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Res. 17957-2017 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 10/11/2017
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber, by majority, denies the amparo appeal, concluding that no violation of the right to a healthy environment or to citizen participation was demonstrated regarding the construction project of the Dentistry Faculty, which obtained environmental viability from SETENA.La Sala Constitucional declara sin lugar el recurso de amparo por mayoría, concluyendo que no se acreditó violación al derecho a un ambiente sano ni a la participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto de construcción de la Facultad de Odontología, el cual obtuvo viabilidad ambiental por parte de SETENA.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviews an amparo action against UCR, SETENA, and the Municipality of Montes de Oca, concerning the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry on UCR's sports facilities (Finca 3). The claimants argue a violation of the right to a healthy environment (Article 50), lack of logging permits, impacts on wildlife, deficiencies in the EIA, absence of public participation, and incompatibility of land use with areas of high environmental fragility. The Chamber, by majority, dismisses the action, holding that the project obtained environmental viability from SETENA after a rigorous EIA process, that Finca 3 is not a forest under Law 7575 nor a protected area, that the exemption in Article 28 for individually-planted trees applies, and that compensation measures were foreseen. It rejects the claims regarding participation and environmental damage. Justice Cruz Castro dissents, finding environmental harm and granting the amparo; Justice Hernández López dissents, arguing that claims under Article 50 should be pursued through ordinary proceedings.La Sala Constitucional conoce un recurso de amparo contra la UCR, SETENA y la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca, por la construcción de la Facultad de Odontología en las instalaciones deportivas de la UCR (Finca 3). Los recurrentes alegan violación al derecho al ambiente (art. 50 CP), omisión de permisos de tala, impacto sobre vida silvestre, deficiencias en la EIA, falta de participación ciudadana e incompatibilidad del uso de suelo con zonas de alta fragilidad ambiental. La Sala, por mayoría, declara sin lugar el recurso al considerar que el proyecto obtuvo viabilidad ambiental de SETENA tras un proceso riguroso con EsIA, que la Finca 3 no es bosque según la Ley 7575 ni Área Silvestre Protegida, que se aplica la excepción del art. 28 sobre tala de árboles plantados individualmente, y que se previeron medidas de compensación. Desestima los reclamos sobre participación y violación ambiental. El voto salvado del Magistrado Cruz Castro estima que sí hubo lesión al ambiente y concede el amparo; la Magistrada Hernández López rechaza de plano los reclamos sobre el art. 50 por improcedencia de la vía de amparo para discutir este tipo de pretensiones.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The appeal is dismissed. Justice Jinesta Lobo provides different reasons with respect to the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Justice Cruz Castro dissents and grants the appeal due to environmental harm, holding the municipal authority and SETENA liable; and adds a note on the issue of citizen participation. Justice Hernández López dissents and flatly rejects the appeal since claims for a violation of Article 50 of the Political Constitution must be heard through ordinary proceedings.Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Jinesta Lobo da razones diferentes, en lo que respecta al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El Magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara con lugar el recurso por lesión al ambiente, condenando a la autoridad municipal y a Setena; y pone nota en cuanto al tema de participación ciudadana. La Magistrada Hernández López salva el voto, y rechaza de plano el recurso pues los reclamos por infracción al numeral 50 de la Constitución Política deben ser conocidos en la vía ordinaria.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Se declara sin lugar el recurso."
"The appeal is dismissed."
Voto de mayoría
"Se declara sin lugar el recurso."
Voto de mayoría
"La evaluación del impacto ambiental en materia de biodiversidad debe efectuarse en su totalidad, aun cuando el proyecto esté programado para realizarse en etapas."
"The environmental impact assessment regarding biodiversity shall be carried out in its entirety, even when the project is scheduled to be executed in stages."
Considerando (Cita del Art. 94 Ley Biodiversidad)
"La evaluación del impacto ambiental en materia de biodiversidad debe efectuarse en su totalidad, aun cuando el proyecto esté programado para realizarse en etapas."
Considerando (Cita del Art. 94 Ley Biodiversidad)
"...aplicación del artículo 28 de la Ley Forestal, para la “Excepción del permiso de corta”, el cual le permite a la Universidad la tala de árboles sin permiso por considerarse que son parte de plantaciones forestales o fueron plantados individualmente..."
"...application of Article 28 of the Forestry Law, for the 'Exemption from the cutting permit,' which allows the University to fell trees without a permit because they are considered part of forest plantations or were individually planted..."
Informe de la autoridad recurrida
"...aplicación del artículo 28 de la Ley Forestal, para la “Excepción del permiso de corta”, el cual le permite a la Universidad la tala de árboles sin permiso por considerarse que son parte de plantaciones forestales o fueron plantados individualmente..."
Informe de la autoridad recurrida
"...la SETENA consideró que el procedimiento llevado a cabo, no lesiona ni desprotege al ambiente, por el contrario, establece medidas precautorias y compensatorias..."
"...SETENA considered that the procedure carried out does not harm or leave the environment unprotected; on the contrary, it establishes precautionary and compensatory measures..."
Informe de SETENA
"...la SETENA consideró que el procedimiento llevado a cabo, no lesiona ni desprotege al ambiente, por el contrario, establece medidas precautorias y compensatorias..."
Informe de SETENA
Full documentDocumento completo
Ruling No. 17957 - 2017 Date of Ruling: November 10, 2017 at 09:20 Case File: 16-012693-0007-CO Type of Matter: Amparo action Content of Interest:
Strategic Topics: Political Constitution Type of Content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 4. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
CONSTRUCTION.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FACULTY OF DENTISTRY AT THE UCR SPORTS FACILITIES IS QUESTIONED Case File: 16-012693-0007-CO Judgment: 017957-17 Reporting Judge: Magistrate José Paulino Hernández Gutiérrez Amparo action against THE RECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COSTA RICA AND THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECRETARIAT (SETENA). It is questioned whether the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry at the UCR Sports Facilities will affect an aquifer recharge area located in the canton of Montes de Oca. The action is declared without merit. Magistrate Jinesta Lobo provides different reasons regarding the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Magistrate Cruz Castro dissents and declares the action with merit for injury to the environment, condemning the municipal authority and SETENA; and makes a note regarding the issue of citizen participation. Magistrate Hernández López dissents, and rejects the action outright since claims for infringement of numeral 50 of the Political Constitution must be heard through ordinary channels. RULING IN DRAFT.
LBH09/21 ... See more *160126930007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours twenty minutes on November tenth, two thousand seventeen.
