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Res. 00006-2021 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 07/01/2021
OutcomeResultado
The plea of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is granted and the case file is transmitted to the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal because the matter involves State patrimonial liability.Se acoge la excepción de incompetencia en razón de la materia y se remite el expediente al Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo por tratarse de responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado.
SummaryResumen
The Agrarian Tribunal declines jurisdiction over an ordinary agrarian proceeding brought by non-indigenous possessors claiming superior possessory rights, compensation, and payment for improvements on lands within the Salitre Indigenous Reserve. Plaintiffs sued the Indigenous Development Association, INDER, and the State, seeking to be declared sole possessors in good faith since 1972—prior to the Indigenous Law—and, subsidiarily, expropriation and compensation for the taking of their properties. The Tribunal, following its own precedent (Vote 809-C-18), holds that the core claim involves the State's patrimonial liability arising from administrative acts segregating and registering properties in favor of indigenous associations. Based on Articles 10 and 2(b) of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code, it rules that jurisdiction lies with the contentious-administrative courts, not the agrarian jurisdiction, since the matter is a claim for damages against the Public Administration. The plea of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is granted and the case file is transmitted to the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal.El Tribunal Agrario declina su competencia para conocer de un proceso ordinario agrario presentado por poseedores no indígenas que reclaman mejor derecho de posesión, indemnización y pago de mejoras sobre terrenos dentro de la Reserva Indígena de Salitre. Los actores demandaron a la Asociación de Desarrollo Indígena, al INDER y al Estado, solicitando se les declarara únicos poseedores de buena fe desde 1972 —antes de la Ley Indígena— y, subsidiariamente, la expropiación e indemnización por la afectación de sus predios. El Tribunal, siguiendo su propio precedente (Voto 809-C-18), determina que la pretensión sustancial involucra la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado derivada de actos administrativos de segregación e inscripción de fincas a favor de asociaciones indígenas. Con base en los artículos 10 y 2.b del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, resuelve que la competencia es de la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, no de la agraria, por tratarse de un reclamo indemnizatorio contra la Administración Pública. Acoge la excepción de incompetencia material y remite el expediente al Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo.
Key excerptExtracto clave
II.- ON THE PLEA OF LACK OF SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION: In a case similar to the one before us, this Tribunal held: "…From the foregoing it follows that in this case, in addition to a state institution being sued, the patrimonial liability of the administration is also sought for administrative acts consisting of the segregation and registration of properties in the name of Indigenous Development Associations; therefore, this proceeding falls under the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. From the facts alleged by the plaintiff, the matter cannot be litigated in the agrarian jurisdiction; rather, it is clear that the matter must be heard by the contentious jurisdiction." (Agrarian Tribunal, Vote No. 809-C-18 of thirteen hours thirty-three minutes on twenty-eight August two thousand eighteen). In the case at hand, the plaintiff, among a host of main and subsidiary claims, requests vis-à-vis the State: a) payment of agrarian and environmental damages and losses caused, to be liquidated in enforcement of judgment; b) that the State be ordered to pay Material Damage: for not being able to fully enjoy the property, valued at ten million colones; Psychological Damage: for the level of worry and feeling of helplessness, valued at five million colones; Damages: estimated at five million colones; c) that the State be ordered to indemnify the lands in dispute. Article 10 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code provides that the contentious-administrative jurisdiction is intended to protect the legal situations of all persons, to guarantee or restore the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as to hear and resolve the various aspects of the administrative legal relationship, and Article 2(b) provides that the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction shall also hear "matters of patrimonial liability of the Public Administration and its officials." In filing suit before the agrarian jurisdiction, the plaintiff seeks the annulment of administrative acts (Rural Development Institute) and further demands State liability for the administration's conduct through an administrative act, claiming compensation or expropriation. Article 10 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code provides that the contentious-administrative jurisdiction is intended to protect the legal situations of all persons, to guarantee or restore the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as to hear and resolve the various aspects of the administrative legal relationship; therefore, this matter is not justiciable before the agrarian jurisdiction. Consequently, the plea of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is granted. It is declared that jurisdiction over this proceeding corresponds to the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal.II.