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Res. 11171-2020 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 17/06/2020
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied the action because the diffuse interest required for direct standing was not established and the alleged conflict between the regulation and the statute was, in principle, a matter of ordinary legality.La Sala declaró sin lugar la acción porque no se acreditó el interés difuso que permitía la legitimación directa y la alegada contradicción entre el reglamento y la ley correspondía, en principio, a un control de legalidad.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber denied the challenge to Articles 84 and 189 of the Regulation to the Wildlife Conservation Law, which do not recognize exhibitions as an independent wildlife-management-site category or authorize that category to import fauna listed in the CITES appendices. Although the claimants invoked environmental protection and environmental education to establish direct standing based on diffuse interests, the Chamber found that they offered only general and abstract allegations. They did not adequately explain how the provisions impaired the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment or develop a constitutional claim based on legislative omission. The Chamber further held that deciding whether a regulation conflicts with a statute or exceeds regulatory authority ordinarily belongs to the contentious-administrative courts, absent the infringement of a fundamental right or constitutional principle. Three justices noted that constitutional review would be appropriate when a regulation evidently and manifestly exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts a statute, but concluded that no such clear conflict existed here.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar la acción contra los artículos 84 y 189 del Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, que no reconocen la exhibición como categoría autónoma de sitio de manejo ni autorizan a esa categoría a importar fauna incluida en los apéndices CITES. Aunque los accionantes invocaron la protección del ambiente y la educación ambiental para justificar su legitimación directa por intereses difusos, la Sala estimó que formularon alegaciones generales y abstractas, sin explicar suficientemente cómo las normas afectaban el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado ni desarrollar una inconstitucionalidad por omisión. También indicó que determinar la incompatibilidad entre un reglamento y una ley o un eventual exceso de la potestad reglamentaria corresponde, en principio, a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, salvo que exista una lesión constitucional. Tres magistrados añadieron que la Sala sí podría intervenir ante una contradicción reglamentaria evidente y manifiesta con la ley, circunstancia que no observaron en este caso.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In the matter under review, the claimants alleged the defense of a diffuse interest because, as they expressly stated, they came before this jurisdiction to protect the environment, specifically the optimal conservation of wildlife through environmental education. However, the filing does not contain sufficient arguments reasonably explaining how the challenged provisions affect the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Instead, a series of general and abstract allegations was made that does not permit any constitutional analysis. In that regard, the action is directed against Articles 84 and 189 of Executive Decree No. 40548-MINAE of July 12, 2017, entitled “Regulation to Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317,” not because their text is unconstitutional per se, but because the claimants consider that the exhibition category was not incorporated into either provision, with alleged consequences for the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment which, as already indicated, were not adequately addressed. The filing does not even develop the alleged unconstitutionality by omission or identify the sources of constitutional law from which the State’s obligation to remedy it arose. The failure to establish a diffuse interest therefore defeats the basis permitting direct standing in this specific case. Consequently, the alleged constitutional violations or infringements of the other cited rights cannot be brought directly before the Chamber. Regarding the incompatibility of the challenged regulatory provisions with the Wildlife Conservation Law, it is important to explain to the claimants that, in principle, it is not for this Court to determine whether a regulation conflicts with a statute or whether regulatory authority has been exceeded, unless the violation of a fundamental right or constitutional principle is established.En el sub examine, los accionantes alegaron la defensa de un interés difuso, pues, según su indicación expresa, están acudiendo a esta jurisdicción con el objetivo de proteger el ambiente, específicamente la óptima conservación de la vida silvestre a través de la educación ambiental. Sin embargo, de la lectura del escrito de interposición no se desprenden argumentos suficientes que hayan desarrollado razonablemente, en qué medida las normas impugnadas afectan al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por el contrario, se formuló una serie de alegatos generales y abstractos que no permiten efectuar algún análisis de constitucionalidad. En ese sentido, la acción se dirige en contra de los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317, no porque su texto sea per ser inconstitucional, sino por cuanto los accionantes consideran que no se incorporó la categoría de exhibición en ambas normas, con las supuestas consecuencias en el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que, como ya se indicó, no fueron debidamente abordadas. Incluso, en el escrito de interposición, no se observa desarrollo alguno de la supuesta inconstitucionalidad por omisión ni tampoco de cuáles fuentes del Derecho de la Constitución se derivaba la obligación del Estado de suplirla. Precisamente, ante la falta de comprobación del interés difuso, se derrumba el supuesto que faculta la legitimación directa en el caso concreto. De ahí que las eventuales inconstitucionalidades o transgresiones a los demás derechos aludidos no pueden ser accionadas directamente ante la Sala. En cuanto a la incompatibilidad de las normas reglamentarias objeto de la acción con la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, es importante señalarle a los accionantes que, en principio, no corresponde a este Tribunal determinar si un reglamento es contrario a una ley, ni si se ha dado un exceso en la potestad reglamentaria, salvo que se constate la violación a algún derecho fundamental o principio constitucional.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Por las consideraciones expuestas, se declara sin lugar la acción."
"For the reasons stated, the action is denied."
Considerando III
"Por las consideraciones expuestas, se declara sin lugar la acción."
