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Res. 11171-2020 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 17/06/2020
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber dismissed the unconstitutionality action for failing to meet direct standing requirements, as the plaintiffs did not demonstrate a diffuse interest or concrete harm to the right to a healthy environment.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad por no cumplir con los requisitos de legitimación directa, al no demostrarse la defensa de un interés difuso ni la afectación concreta al derecho a un ambiente sano.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber dismissed a constitutional challenge against Articles 84 and 189 of the Wildlife Conservation Law Regulation (Decree 40548-MINAE). The plaintiffs argued that the regulation omitted the ‘exhibition’ category as a wildlife management site and excluded the importation of CITES species for such sites, thereby limiting environmental education and violating the rights to a healthy environment and education. The Court found that the plaintiffs failed to adequately demonstrate the defense of a diffuse interest required for direct standing, as their arguments were generic and abstract without showing concrete harm to the right to a healthy environment. It further held that the alleged conflict between the regulation and the statute is a matter of legality for the administrative contentious jurisdiction, not constitutional review, absent a clear violation of a constitutional principle, which was not evident. The action was therefore dismissed as inadmissible.La Sala Constitucional desestimó una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos 84 y 189 del Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre (Decreto 40548-MINAE). Los accionantes alegaban que el reglamento omitía incluir la categoría de ‘exhibición’ como sitio de manejo de fauna silvestre y excluía la importación de especies CITES para dicha categoría, lo cual limitaba la educación ambiental y vulneraba los derechos a un ambiente sano y a la educación. La Sala determinó que los accionantes no demostraron adecuadamente la defensa de un interés difuso, requisito para la legitimación directa, y que los argumentos eran genéricos y abstractos, sin desarrollar cómo las normas impugnadas afectaban concretamente el derecho a un ambiente sano. Además, señaló que la supuesta contradicción entre el reglamento y la ley es un asunto de legalidad que corresponde a la jurisdicción contenciosa-administrativa, no al control constitucional, salvo que exista una violación evidente de un principio constitucional, lo cual no se constató. Por tanto, la acción se declaró sin lugar por inadmisible.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In the present case, the plaintiffs alleged the defense of a diffuse interest, as they expressly stated that they are appearing before this jurisdiction with the aim of protecting the environment, specifically the optimal conservation of wildlife through environmental education. However, from reading the petition, no sufficient arguments emerge that reasonably develop to what extent the challenged norms affect the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. On the contrary, a series of general and abstract allegations were made that do not allow any constitutional analysis. In that sense, the action is directed against Articles 84 and 189 of Executive Decree No. 40548-MINAE of July 12, 2017, called 'Regulation to the Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317', not because their text is per se unconstitutional, but because the plaintiffs consider that the exhibition category was not incorporated in both norms, with the supposed consequences on the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, which, as already indicated, were not properly addressed. Even in the petition, there is no development of the alleged unconstitutional omission nor of which sources of Constitutional Law derived the State's obligation to remedy it. Precisely, given the lack of proof of a diffuse interest, the premise that enables direct standing in this specific case collapses. Consequently, any alleged unconstitutionalities or violations of the other cited rights cannot be directly brought before this Chamber.En el sub examine, los accionantes alegaron la defensa de un interés difuso, pues, según su indicación expresa, están acudiendo a esta jurisdicción con el objetivo de proteger el ambiente, específicamente la óptima conservación de la vida silvestre a través de la educación ambiental. Sin embargo, de la lectura del escrito de interposición no se desprenden argumentos suficientes que hayan desarrollado razonablemente, en qué medida las normas impugnadas afectan al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por el contrario, se formuló una serie de alegatos generales y abstractos que no permiten efectuar algún análisis de constitucionalidad. En ese sentido, la acción se dirige en contra de los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado 'Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317', no porque su texto sea per se inconstitucional, sino por cuanto los accionantes consideran que no se incorporó la categoría de exhibición en ambas normas, con las supuestas consecuencias en el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que, como ya se indicó, no fueron debidamente abordadas. Incluso, en el escrito de interposición, no se observa desarrollo alguno de la supuesta inconstitucionalidad por omisión ni tampoco de cuáles fuentes del Derecho de la Constitución se derivaba la obligación del Estado de suplirla. Precisamente, ante la falta de comprobación del interés difuso, se derrumba el supuesto que faculta la legitimación directa en el caso concreto. De ahí que las eventuales inconstitucionalidades o transgresiones a los demás derechos aludidos no pueden ser accionadas directamente ante la Sala.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"[L]a incompatibilidad que plantea el actor no es entre la disposición reglamentaria y el Derecho de la Constitución, sino entre el reglamento y la Ley... todo lo cual determina la improcedencia de esta acción."
"The incompatibility raised by the plaintiff is not between the regulatory provision and Constitutional Law, but between the regulation and the Law... all of which determines the inadmissibility of this action."
Considerando III
"[L]a incompatibilidad que plantea el actor no es entre la disposición reglamentaria y el Derecho de la Constitución, sino entre el reglamento y la Ley... todo lo cual determina la improcedencia de esta acción."
Considerando III
"[A]nte la falta de comprobación del interés difuso, se derrumba el supuesto que faculta la legitimación directa en el caso concreto."
"[G]iven the lack of proof of a diffuse interest, the premise enabling direct standing in this specific case collapses."
Considerando III
"[A]nte la falta de comprobación del interés difuso, se derrumba el supuesto que faculta la legitimación directa en el caso concreto."
Considerando III
"[N]o hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre la ley y el reglamento que se impugna."
"[T]here is no evident and manifest contradiction between the law and the regulation being challenged."
Nota separada, Considerando IV
"[N]o hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre la ley y el reglamento que se impugna."
Nota separada, Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: 17 June 2020 at 16:04 Type of matter: Acción de inconstitucionalidad Constitutional control: Sentencia desestimatoria Judgment with separate note Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Related Judgments Judgments from the same expediente Content of Interest:
Strategic Topics: Environmental Type of content: Voto de mayoría Branch of Law: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Topic: AMBIENTE Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
Topic: ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
11171-20. AMBIENTE. PROVISIONS ON THE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT SITE. Acción de inconstitucionalidad against articles 84 and 189 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 40548-MINAE of 12 July 2017, called “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”.