- SOBRE LA EXCEPCIÓN DE INCOMPETENCIA EN RAZÓN DE LA MATERIA: En un caso similar al que nos ocupa, este Tribunal dictaminó: "…De lo anterior se deduce, en este caso además de estar demandado una institución estatal, también se solicita la responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos correspondientes a la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena, por lo que este proceso corresponde a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa. De los hechos expuestos por la demandante el asunto no puede ventilarse en la jurisdicción agraria, sino, es claro que el asunto debe ser de conocimiento de la jurisdicción contenciosa." (Tribunal Agrario, Voto No. 809-C-18 de las trece horas y treinta y tres minutos del veintiocho de agosto de dos mil dieciocho). En el caso que nos ocupa, la parte actora entre el cúmulo de pretensiones principales y subsidiarias solicita, con respeto al Estado a). El pago de los daños agrarios, ambientales y perjuicios ocasionados, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia. b). Que se condene al Estado al pago de Daño Material: por no poder disfrutar a plenitud de la finca que se valora en diez millones de colones. Daño Psicológico: por el nivel de preocupación y sentimiento de impotencia, valorado en cinco millones de colones. Perjuicios: se estiman en cinco millones de colones. c) Que se condene al Estado a indemnizar los terrenos objeto de litigio. El artículo 10 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo dispone, la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa tiene por objeto tutelar las situaciones jurídicas de toda persona, garantizar o restablecer la legalidad de cualquier conducta de la Administración Pública sujeta al derecho Administrativo, así como conocer y resolver los diversos aspectos de la relación jurídico administrativa y el artículo 2° inciso b, dispone que también conocerá la Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda de "las cuestiones de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración Pública y sus funcionarios". Al incoar la demanda ante la jurisdicción agraria, la parte actora pide la nulidad de actos de la administración (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural), y además exige una responsabilidad del Estado por el actuar de la administración, a través de un acto administrativo, demandando una indemnización o expropiación. El artículo 10 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo dispone, la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa tiene por objeto tutelar las situaciones jurídicas de toda persona, garantizar o restablecer la legalidad de cualquier conducta de la Administración Pública sujeta al derecho Administrativo, así como conocer y resolver los diversos aspectos de la relación jurídico administrativa, por lo que el presente asunto no es de conocimiento de la jurisdicción agraria. En consecuencia, se acoge la excepción de incompetencia en razón de la materia interpuesta. Se declara que el conocimiento del presente proceso corresponde al Tribunal Procesal Contencioso Administrativo.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"De lo anterior se deduce, en este caso además de estar demandado una institución estatal, también se solicita la responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos correspondientes a la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena, por lo que este proceso corresponde a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa."
"From the foregoing it follows that in this case, in addition to a state institution being sued, the patrimonial liability of the administration is also sought for administrative acts consisting of the segregation and registration of properties in the name of Indigenous Development Associations; therefore, this proceeding falls under the contentious-administrative jurisdiction."
Considerando II
"De lo anterior se deduce, en este caso además de estar demandado una institución estatal, también se solicita la responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos correspondientes a la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena, por lo que este proceso corresponde a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa."
Considerando II
"El artículo 10 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo dispone, la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa tiene por objeto tutelar las situaciones jurídicas de toda persona, garantizar o restablecer la legalidad de cualquier conducta de la Administración Pública sujeta al derecho Administrativo, así como conocer y resolver los diversos aspectos de la relación jurídico administrativa, por lo que el presente asunto no es de conocimiento de la jurisdicción agraria."
"Article 10 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code provides that the contentious-administrative jurisdiction is intended to protect the legal situations of all persons, to guarantee or restore the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as to hear and resolve the various aspects of the administrative legal relationship; therefore, this matter is not justiciable before the agrarian jurisdiction."