Considerando III
"Sin embargo, como hemos reiterado en notas y votos salvados, desde nuestro punto de vista, cuando salta a la vista que la norma reglamentaria excede, suprime- o contradice el texto de la ley, es decir, cuando no cabe duda de que groseramente se vulnera el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley; el control de constitucionalidad debe ser aplicado."
"However, as we have reiterated in separate notes and dissenting opinions, in our view, when it is readily apparent that a regulatory provision exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts the statutory text—that is, when there is no doubt that the principle of the force, authority, or effectiveness of statutes has been grossly violated—constitutional review must be applied."
Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal
"Sin embargo, como hemos reiterado en notas y votos salvados, desde nuestro punto de vista, cuando salta a la vista que la norma reglamentaria excede, suprime- o contradice el texto de la ley, es decir, cuando no cabe duda de que groseramente se vulnera el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley; el control de constitucionalidad debe ser aplicado."
Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal
"Ergo, cuando de manera evidente y manifiesta una norma reglamentaria rebasa, suprime o contradice una ley de la república, se vulnera el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental y el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley, por lo que se rompería la regla general y el Tribunal Constitucional sí tendría competencia."
"Therefore, when a regulatory provision evidently and manifestly exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts a statute of the Republic, Article 129 of the Constitution and the principle of the force, authority, or effectiveness of statutes are violated; the general rule would then yield, and the Constitutional Court would have jurisdiction."
Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal
"Ergo, cuando de manera evidente y manifiesta una norma reglamentaria rebasa, suprime o contradice una ley de la república, se vulnera el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental y el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley, por lo que se rompería la regla general y el Tribunal Constitucional sí tendría competencia."
Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal
"No obstante, en el sub lite no se aprecia que tal grado de vulneración se dé, por lo que deviene improcedente el control de constitucionalidad en cuanto al referido motivo."
"Nevertheless, no violation of that degree is apparent in the matter under review, so constitutional review on that ground is inappropriate."
Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal
"No obstante, en el sub lite no se aprecia que tal grado de vulneración se dé, por lo que deviene improcedente el control de constitucionalidad en cuanto al referido motivo."
Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at sixteen hours and four minutes on the seventeenth of June of two thousand twenty.
Action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) filed by ÁLVARO ALONSO AZOFEIFA DELGADO, identity card n.° 1-0786-0520, LUIS FERNANDO MORALES RODRÍGUEZ, identity card n.° 1-0622-0779, POMPILIO CAMPOS CHINCHILLA, identity card n.° 1-1237-0033, SERGIO ARGUEDAS CHAVES, identity card n.° 4-0141-0665, and VÍCTOR MANUEL OREAMUNO NIÑO, identity card n.° 1-1325-0884; challenging Articles 84 and 189 of Executive Decree n.° 40548-MINAE of July 12, 2017, entitled “Regulations to Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317.” Background:
In turn, the concept of wildlife (vida silvestre) is defined as: “the collection of organisms that live under natural conditions, temporarily or permanently, in the national territory, both continental and insular, in the territorial sea, inland waters, exclusive economic zone, and jurisdictional waters, and that do not require human care for their survival. Exotic organisms declared to be wild by their country of origin, organisms cultivated or bred and born in captivity from wild specimens, and their parts, products, and derivatives are considered wildlife and are regulated by law.” Both wild fauna and flora are therefore included as elements of biodiversity that may be included in an exhibition. However, not all wildlife is subject to the same regulations. The legislation gives special consideration to fauna and has thus declared wild fauna, its parts, products, and by-products to be public-domain property (bienes de dominio público) and part of the State’s natural heritage (patrimonio natural del Estado).
Its regulation is therefore also differentiated. Pursuant to the powers conferred on it by legislation, and within the framework for action established by the cited legislation, the Executive Branch has proceeded to regulate, through regulations, which elements of wild fauna may be used for exhibition purposes and under what conditions. This cannot be left to unrestricted private initiative because it concerns public-domain property and, although the law has granted the Executive Branch the enabling authority to permit the activity, this constitutes a power, never a duty, and for that reason it cannot have exhausted that authority. Accordingly, the Public Administration has decided to regulate the exhibition of these elements of biodiversity, which it has done through Articles 50, 51, and 52 of Decreto No. 40548-MINAE; I repeat, the purpose is to regulate it while seeking to protect the elements of biodiversity and, in the case of live fauna, which constitutes one of those elements, also ensuring that appropriate animal-welfare conditions are provided.
Articles 84 and 189 refer to management sites (sitios de manejo) authorized for the management of live wild fauna and to the importation of CITES species for possible exhibition. The argument advanced by the petitioners that an exhibition is a “management site” is incorrect. As we have explained throughout this document, an exhibition is an activity; according to the statutory definition, it is a “display of wildlife open to the public, whether or not for commercial purposes, temporarily or permanently, and whether fixed, mobile, or traveling.” A comprehensive interpretation of the regulations confirms that the concept and characteristics of an exhibition do not satisfy the minimum elements necessary to constitute a “management site.” This had to be clarified through regulations in order to define the scope and boundaries of the activity to be conducted under appropriate conditions of welfare and ethical treatment of living beings.