“..In that sense, the action is directed against articles 84 and 189 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 40548-MINAE of 12 July 2017, called “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”, not because their text is per se unconstitutional, but because the plaintiffs consider that the category of exhibition was not incorporated into both norms, with the supposed consequences for the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, which, as already indicated, were not properly addressed. Even in the filing brief, no development whatsoever is observed of the supposed unconstitutionality by omission, nor of which sources of Constitutional Law the State's obligation to remedy it derived from. Precisely, given the lack of proof of the diffuse interest, the supposition that enables direct standing in the specific case collapses. Hence, the eventual unconstitutionalities or transgressions of the other rights alluded to cannot be directly brought before the Sala.
Regarding the incompatibility of the regulatory norms subject to the action with the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, it is important to point out to the plaintiffs that, in principle, it is not for this Tribunal to determine whether a regulation is contrary to a law, nor whether there has been an excess in the regulatory power, unless the violation of some fundamental right or constitutional principle is verified…” ... See more Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of content: Voto de mayoría Branch of Law: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANNOTATED WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 075- Prior matter pending resolution in judicial or administrative venue Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ARTICLE 75 OF THE LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. ADMISSIBILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS. Now, regarding the need for a prior matter pending resolution in the administrative venue, it is necessary that this deals with the procedure that exhausts the administrative channel, which, in accordance with article 126 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, occurs from the moment the ordinary appeals are filed before the superior hierarchical authority of the body that issued the final act, otherwise the action would be inadmissible. Likewise, there are other formalities that must be satisfied, namely, the explicit determination of the challenged regulations, duly substantiated, with specific citation of the constitutional norms and principles considered infringed, the authentication by a lawyer of the brief in which the action is filed, the accreditation of the standing conditions (powers and certifications), as well as the literal certification of the brief in which the unconstitutionality of the norms was invoked in the base matter, all requirements that, in case of not being provided by the plaintiff party, can be ordered for compliance by the Presidency of the Sala.
In the sub examine, the plaintiffs alleged the defense of a diffuse interest, since, according to their express indication, they are coming to this jurisdiction with the objective of protecting the environment, specifically the optimal conservation of wildlife through environmental education. However, from the reading of the filing brief, sufficient arguments are not derived that have reasonably developed to what extent the challenged norms affect the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. On the contrary, a series of general and abstract allegations were formulated that do not allow any analysis of constitutionality to be carried out…” ... See more Content of Interest:
Strategic Topics: Environmental Type of content: Nota separada Branch of Law: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Topic: AMBIENTE Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
IV.Note of Magistrates Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez and Rueda Leal, drafted by the latter. We emphasize that in the sub iudice there is no evident and manifest contradiction between the law and the regulation being challenged. The proposition that when a regulatory norm violates or exceeds what is provided in a law it is a matter of legality, whose discussion does not correspond to this jurisdiction, is generally legally correct, because, in the majority of cases, the ordinary judge is competent to define the scope of the interpretation and application of the law and, consequently, he is the first called upon to establish jurisdictionally whether a regulatory norm violates or not one of a legal nature. However, as we have reiterated in notes and dissenting votes, from our point of view, when it is glaringly obvious that the regulatory norm exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts the text of the law, that is, when there is no doubt that the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of the law is grossly violated; constitutional control must be applied.
As is well known, the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of the law refers us to the potency (active force), the resistance (passive force), and the regime of challenge of the law. Based on the first aspect of the concept, the law, once it enters into force, repeals or modifies any norm of equal or inferior rank. Furthermore, the legal norm cannot be repealed or modified by one of inferior rank. Finally, the law can only be challenged for reasons of unconstitutionality and, therefore, within the scope of domestic law, it can only be annulled through a resolution of the Sala Constitucional. The constitutional support for this principle is found in ordinal 129 of the Carta Fundamental, which states that the law can only be derogated, abrogated, or modified by another subsequent norm of equal rank. On the other hand, the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of the law is an essential prerequisite of the Rule of Law, since it stems from a core idea: the parliamentary normative act is superior in rank to the normative act issued by the other Powers of the State, which means that all Public Powers, when exercising their normative power (subsection d- of article 6 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública), must conform to what is provided by the legislator.
When this does not occur, the normative rank of the law is disregarded, which, in the normative hierarchical scale, occupies the third place in importance after the Constitución Política and International Treaties (articles 10 and 7) and, consequently, a key principle of the Rule of Law is violated. Ergo, when a regulatory norm clearly and manifestly exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts a law of the republic, numeral 129 of the Carta Fundamental and the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of the law are violated, so the general rule would be broken and the Tribunal Constitucional would indeed have competence. However, in the sub lite it is not observed that such a degree of violation occurs, so constitutional control regarding the referred reason becomes inadmissible.
... See more SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at sixteen hours and four minutes of the seventeenth of June of two thousand twenty.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad filed by ÁLVARO ALONSO AZOFEIFA DELGADO, identity card No. 1-0786-0520, LUIS FERNANDO MORALES RODRÍGUEZ, identity card No. 1-0622-0779, POMPILIO CAMPOS CHINCHILLA, identity card No. 1-1237-0033, SERGIO ARGUEDAS CHAVES, identity card No. 4-0141-0665 and VÍCTOR MANUEL OREAMUNO NIÑO, identity card No. 1-1325-0884; against articles 84 and 189 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 40548-MINAE of 12 July 2017, called “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”.
Resultando:
In turn, the concept of Wildlife: “the set of organisms that live in natural, temporary or permanent conditions in the national territory, both in the continental and insular territory, in the territorial sea, internal waters, exclusive economic zone and jurisdictional waters and that do not require human care for their survival. Exotic organisms declared as wild by their country of origin, organisms cultivated or bred and born in captivity from wild specimens, their parts, products and derivatives are considered wildlife and regulated by law.” Both wild fauna and flora are therefore included as elements of biodiversity subject to being included in an exhibition. However, there is the particularity that not all wildlife has the same regulation. The regulations take special care regarding fauna, and it is thus that wild fauna, its parts, products and by-products have been declared public domain assets and natural heritage of the State.
For this reason, its regulation is also differentiated. It is in use of the powers conferred by legislation that the Executive Branch, and within the framework of action established by the cited legislation, has proceeded to regulate via regulation which elements of wild fauna and under what conditions may be used for exhibition display. This cannot be left to free private initiative given that they are public domain assets, and even though the law has given the Executive Branch the enabling rule to permit the activity, it results in a power, never a duty, and for that reason it cannot have exhausted it. This being the case, the Public Administration has decided to regulate the exhibition of these elements of biodiversity, which it has done through Articles 50, 51 and 52 of Decree No. 40548-MINAE, I repeat, it regulates it seeking the protection of the elements of Biodiversity and for the case of live fauna which constitutes one of the elements, also seeking to provide the ideal conditions of animal welfare.