Considerando II
"El artículo 10 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo dispone, la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa tiene por objeto tutelar las situaciones jurídicas de toda persona, garantizar o restablecer la legalidad de cualquier conducta de la Administración Pública sujeta al derecho Administrativo, así como conocer y resolver los diversos aspectos de la relación jurídico administrativa, por lo que el presente asunto no es de conocimiento de la jurisdicción agraria."
Considerando II
Full documentDocumento completo
VOTE No. 06-C-21 AGRARIAN TRIBUNAL. SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSÉ.- At eleven hours and forty-nine minutes on the seventh of January of two thousand twenty-one.- ORDINARY PROCEEDING brought by [[Nombre1] ], [...], and [[Nombre2] ], [...]; against the INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION OF THE INDIGENOUS RESERVE OF SALITRE DE BUENOS AIRES, legal identification number CED1 - - , represented by its president [[Nombre3] ], [...]. The claim was expanded against: INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL, legal identification number CED2 - - , represented by its General Judicial Attorney-in-Fact Margarita Elizondo Jiménez, of legal age, married, attorney, resident of Pérez Zeledón, identity card number CED3 - - , and the PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA, represented by Heilyn Sáenz Calderón, of legal age, identity card number CED4 - - . The defendant ASSOCIATION files a counterclaim against the plaintiffs.
Intervening in the proceeding is the COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS, legal identification number CED5 - - represented by its president [Nombre4] , of legal age, married, businessman, identity card number CED6 - - thirty-eight, resident of the indigenous territory of Matambú. Acting as directing attorney for the plaintiffs is Licentiate Reyner Muñoz Piedra, professional license number ten thousand three hundred five, and as public defender for the Association, Licentiate Jesús Chaves Mora. Processed before the Civil, Labor, and Family Court of Buenos Aires (Agrarian Matters), this Tribunal hears the exception of lack of jurisdiction raised by the Procuraduría General de la República.
Judge Picado Vargas writes; and,
CONSIDERING:
Of interest in this matter, the following is deemed proven: 1.- The plaintiffs file their ordinary claim, primarily setting forth the following claims verbatim: "CLAIM:
In a case similar to the one before us, this Tribunal ruled: "II.- From the analysis of the claim, it is evident that it is directed, among others, to the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, the Comisión Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas and the Ministry of Finance, that is, against the State (see folio 199) and has as claims, among others: 1.) The annulment of two deeds granted by the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, transferring the properties to the Integral Development Associations of the Indigenous Communities, in particular of [Dirección5] [ ]. It argues that the plaintiffs are the legitimate owners and possessors of said lands for more than ten years; they request agrarian usucaption over that property. Alternatively, they make a claim by which they request the right to be compensated, based on Law No.
7495, or the Expropriation Law (see folios 244 to 247).- Subsequently, they amplify and clarify the claims, requesting that all improvements introduced be canceled for them, and that such condemnation fall upon the Costa Rican State, and be executed through the expropriation process before the Juzgado Contencioso Administrativo (administrative litigation court) (see folio 269).- The lawsuit was filed, among others, against the Ministerio de Hacienda (Ministry of Finance), represented by the Procuraduría General de la República (Attorney General's Office) (see folio 270). III.- Article 10 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (Administrative Litigation Procedure Code) provides that the purpose of the administrative litigation jurisdiction is to protect the legal situations of every person, to guarantee or restore the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as to hear and resolve the various aspects of the legal-administrative relationship, and Article 2, subsection b, provides that the Administrative Litigation and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction shall also hear "matters of patrimonial liability of the Public Administration and its officials." By filing the lawsuit before the agrarian jurisdiction, the plaintiff seeks the nullity of acts of the administration (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural, INDER), and also demands liability of the State for the administration's actions, through an administrative act, claiming compensation or expropriation.