Article 2 of the LCVS establishes that: “Wildlife management site: a place or space that provides varying degrees of management and protection for wildlife. It includes the following categories: zoo, breeding facility (zoocriadero), rescue center, nursery, aquarium, botanical garden, herbarium, natural-history museums, germplasm bank, exhibitions, and other areas designated for ex situ management, whether or not for commercial purposes, with the objective of conservation, education, research, reproduction, reintroduction, restoration, and exhibition; domestic and ornamental gardens are excluded.” As can be seen, the law refers to exhibitions only at the definitional level and by way of example; it does not in any way exhaust the Executive Branch’s authority to regulate them by directing the conduct of activities toward fulfillment of the law’s objectives. A mobile exhibition of live wild fauna does not meet the conditions for classification as a management site because it neither has nor provides a place or space affording animals the various degrees of management and protection required, let alone addressing animal-welfare issues and the conditions necessary for them to engage in their natural and instinctive behaviors.
It is contrived and inconsistent with science and technical standards, as well as with proper legal interpretation, to attempt to create a management site from mere illustrative definitions that, at most, are provisions enabling the Executive Branch to exercise its regulatory authority, since the law has entrusted it with police power (poder de policía) over public-domain property. Expert opinion on ex situ conservation has always regarded the exhibition of live fauna as an activity aligned with the statutory objectives assigned to zoos.” It partially quotes Resolution No. 158-2014-VI of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda. It argues that the judgment of the Chamber, No. 2002-11429, issued at 9:14 a.m. on November 29, 2002, determined that, with respect to Article 50, the right to a healthy environment has broad content equivalent to the aspiration to improve the environment in which human beings live, such that it extends beyond natural-conservation criteria to encompass every sphere in which a person develops, whether familial, occupational, or the surrounding environment in which the person lives; whereas the right to an ecologically balanced environment is a narrower concept referring to an important part of the environment in which human beings develop—the balance that must exist between societal progress and the conservation of natural resources.
It contends that the Public Administration is aware of its obligation to make the changes and adopt the regulations necessary to give effect both to constitutional mandates and to legislative changes concerning wild fauna. It states that the constitutional concept of the environment entails the human obligation to protect fauna, an element of biodiversity that has also been declared public-domain property. It asserts that the limitations and restrictions on the sustainable use of this public-domain property derive from the law and the Constitution. It explains that the Chamber’s opinion in judgment No. 4620-2012 is clear in establishing the availability of constitutional protection (tutela constitucional) for wild fauna as an element of national biodiversity, for which purpose it cited Principles 2 and 4 of the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment. It states: “For Costa Rica, changes in that moral code of conduct toward respect for all forms of life, and primarily wild fauna, have been embodied in legislation through a popular-initiative law that also reformed the country’s moral and philosophical framework.
This reform eradicates sport hunting, tournaments involving live fauna, circus performances and traveling shows involving fauna, private possession of fauna, and the treatment as pets of beings born to be free in Costa Rica. It is a reform aimed at changing past practices involving the use and exploitation of fauna solely to satisfy individual human desires, in order to protect collective interests and the diffuse interests (intereses difusos) of future generations. Because wild fauna constitutes public-domain property, every activity involving it, even when the objective is environmental education, must be conducted in compliance with State regulations and the highest quality standards, as well as the best scientific and technical rules. It is the State’s duty to ensure compliance with those conditions; otherwise, the sustainable use of the resource could not be guaranteed. It is also important to note that some of the claimants have distorted the use of environmental education by invoking it to justify a profit-making business involving public-domain property.” It explains that it can see no way in which the regulations contained in Articles 84 and 189 of Executive Decree No. 40548-MiNAE violate the rights encompassed by the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, because the activity that the petitioners seek to conduct is profit-making and does not form part of Costa Rican formal-education programs.
It argues that the articles do not restrict environmental education but instead organize and promote it by requiring programs to be developed in accordance with both legal and technical principles that genuinely support species conservation, so that they are not isolated processes lacking a defined program that place the welfare of wild fauna and the health or physical integrity of recipients at risk. It notes that environmental education is fundamental to the conservation of protected species and may be carried out with live fauna at management sites for which the LCVS establishes education as one of their objectives, such as zoos and small-scale breeding facilities with restricted management (zoocriaderos artesanales de manejo restringido). It states that, with respect to environmental education, the law provides for the possibility that certain categories of management sites may include it among the activities pertaining to the site’s objectives.
It recounts that environmental education in Costa Rica is carried out by the State through non-formal education programs designed, planned, and delivered or coordinated by the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. It asserts that neither the institutional strategy nor the Pian Nacional de Desarrollo includes activities of this nature involving the handling of live animals. It maintains that science does not recommend this type of handling, for reasons of both animal welfare and biosecurity. It indicates that such practices are not only objectionable from a moral and ethical standpoint but are also prohibited by law; furthermore, they expose participants to risks of accidents or health problems caused by zoonoses. It notes that, in order to remain consistent with legislative changes, the trend is to eradicate commercial practices and practices intended for the public exhibition of living wild-fauna organisms that lack appropriate animal-welfare conditions and encourage their illegal possession by the public.
It states that, in accordance with the objectives assigned by law to each defined management site, exhibition is an activity reserved for zoos and small-scale breeding facilities with restricted management, because the Administration’s authority to impose regulations remains in force. It contends that the right to environmental education is not restricted, because environmental education concerning wildlife, its habitats, or biodiversity is not being eradicated; rather, it is being regulated to protect biodiversity. It considers that the opinions issued by the Colegio de Biólogos de Costa Rica are not binding on the State and asserts that members of that professional association are owners or managers (regentes) of commercial establishments with economic interests in this type of activity. Regarding the use of exhibitions to train workers or professionals in the field of wildlife management, it explains that no university has requested permission to conduct them for training purposes, because it is safer for both participants and wildlife if interested persons travel to a management site that has all the appropriate conditions.
