertheless granted. The document is in the case file. It states that the official who approved the 30-meter setback no longer works for the institution and that it is therefore unknown why he granted 30 meters rather than 50 meters, pursuant to Article 34 of the Ley Forestal.
In short, INVU told her that the map is official and referred her to the Ley de planificación urbana, under which land use (uso del suelo) cannot be changed unless by resolution of the Asamblea Legislativa. In other words, it is not a protected area (área de protección) unless the Asamblea has so declared. There are approximately 10 lots and several houses around the spring, and the public road also passes within the 100-meter area. If the Asamblea wishes to change the use established by that setback, it must expropriate those whose properties surround the spring. The public road passes within the 100-meter area, and there are other houses and roads, so demolishing Nombre01’s house would not protect the spring. The official map dates from the municipality’s acceptance of the development in 1982; it has been established as a residential development since 1982, with a 30-meter protected area.
Ms. Nombre01 understood that she and her sister were acting in accordance with the law. After 2012, Nombre06 filed the complaint, and they were accused of encroaching on a 100-meter area because the spring was permanent. However, the setback had already been established under Art. 34 of the Ley Forestal, and that law is not retroactive; if they want to demolish the house, they must pay compensation. As for the spring, at some point it became permanent. All the neighbors complained about leaks. When Acueductos y Alcantarillados conducted its investigations, it found pipes that had been cut with a hacksaw and struck with a hammer; the water flowed downhill by gravity to the spring, so the spring was being supplied with that water. In 2015, charges were brought against that man, and the damage he caused to the pipeline was documented. Ms. Nombre01 states that the judge would not allow questions to be put to the witness because she considered them irrelevant.
The first woman asks how they could possibly be irrelevant when he was the one supplying water to the spring. Mr. Nombre06 was convicted; he padlocked the spring to prevent it from being inspected and also threatened Nombre01 for removing the padlock, according to her. He then had to stop causing water leaks. The final document, from 2019, in which Acueductos y Alcantarillados states that it cannot rule out the possibility that its water is supplying the spring (the tanks uphill are damaged and leaking, and the water flows downhill by gravity), could not be admitted at the second trial because the Procuraduría objected. There is doubt as to whether the spring is being supplied with water from that company. They want to demolish her sister Nombre01’s house, and at that point, what would be the use?” Ms. Nombre01 stated: “In 2010, they purchased two lots in Hacienda Paraíso. The municipality issued the land-use certification, stating that the lots were designated for the construction of single-family homes.
In 2011, she applied for a construction loan that she is still paying off, with 15 years remaining. She processed the permits; she has CFIA’s approval of the plans and the land-use certification, which confirms what the zoning plan (plan regulador) provides. The lot is located in a residential zone, and water service is available from Acueductos y Alcantarillados. The building permit issued by the Municipalidad de Santa Ana contains no restriction. She built in 2011 and her sister in 2012. Her sister applied for a loan and obtained plans and permits (without any restriction), all under the same circumstances. When she began clearing lot number 12—because the land had already been divided into lots—she received notice from the municipality suspending her permit because of a complaint filed by a neighbor who lived on an adjoining street, Nombre05, who had held the concession for two springs for more than 20 years.
That was when they learned of the spring; they have been dealing with this for 10 years. The proceedings have affected her health and her emotional state, particularly when she is casually told that she must demolish her property. This should never have gone to trial; they acted in compliance with the rules. These lots are among 40 lots in Hacienda Paraíso, dating from 1982. The site plans are official documents and delineate areas designated for urban development and areas designated for public use; this was accepted by the municipality when it accepted the residential development: streets, parks, and 30-meter protected areas for the only spring. INVU is the only entity authorized to issue setback determinations, and to this day the only existing one is the 30-meter setback, as the record shows. Regarding the spring, beginning in 2012, various actions were taken at Nombre05’s request. Approximately 6 or 7 opinions were issued by the Dirección de agua.
Strangely, although the spring had been classified as intermittent, after 2012 they classified it as permanent, while the one that had been permanent was classified as intermittent; later opinions changed their flow classifications, and now both are permanent. The latest opinion, from 2018—all of them requested by him—states that the permanent one is not a spring but a collection point (captación) for the other spring, and that he constructed the infrastructure there during the more than 20 years in which he held the concession. From 2012 to 2018, there were doubts about the criteria used to determine the water flow.
It was proven that Nombre05 was vandalizing AyA’s pipelines; he caused the leaks, was charged and convicted, and did this so that, when the technicians came, they would say that the springs (nacientes) were permanent. Those are the only expert opinions (dictámenes) that the Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría) relies on to maintain that the construction is located within a protection zone (zona de protección). Article 33 of the Ley Forestal refers to 100 meters, but it remains unknown whether it is permanent, and the INVU guideline does not say that; it refers to 30 meters, meaning that it is outside the INVU protection range. We have been treated unfairly. All of this harms me; they want to demolish my house. If they want to expand the protection radius, they will affect not only our property, but also that of other people. Some neighbors subsequently purchased land and have been unable to build because the municipality will not grant them a building permit (permiso de construcción) or land-use permit (permiso de uso de suelo); several neighbors are still waiting.
Three court proceedings, and we are still dealing with this; the evidence has not been assessed. Nombre05 has no known trade or occupation. He does not have a job; he helps his mother, who is a tour guide, which is why he says he is an environmentalist. He lives on another street; he passes through that creek (quebrada).”
II.On the Requirements, in the Abstract, for Restoration. Although, as will be seen, this court agrees that the judgment must be vacated for reasons different from those stated by the appellant (with respect to which, moreover, what follows is of little consequence), it is important to note that, regarding restoration of things to their original condition (restitución de las cosas al estado original), the members of this chamber hold differing views as to the requirements for granting it. i) Majority position (Judges Chinchilla and Jiménez). It is important to bear in mind that restoration of things to their original condition is not merely a provisional criminal measure (as is the case with restoration of things to their prior condition, as provided in section 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), but instead forms part of the civil claims that, in this case, were asserted by the appellant, who is the civil claimant (actora civil), and are ordered in the final judgment (not during the investigation phase).
This was stated in decision number 2016-633 (Nombre07, Nombre08 and Nombre09), which held that the legal basis for this remedy is found in article 103 of the Criminal Code, which, insofar as relevant, provides: “Every punishable act entails civil reparation (reparación civil), which shall be determined in a judgment of conviction; the judgment shall order: 1) The restitution of the things or, failing that, payment of their respective value (...)”. This provision must be placed in context in order to arrive at an interpretation consistent with what the legislature intended. Its placement in the Criminal Code, under Title VII, entitled “Civil Consequences of the Punishable Act,” means that it is directly related to the civil claim asserted by the victim of a punishable act. Furthermore, all three subsections are subject to the determination of “civil reparation” in the judgment (there is considerable debate among legal scholars as to whether forfeiture (comiso) is a civil consequence of the act; nevertheless, because that issue has not been challenged, this chamber will not address it).
In connection with the foregoing, section 122 of the Rules in Force on Civil Liability clarifies that this type of reparation includes “1° Restitution of the thing,” confirming that, when this remedy is invoked, it must indeed be regarded as a civil consequence of the act. The cited article 103 requires the court, in a judgment of conviction (meaning a civil judgment, since civil and criminal liability are independent: article 40, in fine, of the Code of Criminal Procedure), to rule on restitution of the things (and section 491 of the Code of Criminal Procedure reaffirms its civil compensatory nature by stating that, if there is a dispute, the interested persons shall be referred to the civil courts). Based on all the foregoing, it is concluded that restoration of things to their prior condition is among the remedies that may be ordered when civil liability is imposed (this must be distinguished from simple restitution of the thing, which is ordered in the judgment when the object of the offense must be returned to its lawful owner or possessor and is generally held in provisional custody).
However, the question that immediately arises is whether the court may impose civil liability upon the accused without a request from one of the parties, on its own motion. Under article 368 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the issuance of a ruling imposing civil liability necessarily requires that a civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria) have been brought in accordance with articles 37 to 41 of that same body of law. Likewise, section 111 of the procedural code states: “To bring the action for damages, its holder must enter an appearance as a civil claimant (...)”. The complaint containing the claims for reparation or restoration of things to their prior condition must satisfy a series of requirements, including, pursuant to article 112 of the aforementioned Code: “d) The grounds on which the action is based, indicating the capacity asserted and the damage for which reparation is sought, even if the amount is not specified.” These claims must be made specific in accordance with article 308 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which states: “When a civil action for damages has been brought, the Public Prosecution Service must also notify the civil claimant of the indictment so that, within five days, the claimant may specify the claims, indicate the type and form of reparation sought, and calculate the amount of damages and losses that the claimant believes were sustained up to that time (...)”.
Accordingly, the purpose of the hearing granted is to allow the civil claimant to define their specific interests in accordance with the relief sought in the complaint filed, which must of course include restoration if that is among their interests. It is therefore impossible to conclude that a claim seeking restoration of things to their prior condition may be granted on the court’s own motion, because civil remedies must be declared on the basis of the relief sought in the corresponding complaint. In this case, a civil action for damages was indeed brought, and the challenge may therefore be considered. ii) Position of Judge Vargas González. As I stated in the dissenting opinion contained in ruling 2021-0921 at 8:35 hours on 23 de junio de 2021, issued by this chamber with a similar panel (Nombre08, L. Murillo Mora and P. Vargas González), «[…] restoration of things to their original condition is not a civil consequence arising from the punishable act, but rather a sui generis consequence that must be ordered on the court’s own motion, meaning irrespective of whether there has been a judgment of conviction or even a civil action for damages, based on section 366 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
In this regard, this chamber, sitting with a panel similar to the present one (Porras Villalta, Vargas González and Murillo Mora), has stated as follows: “The challenge raised by defense counsel, who argues that restoration cannot be ordered when the accused is acquitted on the criminal charge and no civil action for damages has been brought, is not novel, since this appellate court has already had occasion to rule on the matter and does not share that position. Thus, based on the express provisions of article 366 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (which is subsequent to article 103 of the Criminal Code, cited by the appellant in support of her position), the case law has interpreted that, even where the judgment is one of acquittal as to the criminal claims, the adjudicator is empowered to order—even on the court’s own motion—the restitution of objects subject to the proceedings: ‘[…] The judgment contains an error regarding the legal basis for ordering the eviction (desalojo), because the provision authorizing that measure is not article 142 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, but rather article 366 thereof.