Articles 84 and 189 refer to the management sites (sitios de manejo) authorized for the handling of live wild fauna and the importation of CITES species for their possible exhibition. The argument put forth by the appellants is unfounded when indicating that an exhibition is a "management site (sitio de manejo)," as we have been explaining in this document, an exhibition is an activity, it is according to the legal definition: “display of wildlife open to the public, with or without commercial purposes, on a temporary or permanent, fixed, mobile or itinerant basis.” From the comprehensive interpretation of the regulations, it is verified that the concept and characteristics of the exhibition do not meet the minimum necessary elements to become a "management site (sitio de manejo)." This needed to be clarified through regulations to scale and delimit the activity to be carried out under ideal conditions of welfare and ethics with living beings.
Article 2 of the LCVS establishes that: “Wildlife management site (Sitio de manejo de vida silvestre): place or space that provides different degrees of management and protection to wildlife. It includes the following categories: zoo, breeding center (zoocriadero), rescue center, nursery, aquarium, botanical garden, herbarium, natural museums, germplasm bank, exhibitions and other delimited areas for ex situ management, with or without commercial purposes, with the objective of conservation, education, research, reproduction, reintroduction, restoration and exhibition; domestic and decorative gardens are excluded.” As can be seen, the law refers to exhibitions only at the level of definitions and in an illustrative manner, it does not in any way exhaust the authority of the Executive Branch to regulate them, guiding the performance of the activities toward the fulfillment of the law's objectives.
A mobile exhibition of live wild fauna does not meet the conditions to be considered a management site (sitio de manejo) because it does not have, does not provide a place, nor a space that provides the animals with the different degrees of management and protection, much less considering the issues of animal welfare and the necessary conditions for the development of their natural and instinctive behaviors. It is contrived and removed from science and technique as well as from proper legal interpretation, to attempt to create a management site (sitio de manejo) from simple illustrative definitions that at most are enabling rules for the regulatory power of the Executive Branch, to which the law has entrusted the police power over public domain assets. The expert criterion in matters of ex situ conservation has always placed the exhibition of live fauna as an activity related to the legal objectives granted to zoos.” It partially cites resolution No. 158-2014-VI of the Contentious Administrative and Civil Court of the Treasury.
It argues that the ruling of the Chamber No. 2002-11429 of 9:14 a.m. on November 29, 2002, determined that, regarding Article 50, the right to a healthy environment has a broad content that equates to the aspiration of improving the human being's living environment, so that it overflows the criteria of natural conservation to locate itself within every sphere in which the person develops, be it family, work, or the environment in which they live; while the development of an ecologically balanced environment is a more restricted concept referred to an important part of that environment in which the human being develops (the balance that must exist between the advancement of society and the conservation of natural resources). It argues that the Public Administration is aware of the obligation to make the necessary changes and regulations to give content to both the constitutional mandates and the legislative changes in matters of wild fauna.
It mentions that from the constitutional notion of environment derives the obligation of the human being to protect fauna (an element of biodiversity that is also declared a public domain asset). It states that the limitations and restrictions for the sustainable use of this public domain asset come from the law and the constitution. It explains that the criterion of the Chamber in vote No. 4620-2012 is clear in that it established the appropriateness of the constitutional protection of wild fauna as an element of national biodiversity, for which it cited principles 2 and 4 of the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment. It states: “For Costa Rica, the changes in that code of moral action toward respect for all forms of life and mainly wild fauna have materialized in legislation through a law of popular initiative that also reformed the moral and philosophical ambit of the country.
A reform that eradicates in Costa Rica sport hunting, tournaments with live fauna, circus spectacles and ambulatory spectacles with fauna, the private possession of fauna and the actions of pet-ification of beings that were born to be free. A reform that is oriented toward changing the past practices of use and exploitation of fauna for purposes exclusively of satisfying individual human desires in protection of collective interests and the diffuse interests of future generations. Being public domain assets, any activity carried out with wild fauna, even when the objective is environmental education, must be carried out complying with state regulations and with the highest quality standards as well as with the most optimal rules of science and technique. It is the duty of the State to ensure that these conditions are met or otherwise the sustainable use of the resource could not be guaranteed.
It is also important to point out that some of the plaintiffs have distorted the use of environmental education, using it as protection to justify a lucrative business with public domain assets.” It states that it does not visualize how the regulation contained in Articles 84 and 189 of Executive Decree No. 40548-MINAE violates the rights contained in the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, since the activity that the appellants intend to develop is lucrative and is not within Costa Rican formal education programs. It argues that the articles do not limit environmental education, but rather order and promote it by establishing that the programs be developed in attention to both legal and technical principles that truly support the conservation of the species, so that they are not isolated processes without a defined program that put the welfare of wild fauna and the health or integrity of the recipients at risk.
It notes that environmental education is fundamental for the conservation of protected species and can be done with live fauna in management sites (sitios de manejo) that have it as one of their objectives under the LCVS, such as zoos and artisanal breeding centers with restricted management (zoocriaderos artesanales de manejo restringido). It refers that, regarding environmental education, the law provides the possibility for some categories of management sites (sitios de manejo) to contemplate it as part of the activities related to the site's objectives. It relates that environmental education in Costa Rica is developed by the State through non-formal education programs, designed, planned, and taught or coordinated by the National System of Conservation Areas. It asserts that neither the institutional strategy nor the National Development Plan have included activities of this nature with the handling of live animals.
It maintains that science does not advise this type of handling for reasons of both animal welfare and biosecurity. It indicates that such practices are not only reprehensible from a moral and ethical aspect, but are also prohibited by law; furthermore, they expose participants to risks of accidents or health problems due to zoonosis. It notes that, to be consistent with the legislative changes, the trend is to eradicate commercial practices and those whose purpose is the public exhibition of live wild fauna organisms without the ideal conditions of animal welfare and that encourage the population to their illegal possession. It refers that, in accordance with the objectives that the law attributes to each conceptualized management site (sitio de manejo), the exhibition is an activity reserved for zoos and artisanal breeding centers with restricted management (zoocriaderos artesanales con manejo restringido), as the Administration's powers to impose regulations persist.