It states that proximity to humans is behavior contrary to the nature of wild animals; therefore, any process involving direct contact with them must be performed or supervised by specialists and must be limited to activities in which such contact is required as the only means of acquiring knowledge; otherwise, the principles of animal welfare would be violated.
It cites the opinion of the Universidad Nacional dated 7 de enero de 2018: “The World Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy recommends that zoos and aquariums apply the simple welfare model known as the ‘Five Domains,’ thereby maintaining an ongoing commitment to animal welfare throughout all operations and for the animals in their care (Mellor et al 2015). According to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, ‘animal welfare means the physical and mental state of an animal in relation to the conditions in which it lives.’ The OIE principles on animal welfare also mention the widely known ‘Five Freedoms,’ or five domains, published in 1965 to describe the welfare rights of animals under human control: - freedom from hunger, thirst, and malnutrition; - freedom from fear and distress; - freedom from physical or thermal discomfort; - freedom from pain, injury, or disease; and - freedom to express normal patterns of behavior.
Mobile live-animal exhibitions (exhibiciones móviles de animales vivos, EMAV) are programs that transport nonhuman animals to different locations. The animals are confined and transported in containers or cages designed for this purpose. At each location, the animals are displayed in temporary cages or presentations, many of which are interactive and allow members of the public to touch and handle them (Sussman, 2017). EMAV resemble the earliest generations of 19th-century zoos, when zoos existed exclusively as places of recreation and leisure for people’s entertainment and enjoyment. Today’s zoos have focused on research and conservation. Efforts have also been made to present animals in natural environments where they can express their natural behavior and have shelter and stimulation (environmental enrichment (enriquecimiento ambiental)). These animal-welfare standards are absent or difficult to attain in mobile live-animal exhibitions because the animals are removed from any ecological context and frequently exposed to stressful conditions in which they are used as objects of curiosity and entertainment (Sussman, 2017).
According to Sussman, 2017, none of the most effective criteria for positive cognitive learning in zoos can be achieved through mobile live-animal exhibitions: - the animals cannot be observed in their natural environment or exhibit their normal behavior; - environmental enrichment is not used to prevent stereotypic behaviors (estereotipias); - reinforcement is lacking because visits to mobile live-animal exhibitions are ordinarily one-time events, unlike zoos, which may be visited on multiple occasions, and therefore the conservation message cannot be followed up on; - the use of live animals may actually be a distraction rather than an educational tool. Despite the limited research on the subject, some researchers suggest that the likelihood of children becoming distracted increases with the number of animals used. Furthermore, Sussman, 2017, continues, negative learning elements are present: - many of these exhibitions use animals as ‘toys,’ placing them in people’s hands or around their bodies, which reinforces the notion that they are objects of entertainment; - the public tends to react to wild animals as though they were domesticated, minimizing their status as endangered species and encouraging the desire to acquire exotic pets; - the public’s perception of the species’ biology and conservation status may be mistaken.
Interactions between humans and wildlife may occur through hunting, harvesting, road construction, habitat modifications, ecotourism, and the movement of animals, including trade in animals or animal parts (Jakob-Hoff et al. 2016). We must assume that these interactions entail a risk. Risk is generally defined as the probability that some form of harm, loss, or injury will occur (Jakob-Hoff et al. 2016). The underlying premise of the One Health Initiative is that the health of humans, pets, livestock, captive animals, research animals, wildlife, and the environments in which they live is interdependent. The inclusion of wildlife in the One Health concept is important for two main reasons: (1) the physical health of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife is inextricably linked through shared diseases, and (2) humans’ emotional well-being may be affected by their perceptions of animal health.
Although an explicit premise of the One Health Initiative is that healthy wildlife contributes to human health, and vice versa, the initiative also implicitly suggests that wildlife may pose a threat to human health through zoonosis (Decker et al. 2010). People at greater risk of contracting a zoonosis include immunosuppressed or immunocompromised individuals; infants and children under 5 years of age; older adults; and persons with chronic illnesses (Mader 2006). Zoos where visitors are permitted to approach and feed captive wild animals have been linked to various zoonotic outbreaks, including Escherichia coli O157:H7 and salmonella infections. Between 1990 - 2000, more than 25 outbreaks of human infections associated with visits to animal exhibitions were identified. In a salmonellosis outbreak at Colorado Zoo, 65 of the cases, most involving children, were associated with touching the wooden barrier surrounding a Komodo dragon exhibition (Chomel el al 2007).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 7% of human salmonellosis infections in the United States are associated with handling a reptile (Chomel et al 2007). In light of all the foregoing data, we consider that the use of live animals in mobile or traveling exhibitions: - does not contribute to improving public education because the exhibitions do not show the animals in their environment or the species’ natural behavior; - may cause visitors to these exhibitions to mistakenly perceive that wild animals are not endangered and are suitable as pets; - violates the animal-welfare principles specified by the OIE because it does not allow the animals to express their natural behavior or ensure that they remain free from stressful situations; - places people at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases and suffering traumatic injuries due to possible accidents involving the animals; - is inconsistent with the premises of the One Health Initiative because the risk of zoonosis may adversely affect people’s positive perceptions of wild animals.” It requests dismissal of the action (acción) for lack of direct standing (legitimación directa).