The latter expressly provides: “The judgment of acquittal shall order...the restitution of objects subject to the proceedings that are not subject to forfeiture...”. In this specific case, the Trial Court found it proven that the land occupied by the accused belongs to the State and is used by the Ministry of Environment and Energy as part of the Proyecto de Ordenamiento Territorial Zona Núcleo del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Barra del Colorado. Mere possession or a right of possession cannot be asserted over such land, insofar as it is outside commerce and is not subject to acquisitive prescription (art. 262 of the Civil Code and Judgment 733-F-00, at 15:12 hours on 4 de octubre del 2000, of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia). Once ownership of the property and its designation for nature conservation had been established, the legal consequence was the removal of the occupants, as ordered in the judgment […]’ (cf.
Tribunal de Casación del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, decision N° 2004-00933 at 11:00 hours on 09 de setiembre de 2004). Similarly, again based on the provisions of article 366 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, restoration of things to their prior condition has been deemed proper even when an acquittal is entered, where the matter involves an infringement within the maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre) (cf. Tribunal de Casación del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, decisions 2004-0919 and 2004-0933). This solution has even been adopted in the case of an acquittal on the offense of unlawful dispossession (usurpación): ‘[...] if, according to the proven facts, the accused in this case is occupying a property that was possessed by another person, the appropriate course is to order restitution in the same judgment so as not to delay unnecessarily the return of the injured party to the property.
In this regard, in a 1992 ruling involving a proven act of unlawful dispossession, our Sala de Casación stated as follows: “It must be acknowledged that, in cases such as this one, the optimal course is for restitution of possession to be ordered in the same judgment imposing a conviction for the offense of unlawful dispossession, so as not to delay unnecessarily the injured party’s return to the de facto control through which the injured party subjected the unlawfully occupied property to their authority and will. Nevertheless, if such an order is omitted from the judgment, nothing prevents the subsequent issuance of a ruling that—in enforcement of that conviction—orders the unlawful occupier’s eviction from the property so that the injured party may take possession of it, as occurred in the case under review. It bears noting that this solution is not only the one arising from the correct application and interpretation of the law, but also the one dictated by the most elementary principles of common sense: it would be absurd for the accused, relying on the judgment convicting them of the offense of Unlawful Dispossession, to legitimize and retain possession of the very property that they entered in a manner satisfying the elements of the offense, unlawfully and culpably.” Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema De Justicia, V-107-F, at eight hours and fifty-five minutes on tres de abril de mil novecientos noventa y dos.- This ruling applies to the case at bar, not only because it recognizes the need to avoid perpetuating a legal absurdity, which would arise from acquitting someone of unlawful dispossession because that person mistakenly believed they had a superior right to possess the property and obtain legal title to it, and then allowing that person to remain in possession until the injured party’s superior right of possession was established, even though the injured party acquired the right to possess that property despite any evidentiary and transactional difficulties that may have existed.
The evidence adduced, as well as the technical and legal arguments presented by defense counsel, support the position of the trial judge and this Court that, in this case, vacation of the property must be ordered and that, if Ms. Nombre10. believes that her right should prevail, she must assert it in another forum, civil or agrarian, depending on the nature and use of the land. In accordance with the foregoing, the order restoring the property to Ms. Nombre11.M. could not even be construed as a penalty (either criminal or civil), but rather as a natural and logical consequence arising from the evidence introduced at trial [...] Accordingly, notwithstanding the acquittal entered on the criminal charge, the trial judge was required to order that the holder of title to the disputed property be placed in possession thereof because she had the superior right of possession. In this regard, in most cases the disputed property is held by the acquitted accused; therefore, if it is established that title to it belongs to a third party (as occurred here), it must be restored to that party.
[…] Article 366, paragraph 1, of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) provides that the judgment, even if it is an acquittal, shall order the restitution of objects connected with the proceedings and not subject to forfeiture (comiso), without specifying that such restitution must be made in favor of a particular person. This therefore means that, for such purposes, the judge must determine who has the superior right to the object, even if that person is a third party. Although this provision could be interpreted as referring not to real property but rather to mere “objects” (personal property), that position must be rejected, not only because forfeiture also applies to real property (Article 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), but also because Article 140 ibidem provides that, at any stage of the proceedings and at the request of the injured party, the judge may order, as a provisional measure (medida provisional), that things be restored to the condition in which they were before the act occurred.
If the judge has this authority as a provisional measure, all the more reason exists for the judge to order it as definitive restitution when issuing the judgment on the merits, in which the ownership of the property held by a particular person has been determined. Moreover, it must be reiterated that the order restoring the real property to Ms. Nombre12. could not even be construed as a penalty (whether criminal or civil), but rather as a natural and logical consequence arising from the evidence admitted at trial, which established that she acquired it in 1999 and has exercised possession over it ever since. In this regard, it is understood that Article 366, paragraph 1, discussed above, which requires the judge to issue the corresponding ruling on this matter, establishes that this decision must be made sua sponte (de oficio), because ordering restitution does not require, as a precondition, that the injured party have brought a civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria), or that the party have asserted a direct and express claim in this respect.
The fact that, even though it is unnecessary, the injured party files such an action (through which a “judgment” ordering restitution could be obtained, as provided in Article 464 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) in no way means that the civil action was necessary. For the foregoing reasons, the appeal is denied […]” (cf. decision of the Tribunal de Casación Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José N° 2006-1115, issued at 09:18 on 20 de octubre de 2016, which in turn cites and relies on the decision of the Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia N° 107-F-92, issued at 08:55 on 03 de abril de 1992). In the same vein—that is, that restitution is available even where no civil action for damages has been brought—see also the decisions of the Sala Tercera N° 1462-2004 and N° 604-F-91. In view of the foregoing, it must be clarified that an order of restitution may, of course, be issued provided that the measure is materially possible, as would occur, for example, when the property is personal property in the custody of the court (cf. the situation governed by Article 367 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).
Likewise, in the case of real property, restitution (if warranted) will always be feasible, insofar as the judicial authority may appear at the property in question and, through a formal act, place it in the possession of the person legally entitled to it. It is clear that this option would not be possible in cases involving personal property whose whereabouts or continued existence are unknown because it has not been seized or placed in provisional custody, in which event the appropriate subsidiary measure would be monetary compensation through an award of damages […]” (Resolution N° 2018-0095, issued at 9:44 on 30 de enero de 2018, emphasis added). For the foregoing reasons, it is concluded that restoring the protection area (área de protección) to its original condition is not contingent upon the conviction of the accused person. Furthermore—contrary to the finding in the judgment under appeal—the fact that some persons have for years encroached with impunity upon the protection areas designated by the legislature, and that municipal and state authorities have tolerated this situation instead of fulfilling their duties, does not alter the obligation of the courts, when appropriate, to order such restitution, because the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is a fundamental right of those who inhabit this country, and the State must guarantee and defend it.” As I noted at the time, I consider that, given its sui generis nature, the restoration of things to their original condition may be ordered even in the absence of a criminal conviction or where no civil action for damages has been brought. iii) As noted supra, the foregoing controversy is presented solely for clarification and not because it is relevant to this specific case, since here the Procuraduría General de la República did bring a civil action and, as explained below, grounds other than those asserted by the appellant warrant vacating the judgment.
III.For reasons other than those stated by the appellant, the claim must be granted. (A) Relevant background:
The judge considers the complainant’s account credible because it is supported by documentary and expert evidence, does not reveal any intent to be untruthful, and he has stated from the outset that his interest is to protect the area. Conversely, she does not believe the witness Nombre19, who was located by defense counsel himself. The judge finds it surprising that, despite claiming to have visited the area and verified whether or not there was a spring (naciente), at the beginning of the examination he stated that he had no knowledge of the contents of an opinion on which he acknowledged his signature; nevertheless, he later said that he had gone to the area to determine whether what he had approved in that document was correct. “He attempts to persuade the Court that, merely by visiting the site, he can determine at a glance that no spring exists on the affected property, and he even engages in speculation by stating that, although there was an outflow beneath a large tree, the water probably came from the mountain, given the type of vegetation present at the site.
Applying the rules of logic and experience, this judge finds that this witness came here intending to be untruthful, evidently in an effort to accommodate the Defense, and that the statements made by Mr. Nombre19 are not supported by technical evidence, much less expert evidence, whereas the statements of the complainant Nombre06 are so supported.” (cf. judgment). Defense counsel states that there are two opinions, one dated 4 de mayo and the other 4 de agosto, both from 2007, which contradict each other as to whether the spring is intermittent or permanent, and that the witness Nombre19 said that he had signed both; consequently, there is no certainty as to what type of spring it is or the protection radius to be applied. In response, the decision notes that the record contains a copy of opinion IMN-DA-978-07 at folio 26, which states not only that the area is secondary forest, but also that the water source detected there (Dirección04 de Santa Ana) is in the public domain and has a permanent flow, as well as a copy submitted by the defense (almost illegible) at folio 205, which states that the water source is intermittent.
Both documents are from the Dirección de Agua, are signed by Nombre20, and are endorsed by engineer Nombre19. Although they are contradictory, strangely, the second was not mentioned until the preliminary hearing, and it is an almost illegible copy whose conclusion could very well have been altered. Furthermore, there are other documents showing that the spring under examination is not intermittent but permanent, and the prosecution’s testimonial evidence at trial confirmed this. Moreover, the witness Nombre19 is ambiguous and contradictory and does not explain how, in the same year, he endorsed two documents reaching different conclusions; thus, at most, what the defense has shown is the contradiction between the documents, while the remaining evidence makes clear that the springs were permanent and were encroached upon within a distance of less than one hundred meters. The judge also questions Nombre19 as follows: “Mr.
Nombre19 attempts to cast doubt on the issue by alleging that natural disasters or other types of phenomena may sometimes cause variations of this kind, even stating that he visited the site in January of this year and observed an intermittent watercourse. This judge considers that assertion to be reckless, since he lacked both the necessary means and the authority to conduct an assessment of the site and thereby contradict the finding recorded by the Departamento de Topografía del Organismo de Investigación Judicial, namely, that the flow is permanent and that the house lies within the protection area of that spring. It is striking that, in the middle of the dry season, this witness would venture to claim that the water he observed might have come from the mountain and been rainwater (even though it is not the rainy season), obviously in an effort to accommodate the interests of Ms. Nombre01 and his former supervisor, Mr.