It argues that the right to environmental education is not seen as limited, since environmental education about wildlife, their habitats, or biodiversity is not being eradicated, but rather it is being regulated in protection of biodiversity. It considers that the criteria issued by the College of Biologists of Costa Rica are not binding on the State and affirms that the members of this corporation are owners or managers of commercial establishments with economic interests in this type of activity. Regarding whether exhibitions are used for the training of workers or professionals within the scope of wildlife management, it explains that no university has requested a permit to carry them out for training purposes, since it is safer for the participants and the wild fauna for interested parties to travel to a management site (sitio de manejo) that has all the appropriate conditions. It refers that closeness to humans is a behavior that goes against the nature of wild animals, so any process that involves direct contact with them must be carried out or supervised by specialists and in activities that require it as the only alternative for knowledge; otherwise, the principles of animal welfare would be violated.
It cites the criterion of the National University of January 7, 2018: “The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Strategy for Animal Welfare recommends that zoos and aquariums apply the basic welfare model—called the 'Five Domains'—and thus maintain an ongoing commitment to animal welfare in all operations, and for the animals under their care (Mellor et al 2015). According to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 'animal welfare is the way an animal copes with the conditions in which it lives.' The OIE principles on animal welfare also mention the well-known 'Five Freedoms' or five domains, which were published in 1965 to describe the right to welfare that animals under human control have: - free from hunger, thirst and malnutrition; - free from fear and distress; - free from physical or thermal discomfort; free from pain, injury or disease; and - free to express normal behavioral patterns.
Mobile live animal exhibitions (EMAV) are programs that transport non-human animals to different locations. The animals are confined and transported in containers or cages designed for this purpose. At each location, the animals are exhibited in temporary cages or presentations, many of which are interactive, allowing contact and handling by the public (Sussman, 2017). EMAVs resemble the first generations of 19th-century zoos, when these existed exclusively as sites of recreation and leisure for the entertainment and pleasure of people. Current zoos have focused on research and conservation. Furthermore, efforts have been made to present animals in natural environments where they can express their natural behavior, have shelter and stimulation (environmental enrichment). These animal welfare standards are not present or are difficult to achieve in mobile live animal exhibitions since the animals are removed from any ecological context, frequently exposed to stressful conditions where they are used as objects of curiosity and entertainment (Sussman, 2017).
According to Sussman, 2017, it is considered that none of the most effective criteria for positive cognitive learning in zoos are possible with mobile live animal exhibitions: - they cannot be observed in their natural environment nor exhibit their normal behavior - there is no use of environmental enrichment that prevents stereotypies - reinforcement; normally visits to mobile live animal exhibitions are unique, different from zoos which can be visited on multiple occasions, therefore it is not possible to follow up on the conservation message - the use of live animals can actually be a distraction contrary to an educational tool. Despite the limited research on this, some researchers suggest that as the number of animals used increases, so do the chances that children will become distracted. Furthermore, continues Sussman, 2017, elements of negative learning are presented: - many of these exhibitions use animals as 'toys,' placing them in hands or around the body, and this reinforces the notion that they are objects for entertainment, - the public tends to respond to wild animals as domesticated and minimizes their status as an endangered species, promoting the desire to acquire exotic pets - the public's perception of the biology and conservation status of the species may be erroneous.
Interactions between humans and wildlife can take place through hunting, harvesting, road construction, habitat modifications, ecotourism, animal movements, including the trade of animals or animal parts (Jakob-Hoff et al. 2016). We must assume that these interactions infer a risk. Risk is usually defined as the probability that some form of harm, loss, or damage will occur (Jakob-Hoff et al. 2016). The underlying premise of the One Health Initiative is that the health of humans, pets, livestock, captive animals, research animals, wildlife and the environments in which they live are interdependent. The inclusion of wildlife in the One Health concept is important for two main reasons: (1) the physical health of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife are inextricably linked through shared diseases, and (2) the emotional well-being of humans can be affected by their perceptions of animal health.
Although an explicit premise of the One Health Initiative is that healthy wildlife contributes to human health, and vice versa, the initiative also implicitly suggests that wildlife can represent a threat to human health through zoonosis (Decker et al. 2010). People who are at greatest risk of contracting a zoonosis include immunosuppressed or immunocompromised individuals; infants and children under 5 years of age, geriatrics, and those with chronic diseases (Mader 2006). Zoos where the approach and feeding of captive wild animals are allowed have been linked to different zoonotic outbreaks, including infections by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and salmonella. Between 1990 - 2000, more than 25 outbreaks of human infections associated with visits to animal exhibitions were identified. In an outbreak of salmonellosis at the Colorado Zoo, 65 of the cases, the majority children, were associated with touching the wooden barrier around the exhibition of a Komodo dragon (Chomel et al 2007).
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 7% of human infections with salmonellosis in the United States are associated with the handling of a reptile (Chomel et al 2007). Given all the data mentioned above, we consider that the use of live animals in mobile or itinerant exhibitions: - does not contribute to improving public education since they do not show the animals in their environment nor the natural behavior of the species, - people who visit these exhibitions may have an erroneous perception that wild animals are not in danger of conservation and that they are suitable to be pets, - violates the principles of animal welfare indicated by the OIE because it does not allow them to express their natural behavior nor ensures they are free from stressful situations, - puts people at risk of acquiring zoonotic diseases and traumatic injuries from possible accidents with the animals, - does not correspond with the premises of the One Health Initiative since the risk of zoonosis can affect people's positive perceptions toward wild animals.” It requests that the action be rejected due to lack of direct standing. It asks that the action be declared without merit as the legal viability of the questioned norms has been demonstrated with technical-scientific criteria. It requires a hearing to be held.
Drafted by Justice Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
I.Object of the action. The plaintiffs bring an action of unconstitutionality against Articles 84 and 189 of Executive Decree No. 40548-MINAE of July 12, 2017, called “Regulation to the Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317.” They allege that numeral 84 lists the management sites of wild fauna (sitios de manejo de fauna silvestre) that SINAC may authorize; however, it omitted to include the exhibition category, despite it being explicitly contemplated as a valid wildlife management site (sitio de manejo de vida silvestre) in the Wildlife Conservation Law. They state that ordinal 189 regulates matters related to the importation of fauna species included in the CITES appendices for management sites (sitios de manejo); however, it omits to contemplate the importation of those animals for management sites of the “exhibition” category.