It asks that the action be denied because the legal viability of the challenged provisions has been demonstrated on the basis of scientific and technical criteria. It requests that a hearing (vista) be held.
Justice Rueda Leal drafts the opinion; and,
Considerations:
I.Subject matter of the action. The petitioners bring an action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) against Articles 84 and 189 of executive decree n.° 40548-MINAE of 12 de julio de 2017, entitled “Regulations to Wildlife Conservation Law N° 7317” (“Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”). They allege that section 84 lists the wildlife management facilities that SINAC may authorize; however, it omitted the exhibition category, even though that category is expressly recognized as a valid wildlife management facility in the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre. They state that section 189 governs the importation of wildlife species included in the CITES appendices for management facilities; however, it fails to provide for the importation of such animals for management facilities in the “exhibition” category. They consider these omissions unconstitutional because, without any legal or technical basis, they severely restrict the possibility of more effective and beneficial environmental education and thereby violate the constitutional rights to education and to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
They maintain that the failure to recognize exhibitions as management facilities, and the inability of those facilities to import animals for exhibition as zoos and wildlife breeding facilities (zoocriaderos) may do, contradict the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre and, consequently, the hierarchy of legal norms (jerarquía de las normas). They assert that the regulations are more prohibitive than the statute and therefore also violate the principle of hierarchy of legal norms. They contend that constitutional section 140 is infringed because the Executive Branch is exceeding its regulatory authority (potestad reglamentaria) by creating prohibitions and restrictions that have no basis in the law.
II.Regarding the challenged provisions. The challenged articles of executive decree n.° 40548-MINAE of 12 de julio de 2017, entitled “Regulations to Wildlife Conservation Law N° 7317,” are as follows:
“Article 84.- Wildlife management facilities. SINAC may authorize only the following categories of wildlife management facilities after verifying compliance with the requirements established in the LCVS and these Regulations:
a. Nonprofit rescue centers.
b. Commercial or nonprofit zoos.
c. Commercial or nonprofit wildlife breeding facilities.
d. Small-scale wildlife breeding facility (zoocriadero artesanal) with restricted management of the species indicated in Article 117 or of arthropods pursuant to Article 118 of these Regulations.
e. Aquarium Article 189.- Importation of fauna species included in the CITES Appendices for management facilities (sitios de manejo). SINAC may authorize the importation of fauna species included in the CITES Appendices for zoos or wildlife breeding facilities (zoocriaderos) whose operating permits authorize them to receive and keep individuals of such species. The facility’s management plan (plan de manejo) must contain all the corresponding technical details for their care and management.
Wildlife breeding facilities may market captive-born individuals of those species only under the following circumstances:
a. Within the national territory, between management facilities, whether as breeding stock (plantel parental) or for exhibition at a management facility authorized for that purpose. Written authorization from SINAC shall be required.
b. For export. The wildlife breeding facility must be registered under the commercial category and meet all requirements established by CITES, the LCVS, and these Regulations. In addition, the corresponding export permit must be obtained.”
III.Admissibility of the action and the alleged unconstitutionality. An action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) is a proceeding subject to certain formalities that must be satisfied before the Chamber (Sala) may validly consider the merits of the challenge. Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establishes the admissibility requirements for an action of unconstitutionality. First, there must be a prior matter pending resolution, whether in judicial or administrative proceedings (in the procedure for exhausting administrative remedies), in which the unconstitutionality has been invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest alleged to have been infringed. As an exception, the second and third paragraphs of the law provide for circumstances in which no prior matter is required, such as where, by the nature of the matter, there is no individual and direct injury; where diffuse or collective interests (intereses difusos o colectivos) are being defended; or where the action is filed directly by the Contralor General de la República, the Procurador General de la República, the Fiscal General de la República, or the Defensor de los Habitantes.
Regarding the need for a prior matter pending resolution in administrative proceedings, it must concern the procedure that exhausts the administrative remedies (agota la vía administrativa), which, pursuant to Article 126 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, begins when ordinary appeals are filed before the highest-ranking authority of the body that issued the final act; otherwise, the action would be inadmissible. Other formalities must also be satisfied, namely, explicit identification of the challenged provisions, supported by proper legal grounds and specifically citing the constitutional rules and principles alleged to have been infringed; authentication by an attorney of the pleading filing the action; proof of standing (legitimación) through powers of attorney and certifications; and a verbatim certification of the pleading in which the unconstitutionality of the provisions was invoked in the underlying matter. If the petitioner fails to submit any of these requirements, the Presidency of the Chamber may order that they be supplied.
In the matter under review (sub examine), the petitioners claimed to be defending a diffuse interest because, as they expressly stated, they are appearing before this jurisdiction to protect the environment, specifically the optimal conservation of wildlife through environmental education. However, the petition does not set forth sufficient arguments reasonably explaining how the challenged provisions affect the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Instead, it presents a series of general and abstract allegations that do not permit any constitutional analysis.