Amparo action filed by AMELIA QUESADA ALPÍZAR, identity card 1-0382-0274, AMPARO DE LOS ÁNGELES ALGUERA ALGUERA, identity card 8-0070-0519, ANA CAROLINA QUINTERO FERNÁNDEZ, identity card 1-0846-0347, ANA ELENA GARITA INCER, identity card 1-0799-0125, ANA MARITZA DEL CARMEN MONGE FALLAS, identity card 1-0523-0393, ANDERSON ESTEBAN FONSECA LEANDRO, identity card 3-0464-0995, ARIELA NATALIA LEANDRO ESPINOZA, identity card 1-1565-0698, ARTURO SOLÍS CASTRO, identity card 1-0378-0652, BETTY TORRES VICTORIA, identity card 8-0093-0899, BRENDA DANIELA CALDERÓN TALENO, identity card 1-1711-0709, CARLOS MANUEL UGALDE HERNÁNDEZ, identity card 1-0598-0200, CARMEN MARIA ROJAS GONZÁLEZ, identity card 1-0527-0868, CAROLINA DE LOS ÁNGELES ZÚÑIGA ALFARO, identity card 1-1509-0848, CAROLINA LEANDRO PIEDRA, identity card 1-0956-0506, CESAR AUGUSTO BRENES QUIRÓS, identity card 1-1329-0490, CIRCE MILENA BRENES QUIRÓS, identity card 3-0393-0627, DANIEL HERRERA MUSMANI, identity card 1-0838-0017, DAVID ARAYA RUÍZ, DEIBY MARIANO PANIAGUA ARCE, identity card 1-1484-0219, DERIAN YADIR BRENES BADILLA, identity card 1-1685-0541, EDWIN DE LOS ÁNGELES DELGADO PIEDRA, identity card 6-0360-0052, ELEAZAR FEMENIAS ALFARO, identity card 1-1447-0639, EMILIT MARITZA LAMSICK ALGUERA, identity card 7-0116-0409, ERICK NICHOLAS THOMSEN CHUMPITASI, identity card 1-1714-0682, ERICK VILLALOBOS QUIRÓS, ESMERALDA VERALIS ARÉVALO HUEZO, identity card 8-0090-0359, FABIÁN ALVARADO QUESADA, identity card 1-1048-0058, FERNANDO BARRANTES ELIZONDO, identity card 1-0714-0689, FLORA ISABEL VIRGINIA DE JESÚS PÉREZ GUTIÉRREZ, identity card 4-0102-0894, FRANCISCO JAVIER MARÍN GUZMÁN, identity card 1-1370-0026, GISELLE ACOSTA POLONIO, identity card 1-0327-0412, ILONA MARÍA MAROTO VÍQUEZ, identity card 1-0887-0848, INGRID DEL CARMEN RODRÍGUEZ WOLTER, residency card 186200138927, JASON MICHAEL BATEMAN, residency card 184000298936, JAZMIN ESTHER CAMACHO GAMBOA, identity card 1-1443-0601, JORDAN GARCÍA, JOSÉ ALBERTO PEÑA QUESADA, identity card 1-0516-0162, JOSÉ JACINTO BRENES MOLINA, identity card 3-0200-0520, KATHERINE PAOLA BASTOS VILLALOBOS, identity card 4-0233-0685, KATTIA VANESSA ZAPATA VEGA, identity card 1-0857-0052, LAURA DEL CARMEN MADRIGAL ROJAS, identity card 1-1247-0971, LAURA SALDARRIAGA TORRES, identity card 1-1703-0703, LORENA CANTERO ACOSTA, identity card 1-0975-0474, LORENA MARIEL GUILLÉN RODRÍGUEZ, residency card 121400084033, LUIS ARTURO CHAVARRÍA BLANCO, identity card 5-0243-0339, LUIS GUILLERMO ALVARADO SÁNCHEZ, identity card 1-0453-0626, LUIS MANUEL BEJARANO FERNÁNDEZ, identity card 1-0543-0641, LUIS MAURICIO DE LOS ÁNGELES JIMÉNEZ MENA, identity card 1-0654-0423, LUZ MARY ALPÍZAR LOAIZA, identity card 1-0711-0855, MANUEL MONESTEL RAMÍREZ, identity card 1-0388-0206, MARÍA CAROLINA CHANTO SEGURA, identity card 1-1356-0564, MARÍA DE LOS ÁNGELES FERNÁNDEZ PÁREZ, identity card 3-0452-0602, MARÍA DE LOS ÁNGELES PIEDRA RAMÍREZ, identity card 1-0392-1031, MARÍA DEL PILAR ARIAS FERNÁNDEZ, identity card 1-0846-0889, MARÍA DEL ROSARIO JARA ROJAS, identity card 1-0376-0798, MARÍA EMILIA CHAVES REES, identity card 1-0402-0576, MARÍA ESTHER MONTANARO MENA, identity card 1-0922-0124, MARÍA GABRIELA DIAZ LARRALDE, residency card 186200027525, MARÍA JESÚS LEÓN ABARCA, identity card 2-0741-0233, MARÍA JOSÉ MATA QUIRÓS, identity card 3-0456-0638, MARÍA TERESA PINEDA CORDERO, identity card 1-0695-0985, MARIO ALBERTO RUIZ SALAS, identity card 1-1370-0284, MELISSA ALEJANDRA MUÑOZ LÓPEZ, identity card 1-1396-0167, MELISSA PACHECO SEGURA, identity card 1-1238-0589, MELISSA VANESSA SOLANO ZAPATA, identity card 1-1394-0510, MIRIAM QUESADA ALPÍZAR, identity card 1-0423-0331, NANCY MELISSA BRENES QUIRÓS, identity card 3-0359-0765, NATALIA ZELEDON FONTANA, identity card 1-1287-0996, PABLO BRIZUELA CALVO, identity card 1-0667-0723, PAULINA MATA MONGE, identity card 1-0791-0223, PIETRO ANTONIO SCAGLIONI SOLANO, identity card 1-0662-0065, RAQUEL PAOLA BONE GUZMÁN, identity card 1-1401-0048, RASCHID LEANDRO CAMACHO, identity card 3-0200-0764, REBECA RAMÍREZ BARRIENTOS, identity card 1-1344-0824, ROCIO ISABEL OTAROLA ULATE, identity card 1-0799-0498, ROSALINA DEL CARMEN ROJAS BLANCO, identity card 7-0051-0974, SEBASTIAN ALVARADO MONTERO, identity card 1-1345-0538, SONIA MARÍA AMADOR SABALLOS, residency card 155823152931, SUSANA ALVARADO MONTERO, identity card 1-1582-0120, TAMARA OLIVIA VALENCIA FONTANA, identity card 1-1154-0988, TANIA MARÍA LEANDRO ESPINOZA, identity card 1-1405-0586, VALERIA SALDARRIAGA TORRES, identity card 1-1656-0742, VALERIANE BRABANT, VICENTE GABRIEL JULIO CANTERO VALVERDE, identity card 6-0055-0153, VILMA MARIA QUIRÓS JIMÉNEZ, identity card 9-0048-0542, WALLACE FEDERICO SCHUMACHER HANKE, identity card 1-0587-0712, WALNER RAMÓN ALANIZ ÁLVAREZ, identity card 1-1495-0980, YERLIN VERÓNICA SALAS DELGADO, identity card 6-0427-0300, YESKA GABRIELA FONSECA CASTILLO, identity card 1-1283-0574, ANA CAROLINA QUINTERO FERNÁNDEZ, identity card 1-0846-0347, CARMEN MARÍA ROJAS GONZÁLEZ, identity card 1-0527-0868, EMILIT MARITZA LAMSICK ALGUERA, identity card 7-0116-0409, FRANCISCO ENRIQUE VÁSQUEZ MAY, identity card 1-1097-0317, INEKE LAMEY VAN MARLE, identity card 8-0065-0011, JOSÉ IGNACIO VALENCIANO ANTILLÓN, 1-0630-0191, LAURA SAUMA SOLANO, identity card 1-085-0755, MAURICIO VARGAS BARGUIL, identity card 3-0286-0035, NOEL DOUNE ELIZABETH PAYNE WARREN, 8-0068-0331, MECHTHILD FRIDERIEKE BORS DE BARQUERO, residency card 127600115431, on behalf of ALL THE PERSONS WHO ARE USERS OF THE SPORTS FACILITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COSTA RICA, residents mostly of the canton of Montes de Oca and surrounding areas, against the NATIONAL TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECRETARIAT (SETENA), the MUNICIPALITY OF MONTES DE OCA, and the UNIVERSITY OF COSTA RICA.-
Whereas:
FIRST: Incorrect application of article 28 of the Ley Forestal, due to omission of felling permits.