They consider that such omissions are unconstitutional, insofar as they severely and without legal or technical basis limit the possibility of more effective and beneficial environmental education, and, in this way, violate the constitutional rights to education and to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. They argue that not considering exhibitions as management sites and the impossibility these have of importing animals to exhibit them, just as zoos and captive breeding facilities (zoocriaderos) can do, contradicts the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre) and, therefore, the hierarchy of norms. They assert that the regulation is more prohibitive than the legal norm and, for this reason, there is also a transgression of the principle of hierarchy of norms. They argue that constitutional numeral 140 is infringed, because the Executive Branch is exceeding its regulatory power by creating prohibitions and limitations that have no basis in the law.
II.Regarding the challenged regulations. The articles challenged in executive decree no. 40548-MINAE of July 12, 2017, called “Regulation to the Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317” (Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317) are the following:
“Article 84.- Wildlife management sites. SINAC may authorize only the following categories of wildlife management sites, once compliance with the requirements established in the LCVS and this Regulation has been verified:
a. Rescue centers, non-profit.
b. Zoos, with or without commercial purposes.
c. Captive breeding facility (Zoocriadero), with or without commercial purposes.
d. Artisanal captive breeding facility (Zoocriadero artesanal) with restricted management of the species indicated in article 117 or of arthropods according to article 118 of this regulation.
e. Aquarium Article 189.- Importation of wildlife species included in the CITES appendices for management sites. SINAC may authorize the importation of wildlife species included in the CITES appendices for zoos or captive breeding facilities (zoocriaderos) that are authorized in their operating permit to receive and keep individuals of such species. The site’s management plan (plan de manejo) must contain all corresponding technical details for the care and management of the same.
Captive breeding facilities (Zoocriaderos) may commercialize individuals born in captivity of those species only under the following circumstances:
a. Within the national territory between management sites, either as parental stock or for exhibition at a management site authorized for such purpose. Written authorization from SINAC will be required for this.
b. For export. The captive breeding facility (zoocriadero) must be registered under the commercial category and comply with all requirements established in CITES, the LCVS, and this Regulation. Furthermore, the corresponding export permit must be obtained.”
III.Regarding the admissibility of the action and the alleged unconstitutionality. The action of unconstitutionality is a process with certain formalities, which must be satisfied so that the Chamber can validly hear the merits of the challenge. Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional) establishes the admissibility requirements for the action of unconstitutionality. First, a prior matter pending resolution is required, whether through judicial or administrative channels (in the procedure to exhaust it), in which the unconstitutionality has been invoked as a reasonable means to protect the right or interest considered injured. In the second and third paragraphs, the law exceptionally contemplates cases where the prior matter is not required, such as the inexistence of individual and direct injury due to the nature of the matter, defense of diffuse or collective interests, or when it is formulated directly by the Comptroller General of the Republic, the Attorney General of the Republic, the Prosecutor General of the Republic, and the Ombudsman (Defensor de los Habitantes).
Now, regarding the need for a prior matter pending resolution in an administrative venue, it is necessary that this concerns the procedure that exhausts the administrative channel, which, in accordance with article 126 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), occurs from the moment ordinary appeals are filed before the hierarchical superior of the body that issued the final act, because otherwise the action would be inadmissible. Likewise, there are other formalities that must be satisfied, namely, the explicit determination of the challenged regulations, duly substantiated, with specific citation of the constitutional norms and principles considered infringed, authentication by a lawyer of the document in which the action is filed, accreditation of the conditions of standing (powers and certifications), as well as the literal certification of the document in which the unconstitutionality of the norms was invoked in the base matter, all requirements which, if not provided by the petitioner, can be requested for compliance by the Presidency of the Chamber.
In the sub examine case, the petitioners alleged the defense of a diffuse interest, since, according to their express indication, they are coming to this jurisdiction with the objective of protecting the environment, specifically the optimal conservation of wildlife through environmental education. However, from a reading of the filing document, no sufficient arguments emerge that would have reasonably developed to what extent the challenged norms affect the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. On the contrary, a series of general and abstract allegations was formulated that do not allow for any analysis of constitutionality.
In that sense, the action is directed against articles 84 and 189 of executive decree no. 40548-MINAE of July 12, 2017, called “Regulation to the Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317” (Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317), not because its text is per se unconstitutional, but because the petitioners consider that the exhibition category was not incorporated in both norms, with the supposed consequences on the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, which, as already indicated, were not properly addressed. In fact, in the filing document, no development whatsoever is observed of the supposed unconstitutionality by omission, nor of which sources of Constitutional Law the State's obligation to supply it derived from. Precisely, in the absence of proof of the diffuse interest, the assumption that authorizes direct standing in the specific case collapses. Hence, the potential unconstitutionalities or transgressions of the other rights alluded to cannot be directly brought before the Chamber.
Regarding the incompatibility of the regulatory norms subject to the action with the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre), it is important to point out to the petitioners that, in principle, it is not for this Tribunal to determine if a regulation is contrary to a law, nor if there has been an excess in the regulatory power, unless a violation of a fundamental right or constitutional principle is verified. In this regard, this Tribunal, in ruling no. 2013-013360 of 2:30 p.m. on October 9, 2013, reiterated:
“[T]he incompatibility that the petitioner raises is not between the regulatory provision and Constitutional Law, but between the regulation and Law No. 8444 (…), all of which determines the inadmissibility of this action. Indeed, it clearly goes beyond the scope of the Chamber’s competencies to elucidate whether what is provided by the challenged regulation fully conforms or not to the provisions of Law No. 8444 (…) all of which should instead be discussed and ventilated before the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa), which, under the protection of the provisions of article 49 of the Political Constitution, has the purpose of guaranteeing the legality of the administrative function of the State, its institutions, and any other public law entity, which is precisely the object of this matter, that is, to determine the compatibility between Law No. 8444 and its regulation, all of which is outside the scope of competencies of this Constitutional Jurisdiction through the action, in accordance with article 10 of the Political Constitution and article 73, subsection a) of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.
Consequently, this action of unconstitutionality must be flatly rejected, so that the petitioner goes to the Ordinary Jurisdiction in defense of the rights and interests he considers violated.” For the considerations set forth, the action is declared without merit (sin lugar).