In that regard, the action is directed against Articles 84 and 189 of Executive Decree No. 40548-MINAE of 12 de julio de 2017, entitled “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317,” not because its text is unconstitutional per se, but because the petitioners believe that the exhibition category was not incorporated into either provision, allegedly affecting the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment in ways that, as already noted, were not adequately addressed. Indeed, the petition contains no development whatsoever of the alleged unconstitutionality by omission (inconstitucionalidad por omisión), nor does it identify the sources of Constitutional Law (Derecho de la Constitución) from which the State’s obligation to remedy that omission arose. Precisely because the diffuse interest was not established, the basis permitting direct standing in this particular case collapses. Consequently, any potential unconstitutional provisions or violations of the other rights mentioned cannot be challenged directly before the Chamber.
Regarding the incompatibility of the regulatory provisions challenged in the action with the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, it is important to advise the petitioners that, in principle, it is not for this Court to determine whether a regulation is contrary to a law or whether the regulatory authority (potestad reglamentaria) has been exceeded, unless a violation of a fundamental right or constitutional principle is established. In this regard, in Judgment No. 2013-013360 at 14:30 hours on 09 de octubre de 2013, this Court reiterated:
“[T]he incompatibility asserted by the petitioner is not between the regulatory provision and Constitutional Law, but between the regulation and Ley No. 8444 (…), all of which renders this action improper. Indeed, determining whether the provisions of the challenged regulation fully conform to the provisions of Ley No. 8444 (…) clearly exceeds the Chamber’s jurisdiction. Rather, all such matters must be discussed and adjudicated before the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa), which, pursuant to Article 49 of the Constitución Política, is intended to ensure the legality of the administrative functions of the State, its institutions, and all other public-law entities. That is precisely the subject matter of this case: determining the compatibility between Ley No. 8444 and its regulations, an issue that falls outside the jurisdiction of this Constitutional Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Constitucional) in an action of this kind, in accordance with Article 10 of the Constitución Política and Article 73(a) of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Accordingly, this action of unconstitutionality must be summarily dismissed so that the petitioner may seek relief before the ordinary courts in defense of the rights and interests he considers infringed.” For the reasons stated, the action is denied.
IV.Separate note by Justices Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez, and Rueda Leal, drafted by the last-named Justice. We emphasize that, in the matter before the Court (sub iudice), there is no clear and manifest contradiction between the law and the challenged regulation. The position that a regulatory provision’s violation of or departure from a law is a matter of legality, the adjudication of which does not fall within this jurisdiction, is generally legally correct because, in most cases, it is for the ordinary judge to define the scope of the interpretation and application of the law and, consequently, that judge is the first called upon to determine judicially whether a regulatory provision violates a statutory provision. However, as we have reiterated in separate notes and dissenting opinions (votos salvados), in our view, when it is readily apparent that a regulatory provision exceeds, eliminates, or contradicts the text of the law—that is, when there is no doubt that the principle of the force, authority, or effectiveness of law (principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley) has been egregiously violated—constitutional review (control de constitucionalidad) must be applied.
As is well known, the principle of the force, authority, or effectiveness of law refers to its power (active force), resistance (passive force), and system for challenging laws. Under the first aspect of the concept, once a law enters into force, it repeals or amends every provision of equal or lower rank. Moreover, a statutory provision cannot be repealed or amended by one of lower rank. Lastly, a law may be challenged only on constitutional grounds and, therefore, within domestic law, may be annulled only through a decision of the Sala Constitucional. The constitutional basis for this principle is found in Article 129 of the Carta Fundamental, which provides that a law may be repealed, abrogated, or amended only by a subsequent provision of equal rank. Furthermore, the principle of the force, authority, or effectiveness of law is an essential prerequisite of the rule of law (Estado de Derecho), since it rests on a core idea: a legislative act of Parliament ranks above normative acts issued by the other Branches of Government.
This means that all Public Authorities, when exercising rulemaking authority (subparagraph d- of Article 6 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública), must comply with the legislature’s provisions. When they fail to do so, they disregard the normative rank of the law, which occupies third place in the hierarchy of laws after the Constitución Política and International Treaties (Articles 10 and 7), and consequently violate a key principle of the rule of law. Therefore, when a regulatory provision clearly and manifestly exceeds, eliminates, or contradicts a law of the Republic, it violates Article 129 of the Carta Fundamental and the principle of the force, authority, or effectiveness of law, thereby creating an exception to the general rule and giving the Constitutional Court jurisdiction. Nevertheless, in the matter at hand (sub lite), no violation of that degree is apparent, and constitutional review on the stated ground is therefore improper.