SECOND: Violations of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
THIRD: Omission of the felling permits contained in Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE.
FOURTH: Impact on wildlife.
FIFTH: Omissions regarding the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry in the Environmental Impact Study (EsIA).
SIXTH: Severe inconsistencies in the Environmental Assessment Document (Documento de Evaluación Ambiental).
SEVENTH: Violation of the right to citizen participation.
EIGHTH: Violation of the rights contained in article 46 of the Constitution, in relation to the protection of health, access to information, economic and environmental interests, the right to receive truthful information, freedom of choice, and equitable treatment, all of these belonging to the users of the sports facilities of Finca 3 of the UCR.
The claimants state that they are persons who use the sports facilities of the respondent University and residents, mostly, of the canton of Montes de Oca and surrounding areas; they claim that the respondent institutions have not observed the environmental principles of non-regression, precautionary, in dubio pro natura, sustainable development, as well as the constitutional principles of reasonableness and proportionality, because of the project of the University, endorsed by SETENA, for the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry on Finca 3, which entails the felling of seventy-four mature trees, impacts the wild flora and fauna of the project site and neighboring areas, among them, the Río Torres Biological Corridor, the riparian forest of the Sabanilla ravine, and the forest of Finca 4.
The claimants request that the corresponding proceedings be ordered and that the violation of the rights recognized in articles 9, 46, and 50 of the Constitution and article 4 of the San José Pact be declared, that the environmental feasibility issued by SETENA for the aforementioned project be annulled, as it is contrary to the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and for diminishing the quality of life of thousands of people who use the sports facilities of Finca 3. They also request that the University of Costa Rica be ordered to assess the possibility of building the Faculty of Dentistry on Fincas 1 and 2, or adjacent areas, where there is not such a great impact, keeping Finca 3 for mostly recreational use, sports, and environmental conservation.-
"ARTICLE 94.- Stages of the environmental impact assessment. The environmental impact assessment on biodiversity matters must be carried out in its entirety, even when the project is scheduled to be carried out in stages." In accordance with the above, he considers that, far from being a non-compliance, the form of presenting all the projects in a single environmental assessment instrument allowed the application of the most rigorous technical instrument, and with the most in-depth substantive studies, allowed for the integral, and not fragmented, evaluation of the environmental studies, to the benefit of the environment. By using as an EIA instrument an Environmental Impact Study (EsIA), which is the most exhaustive that SETENA has, the analysis encompasses the physical-biological and social components, which are considered in their entirety to determine the condition of harmonization or acceptable equilibrium, from the point of view of environmental load, between the development and execution of a project and its potential environmental impacts, that is, the Environmental Feasibility.
He notes that regarding the first ground of the action, concerning the incorrect application of article 28 of the Ley Forestal due to omission of a felling permit, the Secretary General of SETENA states that article 28 of the Ley Forestal establishes the exception to the felling permit, not only for plantations, as the claimants allege, but also that it is applicable to agroforestry systems and individually planted trees. He specifies that, therefore, SETENA did assess that, under the figure of individually planted trees, it is possible to use article 28 of the Ley Forestal. However, he considers that the State Forest Administration (Administración Forestal de Estado, AFE) is the final instance that oversees the correct application of the Ley Forestal and its regulations and issues the corresponding permit, for which the Environmental Feasibility is a prerequisite. Regarding the felling of trees, SETENA, through the EIA, guarantees that compensatory measures are established, as defined by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32966-MINAE, measures for those irrecoverable or unavoidable impacts, which do not avoid or mitigate the effect, but offset in some way the alteration to terrestrial flora.
He considers that, in accordance with the information required by this Secretariat and provided by the developer, in folio 037 of the document "Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA," the "Manual for Tree Repopulation on Properties of the Rodrigo Facio University Campus" is attached. He says that this manual carries out an analysis of the biophysical characteristics of the university campus, defines the forest species to be planted, planting season, pre- and post-planting care, and potential areas for restoration. For the foregoing, he mentions that SETENA considers that the procedure carried out does not injure nor leave the environment unprotected; on the contrary, it establishes precautionary and compensatory measures for the elimination of trees, given that the developer commits to reforesting two trees for each one cut, using native species with specific ecological functions, for example: restorer, heritage, nesting, food, edible, etc. He argues that regarding the second ground of the action, for violations of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the Secretary General of SETENA reports that the indicated project complied with article 50 of the Constitution and article 17 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Decreto No. 31849-MINAE, and other technical instruments and applicable regulations from the Environmental Assessment point of view, as demonstrated in this report, without it being possible to allege, at the Constitutional level, the violation of the indicated fundamental right.
He says that in relation to the third ground of the action, for omission of the felling permits contained in Decreto No. 25721-MINAE, he states that that decree refers to the forest control that must be carried out by the State Forest Administration in cases where a natural or legal person requires timber harvesting (aprovechamiento maderable) in areas without forest. He alleges that timber harvesting in areas without forest does not contemplate forest plantations, agroforestry systems, and individually planted trees, since these forest systems are defined separately in article 3 of the Ley Forestal, that is, article 90 of the Regulation to the Ley Forestal only applies to those areas that are not forest plantations, agroforestry systems, or individually planted trees. He considers that the foregoing leads to the definition of agricultural and non-forest lands (terrenos de uso agropecuario y sin bosque). He comments that article 3, subsection w) of the Regulation to the Ley Forestal (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE) defines what Agricultural and Non-Forest Lands are, as follows:
"These are those private properties with the presence of trees not established under an agroforestry system or properties that have areas with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) of less than two hectares." He explains that trees on agricultural and non-forest lands can be considered all those forest species established by natural regeneration in deforested, abandoned, and isolated areas after their productive degradation. Also, all those forest species remaining from intensive forest use form part. He mentions that in Costa Rica there are two modalities for timber harvesting on the aforementioned lands, which is governed by the "Regulation for the processing of permits and control of timber harvesting on agricultural and non-forest lands and special situations in Costa Rica" (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38863-MINAE). He says that the first modality is the small permit (permiso pequeño, PP), where it does not exceed three trees per hectare of effective area, up to a maximum of 10 trees per property per year, over which there is strict control by the AFE.