Chaves.” The judge reiterates that, in any event, even if the contradictory opinions are disregarded, the other evidence establishes what has been stated. The decision indicates that the defense argues that judgment number 1009-2018, which was vacated, did not find it proven that the spring was permanent; that this is a final determination (because it was not appealed); and that the 2019 judgment reaffirmed the facts not proven. In this regard, the decision states that issuing a judgment against counsel’s clients would not violate res judicata (cosa juzgada), because ruling number 2019-2301 held that it was an error to view the matter that way (as had been done in judgment number 2019-114), since the right to reparation for the damage caused is independent of the commission of criminal conduct. The a quo further states that, regarding defense counsel’s argument concerning the civil procedural law applicable to the case (according to him, the former law because it was in force when the events occurred), the offense is one with continuing effects and the environmental damage persists; therefore, it makes no sense to question whether the repealed civil procedural law or the current law, number 9342, applies.
Furthermore, on this point, the 2019-2301 appellate ruling addressed the issue and rejected the existence of substantive res judicata (cosa juzgada material): «It should be recalled that the repealed Código Procesal Civil, Ley N.º7130, did contain a specific provision concerning criminal judgments, namely Article 164, which stated as follows: “Final judgments of the criminal courts constitute substantive res judicata for or against every person, without distinction and absolutely, when they decide:
From the standpoint of procedural prerequisites (presupuestos procesales), subjective, objective, procedural, and temporal conditions are imposed. With regard to the subjective aspect, standing to bring the action (legitimación activa) is granted to the Administration that issued the challenged act, while the party with standing to be sued (legitimado pasivo) is the recipient of the effects of the conduct, that is, the person who benefits from it. As to the objective aspect, the declaration of injury to the public interest (lesividad) constitutes a mechanism for the legal elimination of administrative acts (actos administrativos) of individual scope that are final and favorable, and that are substantially inconsistent with the legal system, that is, acts affected by absolute invalidity (invalidez de grado absoluto) (articles 128, 158, 165 and related provisions of the aforementioned Ley General No. 6227).
Along those lines, the Administration must declare that conduct injurious to the public interest, which must be established through a series of internal actions by the Administration that are indispensable to filing the action. Indeed, procedurally, the highest-ranking authority of the respective Public Administration must declare the act injurious, whether because it harms economic, fiscal, or other interests arising from the public interest. This must be done by duly stating the grounds supporting those considerations, for which purpose the authority may rely on an underlying legal and technical opinion supporting that determination. Unlike other mechanisms for eliminating public conduct (as in the case of ex officio nullification (nulidad oficiosa) provided for in article 173 LGAP), it does not require a hearing for the third party, but only internal actions within the Administration intended to verify the express existence of an administrative decision issued by the highest-ranking authority seeking elimination of the act.
It is during the judicial proceedings that the third party may present its defense arguments. Now, when the act originates from the State (see art. 1 Ley General), that is, from the Central Administration, the action may be brought only by the Procuraduría General de la República (section 16 of Ley No. 8508), upon a prior request by the highest-ranking authority and an internal declaration that the act is injurious, detailing the grounds for that conclusion. Such representation is also required in the case of acts of the Poder Judicial issued in the exercise of its administrative function, as in the case of acts issued by the Consejo Superior, whose injuriousness must be declared by Corte Plena. When the act originates from a public entity, the rules governing legal representation are those established in section 17 of that same code. As to the temporal dimension, the new procedural legislation establishes a period of one year, counted from the business day following its issuance (not its notification), to declare the act injurious to the public interest in administrative proceedings.
This is without prejudice to cases in which the act is affected by absolute nullity (nulidad absoluta), in which case, pursuant to section 34.1 of the CPCA, that internal declaration may be made for as long as the act continues to produce effects. In that situation, the one-year period is calculated from the cessation of its effects, and any judgment ordering nullification shall do so solely for purposes of the act’s future annulment and inapplicability. Following that declaration (and not from the expiration of that first year), a period of one year is granted to file the administrative-law action, as a strict limitation period (plazo fatal de caducidad), pursuant to article 39 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. The exception applies to the protection of public-domain property (dominio público), in which case the injurious-act action (acción de lesividad) is not subject to any time limit because of the general rule that this type of property is not subject to prescription, as follows from section 261 of the Código Civil; consequently, neither the declaration of injury nor the filing of the corresponding judicial action is subject to any time constraint.” (emphasis in the original).
The seventh section of that same court, in judgment 081-2021-VII at 8:00 hours on 31 de agosto de 2021, states on the subject: “VI.- ON INJURIOUS-ACT PROCEEDINGS IN GENERAL. As a starting point, it must be emphasized that, in general terms, injurious-act proceedings (proceso de lesividad) are a judicial mechanism through which the ordinary legislature authorized Public Administrations to seek annulment of acts issued by them that recognize subjective rights (derechos subjetivos). In these types of judicial proceedings, the validity of specific formal conduct that has generated subjective rights in favor of an administered party (administrado)—a natural or legal person—is examined. It is precisely for this reason that the participation of the recipient of the act whose nullification is sought is mandatory, in order to guarantee not only adversarial proceedings (contradictorio), but also the timely exercise of the right of defense.
In our legal system, article 34 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo -CPCA- is the provision that establishes the preliminary elements and procedural rules governing this mechanism; however, that provision must be read in conjunction with sections 173.6 and 183, both of the Ley General de la Administración Pública -LGAP-, in order to obtain a complete understanding of the matter under consideration. A harmonious reading of those provisions leads to the conclusion that, in this type of proceeding, standing to bring the action is granted to the Administration that issued the challenged act, while the administered party receiving the effects of that formal conduct is the party with standing to be sued. This is so because, as indicated above, the declaration of injury constitutes a legal instrument for eliminating specific administrative acts that create subjective rights, insofar as they are substantially inconsistent with the legal system—acts affected by absolute or relative nullity (nulidad relativa)—(articles 128, 158, 165 and related provisions of the LGAP).
Thus, injurious-act proceedings provide an additional safeguard for the administered party: under the principle that an authority’s own acts are inviolable (principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios), the Administration may not itself eliminate the effects of an act recognizing subjective rights; instead, such rights-creating acts may be eliminated only through these proceedings and by a judicial body, separate from the Administration that issued the act whose annulment is sought on the ground that it is injurious to the public interest.” (Emphasis supplied). In the view of this chamber, both the Procuraduría General de la República, in seeking, and the court itself, in ordering, the demolition of the building disregard the fact that, in this matter, such action cannot be taken unless the nullity of the administrative acts issued for the benefit of Ms. Nombre01, whose effects remain in force to date, is litigated and declared, if appropriate.
This is particularly so because the Ley General de Administración Pública establishes, as a general rule, that the Administration is liable to administered parties for its actions, whether lawful or unlawful (arts. 191 and 194 LGAP); in other words, it has a duty to provide compensation, particularly in cases such as this one, in which construction of the dwelling at issue had the corresponding permits issued by the municipality, the entity empowered to oversee these processes or private investments. Furthermore, although the Ley General de Administración Pública provides that the absolute nullity of an act may be declared through administrative proceedings without resorting to administrative-litigation injurious-act proceedings, it is also clear in stating that this is possible only in cases of evident and manifest nullity (nulidad evidente y manifiesta) (art. 173 subsection 1), which prima facie may be ruled out in this matter.
Indeed, although three trials have been held, two of them concerning whether the spring (naciente) involved is (and was, when construction was undertaken) permanent or intermittent, the dimensions of the protected area (área de protección) (which depend on the foregoing issue), and the location of the building in relation to that area, the matter remains unresolved with precision, as will be discussed in greater detail below. Regarding the evident and manifest nature of nullity, the Sala Constitucional stated the following in decision No. 2002-09239 at 11:02 hours on 20 de setiembre de 2002 (subsequently reiterated in decision 2010-9077 at 8:36 hours on 21 de mayo de 2010): «III.- EX OFFICIO ANNULMENT OR REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTS THAT ARE FAVORABLE TO OR RECOGNIZE RIGHTS OF THE ADMINISTERED PARTY. This authority of public administrations and their bodies constitutes a qualified exception to the doctrine that an authority’s own acts favorable to the administered party may not be derogated from (inderogabilidad de los actos propios) and to the principle that an authority’s own acts are inviolable, which this specialized Chamber has held to be of constitutional rank because it derives from section 34 of the Constitución Política (See judgments Nos. 2186-94 at 17:03 hrs. on 4 de mayo de 1994 and 899-95 at 17:18 hrs. on 15 de febrero de 1995)-.
The general rule is that the respective public administration may not annul an act recognizing rights of the administered party, the exceptions being ex officio annulment or review (anulación o revisión de oficio) and revocation (revocación). For that purpose, as a general principle, the public administration must appear as plaintiff, after first declaring the act injurious to public, economic, or other interests, and resort to injurious-act proceedings (articles 10 and 35 of the Ley Reguladora de la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa), which have traditionally been understood as a safeguard for administered parties. In this regard, this Tribunal Constitucional stated in Voto No. 897-98 del 11 de febrero de 1998 that “...the Administration is prohibited from eliminating, through its own actions, those acts that it has issued conferring subjective rights on private parties. Thus, subjective rights constitute a limit on the powers to revoke (or amend) administrative acts, so that greater procedural safeguards may be required.
When the Administration issues an act and subsequently issues another that is contrary to the first, to the detriment of subjective rights, it is disregarding those rights, which it had granted through the first act, whether by error or for any other reason. This means that the only avenue available to the State for removing one of its own acts from the legal system is judicial injurious-act proceedings, since such proceedings are conceived as a procedural safeguard for the administered party; alternatively, our legal system allows the Administration to act contrary to its own acts through administrative proceedings in cases of absolute, evident, and manifest nullity, following an opinion (dictamen) from the Contraloría General de la República and the Procuraduría General de la República (as an additional safeguard for the administered party), and in accordance with article 173 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública. Consequently, if the Administration has failed to observe the rules governing these procedures, or has omitted them entirely or in part...
the doctrine of estoppel based on one’s own acts (principio de los actos propios) establishes the invalidity of the act as the consequence of that irregularity.” Under section 173 of the General Public Administration Act, a public entity or body may annul through administrative proceedings an act conferring rights upon the private party but detrimental to the public or property interests of the former, without having to resort to judicial review proceedings seeking a declaration of harmfulness (proceso contencioso administrativo de lesividad), governed by sections 10 and 35 of the Act Regulating the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction (proceedings in which the claimant is a public administration challenging one of its own acts that is favorable to the private party but detrimental to the administration), when that act is vitiated by an evident and manifest absolute nullity (nulidad absoluta evidente y manifiesta).