IV.Note by Judges Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez, and Rueda Leal, drafted by the latter. We emphasize that in the sub iudice case there is no evident and manifest contradiction between the law and the regulation being challenged. The position that when a regulatory norm violates or exceeds what is provided in a law, it is a matter of legality, whose discussion does not correspond to this jurisdiction, is legally correct in general terms, because, in most cases, the ordinary judge is responsible for defining the scope of the interpretation and application of the law and, consequently, is the first called to jurisdictionally establish whether or not a regulatory norm violates one of a legal nature. However, as we have reiterated in notes and dissenting votes, from our point of view, when it is glaringly obvious that the regulatory norm exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts the text of the law, that is, when there is no doubt that the principle of force, authority, or effectiveness of the law is grossly violated; constitutional review must be applied.
As is well known, the principle of force, authority, or effectiveness of the law refers us to the power (active force), the resistance (passive force), and the challenge regime of the law. Based on the first aspect of the concept, the law, once it comes into force, repeals or modifies any norm of equal or lower rank. Furthermore, the legal norm cannot be repealed or modified by one of lower rank. Finally, the law can only be challenged for reasons of unconstitutionality and, therefore, within the scope of domestic law, it can only be annulled through a resolution of the Constitutional Chamber. The constitutional support for this principle is found in article 129 of the Fundamental Charter (Carta Fundamental), which states that the law can only be repealed, abrogated, or modified by another subsequent norm of equal rank. On the other hand, the principle of force, authority, or effectiveness of the law is an essential prerequisite of the Rule of Law (Estado de Derecho), since it stems from a core idea: the parliamentary normative act is superior in rank to the normative act issued by the other Branches of the State, which implies that all Public Branches, when exercising normative power (subsection d) of article 6 of the General Law of Public Administration), must conform to what the legislator has provided.
When this does not occur, the normative rank of the law is disregarded, which, in the normative hierarchical scale, occupies the third place in importance after the Political Constitution and International Treaties (articles 10 and 7) and, consequently, a key principle of the Rule of Law is violated. Ergo, when a regulatory norm evidently and manifestly exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts a law of the republic, article 129 of the Fundamental Charter and the principle of force, authority, or effectiveness of the law are violated, thus breaking the general rule and the Constitutional Tribunal would indeed have competence. However, in the sub lite case, it is not perceived that such a degree of violation occurs, which makes the constitutional review inadmissible regarding the referred reason.
V.Documentation provided to the case file (expediente). The parties are warned that if they have provided any document on paper, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device, or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the “Regulation on the Electronic Case File before the Judicial Branch” (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court (Corte Plena) in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin (Boletín Judicial) number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch (Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial), in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Therefore (Por tanto):
The action is declared without merit. Judges Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez, and Rueda Leal append a note.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Observations from SALA CONSTITUCIONAL voted by ballot Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Judicial Branch. Its reproduction and/or distribution in an onerous form is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 05-09-2026 01:04:06.
Control constitucional: Sentencia desestimatoria Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencias Relacionadas Sentencias del mismo expediente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
Tema: ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
11171-20. AMBIENTE. DISPOSICIONES SOBRE EL SITIO DE MANEJO DE FAUNA SILVESTRE. Acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo No. 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”.
“..En ese sentido, la acción se dirige en contra de los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317, no porque su texto sea per ser inconstitucional, sino por cuanto los accionantes consideran que no se incorporó la categoría de exhibición en ambas normas, con las supuestas consecuencias en el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que, como ya se indicó, no fueron debidamente abordadas. Incluso, en el escrito de interposición, no se observa desarrollo alguno de la supuesta inconstitucionalidad por omisión ni tampoco de cuáles fuentes del Derecho de la Constitución se derivaba la obligación del Estado de suplirla. Precisamente, ante la falta de comprobación del interés difuso, se derrumba el supuesto que faculta la legitimación directa en el caso concreto. De ahí que las eventuales inconstitucionalidades o transgresiones a los demás derechos aludidos no pueden ser accionadas directamente ante la Sala.
En cuanto a la incompatibilidad de las normas reglamentarias objeto de la acción con la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, es importante señalarle a los accionantes que, en principio, no corresponde a este Tribunal determinar si un reglamento es contrario a una ley, ni si se ha dado un exceso en la potestad reglamentaria, salvo que se constate la violación a algún derecho fundamental o principio constitucional…” ... Ver más Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 075- Asunto previo en vía judicial o administrativa pendiente de resolución Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
ARTÍCULO 75 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. ADMISIBILIDAD EN MATERIA AMBIENTAL. Ahora, en cuanto a la necesidad de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver en sede administrativa, es necesario que este trate del procedimiento que agota la vía administrativa, el cual, de conformidad con el artículo 126 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, se da a partir del momento en que se interponen los recursos ordinarios ante el superior jerarca del órgano que dictó el acto final, pues de lo contrario la acción resultaría inadmisible. Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser satisfechas, a saber, la determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de las normas y principios constitucionales que se consideren infringidos, la autenticación por abogado del escrito en el que se plantea la acción, la acreditación de las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), así como la certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas en el asunto base, requisitos todos que, en caso de no ser aportados por la parte accionante, pueden ser prevenidos para su cumplimiento por la Presidencia de la Sala.
En el sub examine, los accionantes alegaron la defensa de un interés difuso, pues, según su indicación expresa, están acudiendo a esta jurisdicción con el objetivo de proteger el ambiente, específicamente la óptima conservación de la vida silvestre a través de la educación ambiental. Sin embargo, de la lectura del escrito de interposición no se desprenden argumentos suficientes que hayan desarrollado razonablemente, en qué medida las normas impugnadas afectan al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por el contrario, se formuló una serie de alegatos generales y abstractos que no permiten efectuar algún análisis de constitucionalidad…” ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
IV.Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal con redacción del último. Subrayamos que en el sub iudice no hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre la ley y el reglamento que se impugna. La tesitura de que cuando una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción, en términos generales, acierta jurídicamente, porque, en la mayoría de los casos, al juez ordinario compete la definición de los alcances de la interpretación y aplicación de la ley y, por consiguiente, él es el primer llamado a establecer jurisdiccionalmente si una norma reglamentaria vulnera o no una de naturaleza legal. Sin embargo, como hemos reiterado en notas y votos salvados, desde nuestro punto de vista, cuando salta a la vista que la norma reglamentaria excede, suprime- o contradice el texto de la ley, es decir, cuando no cabe duda de que groseramente se vulnera el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley; el control de constitucionalidad debe ser aplicado.