In the second place, he clarifies that forest inventories are presented, where it does not exceed three trees per hectare of effective area and exceeds 10 trees per property per year. For both cases, he explains that Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38863-MINAE establishes in article 7 the requirements for timber harvesting for permits extended by the State Forest Administration (AFE). He mentions that among the requirements is Subsection a) viii: In those applications in whose case, by provision of the regulation, it is appropriate to obtain the environmental feasibility from SETENA beforehand, the number and date of issuance of said resolution must be indicated in the permit application. Therefore, he considers that the harvesting of trees on Agricultural and Non-Forest Lands, including small permits and forest inventories, does not require authorization from SETENA, since there is no rule within the EIA procedure of this Secretariat that requires the presentation of the felling or tree harvesting permit issued by the AFE.
Therefore, he highlights that SETENA was not remiss in not requesting the respective felling permits from the developer, since these are independent processes that must be carried out at different procedural moments. He highlights that it is inferred from the aforementioned Subsection a) that obtaining the Environmental Feasibility (License) is a requirement that must be presented, once it has been granted by SETENA, before the AFE, to obtain the corresponding permits, and not the other way around. In relation to the fourth ground of the action, for the impact of the project on wildlife, he reports that the Environmental Impact Study (EsIA) has been applied, which is the most rigorous instrument that can be presented before SETENA. He establishes that the Manual for the Preparation of Technical EIA Instruments (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32966-MINAE), in the first instance, has the function of describing the environmental baseline, that is, characterizing those elements of the environment found in the project area (AP) that give rise to the need to present an Environmental Impact Study (EsIA).
He mentions that as part of the environmental baseline, this Secretariat assessed the protection status of the AP, i.e., the presence of any Protected Wild Area (ASP), as defined by SINAC, near the project. He comments that despite the fact that no officially declared ASP was identified by SINAC, SETENA considered in Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA (folio 1129, Volume VI) the existence of the Reserva Leonel Oviedo, the Botanical Garden, and the initiatives for the creation of an Interurban Biological Corridor, which would allow linking the green patches with the protection zones of rivers and quebradas. In this regard, he says that in folio 158 of the document "Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA," the developer acquired the environmental commitment to refer the reforestation and restoration programs to the maintenance of the riparian forests of the quebradas and the Torres River. He also alleges that in folio 156 of the same document, it is indicated that their banks will not be affected nor will use be made of their nearby areas, so their environment will not be directly affected by the construction of the project.
In addition, he mentions that as a result of an observation made by SETENA, in folio 151 it is indicated that with the creation of restoration strips that act as biological corridors, the aim is to reverse or mitigate the impacts of the current urban fragmentation, allowing the passage of wild species. Therefore, he says that the review of the EsIA was not defective or remiss, since SETENA considered the biological connectivity and its relationship between flora and fauna species. On the other hand, he notes that the EsIA carries out an identification and description of the natural associations (ecosystem) present in the AP and the Area of Direct Influence (AID), where the conservation potential must be described, that is, how important each identified ecosystem is in order to establish a protection margin.
On page 225 of the EIA (EsIA), the developer identifies five natural associations (pasture areas, riparian forests, mixed groves, secondary forest patches, and scrublands). It highlights that for farm 3, the developer indicates there are three associations (Gardens, Forest, Pastures, and Mixed Grove); it emphasizes the importance of forest conservation and, on page 135, defines a proposed interurban university corridor model for the entire Campus, where it is observed that the Faculty of Dentistry (Facultad de Odontología) does not interfere with the proposed plan. It specifies that the EIA also includes a section considering the most representative flora and fauna (wildlife) species of the AP, which must be related to the present ecosystem, defining which species have a protection category according to CITES, endemism, or are considered a reduced population or in danger of extinction. It argues that regarding threatened individuals, only flora species were identified, for which SETENA requested that, for the two identified species (Mahogany and Bitter Cedar), the respective environmental control measures be established.
To which, the developer, on page 158 of the document Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA, indicates that these species will be protected and reproductive material will be collected to incorporate the species into the reforestation program. Likewise, it indicates the need to relocate and transplant two mahogany trees that are directly affected by the project, for which, through official communication OEPI-520-2016 (page 140 of the mentioned document), the project developer commits to contracting a specialized company to carry out the transfer. It considers that SETENA does not minimize the project's impact on threatened flora species; on the contrary, it guarantees through the EIA (EIA) the harmonization of the project with the environment. It emphasizes that according to page 215 of the EIA, on farm 6, specifically in the Dentistry area, the developer identified 75 individual flora specimens distributed among 18 species, as part of the characterization of the flora present in the AP.
On page 16 of the document Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA, the developer indicates that only 15 of the 75 identified trees must be cut for the construction of the building. It comments that SETENA considered that the respective compensatory measures be established through a restoration plan. It comments that with respect to fauna, SETENA requires that, as part of the environmental diagnosis or baseline (línea base), the EIA consider accurate and updated information on the different taxonomic groups present in the AP and AID, for which SETENA required, through Resolution No. 0455-2015 SETENA, that a team of specialist consultants generate that information. It says that the developer, through the consultant team, indicates the existence of 20 mammal species; additionally, the University of Costa Rica has data on birdlife diversity since 1968, recording 188 bird species, which currently have a habitat quality that allows them to survive.
The aforementioned information forms part of the development of the environmental baseline within the EIA, as it is the first step to carry out an adequate identification and assessment of environmental impacts. It alleges that for this, SETENA required that the EIA use a conventional and scientifically accepted methodology, considering each of the stages and applying the Environmental Impact Importance Matrix (MIIA), which is a technical-scientific procedure that allows identifying and predicting what effects will be exerted on the environment, quantifying and weighting them, to subsequently establish the respective environmental control measures. It explains that this Matrix is regulated by Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE. It considers that in the present case, on page 115 of the document Response to Resolution No. 030-2016, the respective identification, description, and evaluation of the potential impacts the project would generate on the environment is carried out, for which the MIIA was used as an analytical mechanism of prospective investigation of what may occur, culminating in the EIA, which must prepare the Environmental Management Plan (Plan de Gestión Ambiental), where the practices the developer must implement to prevent, control, mitigate, or compensate for significant environmental impacts and maximize those positive ones generated by the project are set forth.
It mentions that for the wildlife factor, SETENA assessed each of the proposed measures, which refer to the construction of buildings on sites where the presence of vegetation is minimal, implementing an arborization, gardening, and restoration program for green areas with native species, implementing strips that function as biological corridors, especially along watercourses. Based on all the foregoing, it considers that SETENA deemed that the impacts identified for wildlife (flora and fauna) throughout the entire EIA process were duly controlled through the application of prevention, mitigation, compensation, and restoration measures for those of a negative nature, as well as enhancement for those of a positive nature. Technical-scientific procedures were used for this. It highlights that in accordance with the specific, viable, and functional norms for environmental conservation, through the EIA they allow guaranteeing that there is an acceptable balance, from an environmental standpoint, between the project's development and its environmental impacts.