V.Documents submitted to the case file (expediente). The parties are advised that, if they submitted any paper document, as well as any objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device or produced using new technologies, they must retrieve them from the Clerk’s Office within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within that period shall be destroyed, pursuant to the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial,” approved by the Corte Plena at Session N° 27-11 of 22 de agosto del 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial No. 19 of 26 de enero del 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial at Session N° 43-12 held on 3 de mayo del 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore (Por tanto):
The action is denied. Justices Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez, and Rueda Leal submit a separate note.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las dieciséis horas y cuatro minutos del diecisiete de junio de dos mil veinte.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por ÁLVARO ALONSO AZOFEIFA DELGADO, cédula de identidad n.° 1-0786-0520, LUIS FERNANDO MORALES RODRÍGUEZ, cédula de identidad n.° 1-0622-0779, POMPILIO CAMPOS CHINCHILLA, cédula de identidad n.° 1-1237-0033, SERGIO ARGUEDAS CHAVES, cédula de identidad n.° 4-0141-0665 y VÍCTOR MANUEL OREAMUNO NIÑO, cédula de identidad n.° 1-1325-0884; contra los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto de la acción. Los accionantes plantean acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317”. Alegan que el numeral 84 enlista los sitios de manejo de fauna silvestre que el SINAC puede autorizar; sin embargo, omitió incluir la categoría de exhibición, pese a que esta se encuentra contemplada explícitamente como un sitio de manejo de vida silvestre válido en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre. Manifiestan que el ordinal 189 regula lo relacionado con la importación de especies de fauna incluidas en los apéndices CITES para sitios de manejo; empero, omite contemplar la importación de esos animales para los sitios de manejo de categoría “exhibición”. Consideran que tales omisiones son inconstitucionales, en tanto gravemente y sin fundamento legal o técnico limitan la posibilidad de una educación ambiental más efectiva y provechosa, y, de ese modo, vulneran los derechos constitucionales a la educación y a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Sostienen que no considerar las exhibiciones como sitios de manejo y la imposibilidad que tienen estos de importar animales para exhibirlos, tal y como lo pueden hacer los zoológicos y zoocriaderos, contradice a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y, por ende, la jerarquía de las normas. Aseveran que el reglamento es más prohibitivo que la norma legal y, por ello, también se da una transgresión al principio de jerarquía de las normas. Aducen que se infringe el numeral 140 constitucional, por cuanto el Poder Ejecutivo está excediendo su potestad reglamentaria al crear prohibiciones y limitaciones que no tienen asidero en la ley.
II.Sobre la normativa impugnada. Los artículos cuestionados decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317 son los siguientes:
“Artículo 84.- Sitios de manejo de fauna. El SINAC podrá autorizar únicamente las siguientes categorías de sitios de manejo de fauna, una vez que se haya verificado el cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos en la LCVS y este Reglamento:
a. Centros de rescate, sin fines de lucro.
b. Zoológicos con o sin fines comerciales.
c. Zoocriadero con o sin fines comerciales.
d. Zoocriadero artesanal con manejo restringido de las especies indicadas en el artículo 117 o de artrópodos según el artículo 118 de este reglamento.
e. Acuario Artículo 189.- Importación de especies de fauna incluidas en los apéndices CITES para sitios de manejo. El SINAC podrá autorizar la importación de especies de fauna incluidas en los apéndices CITES para zoológicos o zoocriaderos que estén autorizados en su permiso de funcionamiento para recibir y mantener individuos de especies de este tipo. El plan de manejo del sitio debe contener todos los detalles técnicos correspondientes para el cuido y manejo de los mismos.
Los zoocriaderos podrán comercializar individuos nacidos en cautiverio de esas especies únicamente bajo las siguientes circunstancias:
a. Dentro del territorio nacional entre sitios de manejo, ya sea como plantel parental o para exhibición en un sitio de manejo autorizado para tal fin. Para ello se requerirá la autorización por escrito del SINAC.
b. Para exportación. El zoocriadero deberá estar inscrito bajo la categoría comercial y cumplir todos los requisitos establecidos en CITES, la LCVS y este Reglamento. Además, se deberá contar con el permiso de exportación correspondiente”.
III.Sobre la admisibilidad de la acción y la inconstitucionalidad alegada. La acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que deben ser satisfechas a efectos de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación. El artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece los presupuestos de admisibilidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad. En primer término, se exige un asunto previo pendiente de resolver, sea en vía judicial o administrativa (en el procedimiento para agotarla), en que se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable para amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado. En el párrafo segundo y tercero, de manera excepcional contempla la ley supuestos en los que no se exige el asunto previo, tales como inexistencia de lesión individual y directa por la naturaleza del asunto, defensa de intereses difusos o colectivos, o bien, cuando sea formulada directamente por el Contralor General de la República, el Procurador General de la República, el Fiscal General de la República y el Defensor de los Habitantes.
Ahora, en cuanto a la necesidad de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver en sede administrativa, es necesario que este trate del procedimiento que agota la vía administrativa, el cual, de conformidad con el artículo 126 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, se da a partir del momento en que se interponen los recursos ordinarios ante el superior jerarca del órgano que dictó el acto final, pues de lo contrario la acción resultaría inadmisible. Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser satisfechas, a saber, la determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de las normas y principios constitucionales que se consideren infringidos, la autenticación por abogado del escrito en el que se plantea la acción, la acreditación de las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), así como la certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas en el asunto base, requisitos todos que, en caso de no ser aportados por la parte accionante, pueden ser prevenidos para su cumplimiento por la Presidencia de la Sala.
En el sub examine, los accionantes alegaron la defensa de un interés difuso, pues, según su indicación expresa, están acudiendo a esta jurisdicción con el objetivo de proteger el ambiente, específicamente la óptima conservación de la vida silvestre a través de la educación ambiental. Sin embargo, de la lectura del escrito de interposición no se desprenden argumentos suficientes que hayan desarrollado razonablemente, en qué medida las normas impugnadas afectan al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por el contrario, se formuló una serie de alegatos generales y abstractos que no permiten efectuar algún análisis de constitucionalidad.