The Office of the Attorney General of the Republic or the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic must issue a prior and favorable opinion confirming the evident and manifest absolute nullity—an act preparatory to the final annulment decision. The Office of the Comptroller General shall be responsible when the nullity concerns administrative acts directly related to the budgetary process or government procurement (Public Finance). That opinion is indispensable, to such an extent that this Chamber, in Vote No. 1563-91 of 15 hrs. on 14 August 1991, held that “...It is evident, therefore, that since the General Public Administration Act entered into force, jurisdiction to annul through administrative proceedings may be recognized only if the duty to obtain an expert opinion external to the body that will issue the final act has been fulfilled.” It is a binding opinion—from which the consulting body or entity may not depart—because section 2 of the Organic Act of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic establishes that compliance with it is mandatory.
Through that opinion, a form of prior or preventive legality review is exercised, insofar as it must precede the final act in the ordinary proceeding instituted to order annulment ex officio (anulación oficiosa). This is not inconsistent with any degree of administrative autonomy because it is a specific manifestation of the supervisory authority inherent in intersubjective direction or administrative oversight. It follows logically that such an opinion must favor the annulment sought by the consulting administration and, above all, must affirmatively establish the seriousness and magnitude of the defects justifying the exercise of the power of ex officio review or annulment. The applicable public administration is precluded by subconstitutional law from determining when a nullity is evident and manifest, since that determination is reserved to the technical, legal, and advisory body known as the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, a decentralized body of the Ministry of Justice.
In cases where the opinion must be issued by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, it is likewise binding by virtue of Article 4, final paragraph, of its Organic Act No. 7428 of 7 September 1994. IV.—EVIDENT AND MANIFEST NULLITY AS A PREREQUISITE AUTHORIZING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS TO EXERCISE THEIR POWER TO ANNUL EX OFFICIO ADMINISTRATIVE ACTS FAVORABLE TO PRIVATE PARTIES. Not every degree of invalidity or nullity authorizes a public entity or body to order ex officio the annulment of an administrative act conferring rights upon a private party, because administrative law requires the presence of certain specific and aggravated characteristics or features that qualify it as such. The nullity justifying ex officio review must be of such significance and magnitude that, pursuant to section 173, paragraph 1, of the General Public Administration Act, it must be “evident and manifest.” Something evident and manifest is patent, notorious, conspicuous, palpable, clear, and certain; it leaves no room for doubt and requires no dialectical or logical process or effort of verification to discover, precisely because of its gross and serious nature.
Accordingly, it is sufficient to compare the administrative act with the statute or regulation under which it was issued to reach that conclusion, without any need for interpretation or exegesis. It must be added that section 173 of the General Public Administration Act does not create a kind of twofold division of absolute nullities, with some being ordinary and others evident and manifest; rather, it seeks to ensure that, in the latter cases, the thorough and expert analysis of an administrative-law judge is unnecessary or dispensable, thereby facilitating review through administrative proceedings).” (Emphasis added by the quoting court). As if the foregoing were not enough, it should be noted that neither absolute nullity in administrative proceedings nor the declaration of harmfulness (declaratoria de lesividad) that must precede a claim before the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction falls within the purview of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic; instead, each falls to the relevant administration, subject to the following rules: “Article 173.—
III.Although it is not within this Court’s jurisdiction to identify the matters that the contentious-administrative authorities may ultimately need to examine, it is important to note that it has yet to be determined precisely whether the spring or springs (naciente o nacientes) involved are permanent or intermittent (note that, to date, the issue has not been conclusively resolved with the authority of res judicata (cosa juzgada)); the size of the protection area (área de protección) based on that information; the location of the property in relation to that area; and the reasons why the subdivision plan (plano de la urbanización) allegedly approved (visado) by INVU provides for a radius of merely 30 meters around the spring. Although the challenged judgment was reversed in its entirety for the reasons stated in the preceding recital (considerando), it bears noting that, in concluding that the spring was permanent, the court afforded full credibility to the complainant, Nombre06, without considering that he had been reported for vandalizing the A y A pipelines in the area, thereby causing the spring to be fed by other waters (cf. folio 164 et seq.).
Similarly, the document at folio 205, dated 23 de agosto de 2007, which states that the spring had an intermittent flow, was given diminished weight on the grounds that it was not mentioned until the preliminary hearing and that it was an almost illegible copy “that could well have been altered as to its conclusion,” when in fact it is neither illegible nor the only existing copy. Note that the aforementioned document appears in the complaint, on the reverse of folio 33, although the word “intermittent” was covered with black marker. Moreover, the judgment makes no mention whatsoever of the outcome of that proceeding. These matters could not be disregarded because, ultimately, they could affect the weight accorded to the aforementioned testimony. Moreover, report DA-UHTPCOSR-0152-2018 (folio 357 et seq.) was overlooked; although it is not for this appellate body to assess it, it should have been used to clarify the issue, particularly because it clearly distinguishes between the spring known as “yellow” and the other spring located at the site (which, according to that document, is not in the public domain (dominio público)).
Although the ruling was reversed with respect to the demolition issue because of the lack of subject-matter jurisdiction (competencia material), its defects are set forth solely to clarify that fundamental matters have not been resolved with adequate reasoning and may therefore ultimately need to be adjudicated in the appropriate forum.
THEREFORE (POR TANTO):
For reasons other than those stated, the appeal filed by counsel for the civil defendant is granted, and the appealed judgment is reversed insofar as it: i) ordered the mayor of Santa Ana to demolish the house built on the property owned by Nombre01 and remove the debris; ii) directed that the decision be personally served on the aforementioned mayor and warned him that, should he fail to comply with the order, certified records would be referred for prosecution for the offense of disobedience to authority (desobediencia a la autoridad). In its place, the Court, on its own motion, declares that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the claim filed by the Procuraduría General de la República and declines to rule on it. If it deems appropriate, that party to the proceeding must pursue the relevant remedies so that the issue of the nullity of the administrative acts (nulidad de los actos administrativos) involved and the requested demolition may be adjudicated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa).
In all other respects (namely, insofar as the remanded proceedings (proceso de reenvío) were resolved without a special award of costs (condenatoria en costas) against either party), the decision remains undisturbed. NOTICE SHALL BE GIVEN. - Patricia Vargas González Rosaura Chinchilla Calderón Kathya Jiménez Fernández Judges of the Criminal Judgment Appeals Court Case: 12-001421-0283-PE (4) Defendant: Nombre01 Injured Party: Los Recursos Naturales Offense: Violation of the Ley Forestal Nombre22 Case: 12-001421-0283-PE (4) - page: 1
Resolución: 2022-1794 TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL. Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José. Goicoechea, al ser las catorce horas treinta y cinco minutos, del trece de diciembre de dos mil veintidós. - RECURSO DE APELACIÓN interpuesto en la presente causa seguida contra Nombre01, quien es mayor de edad, costarricense, con cédula de identidad número CED01, nacida en San José, el 04 de abril de 1962, hija de Nombre02 y de Nombre03, vecina de San José, Santa Ana Río Oro y contra Nombre01, quien es mayor de edad, costarricense, con cédula de identidad número CED02, nacida en San José, el 18 de julio de 1959, hija de Nombre02 y de Nombre03, vecina de San José, Piedades de Santa Ana; por el delito de INFRACCIÓN A LA LEY FORESTAL, en perjuicio de LOS RECURSOS MATURALES. Intervienen en la decisión las juezas Patricia Vargas González, Rosaura Chinchilla Calderón y Kathya Jiménez Fernández. Se apersonaron en esta sede Nombre01 en calidad de demandada civil, y la licenciada Kasandra Mora Salguero, Procuradora General de la República.
RESULTANDO:
I.Que mediante sentencia número 42-2022, de las nueve horas treinta minutos del veintiséis de enero de dos mil veintidós, el Tribunal Penal del Tercer Circuito Judicial de San José, sede Suroeste, resolvió: "POR TANTO: De conformidad con lo expuesto, artículos 39 y 41, 42 de la Constitución Política, 8 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, 14 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, 26 de la Declaratoria Universal de Derechos Humanos, artículos 1, 103 del Código Penal, artículos 1 a 6, 9, 11 a 13, 140 a 145, 265, 359, 360 a 365, 368, 466 del Código Procesal Penal, artículos 1, 33, 58 y concordantes de la Ley Forestal, artículo 1045 del Código Civil, este tribunal unipersonal resuelve: Se ORDENA EL RESTABLECIMIENTO DE LAS COSAS A SU ESTADO ORIGINAL solicitado por la Procuraduría General de la República; disponiéndose un plazo de tres meses a partir de la firmeza de esta sentencia para que el Alcalde de la Municipalidad de Santa Ana, haga efectivo el derribo de la casa que se encuentra construida en la Dirección01, propiamente Dirección02, propiedad de la señora Nombre01 y a la vez retire los escombros; debiendo de previo a la demolición verificarse la correspondencia de la casa en el sitio con la que figura en este proceso.
El Alcalde Municipal de Santa Ana, deberá ser notificado de esta sentencia de manera personal. En caso de no cumplirse con lo aquí ordenado, se le testimoniarán piezas por el delito de Desobediencia a la Autoridad. Se resuelve el proceso de reenvío sin especial condenatoria en costas. De conformidad con el numeral 364 del Código Procesal Penal, se difiere la lectura integral de la sentencia para las dieciséis horas del día jueves tres de febrero del dos mil veintidós. Notifíquese". (sic)
III.Que verificada la deliberación respectiva de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 465 del Código Procesal Penal, el tribunal se planteó las cuestiones formuladas en el recurso de apelación.
Redacta la jueza Vargas González; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
I.Resumen de los planteamientos de las partes. La señora Nombre01, demandada civil e imputada (absuelta mediante sentencia firme), reclama, en el único motivo de su recurso, “falta de fundamentación probatoria, descriptiva e intelectiva por preterición de prácticamente todos los elementos de prueba que fueron aportados oportunamente por la defensa” (sic, f. 769 frente). Señala que el tribunal perjudicó el patrimonio ajeno al aplicar el artículo 140 del Código Procesal Penal sin examinar ni una sola de las pruebas que aportó la defensa y demeritó la testimonial con el argumento de que el experto fue funcionario público en la misma institución en que laboró su abogado. La quejosa sostiene que, en la audiencia previa al dictado de la resolución, se aportó considerables elementos documentales, sobre autorizaciones que datan incluso del año 1982, por parte del “Instituto Nacional de la Vivienda”, con los cuales se demuestra que las denuncias que existían en el año 2012 no se ajustaban a la verdad y menos se subsumían en algún tipo de conducta imputable a su persona por “dominabilidad de los hechos”, motivo por el cual se le absolvió.