It alleges that regarding the fifth ground of the appeal, concerning omissions about the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry in the Traffic Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Vial), SETENA reports that the Traffic Impact Study has the approval of the Department of Studies and Designs of the General Directorate of Traffic Engineering of the MOPT, through official communication DVT-DGIT-ED-2015-4615. It notes that the project evaluated by SETENA includes the construction of a Comprehensive University Parking (Parqueo Integral Universitario) on farm 2, which consists of a building with an approximate area of 26,855 square meters, distributed over eight levels, housing 750 automobile parking spaces and 40 for bicycles; it will be used to address the parking needs associated with the construction and operation of the different buildings of the project, including Dentistry. It argues that as can be verified in the project's Environmental Management Plan Table and given that, according to the studies conducted, traffic congestion problems were considered likely in certain places adjacent to the construction sites, environmental measures were proposed associated with the increase in vehicles on the access roads to the AP for both the construction and operation phases of the project, such as establishing schedules for the circulation of heavy vehicles and machinery to prevent it from occurring during high-traffic hours, Coordination with the University's Security and Traffic Office for regulation and control of internal vehicular flow, signs to indicate to users that heavy vehicles will be traveling on the roads, and others.
It affirms that regarding air pollution from the increase in gas emissions from the machinery that will work on the project, the PPGA table (page 017 of the document Response to Communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA) indicates that a sample air quality monitoring (PTS and PM10) will be carried out during the construction process to ensure compliance with current national legislation on this matter. It stresses that for atmospheric pollution caused by gas generation during the operation phase, it is proposed to conduct annual immission monitoring on campus to determine specific measures in case of non-compliance with current legislation on the matter, for at least 2 years (page 017 of the document Response to Communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA). It alleges that the foregoing demonstrates that the impacts generated by the increase in the project's vehicular flow were duly evaluated and the corresponding environmental measures proposed.
It says that regarding the sixth ground of appeal, the Secretary General of SETENA states that as established in Article 94 of the Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad), "The environmental impact assessment regarding biodiversity must be carried out in its entirety, even when the project is scheduled to be implemented in stages," the project "Various Projects UCR Rodrigo Facio Campus (Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio)", consisting of the construction of 22 buildings distributed across 3 different farms of the UCR, was evaluated integrally under a single file considering that all its components correspond to the Construction Category, the same Developer, the involved farms are located in nearby geographical areas with similar environmental characteristics. It alleges that it is important to consider that, at SETENA's request, in Resolution No. 0455-2015-SETENA (Pages 1030-1016, volume V of the administrative file), the project was evaluated through an Environmental Impact Study (EIA), which corresponds to the most rigorous and exhaustive instrument available to this Secretariat.
It explains that it must be clarified that the Initial Environmental Assessment matrix corresponds to a PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT of the possible impacts the project will generate, which are expanded upon and detailed during the Environmental Assessment Process, specifically in the Prognosis-Environmental Management Plan Table, as is the case with the impact on Landscape, flora, and fauna, whose environmental measures are presented between pages 020-011 of the document Response to Communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA). It mentions that in this specific case, applying independent Initial Environmental Assessment matrices for each project component would not contribute greater rigor to the Environmental Assessment Process and, on the contrary, could justify the submission of a Prognosis-Environmental Management Plan or a Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments as an evaluation instrument instead of an EIA.
It adds that the assertions about the instrument, its meaning, and interpretation denote a lack of knowledge of the Environmental Assessment Process. It says that regarding the seventh ground of the appeal, it emphasizes that it was the project developer's responsibility, as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment, to provide a copy of the Environmental Impact Statement (Declaratoria de Impacto Ambiental) to the Municipality of Montes de Oca. It highlights that it was received by this entity on October 8, 2015, as verified on page 1046 of Volume V of the file. It explains that according to Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE, it consists of a technical summary of the Environmental Impact Study (EIA). Likewise, it indicates that the project developer also delivered a copy of the EIA to the Central Volcanic Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Volcánica Central) on October 19, 2015, visible on page 1047 of Volume V of the file.
In the same way, it explains that the project developer published a notice on August 26, 2015, in the newspaper La República, as recorded on page 1034 of Volume V of the file, in which it made known to the public that it had submitted the EIA to this Secretariat, and the public was invited to submit objections if they had any. It adds that in SETENA, the right of citizens to appear in person, to submit observations during the EIA analysis process, was not denied; furthermore, the project file has been open for consultation by any citizen, as has been all information provided to SETENA regarding environmental matters. It comments that the project developer complied with the submission of information regarding the Socioeconomic Section, for which social perception of the project was taken into account, a survey was conducted, and a representative sample of the population was taken. It contends that the results of the quantitative study carried out were presented; it must be clarified that the application of that instrument stems from the project being located in an urban zone, which is the district of San Pedro.
It mentions that the extracted sample consists of 162 people obtained from a population of 2,688 aged 20 or older who live on the immediate streets surrounding the UCR. It explains that based on the results obtained from the quantitative study, the following was found: 44% of those consulted perceive the project as something that will be neither favorable nor unfavorable, 24% indicate it would not be favorable, 19.8% believe it would be favorable, and 11.7% do not know or do not answer. It indicates that regarding support for the project, 15.4% support it, for 63% it is indifferent, and 21.6% do not support it. It mentions that, as can be seen, according to the opinion of those consulted, it cannot be concluded that there is opposition to the project being carried out; rather, there is predominantly indifference. In the same manner, it notes that a qualitative study was carried out, the results of which are found on pages 191 to 189 of the EIA and on page 133 of the EIA Appendix.
Furthermore, it mentions that from the environmental impacts identified through the consultation, environmental measures were established that the developer must comply with as part of the commitments undertaken. It considers that with the construction of this project, people's right to carry out sporting activities on campus is not being limited; moreover, it should not be overlooked that the University of Costa Rica is an educational institution and its purpose is not to be a park for recreational purposes, although it does allocate areas for that purpose. It clarifies that the social research techniques applied for the preparation of the EIA are those established by current regulations, such as Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE. It affirms that for this project, holding participatory workshops (interactive participatory process) did not apply because the results of the applied studies did not predict the existence of opposition or social conflict, and that instrument is only applied in those cases or for projects where the population of the Area of Influence is indigenous.
It says that regarding the eighth ground, at the request of SETENA, in Resolution No. 0455-2015-SETENA (Pages 1030-1016, volume V of the administrative file), the project was evaluated through an Environmental Impact Study (EIA), which corresponds to the most rigorous and exhaustive instrument available to this Secretariat. Thus, it mentions that through the EIA as an EIA instrument, the aim is to carry out an analysis of the physical, biological, and social components, which are considered in their entirety to determine the condition of harmonization or acceptable balance, from the standpoint of environmental load, between the development and execution of a project and its potential environmental impacts (Environmental Viability). Additionally, it considers that at no time during the analysis process of the Project's Environmental Assessment was the public prevented from expressing their opinions. It reiterates that the project developer and the Environmental Consulting team based their work on current regulations to develop the EIA, and particularly the Socioeconomic Section.
It notes that the project proposes an environmentally friendly structure, with a balanced urban proposal that would positively impact the health and quality of life of the occupants (academics, students, administrative staff, and visiting patients), as well as the surrounding communities, the environment, and its inhabitants. 11. It states that it is not true that the project would generate an unnecessary and disproportionate environmental impact on one of the last remnants of forest. It says that the project does not affect the protection zones of the Torres River or the Sabanilla stream. It explains that for the Torres River, INVU establishes a setback of 50 meters, and for the Sabanilla stream, 10 m. Regarding the latter, the University decided to take a setback of 60 m (50 m more than required) and 75 m for the Torres River (25 m more than required). It attaches INVU alignment No. 41527.