Article 10 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo provides that the purpose of the administrative litigation jurisdiction is to protect the legal situations of every person, to guarantee or restore the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as to hear and resolve the various aspects of the legal-administrative relationship. That same rule states that Public Administration shall be understood to mean the central Administration, the Legislative and Judicial Branches, and the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones (Supreme Electoral Tribunal) when performing administrative functions; the decentralized, institutional, and territorial Administrations, and other public law entities. From the foregoing, it follows that in this case, in addition to a state institution being sued, the patrimonial liability of the administration is also sought for administrative acts corresponding to the segregation and registration of properties in the name of Indigenous Development Associations, therefore this proceeding corresponds to the administrative litigation jurisdiction.
From the facts set forth by the plaintiff, the matter cannot be aired in the agrarian jurisdiction; rather, it is clear that the matter must be heard by the administrative litigation jurisdiction. That venue is not designed exclusively to challenge liabilities for acts of the Administration (under the terms of Article 1 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), but also for the protection of public interests – and consequently, public assets. III.- For these reasons, it is appropriate to uphold the exception of lack of jurisdiction, by reason of subject matter, and to declare that this matter falls within the jurisdiction of the administrative litigation jurisdiction, and therefore the procedures must be adjusted to the requirements of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, as necessary. Let this file be sent to the indicated Court so that it may process and conclude it in accordance with the current procedural rules." (Tribunal Agrario, Opinion No. 809-C-18 of one thirty-three p.m. on August twenty-eighth, two thousand eighteen).
In the case before us, the plaintiff, among the array of main and subsidiary claims, requests, with respect to the State: a). Payment of the agrarian, environmental damages and losses caused, which shall be liquidated during the execution of the judgment. b). That the State be ordered to pay for Material Damage: for not being able to fully enjoy the property, valued at ten million colones. Psychological Damage: for the level of worry and feeling of helplessness, valued at five million colones. Losses: estimated at five million colones. c) That the State be ordered to compensate for the lands subject to litigation. And as subsidiary claims, it requested: a) That the State be ordered to carry out the respective appraisals with the Ministerio de Hacienda to proceed with the expropriation of the land. b) Compensation for agrarian improvements such as road construction, water intakes, agricultural and livestock plantations; and c) Compensation for timber resources.
Specifically, it requested: "1) The defendants be ordered to carry out the respective appraisals together with the Ministerio de Hacienda, as established in the Ley de Expropiaciones (Expropriation Law). For this purpose, this Court shall give the defendants a reasonable period to proceed with the respective valuations, on the understanding that if they fail to carry them out within the period given for that purpose, we are authorized to present the respective appraisal during the execution of the judgment to monetize the imposed condemnation. All these expenses shall be borne by the defendants. 2. Once those appraisals are established and the properties have their real value, the defendants be ordered to pay the compensation that my represented parties are entitled to by right as a result of the declaration of an indigenous reserve, which occurred over their aforementioned property estates, in accordance with that appraisal." (Document tray filed on 02/25/2020 03:53:03).- As indicated in the cited opinion, Article 10 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo provides that the purpose of the administrative litigation jurisdiction is to protect the legal situations of every person, to guarantee or restore the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as to hear and resolve the various aspects of the legal-administrative relationship, and Article 2, subsection b, provides that the Administrative Litigation and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction shall also hear "matters of patrimonial liability of the Public Administration and its officials." By filing the lawsuit before the agrarian jurisdiction, the plaintiff seeks the nullity of acts of the administration (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural), and also demands liability of the State for the administration's actions, through an administrative act, claiming compensation or expropriation.
Article 10 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo provides that the purpose of the administrative litigation jurisdiction is to protect the legal situations of every person, to guarantee or restore the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as to hear and resolve the various aspects of the legal-administrative relationship, and therefore this matter is not within the purview of the agrarian jurisdiction. Consequently, the exception of lack of jurisdiction by reason of subject matter filed is upheld. It is declared that this proceeding falls within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Let this file be sent to the indicated Court so that it may process and conclude it in accordance with the current procedural rules. It is reminded that, pursuant to Article 16, subsection c) of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria (Agrarian Jurisdiction Law), the parties have three days to state whether they wish to elevate this ruling to consultation.- POR TANTO (THEREFORE) The exception of lack of jurisdiction by reason of subject matter filed is upheld.