Como es bien sabido, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley nos remite a la potencia (fuerza activa), a la resistencia (fuerza pasiva) y al régimen de impugnación de la ley. Con base en el primer aspecto del concepto, la ley, una vez que entra en vigor, deroga o modifica toda norma de igual o inferior rango. Además, la norma legal no puede ser derogada ni modificada por una de inferior rango. Por último, la ley solo puede ser impugnada por razones de inconstitucionalidad y, por ende, dentro del ámbito del derecho interno, únicamente puede ser anulada a través de una resolución de la Sala Constitucional. El sustento constitucional de este principio lo encontramos en el ordinal 129 de la Carta Fundamental, que señala que la ley solo puede ser derogada, abrogada o modificada por otra norma posterior de igual rango. Por otra parte, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley es un presupuesto esencial del Estado de Derecho, toda vez que parte de una idea nuclear: el acto normativo parlamentario es superior en rango al acto normativo que emiten los otros Poderes del Estado, lo que supone que todos los Poderes Públicos, cuando ejercen la potestad normativa (inciso d- del artículo 6 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública), deben ajustarse a lo dispuesto por el legislador.
Cuando ello no ocurre, se desconoce el rango normativo de la ley que, en la escala jerárquica normativa, ocupa el tercer lugar en importancia después de la Constitución Política y los Tratados Internacionales (artículos 10 y 7) y, por consiguiente, se vulnera un principio clave del Estado de Derecho. Ergo, cuando de manera evidente y manifiesta una norma reglamentaria rebasa, suprime o contradice una ley de la república, se vulnera el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental y el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley, por lo que se rompería la regla general y el Tribunal Constitucional sí tendría competencia. No obstante, en el sub lite no se aprecia que tal grado de vulneración se dé, por lo que deviene improcedente el control de constitucionalidad en cuanto al referido motivo.
... Ver más SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las dieciséis horas y cuatro minutos del diecisiete de junio de dos mil veinte.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por ÁLVARO ALONSO AZOFEIFA DELGADO, cédula de identidad n.° 1-0786-0520, LUIS FERNANDO MORALES RODRÍGUEZ, cédula de identidad n.° 1-0622-0779, POMPILIO CAMPOS CHINCHILLA, cédula de identidad n.° 1-1237-0033, SERGIO ARGUEDAS CHAVES, cédula de identidad n.° 4-0141-0665 y VÍCTOR MANUEL OREAMUNO NIÑO, cédula de identidad n.° 1-1325-0884; contra los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto de la acción. Los accionantes plantean acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”. Alegan que el numeral 84 enlista los sitios de manejo de fauna silvestre que el SINAC puede autorizar; sin embargo, omitió incluir la categoría de exhibición, pese a que esta se encuentra contemplada explícitamente como un sitio de manejo de vida silvestre válido en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre. Manifiestan que el ordinal 189 regula lo relacionado con la importación de especies de fauna incluidas en los apéndices CITES para sitios de manejo; empero, omite contemplar la importación de esos animales para los sitios de manejo de categoría “exhibición”. Consideran que tales omisiones son inconstitucionales, en tanto gravemente y sin fundamento legal o técnico limitan la posibilidad de una educación ambiental más efectiva y provechosa, y, de ese modo, vulneran los derechos constitucionales a la educación y a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Sostienen que no considerar las exhibiciones como sitios de manejo y la imposibilidad que tienen estos de importar animales para exhibirlos, tal y como lo pueden hacer los zoológicos y zoocriaderos, contradice a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y, por ende, la jerarquía de las normas. Aseveran que el reglamento es más prohibitivo que la norma legal y, por ello, también se da una transgresión al principio de jerarquía de las normas. Aducen que se infringe el numeral 140 constitucional, por cuanto el Poder Ejecutivo está excediendo su potestad reglamentaria al crear prohibiciones y limitaciones que no tienen asidero en la ley.
II.Sobre la normativa impugnada. Los artículos cuestionados decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317 son los siguientes:
“Artículo 84.- Sitios de manejo de fauna. El SINAC podrá autorizar únicamente las siguientes categorías de sitios de manejo de fauna, una vez que se haya verificado el cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos en la LCVS y este Reglamento:
a. Centros de rescate, sin fines de lucro.
b. Zoológicos con o sin fines comerciales.
c. Zoocriadero con o sin fines comerciales.
d. Zoocriadero artesanal con manejo restringido de las especies indicadas en el artículo 117 o de artrópodos según el artículo 118 de este reglamento.
e. Acuario Artículo 189.- Importación de especies de fauna incluidas en los apéndices CITES para sitios de manejo. El SINAC podrá autorizar la importación de especies de fauna incluidas en los apéndices CITES para zoológicos o zoocriaderos que estén autorizados en su permiso de funcionamiento para recibir y mantener individuos de especies de este tipo. El plan de manejo del sitio debe contener todos los detalles técnicos correspondientes para el cuido y manejo de los mismos.
Los zoocriaderos podrán comercializar individuos nacidos en cautiverio de esas especies únicamente bajo las siguientes circunstancias:
a. Dentro del territorio nacional entre sitios de manejo, ya sea como plantel parental o para exhibición en un sitio de manejo autorizado para tal fin. Para ello se requerirá la autorización por escrito del SINAC.
b. Para exportación. El zoocriadero deberá estar inscrito bajo la categoría comercial y cumplir todos los requisitos establecidos en CITES, la LCVS y este Reglamento. Además, se deberá contar con el permiso de exportación correspondiente”.
III.Sobre la admisibilidad de la acción y la inconstitucionalidad alegada. La acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que deben ser satisfechas a efectos de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación. El artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece los presupuestos de admisibilidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad. En primer término, se exige un asunto previo pendiente de resolver, sea en vía judicial o administrativa (en el procedimiento para agotarla), en que se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable para amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado. En el párrafo segundo y tercero, de manera excepcional contempla la ley supuestos en los que no se exige el asunto previo, tales como inexistencia de lesión individual y directa por la naturaleza del asunto, defensa de intereses difusos o colectivos, o bien, cuando sea formulada directamente por el Contralor General de la República, el Procurador General de la República, el Fiscal General de la República y el Defensor de los Habitantes.