On the other hand, it mentions that it is not true that the University has other spaces where this project could be located. It clarifies that, being a building with a high component in Health Care, more than 60% of the project area consists of the Dental Clinics. It mentions that this requires a land space of at least two hectares, where separate buildings can be located with a clear differentiation between educational, office, and clinical uses. It comments that, likewise, all areas require adequate ventilation and natural lighting, so the project cannot be developed in a compact, vertical manner. It highlights that, in addition, a water treatment plant is required because special wastewater is generated from the chairs, plaster laboratories, and others specific to dental practice, and by Ministry of Health regulations, it must be treated before being discharged into the sanitary sewer system.
It relates that discharging treated water into the Torres River has not been contemplated precisely to reduce environmental impact. It points out that the project area of the Faculty of Dentistry building does not possess any of the elements that constitute a forest, as defined in Article 3 of the Forestry Law No. 7575, subsection d): “Forest: A native or autochthonous ecosystem, intervened or not, regenerated by natural succession or other forestry techniques, that occupies an area of two or more hectares, characterized by the presence of mature trees of different ages, species, and varied sizes, with one or more canopies that cover more than seventy percent (70%) of that area and where there are more than sixty trees per hectare of fifteen or more centimeters in diameter measured at breast height (DBH).” However, it explains that in the area in question, there are several species that are called non-native or exotic.
The contribution of exotic species within the plant component of the Faculty of Dentistry project area is evident. It says that the ecosystem present, in addition to the trees and shrubs, includes animals typical of the urban zone, and the interactions between both biotic elements occur with those trees that provide them with some important benefit such as food, lodging, or protection; there are no studies on the benefits of exotic species for the local fauna. It points out that there are anthropogenic factors in the area in question that interrupt or prevent ecological interactions, such as the constant traffic of external visitors, users of Finca 3 and their pets, particularly dogs, which drives away wild animals from the green areas as a defense and protection method. Therefore, it states that the University seeks to protect the riparian protection areas, through which important ecological interactions can indeed occur on the University’s properties.
It mentions that in fact, more setback area has been left, being 60 m in the case of the Sabanilla stream and 75 m for the Torres River. It alleges that another important element for defining the zone as a forest is the size of two hectares established by the forestry law, with an equivalent of 60 trees over 15 centimeters in diameter at breast height (DBH); in this case, the appellants state that the project area is 20,000 m² without providing proof thereof, so the University clarifies, as recorded in the Environmental Impact Study and Resolution No. 1193-2016-SETENA, the construction area corresponds to 9,000 m² and 3,000 m² for urbanization works. Therefore, it mentions that the proportion of trees per hectare to meet one of the characteristics of a forest is not real, in addition to the land use clearly indicating so. It states that in an Environmental Impact Study, possible species affected by the development of projects to be built are always identified, in this case in Finca 3, and the environmental measures to be developed both in the construction stage and in the operational stage are proposed; on this occasion, and specifically for the Faculty of Dentistry Building project, a biological environment analysis study was prepared that contemplates the possible impact.
Furthermore, it comments that a traffic impact study was prepared and included as part of the Environmental Impact Study, which includes a complete analysis of the works to be developed in Finca 1, 2, and 3 and their possible scope, which, for the dentistry project, is not significant. It says that the recommendations are set forth for Finca 1 and 2 since that is where the greatest impact is, because in Finca 3, no major impact is considered. It relates that this is because the greater construction volume will be developed in Finca 1 and 2. It mentions that it is appropriate to point out that in the vicinity of the area where Finca 3 is located, a series of residential and commercial projects have occurred, which has led to an increase in vehicular flow and therefore the emission of gases. It states that the vehicular movement generated by the construction is minimal compared to the existing situation.
It notes that the main means of transportation will be by bus, both internal and external, since the amount of parking the building includes is minimal, contemplating the required spaces for people with disabilities and loading zones. It also mentions that in the analysis of the Environmental Impact Study, specifically in the air quality section, the possible sources of pollution resulting from the development of the projects to be implemented in the different properties of the Rodrigo Facio Campus are identified, as well as the subsequent application of mitigation measures. It says that regarding what is indicated in the appeal to the effect that: "The appellants claim that the benefit of the community using the sports facilities for more than 30 years must take precedence over the construction of facilities that have an impact of approximately 20,000 m² and that can perfectly be built in other places on Finca 1 and 2 [...]".
It explains that within the preliminary studies that every project entails, marking the setback from streams and rivers is included. It states that, specifically, in the case of the Faculty of Dentistry, there is the Torres River and the Sabanilla Stream, and Forestry Law No. 7575 establishes a setback of 10 m on flat terrain, and 50 m on broken terrain or slopes greater than 30%. It says that as observed in the attached plan, the setbacks are 75 m from the Torres River from the west side of the building and 60 m from the Sabanilla Stream from the north side of the building. It alleges that the building is outside the protection area, will not cause negative impacts on it, and is on land whose land use allows infrastructure development and is not considered forest. It notes that the land use also shows that Finca 3 is completely separate from Finca 4, and the project will not affect that property either.
It comments that the development of the Environmental Impact Study and submitted annexes was prepared in accordance with the provisions of Executive Decree No. 31849 MINAE- SALUD. MOPT- MAG- MEIC, General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures of June 28, 2004, as established by national environmental legislation, fully complying with the requirements thus established by SETENA for the technical approval of both the Faculty of Dentistry building project and the other projects to be developed in the other properties of the Rodrigo Facio Campus. It explains that the Environmental Impact Study and its annexes, submitted and approved by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, were prepared, submitted, evaluated, and approved in accordance with national environmental legislation. Furthermore, it says that the Environmental Impact Study is the most rigorous tool that exists in environmental legislation for conducting environmental impact assessments, as it requires deepening into all environmental issues related to the project, in this case, the 22 projects proposed to Setena.
It indicates that according to national environmental legislation, the "Proyectos Varios Sede Rodrigo Facio" project was submitted and approved by the designated and competent entity under the Law for the approval of the documents submitted by the University of Costa Rica, where the missing information or corrections to the Environmental Impact Study were submitted in a timely manner, and they were approved. It mentions that, like any construction project, all preliminary studies were done in depth to determine the feasibility of the project. It comments that each one of them, ranging from the soil study, slope stability, river setback, analysis of access or parking needs, and the environmental studies contracted to Geocad, gave positive indications for the use of the land for the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry. It says that according to Administrative File No. D1-14285-2014-SETENA: Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio and the Environmental Impact Study submitted, its annex and clarifications, the technical and legal requirements are met, and therefore, the procedure established in Executive Decree No. 31849 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE, 32712-MINAE and their amendments, as stated in Resolution No. 1193-2016-SETENA.