It is declared that this proceeding falls within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Let this file be sent to the indicated Court so that it may process and conclude it in accordance with the current procedural rules. It is reminded that, pursuant to Article 16, subsection c) of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, the parties have three days to state whether they wish to elevate this ruling to consultation.- *LKBCHRCVEY061* [Nombre5] - DECISION-MAKER JUDGE *L5WKV472OJCO61* [Nombre6] - DECISION-MAKER JUDGE *FK2QRNI43IUM61* [Nombre7] - DECISION-MAKER JUDGE It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 08-05-2026 23:55:56.
Tribunal Agrario Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Temas (descriptores): Proceso agrario Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa. Temas (descriptores): Competencia agraria Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa. Temas (descriptores): Competencia agraria por materia Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa.
Temas (descriptores): Propiedad agraria indígena Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa. Temas (descriptores): Competencia contencioso administrativa Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa. Temas (descriptores): Comunidad indígena Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa.
Temas (descriptores): Persona indígena Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa. Temas (descriptores): Asociación de desarrollo integral de reserva indígena Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa. Temas (descriptores): Propiedad indígena Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa.
Temas (descriptores): Daños y perjuicios derivados de responsabilidad civil de la Administración Subtemas: Competencia en caso de responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por actos administrativos derivada de la segregación e inscripción de fincas a nombre de Asociaciones de Desarrollo Indígena corresponde a la vía contencioso administrativa. Sentencias en igual sentido Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente *190000651555AG* INHIB. ORDINARIO ACTOR/A:
[[Nombre1] ] DEMANDADO/A:
ASOCIACION DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE RESERVA INDIGENA DE SALITRE DE BUENOS AIRES VOTO N° 06-C-21 TRIBUNAL AGRARIO. SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSÉ.- A las once horas cuarenta y nueve minutos del siete de enero de dos mil veintiuno.- PROCESO ORDINARIO promovido por [[Nombre1] ], [...], y [[Nombre2] ], [...]; contra ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE RESERVA INDÍGENA DE SALITRE DE BUENOS AIRES, cédula jurídica CED1 - - , representada por su presidente [[Nombre3] ], [...]. Se amplió la demanda contra: INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL, cédula jurídica CED2 - - , representada por su apoderada General Judicial Margarita Elizondo Jiménez, mayor, casada, abogada, vecina de Pérez Zeledón, cédula de identidad CED3 - - , y la PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA, representada por Heilyn Sáenz Calderón, mayor, cédula de identidad CED4 - - . La ASOCIACIÓN demandada presenta reconvención contra la parte actora.
Interviene en el proceso la COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS, cédula jurídica CED5 - - representada por su presidente [Nombre4] , mayor, casado, empresario, cédula de identidad CED6 - - treinta y ocho, vecino del territorio indígena de Matambú. Actùa como abogado director de la parte accionante el licenciado Reyner Muñoz Piedra, carné diez mil trescientos cinco, y como defensor público de la Asociación el licenciado Jesús Chaves Mora. Tramitado ante el Juzgado Civil, Trabajo y Familia de Buenos Aires (Materia Agraria) Conoce este Tribunal de la excepción de incompetencia formulada por la Procuraduría General de la República Redacta el juez Picado Vargas; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
De interés en este asunto, se tiene por demostrado: 1.- La parte actora presenta su demanda ordinaria en primer término formulando las siguientes pretensiones literalmente: "PRETENSIÓN:
POR TANTO
Se acoge la excepción de incompetencia en razón de la materia interpuesta. Se declara que el conocimiento del presente proceso corresponde al Tribunal Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Remítase el presente expediente al Tribunal indicado para que lo tramite y fenezca conforme a la normativa procesal vigente. Se recuerda que de conformidad al artículo 16 inciso c) de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, las partes cuentan con tres días para manifestar si desean elevar a consulta lo aquí resuelto.- *LKBCHRCVEY061* [Nombre5] - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A *L5WKV472OJCO61* [Nombre6] - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A *FK2QRNI43IUM61* [Nombre7] - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A
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