En ese sentido, la acción se dirige en contra de los artículos 84 y 189 del decreto ejecutivo n.° 40548-MINAE del 12 de julio de 2017 denominado “Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317, no porque su texto sea per ser inconstitucional, sino por cuanto los accionantes consideran que no se incorporó la categoría de exhibición en ambas normas, con las supuestas consecuencias en el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que, como ya se indicó, no fueron debidamente abordadas. Incluso, en el escrito de interposición, no se observa desarrollo alguno de la supuesta inconstitucionalidad por omisión ni tampoco de cuáles fuentes del Derecho de la Constitución se derivaba la obligación del Estado de suplirla. Precisamente, ante la falta de comprobación del interés difuso, se derrumba el supuesto que faculta la legitimación directa en el caso concreto. De ahí que las eventuales inconstitucionalidades o transgresiones a los demás derechos aludidos no pueden ser accionadas directamente ante la Sala.
En cuanto a la incompatibilidad de las normas reglamentarias objeto de la acción con la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, es importante señalarle a los accionantes que, en principio, no corresponde a este Tribunal determinar si un reglamento es contrario a una ley, ni si se ha dado un exceso en la potestad reglamentaria, salvo que se constate la violación a algún derecho fundamental o principio constitucional. Al respecto, este Tribunal, en la sentencia n.º 2013-013360 de las 14:30 horas del 09 de octubre de 2013, reiteró:
“[L]a incompatibilidad que plantea el actor no es entre la disposición reglamentaria y el Derecho de la Constitución, sino entre el reglamento y la Ley No. 8444 (…) , todo lo cual determina la improcedencia de esta acción. En efecto, a todas luces desborda el ámbito de competencias de la Sala dilucidar si lo previsto por el reglamento cuestionado se adecua plenamente o no a las disposiciones de la Ley No. 8444 (…) todo lo cual más bien debe ser discutido y ventilado ante la Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa, la cual, al amparo de lo dispuesto en el artículo 49 de la Constitución Política, tiene por fin garantizar la legalidad de la función administrativa del Estado, de sus instituciones y de toda otra entidad de derecho público, lo que constituye justamente el objeto de este asunto, es decir, determinar la compatibilidad entre la Ley No. 8444 y su reglamento, todo lo cual es ajeno al ámbito de competencias de esta Jurisdicción Constitucional por la vía de la acción, de acuerdo con el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política y el artículo 73 inciso a) de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Por consiguiente, se debe rechazar de plano esta acción de inconstitucionalidad, a efecto que el actor acuda a la Jurisdicción ordinaria en defensa de los derechos e intereses que estima vulnerados.” Por las consideraciones expuestas, se declara sin lugar la acción.
IV.Nota de los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal con redacción del último. Subrayamos que en el sub iudice no hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre la ley y el reglamento que se impugna. La tesitura de que cuando una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción, en términos generales, acierta jurídicamente, porque, en la mayoría de los casos, al juez ordinario compete la definición de los alcances de la interpretación y aplicación de la ley y, por consiguiente, él es el primer llamado a establecer jurisdiccionalmente si una norma reglamentaria vulnera o no una de naturaleza legal. Sin embargo, como hemos reiterado en notas y votos salvados, desde nuestro punto de vista, cuando salta a la vista que la norma reglamentaria excede, suprime- o contradice el texto de la ley, es decir, cuando no cabe duda de que groseramente se vulnera el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley; el control de constitucionalidad debe ser aplicado.
Como es bien sabido, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley nos remite a la potencia (fuerza activa), a la resistencia (fuerza pasiva) y al régimen de impugnación de la ley. Con base en el primer aspecto del concepto, la ley, una vez que entra en vigor, deroga o modifica toda norma de igual o inferior rango. Además, la norma legal no puede ser derogada ni modificada por una de inferior rango. Por último, la ley solo puede ser impugnada por razones de inconstitucionalidad y, por ende, dentro del ámbito del derecho interno, únicamente puede ser anulada a través de una resolución de la Sala Constitucional. El sustento constitucional de este principio lo encontramos en el ordinal 129 de la Carta Fundamental, que señala que la ley solo puede ser derogada, abrogada o modificada por otra norma posterior de igual rango. Por otra parte, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley es un presupuesto esencial del Estado de Derecho, toda vez que parte de una idea nuclear: el acto normativo parlamentario es superior en rango al acto normativo que emiten los otros Poderes del Estado, lo que supone que todos los Poderes Públicos, cuando ejercen la potestad normativa (inciso d- del artículo 6 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública), deben ajustarse a lo dispuesto por el legislador.
Cuando ello no ocurre, se desconoce el rango normativo de la ley que, en la escala jerárquica normativa, ocupa el tercer lugar en importancia después de la Constitución Política y los Tratados Internacionales (artículos 10 y 7) y, por consiguiente, se vulnera un principio clave del Estado de Derecho. Ergo, cuando de manera evidente y manifiesta una norma reglamentaria rebasa, suprime o contradice una ley de la república, se vulnera el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental y el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la ley, por lo que se rompería la regla general y el Tribunal Constitucional sí tendría competencia. No obstante, en el sub lite no se aprecia que tal grado de vulneración se dé, por lo que deviene improcedente el control de constitucionalidad en cuanto al referido motivo.
V.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar la acción. Los Magistrados Cruz Castro, Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal ponen nota.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.