It notes that the appellants in this case do not establish what fauna presents symbiosis with the flora, nor do they present assessment elements to contrast the environmental impact study submitted by the University of Costa Rica and approved by the Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA). It adds that in the Environmental Impact Study, the biological study conducted for the properties of the Rodrigo Facio Campus is provided, and the wild species that could be sampled in them are indicated. Furthermore, it mentions that the presence of wildlife in Finca 3 is not omitted, nor is the reference to its symbiosis with the flora located there. It says that the majority of trees to be cut in the project area for the Faculty of Dentistry building do not function as habitat for the identified wildlife. Likewise, it clarifies that although there is ecological interaction between the green areas of Finca 3 and Finca 4 of the Rodrigo Facio Campus, there is no forest in Finca 4, as stated in Official Letter RNVS-ACCVC-005, of February 3, 2015.
(Figure 1 Official Letter RNVS-ACCVC-005, of February 3, 2015). It explains that, regarding the protection areas of the Sabanilla Stream and the Torres River, they are respected and in no way affected, as stated in the site plan of the work in question. In addition, it clarifies that the University is aware of the initiative of the Interurban Biological Corridor of the Torres River (CBI-RT), whose objective is to form an interurban biological corridor along the margin of the Torres River, to favor ecological recovery and allow the connectivity of flora and fauna, thus promoting the conservation of biodiversity and the improvement of the quality of life of neighboring communities. However, it comments that the CBI-RT has not been officially established as of today, according to telephone statements on Friday, September 30, provided to Licda. Emilia Martén Araya, coordinator of the UGA, by Ing. Gabriela Sánchez Sibaja, coordinator of the Watershed and Biological Corridors Program of the Environmental Services Department of the Municipality of San José, who also clarifies that adherence to said initiative is voluntary on the part of the owners of private properties that border the protection areas of the Torres River, as is the case of the University, as owner of Fincas 3 and 4 of the Rodrigo Facio Campus.
It mentions that for this initiative, the University hopes to contribute to the rehabilitation of the protection areas through the execution of the Rehabilitation and Maintenance Plan for the Protection Areas of the Rodrigo Facio Campus, which the University's Environmental Management Unit is developing. It alleges that there is also adequate forest management of the more than 210 trees that are outside the project area in question, which continue to provide the ecological functions of the zone. It highlights that the environmental impact study prepared by the University of Costa Rica was prepared under the technical criteria requested according to existing environmental legislation; specifically, the analysis of the biological environment was carried out under the criteria of a biology professional, who determined the analysis ranges in a specific area for both the Project Area (AP), the Direct Area of Influence (AID) and the Indirect Area of Influence (All), based on a survey in the impact zone that could be affected by the construction of different projects in Finca 3.
It mentions that the analysis of Finca 4 was not carried out nor is it necessary, because the University does not currently contemplate any type of works in this area. It says that in the environmental impact study, in its social section, a random survey was conducted, applied by a specialist sociologist registered with Setena, which included university students, administrative staff, and neighbors of the University of Costa Rica. It adds that it was published in the newspaper La República on August 28, 2015, as requested by Setena legislation. On the other hand, in Executive Decree No. 31849 MINAE- SALUD. MOPT- MAG- MEIC, General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures of June 28, 2004, in its Article 3, point 12, the following is specified: “Public hearing: It is the presentation that SETENA orders the developer and the team of environmental consultants to carry out, for an activity, work, or project of Category A, when it deems it necessary, in order to inform civil society about it and its impacts, in accordance with the Organic Environmental Law, the Biodiversity Law, and this regulation, and other concordant regulations"; that is, it is at SETENA's discretion whether it is requested to carry out an adequate analysis of the project in question.
In the case of the University of Costa Rica, it was not considered necessary. It relates that it is not true that within the initial Environmental Assessment stage, construction options were not analyzed. It states that during the preliminary study stages, other project location options were evaluated. It establishes that, first, the possibility of constructing the building on the site currently occupied by the Faculty of Dentistry was analyzed, temporarily relocating it to another building during the construction stage. It says that unlike other types of educational buildings, the Dentistry program requires facilities where dental treatments are performed on patients. It mentions that these consist of 10 Dental Clinics separated into different specialties, each with dental units, which require complex electromechanical systems that, besides being expensive, are impossible to transfer to other buildings.
It states that for this case, 118 independent, fully equipped cubicles are required. It explains that the investment to equip these installations temporarily is unmanageable for the University. It says that a significant demand for water and electricity service is required, as well as adequate treatment of wastewater. It notes that from a technical and budgetary point of view, construction at the current Faculty facilities was not viable, since there is no other building at UCR or in the country that meets the conditions to temporarily relocate the Faculty while the new project is being built. It alleges that the second option was to build the Dental Clinics in the current parking lot of the Faculty of Dentistry. It says that although it reached the preliminary design stage, this proposal was discarded due to a human life safety issue, as it left the Health Sciences Library enclosed between buildings.
It mentions that according to current regulations, every building must have direct and safe access for emergency units (ambulances and firefighters). It says that the third proposal, which was developed to the preliminary design stage, was in Finca 4; however, due to opposition from neighbors and the lack of Municipal Land Use designation, it was dismissed. It states that therefore there has been no irregularity, since the procedure has followed what is established in national regulations and SETENA's terms of reference, so what is indicated by the appellants has no support nor presents any evidence in this regard. It says that in reference to articles 90 and 91 of the Regulation to the Forestry Law No. 25721, it is clarified that both belong to the seventeenth chapter on Forest Control, and refer to harvesting in areas without forest. However, it mentions that the University decided not to request authorization from the ACCVC, because it has the technical body to manage the vegetative cover of its properties in a responsible and ecologically balanced manner.
Furthermore, it indicates that the University will not carry out timber harvesting of the species to be cut, and its lands are not covered by forest; therefore, in adherence to article 28 of the Forestry Law, it does not require a cutting permit for the trees present in the project area of the Faculty of Dentistry in Finca 3 (Articles 2 and 19 of Law No. 7575, on harvesting). It considers that the environmental impact study prepared by the University of Costa Rica was executed under the technical criteria requested according to environmental legislation, and which are determined by SETENA. It mentions that specifically, the analysis of the biological environment was carried out under the criteria of a biology professional registered with Setena, with significant experience, who determined the analysis ranges in a specific area for both the AP, AID, and All based on a survey in the impact zone that could be affected by the construction of different projects in Finca 3.
It highlights that the analysis of Finca 4 was not carried out and is not necessary, because the university does not currently contemplate any type of works in this area, and it is not part of the area to be impacted by the projects. It mentions that habitat invasion is intrinsic to the existence of human beings under current conditions, and the University of Costa Rica has acted accordingly in being a benchmark in environmental matters, regarding the actions it has implemented. It notes that firstly, it has a forest repopulation plan duly agreed upon among university authorities, it has created the Network of Protected Areas (Red de Áreas Protegidas, FtAP) to protect and develop the protected areas within university properties, with which great strides have been made in managing these areas and creating spaces for research. It says that the efforts to maintain green spaces are very important, as the University Forestry Commission (CFU) and the Environmental Management Unit (UGA) maintain strict control with the objective of improving the arboreal component and increasing its ecological importance.