Con esa probanza, señala la apelante, se demostró que nunca se construyó vulnerando la normativa, o en una naciente que fuese de caudal permanente y no intermitente. Alega que el mismo informe del O.I.J., N° DCF 2014-011159-ING, solo refiere en sus conclusiones “meras distancias”, a pesar de ser el elemento pericial en que se sustenta el derribo que se ordenó. Tampoco se determinó el daño que se habría causado; o por qué se deja sin efecto normativa de hace más de cuatro décadas que permitió el establecimiento de la urbanización Hacienda Paraíso. Agrega también que el artículo 140 del Código Procesal Penal prevé una medida cautelar y que, para resolver ese tema, en definitiva, en sentencia, se requería una condena, la cual nunca se emitió. Además, señala la apelante, no se probó afectación alguna al medio ambiente, o que ella desobedeciera normas que ya existieran de antemano a la construcción que ahora, abusivamente, se pretende derribar.
Con una redacción confusa, señala: “Ir más allá de lo permitido por el debido proceso entonces; conlleva a la resolución apelable en este estadio, carezca de la debida que fundamentación, cuando lo que se pretende es sentenciar para dictar medida cautelar que dicho sea de paso es provisional por una disposición del legislador, más nunca se aprecia en la resolución de marras; que lo pretendido era resolver en definitiva concreta imputación por dominabilidad de los hechos a mi persona quien resulta absuelta de la comisión de los mismos sin que aunado a ello; se pueda probar afectación alguna al medio ambiente o desobediencia de mi parte a normas que ya existían de antemano a cualquier construcción que ahora se pretende -abusivamente- -vía sentencia- derribar. En estricta consecuencia con el principio de la verdad real y la averiguación de los hechos; la Juzgadora, violentando incluso el principio de investigación autónoma del Juzgador; procede a ordenar un daño patrimonial mediante la aplicación -por vez primera- de una medida provisional cuyo cese es precisamente al dictarse una Sentencia y no, al decretarse la misma como su momento de inicio […]” (f. 773 y 774).
Tras citar la resolución número 2001-02234 de la Sala Constitucional, sostiene que la medida provisional contenida en el artículo 140 del Código Procesal Penal cesa en la sentencia y que, pese a esto, fue en la fase final resolutiva que se dictó la misma por primera vez, nunca durante el desarrollo del proceso. Así, se daña el patrimonio de una persona que fue absuelta por un cuadro fáctico del cual se deriva que no hubo daño ambiental alguno, conducta delictiva o desapego a las normas existentes. Estima la recurrente que también se viola el principio de confianza legítima del ciudadano frente a los poderes públicos al resolver en su contra, pese a que se declaró su inocencia y no se demostró un daño ambiental (cita aquí el voto número 10171-10 de la Sala Constitucional). Cuestiona la quejosa que el a quo, para fundar su decisión, aludiese al concepto de bosque secundario, cuando en realidad ese concepto no existe: o es bosque, o no lo es, de acuerdo con el artículo 3 de la Ley Forestal.
Además, no hay ninguna certificación del SINAC o de un ingeniero forestal que acredite que el sitio es bosque. Siempre en este desarrollo de ideas, la impugnante sostiene que no se le brindó la oportunidad de declarar en debate ya que la jueza cerró la audiencia tras las conclusiones de la defensa técnica, sin darle la última palabra, según lo dispone el artículo 358 del Código Procesal Penal. También afirma que el tema debió abordarse en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa; que la sentencia es ayuna de fundamentación descriptiva (ya que no menciona los elementos aportados por la defensa) e intelectiva y que el tribunal lleva incluso a “superar el sistema ambiental” en tanto que convierte en bosque un terreno que no lo es y no hay daño ambiental alguno que valide su decisión. Sintetiza lo anterior de la siguiente forma: “El Vicio reclamado es de suyo relevante, pues si la juzgadora se hubiera tornado la molestia de examinar la prueba de descargo presentada, así como el resto de la prueba ofrecida por la defensa con posterioridad a ese descargo, hubiera podido darse cuenta de que los supuestos consignados en su resolución, a saber: (1) que no existieron elementos suficientes para establecer la culpabilidad de la acusada en grado de certeza ni daño ambiental alguno, (2) que la acusada desarrollo la construcción conforme al marco legal que le facultaba y con todos los permisos necesarios de las entidades requeridas (3) Que el artículo 140 del Código Procesal Penal cesa por ser una medida provisional en el acto definitivo denominado Sentencia.
(4) Que se mantienen los riesgos de una afectación al status quo Patrimonial de una persona declarada absuelta en un Proceso Penal y que no existe daño ambiental alguno que de relevancia a aplicar medidas provisionales en sentencias definitivas sin que ello implique una violación al debido proceso y una sentencia inexistente al ser el tema a tratar (de existir) propio de una Jurisdicción distinta sea la Contencioso Administrativa que impone el proceso, lo que se echa de menos cuando la sentencia se encuentran totalmente ayuna de fundamentación probatoria e intelectiva. Incluso adolece de toda fundamentación descriptiva, toda vez que el fallo impugnado ni siquiera describe los elementos probatorios aportados por la defensa previo análisis imparcial y objetivo de los mismos e inclusive supera el sistema Ambiental cuando para justificar su decisión, convierte en bosque el espacio de terreno que no tiene dichas características y menos aún daño ambiental alguno que valide justamente su resolución” (f. 780 y 781).
Pide acoger el reclamo y anular la sentencia. Contestación de la contraparte. La licenciada Kasandra Mora Salguero, representante de la Procuraduría General de la República, señala que la impugnante lo único que expresa es que está disconforme con la valoración que se efectuó del testigo de descargo, sin que por ello se deba invalidar la sentencia. Por otra parte, señala que el examen hecho del artículo 140 del Código Procesal Penal es incorrecto y que el restablecimiento de las cosas a su estado original (amparado en normas como el 103 del Código Penal) procede incluso en caso de que haya una sentencia absolutoria, según lo ha señalado abundante jurisprudencia. Luego de criticar el recurso por carecer, según dice, de formalidades (por ejemplo, no puntualiza el agravio, ni relaciona los votos de la Sala Constitucional con el caso concreto) añade que, en cuanto que el tribunal no dio a la impugnante la palabra antes de cerrar el debate, la nulidad por la nulidad misma es algo superado y que en el particular no se demuestra el agravio causado, o de qué manera las cosas hubiesen tomado otro rumbo si hubiese hecho alguna exposición en particular.
Pero es que, si dicha omisión en realidad tuvo lugar, al ser abogada la apelante, bien pudo pedir al tribunal rectificar. Audiencia oral. La misma se efectuó el día 10 de agosto de 2022, por medio de la plataforma Teams con la anuencia de las partes, dado que, en el edificio de tribunales del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, así como en las instituciones públicas del resto del país, se realizó un simulacro de evacuación coordinado a nivel nacional. En esta oportunidad el tribunal estuvo integrado por las juezas Patricia Vargas González, Kathya Jiménez Fernández y Rosaura Chinchilla Calderón. Se apersonaron las señoras Nombre01 y Nombre01, ambas imputadas absueltas mediante sentencia firme, sus abogados (los licenciados Rodrigo Rosales Arce y Carlos García Rivera), y por la Procuraduría General de la República, la licenciada Kasandra Mora Salguero. Esta última, cabe señalar, aclaró que la única persona demandada civil era doña Nombre01, no doña Nombre01.
Luego, oralmente, añadió que la sentencia está ajustada a derecho, se basa en la prueba analizada no solo en este juicio sino a lo largo del proceso. En un inicio se acusó a Nombre01 por construir una vivienda y a Nombre01 por hacer unas terrazas para construir. Se pidió el sobreseimiento de ambas, aunque con Nombre01 se solicitó la demolición de la obra porque invade el área de protección de una naciente permanente. En la querella y la acción civil se dijo que Nombre01 se encargaba de la construcción, en fecha 8 de agosto de 2012 ella remite a Nombre04, encargado municipal, un escrito donde le pregunta si tiene comunicado del MINAE, él contesta el 10 de agosto. Es un requisito elemental que se pronunciara, había varios dictámenes de agua que decían que la naciente era permanente. La Ley Forestal es clara, en su artículo 33 dice cuáles son las áreas de protección y habla de aquellas que bordeen nacientes permanentes, definidas en 100 metros medidos de forma horizontal.
No cabe argumentar que toca a otra institución establecer cuáles son las áreas de protección cuando la Ley Forestal lo indica. Este juicio es la tercera vez que se hace, dos veces el tribunal de apelación de sentencia anula y pide que se haga una valoración de toda la prueba para establecer si la casa está en un área de protección, no es de interés si Nombre01 fue absuelta o condenada, lo que se discute es la parte civil. La absolutoria no crea derecho para dejar el bien en un área de protección que tiene el fin de proteger la naciente. La defensa trata de desacreditar al testigo, esa causa es del año 2015 en tanto que esta es de 2012. Él es el denunciante de este caso, manifestó que ha debido acudir a diferentes entes para ser escuchado y que dependían de la naciente, tenían una ASADA. Tampoco es válido invocar la edad de las imputadas. Añade que no hay norma que permita a una persona crear un derecho en un lugar donde se debe conservar, se trata del área establecida por la ley.
Si la parte imputada considera que tenía todos los documentos que le acreditaban para actuar pese a saber que se le había paralizado la obra, puede ir a la vía administrativa contra el ente que la haya hecho incurrir en error. No se puede quedar una obra donde la ley indica claramente que no puede estar, esto ocasionaría que se dé una perpetuación del delito, además haría cosa juzgada, no se puede reclamar pues la obra está en su totalidad dentro del área de protección. El licenciado Rosales Arce indicó que en el recurso se reprocha una falta de fundamentación en la sentencia. Dice el citado profesional que la misma es omisa al valorar la prueba, en particular aquella donde se indica que la naciente es intermitente. El plano oficial, que data de 1982, legitimó a sus representadas a construir y a la municipalidad a otorgar los permisos. El numeral 34 de la Ley Forestal establece que los alineamientos corresponden al INVU.
Existen pruebas para concluir que doña Nombre01 y doña Nombre01, ambas Nombre01, actuaron de buena fe, al punto que fueron absueltas en el primer juicio, lo que ahora la Procuraduría y la jueza pretenden desconocer. La realidad no puede ser inobservada, hay un principio de confianza, los ciudadanos acuden a la administración pública y se actúa con base en lo que ella dispone. Ese principio se ve profanado —añade— cuando luego se pretende criminalizar lo hecho y se ordena destruir la vivienda. Agrega que ambas hermanas superan los 60 años; la justicia tardía es denegación de justicia, tienen años de estar en un círculo vicioso pese a haber actuado conforme a derecho. Nombre05 es el testigo estrella de la contraparte, uno complaciente, de dudosa credibilidad, pues fue procesado por romper las tuberías de Acueductos y Alcantarillados para poner agua en la naciente de manera que esta pasara de intermitente a permanente.