Ahora, en cuanto a la necesidad de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver en sede administrativa, es necesario que este trate del procedimiento que agota la vía administrativa, el cual, de conformidad con el artículo 126 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, se da a partir del momento en que se interponen los recursos ordinarios ante el superior jerarca del órgano que dictó el acto final, pues de lo contrario la acción resultaría inadmisible. Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser satisfechas, a saber, la determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de las normas y principios constitucionales que se consideren infringidos, la autenticación por abogado del escrito en el que se plantea la acción, la acreditación de las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), así como la certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas en el asunto base, requisitos todos que, en caso de no ser aportados por la parte accionante, pueden ser prevenidos para su cumplimiento por la Presidencia de la Sala.
En el sub examine, los accionantes alegaron la defensa de un interés difuso, pues, según su indicación expresa, están acudiendo a esta jurisdicción con el objetivo de proteger el ambiente, específicamente la óptima conservación de la vida silvestre a través de la educación ambiental. Sin embargo, de la lectura del escrito de interposición no se desprenden argumentos suficientes que hayan desarrollado razonablemente, en qué medida las normas impugnadas afectan al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por el contrario, se formuló una serie de alegatos generales y abstractos que no permiten efectuar algún análisis de constitucionalidad.
En ese sentido, la acción se dirige en contra de los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317, no porque su texto sea per ser inconstitucional, sino por cuanto los accionantes consideran que no se incorporó la categoría de exhibición en ambas normas, con las supuestas consecuencias en el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que, como ya se indicó, no fueron debidamente abordadas. Incluso, en el escrito de interposición, no se observa desarrollo alguno de la supuesta inconstitucionalidad por omisión ni tampoco de cuáles fuentes del Derecho de la Constitución se derivaba la obligación del Estado de suplirla. Precisamente, ante la falta de comprobación del interés difuso, se derrumba el supuesto que faculta la legitimación directa en el caso concreto. De ahí que las eventuales inconstitucionalidades o transgresiones a los demás derechos aludidos no pueden ser accionadas directamente ante la Sala.
En cuanto a la incompatibilidad de las normas reglamentarias objeto de la acción con la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, es importante señalarle a los accionantes que, en principio, no corresponde a este Tribunal determinar si un reglamento es contrario a una ley, ni si se ha dado un exceso en la potestad reglamentaria, salvo que se constate la violación a algún derecho fundamental o principio constitucional. Al respecto, este Tribunal, en la sentencia n.º 2013-013360 de las 14:30 horas del 09 de octubre de 2013, reiteró:
“[L]a incompatibilidad que plantea el actor no es entre la disposición reglamentaria y el Derecho de la Constitución, sino entre el reglamento y la Ley No. 8444 (…) , todo lo cual determina la improcedencia de esta acción. En efecto, a todas luces desborda el ámbito de competencias de la Sala dilucidar si lo previsto por el reglamento cuestionado se adecua plenamente o no a las disposiciones de la Ley No. 8444 (…) todo lo cual más bien debe ser discutido y ventilado ante la Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa, la cual, al amparo de lo dispuesto en el artículo 49 de la Constitución Política, tiene por fin garantizar la legalidad de la función administrativa del Estado, de sus instituciones y de toda otra entidad de derecho público, lo que constituye justamente el objeto de este asunto, es decir, determinar la compatibilidad entre la Ley No. 8444 y su reglamento, todo lo cual es ajeno al ámbito de competencias de esta Jurisdicción Constitucional por la vía de la acción, de acuerdo con el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política y el artículo 73 inciso a) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Por consiguiente, se debe rechazar de plano esta acción de inconstitucionalidad, a efecto que el actor acuda a la Jurisdicción ordinaria en defensa de los derechos e intereses que estima vulnerados.” Por las consideraciones expuestas, se declara sin lugar la acción.
IV.Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal con redacción del último. Subrayamos que en el sub iudice no hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre la ley y el reglamento que se impugna. La tesitura de que cuando una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción, en términos generales, acierta jurídicamente, porque, en la mayoría de los casos, al juez ordinario compete la definición de los alcances de la interpretación y aplicación de la ley y, por consiguiente, él es el primer llamado a establecer jurisdiccionalmente si una norma reglamentaria vulnera o no una de naturaleza legal. Sin embargo, como hemos reiterado en notas y votos salvados, desde nuestro punto de vista, cuando salta a la vista que la norma reglamentaria excede, suprime- o contradice el texto de la ley, es decir, cuando no cabe duda de que groseramente se vulnera el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley; el control de constitucionalidad debe ser aplicado.
Como es bien sabido, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley nos remite a la potencia (fuerza activa), a la resistencia (fuerza pasiva) y al régimen de impugnación de la ley. Con base en el primer aspecto del concepto, la ley, una vez que entra en vigor, deroga o modifica toda norma de igual o inferior rango. Además, la norma legal no puede ser derogada ni modificada por una de inferior rango. Por último, la ley solo puede ser impugnada por razones de inconstitucionalidad y, por ende, dentro del ámbito del derecho interno, únicamente puede ser anulada a través de una resolución de la Sala Constitucional. El sustento constitucional de este principio lo encontramos en el ordinal 129 de la Carta Fundamental, que señala que la ley solo puede ser derogada, abrogada o modificada por otra norma posterior de igual rango. Por otra parte, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley es un presupuesto esencial del Estado de Derecho, toda vez que parte de una idea nuclear: el acto normativo parlamentario es superior en rango al acto normativo que emiten los otros Poderes del Estado, lo que supone que todos los Poderes Públicos, cuando ejercen la potestad normativa (inciso d- del artículo 6 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública), deben ajustarse a lo dispuesto por el legislador.
Cuando ello no ocurre, se desconoce el rango normativo de la ley que, en la escala jerárquica normativa, ocupa el tercer lugar en importancia después de la Constitución Política y los Tratados Internacionales (artículos 10 y 7) y, por consiguiente, se vulnera un principio clave del Estado de Derecho. Ergo, cuando de manera evidente y manifiesta una norma reglamentaria rebasa, suprime o contradice una ley de la república, se vulnera el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental y el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley, por lo que se rompería la regla general y el Tribunal Constitucional sí tendría competencia. No obstante, en el sub lite no se aprecia que tal grado de vulneración se dé, por lo que deviene improcedente el control de constitucionalidad en cuanto al referido motivo.
V.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar la acción. Los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal ponen nota.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Observaciones de SALA CONSTITUCIONAL votado con boleta Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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