A ese testigo le convenía actuar así porque de esa naciente saca ventajas, esto no lo analizó la jueza. A folio 52 está la carta del SINAC al denunciante (donde indica que no logró ubicar la naciente); a folio 104 la del MINAET donde este ente señala que el alineamiento corresponde al INVU. Si esta institución es la encargada y el lineamiento que corresponde a 1982 es de 30 metros, ¿cómo ahora se invoca otra medida? A folios 117 y 118 se indica que el uso dado cumple con las regulaciones de la zona (de lo que se desprende que las hermanas actuaron basadas en el principio de confianza); a folio 164 está la denuncia de Nombre01 a Nombre05. Si la naciente es intermitente o permanente, esto tiene que ver con el tipo penal y las imputadas fueron absueltas. Insiste en que ambas actuaron de buena fe, construyeron su casa porque el Estado lo permitió y ahora es el mismo Estado el que quiere demolerla pese a que la prueba se dirige en otra dirección.
Pide se declare ineficaz el fallo y que, de una vez, este asunto se acabe, sus patrocinadas han perdido la paz, están con psiquiatra, han gastado dinero, este no es solo un expediente, es un conflicto social. El Luis Carlos García Rivera, codefensor, agrega que se aplicó erróneamente el 140 del Código Procesal Penal sobre la facultad de derribo. Según él, debe ser a solicitud de ofendido y se trata de una medida provisional, no definitiva. Añade que en este asunto se analizó la prueba de cargo y no la de descargo pese a que, con un grado de certeza, se llegó a absolver a las imputadas, porque hay una persona que fue investigada por modificar el caudal del cauce para generar una denuncia en daño de doña Nombre01. Apunta el defensor que este proceso no se estaría dando si el testigo estrella no hubiese modificado el caudal y si hoy es permanente es porque ese sujeto lo varió. Nadie puede aprovecharse de su propio dolo y la denuncia de esa persona no puede prosperar.
La medida del artículo 140 citado es provisional, no para generar una sentencia firme. La Procuraduría ha actuado mal, pudo observar el oficio de folio 106; la determinación de los lineamientos corresponde al INVU, si esa institución lo sabe, se desconoce por qué acude a valoraciones de otros entes a posteriori. Lo interesante es que el caso es de 1982. Cuando se hace la urbanización donde viven las hermanas Nombre01, el INVU estableció un mapa oficial y se avalaron esas construcciones. Agrega el defensor que la Procuraduría viola el deber de probidad. Tanto Nombre01 como Nombre01 actuaron conforme a derecho, hay un vacío jurídico para aplicar el derribo. Es raro que un condenado denuncie cuando fue él quien generó la causa en contra de las hermanas. En relación con la aplicación del numeral 140 citado, la interpretación de la jueza es peligrosa, si se extiende el derribo a los 100 metros que defiende la Procuraduría tendría que destrozar la urbanización.
Insiste en que la Ley Forestal, en su artículo 34, da al INVU el poder de establecer los lineamientos y sus defendidas actuaron de buena fe. Tienen como testigo estrella a quien transformó un caudal intermitente en uno permanente. La señora Nombre01 manifestó lo siguiente: “Mi hermana y yo compramos terrenos por un plan de vida, ella construyó en 2011 con todo lo de ley, uso de suelo, etc., en 2012 voy a construir, pido uso de suelo, hago los planos, el Colegio de Ingenieros da el permiso; el 1 de junio de 2012 el banco haría el avalúo, mandé chapear el terreno para el perito del banco. Nombre06 vio la chapea y empezó su denuncia. El 1 de julio me dan el permiso. El 13 de ese mes me llega un fax indicando que debía parar las obras porque un vecino denunció sobre la existencia de una naciente cercana a la propiedad y debían preguntar al MINAE. Dice doña Nombre01 que fue entonces cuando se da cuenta de que tenía una naciente.
Fue a la municipalidad, don Nombre04 la atiende y le cuenta que un vecino denuncia que hay una naciente cerca y el MINAE debe concretar las limitaciones. Don Nombre04 dice que hay limitaciones de 100 metros, le pregunta por qué permiten segregaciones y que se tramiten los planos catastrales. Le hace ver que ella no compra un terreno por adorno, lo hace para construir. El permiso de construcción se lo dio la misma municipalidad, ese ente no sabía cómo estaban las cosas. Según relata doña Nombre01, ella empezó a investigar, averiguó que hay dos nacientes, permanente e intermitente, tratándose de la segunda se deben respetar 60 metros, esto por la Ley de aguas, en cuanto a la primera son 100 metros, por la Ley Forestal. La naciente que está cerca de la casa, según el dictamen, el único que había en el 2012, antes del 2012 no había más, decía que era intermitente. Ahora, Nombre06 presentó su denuncia con ese dictamen, pero tachó la palabra intermitente.
Le dan dictamen nuevo que dice que la naciente es intermitente y que a estas aplica la Ley de aguas. Pagó un topógrafo y de la naciente a su propiedad hay 82 metros. Insiste en que antes de 2012 era intermitente, todos los dictámenes son posteriores, curiosamente se da una fuga de agua y así convierten la naciente en permanente, lo dice un juzgado que encontró al señor culpable de meter agua del A y A. Nombre06 tenía medidores de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, él quería el uso de naciente porque era agua gratis. El artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal dice que son 100 metros, el 34 de la misma ley dice que todos los alineamientos que se deban dar al artículo anterior los tiene que tramitar el INVU, o sea, el que pone el alineamiento es el INVU, porque es una urbanización. Ella fue al INVU y al SINAC. El INVU es quien pone los alineamientos y quien decide si pide información a la Dirección de Agua.
Al INVU llevó el mapa que tiene un círculo en la naciente, preguntó ahí y le indicaron que los 30 metros son válidos; que en 1982 eran 50 metros porque el reglamento aludía a un terreno por urbanizar, no obstante lo cual se dieron 30 metros. El documento está en el expediente, lo que dice es que el funcionario que visó con 30 metros no trabaja ya en la institución y por eso no se sabe por qué otorgó 30 metros y no 50 metros, esto según el 34 de la Ley Forestal. El INVU, en resumen, le dice que el mapa es oficial, le remite a la Ley de planificación urbana según la cual no se puede variar el uso del suelo a menos que sea por acuerdo de la Asamblea Legislativa. Es decir, no es área de protección cuando la Asamblea no lo ha dicho. Alrededor de la naciente hay como 10 lotes y varias casas, también la calle pública pasa dentro de los 100 metros. Si la Asamblea quiere cambiar uso dado con ese alineamiento debe expropiar a los que están alrededor de la naciente.
La calle pública pasa dentro de los 100 metros, hay otras casas y calles, así que botando la casa de Nombre01 no se protege la naciente. El mapa oficial es de cuando la municipalidad acepta la obra en 1982, está constituida como urbanización desde 1982, con un área de protección de 30 metros. Entendió doña Nombre01 que ella y su hermana actuaban conforme a la ley. Luego de 2012 Nombre06 pone la denuncia, les acusan de invasión de un área de 100 metros porque la naciente es permanente, sin embargo, el alineamiento ya está dado por el art. 34 de la Ley Forestal y esta no es retroactiva, si es así que, si quieren derribar, que indemnicen. Sobre la naciente, en un punto se convierte en permanente, todos los vecinos se quejan de fugas, cuando Acueductos y Alcantarillados hace las investigaciones encuentran sus tuberías cortadas con segueta, le daban con martillo, el agua iba a parrar por gravedad a la naciente, de manera que esta estaba siendo alimentada con esa agua.
En 2015 se da acusación contra ese señor, se documentaron los daños que él le hizo a la tubería. Doña Nombre01 afirma que la jueza no quiso aceptar preguntas al testigo porque consideró que no era relevante. Pregunta la primera cómo no va a ser de interés, cuando él fue quien alimentó la naciente. A don Nombre06 lo condenan, él le ponía candado a la naciente para que no se revisara, también amenazó a Nombre01 por quitar candado, según señala esta. Luego él tuvo que dejar de provocar fugas de agua. El último documento de 2019, donde Acueductos y Alcantarillados dice que no puede descartar que su agua esté alimentando la naciente (los tanques que están en la parte superior están dañados y con fugas y el agua fluye por gravedad), no se pudo meter al segundo juicio porque la Procuraduría se opuso. Existe duda de si la naciente está siendo alimentada con agua de esa empresa, quieren botar casa de su hermana Nombre01 y ya para qué.” La señora Nombre01 manifestó: “En 2010 compran dos terrenos en Hacienda Paraíso, la municipalidad extiende la certificación de uso de suelo, señalando que es para construcción de viviendas unifamiliares.
En 2011 pide un préstamo para construir que aún está pagando, le quedan 15 años. Tramita permisos; tiene la aprobación de planos por el CFIA y la certificación de uso de suelo, una que avala lo que dice el plan regulador. El terreno se ubica en zona residencial, hay disponibilidad de agua por Acueductos y Alcantarillados. El permiso de construcción que da la municipalidad de Santa Ana no tiene limitación. Construyó en 2011 y su hermana en 2012. Ella solicitó un préstamo, sacó planos y permisos (sin restricción alguna), todo igual. Cuando empieza a limpiar el terreno número 12, porque ya están loteados, recibe notificación de la municipalidad donde le suspenden el permiso por una denuncia que planteó un vecino que vive en una calle aledaña, Nombre05, quien tenía la concesión de dos nacientes de hace más de 20 años. A partir de ahí se enteran de la naciente, llevan 10 años en esto. El proceso ha afectado su salud, su estado de ánimo, más cuando le dicen muy livianamente que deben botar su propiedad.
Esto no debió llegar a juicio, actuaron apegadas a la regla. Estos terrenos son parte de 40 de la Hacienda Paraíso, que data de 1982, los planos del sitio son documentos oficiales, se delimitan áreas de uso urbanístico y las áreas de uso público, esto es aceptado por la municipalidad al aceptar la urbanización: calles, parques, áreas de protección de 30 metros para la única naciente. El INVU es el único autorizado para dar lineamientos y hasta el día de hoy solo existe el de 30 metros, así consta. El tema de la naciente, a partir de 2012, a pedido de Nombre05 se hicieron distintas gestiones, se han hecho como 6 o 7 dictámenes de la Dirección de agua, extrañamente, pese a que se tenía como intermitente, luego de 2012 la ponen como permanente, y la que estaba permanente la ponen intermitente, luego en otros dictámenes les cambian el caudal y ahora las dos son permanentes. El último dictamen, de 2018, todos pedidos por él, dice que la permanente no es naciente, es una captación de la otra naciente y la infraestructura que hay ahí él la hizo durante más de 20 años que tuvo la concesión.
De 2012 a 2018 hay dudas sobre los criterios para determinar el caudal de agua. Se demostró que Nombre05 estaba vandalizando las tuberías de AyA, las fugas las provocaba él, fue acusado y condenado, hizo esto para que, cuando vinieran los técnicos, dijeran que las nacientes eran permanentes. Esos son los únicos dictámenes que emplea la Procuraduría para sostener que la construcción está en zona de protección. El artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal habla de 100 metros, pero sigue sin saberse si es permanente y el lineamiento del INVU no dice eso, habla de 30 metros, de manera que está fuera del rango de protección del INVU. Se ha actuado injustamente contra nosotras. Todo esto me perjudica, me quieren botar la casa. Si quieren ampliar el radio de protección no solo afectan nuestro patrimonio, también el de otras personas, hay vecinos que han adquirido terrenos luego y que no han podido construir porque la municipalidad no les da el permiso de construcción y de uso de suelo, hay varios vecinos a la espera.
Tres juicios y estamos aun en esto, no se ha valorado la prueba. A Nombre05 no se le conoce oficio ni beneficio. No tiene trabajo, ayuda a su mamá que es guía turística, por eso dice que es ambientalista. Él vive en otra calle, él pasa por medio de esa quebrada.”
II.Sobre los requisitos, en abstracto, para la restitución. Aunque, como se verá, este tribunal coincide en que la sentencia debe ser anulada por razones distintas a las que expone la parte recurrente (en las que además lo que se dirá de seguido no tiene mayor trascendencia), es importante hacer notar que, tratándose de la restitución de las cosas al estado original, las integrantes de esta cámara tienen distintos criterios en cuanto a los requisitos para su procedencia. i) Posición de mayoría (juezas Chinchilla y Jiménez). Es importante tener en cuenta que la restitución de cosas al estado original no es una simple medida provisional penal (como sí sucede con el restablecimiento de las cosas al estado anterior estipulado en el numeral 140 del Código Procesal Penal) sino que forma parte de las pretensiones civiles que, en este caso, fueron ejercidas por la parte recurrente, quien es actora civil y se ordenan en la sentencia final (no durante la fase de investigación).
En estos términos se indicó en el voto número 2016-633 (Nombre07, Nombre08 y Nombre09) en el que se dijo que el sustento jurídico de este extremo se encuentra en el artículo 103 del Código Penal, el cual, en lo que interesa, indica: "Todo hecho punible tiene como consecuencia la reparación civil, que será determinada en sentencia condenatoria; ésta ordenará:1) La restitución de las cosas o en su defecto el pago del respectivo valor (...)". Esta disposición debe ser contextualizada, con el fin de obtener una interpretación ajustada a lo que el legislador pretendió con ella. Su ubicación en el Código Penal, en el Título VII denominado "Consecuencias Civiles del Hecho Punible", implica que tiene relación directa con el reclamo civil pretendido por la víctima de un hecho punible. Además, los tres incisos se sujetan a la determinación de "reparación civil" en sentencia (sobre el comiso, existe gran discusión en doctrina acerca de si es o no una consecuencia civil del hecho, no obstante, al no ser este el tema impugnado, esta cámara no va a entrar a discutir este punto).
En relación con lo anterior, el numeral 122 de las Reglas Vigentes sobre Responsabilidad Civil, aclara que este tipo de reparación comprende "1° La restitución de la cosa", lo que confirma que, efectivamente, cuando se alude a este extremo, debe considerarse una consecuencia civil del hecho. Ahora bien, el artículo 103 citado ordena que, en sentencia condenatoria (se entiende en lo civil pues hay independencia entre esa responsabilidad y la penal: artículo 40, in fine, del Código Procesal Penal), el tribunal deba pronunciarse en cuanto a la restitución de las cosas (y el numeral 491 del Código Procesal Penal reafirma el carácter indemnizatorio civil al decir que si hay controversia se remite a las personas interesadas a la vía civil). Con base en todo lo anterior se concluye que la restitución de las cosas a su estado anterior es parte de lo que puede disponerse cuando existe condenatoria civil (esto debe diferenciarse de la simple restitución de la cosa, que se ordena en sentencia cuando el objeto del delito deba ser devuelto a su legítimo dueño o poseedor, y que, generalmente, se encuentra en depósito provisional).
Empero, la pregunta que se asoma de inmediato es si el tribunal puede condenar civilmente al imputado sin que exista petición de una de las partes (de oficio). De acuerdo con el artículo 368 del Código Procesal Penal, para que se emita una resolución que condene en lo civil, se requiere, obligatoriamente, que se haya ejercido la acción civil resarcitoria conforme con los artículos 37 a 41 de este mismo cuerpo legal. Asimismo, el numeral 111 del Código de rito señala: "Para ejercer la acción resarcitoria, su titular deberá constituirse en actor civil (...)". La demanda que contiene las pretensiones de reparación o de restitución de las cosas a su estado anterior, debe cumplir con una serie de requisitos, entre los que se encuentra, según el artículo 112 del Código en mención: "d) Los motivos en que la acción se basa, con indicación del carácter que se invoca y el daño cuya reparación se pretenda, aunque no se precise el monto".
Estas pretensiones deben concretarse, conforme con el artículo 308 del Código Procesal Penal, al decirse: "Cuando se haya ejercido la acción civil resarcitoria, el Ministerio Público también deberá poner la acusación en conocimiento del actor civil, para que dentro del plazo de cinco días concrete sus pretensiones, indique la clase y forma de reparación que demanda y liquide el monto de daños y perjuicios que estime haber sufrido hasta ese momento (...)". De conformidad con eso, la audiencia que se confiere tiene como fin que el actor civil defina cuáles son sus intereses concretos, de acuerdo con lo solicitado en la demanda planteada, lo que debe incluir, por supuesto, la restitución, si es de su interés. Por ende, resulta imposible considerar que el reclamo dirigido a restituir las cosas a su estado anterior pueda hacerse de oficio, pues los extremos civiles deben declararse a partir de lo solicitado en la demanda respectiva.
En este caso, sí hubo acción civil resarcitoria por lo que procedería conocer la queja. ii) Posición de la jueza Vargas González. Tal y como señalé en el voto salvado contenido en la resolución 2021-0921 de las 8:35 horas del 23 de junio de 2021, dictado por esta cámara, con una integración similar (Nombre08, L. Murillo Mora y P. Vargas González) «[…] la restitución de las cosas a su estado original no es una consecuencia civil derivada del hecho punible, sino una sui generis que debe disponerse de oficio, entiéndase, al margen de que haya una sentencia condenatoria o incluso una acción civil resarcitoria, lo anterior con base en el numeral 366 del Código Procesal Penal. Al respecto ha apuntado esta cámara, con una integración similar a la actual (Porras Villalta, Vargas González y Murillo Mora) lo siguiente: “El cuestionamiento que plantea la abogada defensora, al argumentar que la restitución no puede disponerse cuando se absuelve penalmente al imputado y cuando no se ha ejercido la acción civil resarcitoria, no resulta novedoso, siendo que este tribunal de apelación ya ha tenido la oportunidad de pronunciarse al respecto y no comparte tal posición.
Así, con fundamento en lo que dispone de manera expresa el artículo 366 del Código Procesal Penal (que es una norma posterior al artículo 103 del Código Penal, que la impugnante cita en apoyo de su tesis), la jurisprudencia ha interpretado que aún en el supuesto de que se trate de un fallo absolutorio en cuanto a los extremos penales, el juzgador sí está facultado para ordenar ‒incluso de oficio‒ la restitución de los objetos afectados al procedimiento: “[…] Existe un error en el fallo en cuanto al fundamento jurídico para ordenar el desalojo, pues la norma que autoriza esa medida no es el artículo 142 del Código Procesal Penal, sino el 366 ibídem. En esta se regula en forma expresa “La sentencia absolutoria ordenará...la restitución de los objetos afectados al procedimiento que no estén sujeto al comiso...”. En el caso en concreto el Tribunal tuvo por demostrado que el terreno ocupado por los imputados pertenece al Estado y es utilizado por el Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, como parte del Proyecto de Ordenamiento Territorial Zona Núcleo del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Barra del Colorado.
Sobre estos no puede alegarse la simple posesión o bien el derecho de posesión, en el tanto están fuera del comercio y resultan imprescriptibles (art. 262 del Código Civil y Sentencia 733-F-00, de las 15:12 horas del 4 de octubre del 2000, de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia). Acreditada la pertenencia del predio y su destino a la preservación de la naturaleza, la consecuencia jurídica era la expulsión de los ocupantes, conforme se decretó en el fallo […]” (cfr. Tribunal de Casación del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, voto N° 2004-00933 de las 11:00 horas del 09 de setiembre de 2004). En el mismo sentido, siempre con base en lo dispuesto por el artículo 366 del Código Procesal Penal, se estimado la procedencia de la restitución de cosas al estado anterior aún en caso del dictado de una absolutoria, cuando se esté ante una infracción a la zona marítimo terrestre (cfr.
Tribunal de Casación del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, votos 2004-0919 y 2004-0933). Incluso, se ha optado por esta solución aún en el supuesto de una sentencia absolutoria por el delito de usurpación: “[...] si según los hechos probados, la aquí acusada se encuentra ocupando un predio que era poseído por otra persona, lo consecuente es ordenar la restitución en la misma sentencia, con el fin de no retardar innecesariamente el regreso de la ofendida al inmueble. Al respecto, en un fallo de 1992, nuestra Sala de Casación indicó, para un caso en que se comprobó el hecho de usurpación, lo siguiente: “Debe admitirse que lo óptimo es que, en casos como el presente, la restitución de la posesión se ordene en la misma sentencia que condena por el delito de usurpación, a efecto de no retardar innecesariamente el regreso del ofendido al poder de hecho por el cual sometía a su control y voluntad el inmueble usurpado, sin embargo, si tal disposición se omite en la sentencia, nada impide que con posterioridad a ella se dicte una resolución que -en ejecución de aquella condena- venga a ordenar el desalojo del inmueble por parte del usurpador para que el ofendido entre en su posesión, como sucedió en el caso en examen.
No sobra decir que tal solución es no solo la que deriva de la correcta aplicación y entendimiento de la ley, sino que además es la que imponen las normas más elementales del sentido común: resultaría absurdo que el imputado, amparándose a la sentencia que le condena por el delito de Usurpación, legitimara y mantuviese la posesión del mismo inmueble a que accedió en forma típica, antijurídica y culpable”. Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema De Justicia, V-107-F, de las ocho horas cincuenta y cinco minutos del tres de abril de mil novecientos noventa y dos.- Este fallo es aplicable al subjúdice, no sólo porque advierte la necesidad de no mantener un sinsentido jurídico, el cual se daría al absolver a alguien por la usurpación, porque ostentaba una falsa creencia sobre su mejor derecho de poseer el bien y de obtener su adjudicación legal, y luego mantenerlo en la posesión hasta tanto se demuestre el mejor derecho de posesión de la ofendida, quien adquirió, con las dificultades probatorias y negociales que pudieran existir, el derecho a poseer ese bien.
La prueba habida, así como las consideraciones técnicas y jurídicas que hace el defensor, hacen prevalecer el criterio de la juzgadora de mérito y de este Tribunal, que en este caso debe ordenarse el abandono del predio, y que si la señora Nombre10. considera que su derecho debe prevalecer, así habrá de plantearlo en otra sede, civil o agraria, según sea la naturaleza del fundo y de su dedicación. De acuerdo con lo antes expuesto, se tiene que la orden de restitución del inmueble a favor de la señora Nombre11.M. ni siquiera podría interpretarse como una sanción (ni penal ni civil), sino más bien como una consecuencia natural y lógica, derivada de la prueba evacuada en el juicio [...] Así las cosas, no obstante la absolutoria dictada en cuanto a la imputación penal, el juez de mérito estaba obligado a ordenar que la titular del bien en litigio fuese puesta en posesión del mismo, por tener un mejor derecho de posesión.
Al respecto se tiene que en la generalidad de los casos el bien en discusión se encuentra en poder del acusado absuelto, por lo cual si se llegara a acreditar que la titularidad sobre el mismo corresponde a un tercero (como sucedió en la especie), debe restituírsele a éste. […] El artículo 366 párrafo 1º del Código Procesal Penal establece que la sentencia, aún siendo absolutoria, ordenará la restitución de los objetos que estén afectados al procedimiento y que no estén sujetos a comiso, sin que precise que esa restitución deba hacerse en favor de un sujeto determinado. Ello implica, entonces, que a dichos efectos el juzgador deberá determinar cuál es la persona que tiene mejor derecho sobre el objeto, aún y cuando se trate de un tercero. Si bien podría interpretarse que esta norma no se refiere a bienes inmuebles sino más bien a simples "objetos" (muebles), tal tesis debe rechazarse, no sólo porque el comiso también es aplicable a propiedades (artículo 465 del Código Procesal Penal), sino además porque el numeral 140 ibidem establece que en cualquier estado del proceso y a solicitud del ofendido, el juez podrá ordenar, como medida provisional, el restablecimiento de las cosas al estado en que se encontraban antes del hecho.
Si el juzgador ostenta esta potestad como medida provisional, con mucha más razón puede decretarla como restitución definitiva al dictar la sentencia de fondo, donde que se haya determinado la titularidad del bien que ostenta determinada persona. Por otra parte, debe reiterarse que la orden de restitución del inmueble a favor de la señora Nombre12. ni siquiera podría interpretarse como una sanción (ni penal ni civil), sino más bien como una consecuencia natural y lógica, derivada de la prueba evacuada en el juicio, a partir de la cual se logró acreditar que ella lo adquirió en 1999 y desde entonces ha venido ejerciendo la posesión sobre el mismo. Al respecto se comprende que el artículo 366 párrafo 1º ya comentado, donde se le exige al juez que emita el respecto pronunciamiento en cuanto a este extremo, determina que esa decisión es oficiosa, pues a efectos de ordenar la restitución no se requiere que, como condición previa, la parte ofendida haya ejercido la acción civil resarcitoria, ni tampoco que en cuanto a ello haya formulado una pretensión directa y expresa.
El hecho de que aún y cuando no haga falta hacerlo, la parte ofendida plantee dicha demanda (con lo cual podría obtenerse por dicha vía una "condena" a restituir, según lo dispone el artículo 464 del Código Procesal Penal), de ningún modo implica que la acción civil era necesaria. Por lo expuesto, sin lugar el recurso […]” (cfr. voto del Tribunal de Casación Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José N° 2006-1115 de las 09:18 horas del 20 de octubre de 2016, que a su vez cita y se apoya en el voto de la Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia N° 107-F-92 de las 08:55 horas del 03 de abril de 1992). En este mismo sentido, es decir, que la restitución procede aunque no se haya ejercido acción civil resarcitoria, también pueden consultarse los votos de la Sala Tercera N° 1462-2004 y N° 604-F-91. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se debe precisar que, obviamente, la orden de restitución podrá disponerse siempre que dicha medida sea materialmente posible, lo cual por ejemplo sucederá cuando, tratándose de un bien mueble, el mismo esté en poder del despacho judicial (cfr. hipótesis regulada por el artículo 367 del Código Procesal Penal).
De igual modo, tratándose de bienes inmuebles la restitución (de proceder) siempre será factible, en la medida en que la autoridad jurisdiccional podrá apersonarse al terreno respectivo y mediante un acto formal lo dejará en posesión de la persona legitimada para ello. Es claro que tal opción no sería posible en casos en los cuales se trate de bienes muebles que, al no estar secuestrados o entrados en depósito provisional, no se sepa dónde se hallan o si todavía existen, siendo en tal supuesto que, como medida subsidiaria, lo que corresponderá será una reparación económica mediante la condena al pago de daños y perjuicios […]” (Resolución N° 2018-0095, dictada a las 9:44 horas del 30 de enero de 2018, el destacado es suplido). Por lo expuesto, se concluye que la restitución del área de protección a su estado original no está supeditada a la condena de la persona acusada. Además —contrario a lo que señala la sentencia recurrida— el que por años algunos hayan invadido impunemente las áreas de protección señaladas por el legislador y que las autoridades municipales y estatales hayan tolerado esta situación en lugar de cumplir con sus deberes no cambia que los órganos jurisdiccionales, cuando así proceda, están obligados a disponer esa restitución, pues el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado es un derecho fundamental de quienes habitan este país y el Estado debe garantizar y defender el mismo.» Como apunté entonces, considero que la restitución de las cosas a su estado original, dada su naturaleza sui generis, puede disponerse aunque no exista una condena en lo penal o no se haya ejercido la acción civil resarcitoria. iii) La anterior controversia, como se apuntó supra, se expone solo para efectos aclaratorios y no porque tenga relevancia para el caso concreto, lo anterior desde que en este caso sí se ejerció la acción civil por la Procuraduría General de la República y, como se explicará de seguido, existen razones distintas a las que plantea la parte recurrente para decretar la nulidad de la sentencia.
III.Por razones distintas a las expuestas por la parte recurrente, el reclamo se debe declarar con lugar. (A) Antecedentes de interés:
III.Aun y cuando no es competencia de este tribunal indicar los aspectos que, eventualmente, deberán examinar las autoridades contencioso-administrativas, es importante señalar que sigue sin determinarse con precisión si la naciente o nacientes involucradas son permanentes o intermitentes (nótese que, a la fecha, el punto no ha sido zanjado con autoridad de cosa juzgada); la medida que, a partir de este dato, tendría el área de protección; la ubicación del inmueble en relación con esa área y los motivos en virtud de los cuales el plano de la urbanización que el INVU habría visado contempla un radio de escasos 30 metros en relación con la naciente. Si bien la sentencia impugnada se revocó íntegramente por las razones señaladas en el considerando anterior, no está de más apuntar que en ella el tribunal, para concluir que la naciente era permanente, otorgó plena credibilidad al denunciante Nombre06, sin considerar que fue denunciado por vandalizar las tuberías del A y A que había en la zona y provocar así que la naciente se viese alimentada por otras aguas (cfr. f. 164 y siguientes).
De igual forma, se restó valor al documento de folio 205 donde, en fecha 23 de agosto de 2007, se afirma que la naciente era de caudal intermitente, con el argumento de que a él se hizo alusión hasta en la audiencia preliminar y es una copia casi ilegible “que bien podría haber sido alterada en su resultado”, cuando lo cierto es que, ni es ilegible, ni es el único ejemplar existente. Nótese que, en la denuncia, a folio 33 vuelto, se aprecia el citado documento, aunque se tapó con marcador negro la palabra “intermitente”. Para ajustar, no existe mención alguna en la sentencia al resultado que tuvo ese proceso. Se trata de aspectos que no podían ser soslayados porque, a la postre, podían incidir en el valor que podía otorgarse al citado testimonio. Para ajustar, se pasó por alto el informe DA-UHTPCOSR-0152-2018 (f. 357 y siguientes), mismo que, aunque no corresponde a este órgano de apelación valorar, debió ser empleado para aclarar el tema, máxime cuando hace una clara distinción entre la naciente c.c.
“amarilla” y la otra que está en el lugar (y que no es de dominio público, según ese documento). Si bien el fallo se revocó en cuanto al tema del derribo, dada la falta de competencia material, los defectos presentes en él se exponen con el único propósito de aclarar que existen aspectos medulares que no han sido zanjados con la debida fundamentación y que, por ello, eventualmente deberán ser dilucidados en la vía correspondiente.
POR TANTO:
Por razones distintas a las expuestas, se declara con lugar el recurso que formula la defensa técnica de la parte demandada civil y se revoca la sentencia recurrida en cuanto: i) ordenó al alcalde de Santa Ana derribar la casa construida en la finca propiedad de Nombre01 y retirar los escombros; ii) dispuso que la resolución le fuese notificada al citado alcalde de manera personal y advirtió a este acerca de que, de no cumplir con lo ordenado, se le testimoniarán piezas por el delito de desobediencia a la autoridad. En su lugar, de oficio se decreta la incompetencia material para conocer la demanda formulada por la Procuraduría General de la República y se omite pronunciamiento en cuanto a ella. Deberá esta parte procesal, si así lo estima oportuno, gestionar lo que corresponda a efectos de que se discuta el tema de la nulidad de los actos administrativos involucrados y el derribo pretendido en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. En lo restante (a saber, en cuanto se resolvió el proceso de reenvío sin especial condenatoria en costas de ambas partes) la decisión se mantiene incólume. NOTIFÍQUESE. - Patricia Vargas González Rosaura Chinchilla Calderón Kathya Jiménez Fernández Juezas de apelación de sentencia penal Imputado: Nombre01 Ofendido: Los Recursos Naturales Delito: Infracción a la Ley Forestal Nombre22
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