It states that similarly, starting in 2016, the first internal biological corridor at the University of Costa Rica was initiated in order to increase the possibilities for species movement; likewise, the reserve called "Bosquecito Leonel Oviedo" has been expanded. It clarifies that forest repopulation activities are basic in the work of the university administration and have been carried out not only for Finca 3, but for Finca 1, projects have been done for many years; likewise the branches and campuses are part of this dynamic that makes the natural and cultural heritage of the university facilities grow over time. It states that the biology section of the environmental impact study refers to the whole of Finca 3 and not exclusively to the site where the Faculty of Dentistry building will be built. It says that although it is true that some of the referenced species are properly found in the AP, as cited, the corresponding mitigation measures and compensation for planting new species in replacement of the trees that will be cut have been presented, or even transplanting of some species has been considered.
It mentions that last June, the planting of 195 trees of native species of greater biological value was carried out, since they can provide food to animals such as uruca, vainillo, güitite, and shelter such as Guanacaste, Jacarandas, cedar, and protected species such as ron, mahogany, and Cocobolo, among others. It says that this planting was in advance compensation for the cutting of the 74 trees in question. It states that the University currently has an inventory of the species that would eventually be directly affected where the Faculty of Dentistry will be built, for its respective consultation, where poro predominates, which is a typical species of coffee plantations, which was the former use of those properties. Again, Article 28 of the Forestry Law protects the Institution to cut trees on its lands since they were planted by the University. It says that the species found in the project area have a broad mix of exotic and native species, where 26 of these trees are species with little ecological value, such as cypress, casuarina, foreign poro, and llama del bosque; to which we add that the first two, being conifers, provide few ecological contributions, serving only as resting places for some birds; furthermore, it can be mentioned that their survival strategies are very aggressive, so their leaves do not allow anything to grow on the adjacent soil.
It mentions that in the case of foreign poro, no ecological advantages are known, and it turns out to be very brittle and prone to self-pruning, representing a danger to those who walk nearby. It says that according to current national environmental legislation, the project "Proyectos Varios Sede Rodrigo Facio" was submitted and approved by the designated and competent entity under the Law for the approval of environmental study and assessment documents, just as carried out by the University of Costa Rica; additionally, the missing information or corrections to the Environmental Impact Study were submitted in a timely manner according to the requirements of the Secretariat. It clarifies that, on the other hand, the University of Costa Rica has taken the mitigation measures acquired as an environmental commitment, through the planting of 195 trees in Finca 3 to compensate for the loss of those trees, as already mentioned.
It says that we must consider that trees, as living beings, have a life cycle and can degrade and suffer from diseases and pathological attacks; in these cases, the University replaces these trees and treats those that can be saved through phytosanitary treatments, which is a constant concern within the Environmental Management Unit and the University Forestry Commission. It comments that the identified species have developed and been conserved within an environment that is already impacted by all the activities currently carried out on the Rodrigo Facio Campus and surrounding communities, such as vehicular traffic and the atmospheric pollution already present, so the University, within its acquired environmental commitments, expresses its interest in conserving and compensating the impacts generated by the construction of a new building and providing better conditions to all those possibly affected.
It indicates that there is an impact zone of 20,000 square meters. It clarifies that this area corresponds to the space that the construction company must close off during the project execution stage, which does not imply that all that area will be intervened. It mentions that the project footprint corresponds to 12,633 m²: 2,705 m² of roofed areas (building and covered walkways) and 9,927 m² of urban zones (plazas, internal roads, sidewalks, and parking). It explains that the remaining 7,366 m² would be green, grassed, and tree-planted zones, which correspond to 5.15% of the total area of the property. Finca 3 has a total area of 245,144 m². It mentions that among buildings, roofed or concrete sports installations, roads, and sidewalks, there is a footprint of 25,501 m². It says that this, added to the proposed Dentistry area, would give a total of 38,134 m², which is equivalent to 15.5% of the property's area.
It alleges that the land use of the project area corresponds to the Rodrigo Facio University Special Zone, and is compatible with the activity of the Faculty of Dentistry, as stated in official letter DPU-OF-054-2016, from the Municipality of Montes de Oca. It clarifies that Finca 3 in general does not present forest areas, except for some patches in the riparian protection areas present on the property, and from which the pertinent protection areas are respected according to Forestry Law No. 7575 and its regulation. It emphasizes that the sports courts, although open to use by the visiting public, are actually classrooms that the University uses for teaching in the Physical Education and Human Movement Sciences program, so they are not only courts for popular use. It says that precisely for this reason, they will be relocated within the same Finca 3 in order to continue university teaching and education.
It alleges that regarding the operation stage of the project, we clarify that vehicle entry to the Faculty will be restricted to a parking area for 78 vehicles; the rest of the spaces required for the project (118) will be located in the new parking building of the Research City in Finca 2. It considers that similarly, the perimeter road will be restricted for use by the University's internal bus, emergency vehicles, and supply. It mentions that the service hours of the Dental Clinics and the rest of the building would be mainly from 6 am to 4 pm. It says that all the mitigation measures necessary for the project were presented to Setena and accepted in the environmental viability. Furthermore, the project has a section within the tender documents called Technical Environmental Specifications. In this way, it estimates that the University ensures that the company complies with the environmental mitigation measures for all possible impacts related to the construction process.
It mentions that thus, the company must place sediment traps and traps, as well as sandbags, to channel runoff water and trap sediment, preventing it from contaminating surface water bodies. It says that the design also includes a stormwater detention or retention lagoon, which is a recommendation of the Hydrological Study and the Municipality of Montes de Oca. It notes that in official letter RNVS-ACCVC-005 of February 3, 2015, the submission presented by that group of people was analyzed, and the following results were reached: “We are of the opinion that this area, at some point due to its regeneration characteristics or its abandonment, possessed elements of a forest (quantity; tree diameters, species and strata); however, it possessed elements of an Agroforestry System clearly mentioned in Resolution 2002-05996 of the Constitutional Chamber in its Considerando I Proven Facts... It is a forest with the following Characteristics: it is an abandoned coffee plantation from many years ago, where significant tree and vegetation cover has developed (...).
Under this scenario, it explains that Article 28 of the Forestry Law allows tree cutting without its respective permit. It says that forest plantations, including agroforestry systems and individually planted trees and their products, shall not require cutting, transport, industrialization, or export permits. It mentions that in official letter DL-OF-31-15 from the Legal Department of the Municipality of Montes de Oca itself, dated May 11, 2015, the conclusion was also reached that "Finca 4" is not a forest, but an abandoned coffee plantation. It says that not being a forest area, it cannot be included within the State's Natural Heritage, as requested by the ProBosque Guaymi Neighbors Group of Sabanilla, San José. It highlights that vehicle entry to the Faculty will be restricted to a parking area for 78 vehicles, mainly for use by staff and people with disabilities. It says that the rest of the spaces required for the project (118) will be located in the new parking building of the Research City in Finca 2. It mentions that similarly, the perimeter road will be restricted for use by emergency, maintenance, and supply vehicles, and for the University's internal bus.
It should be noted that in the vicinity of the area where Finca 3 is located, a series of residential and commercial projects have occurred, leading to an increase in vehicle flow and therefore gas emissions. It relates that the vehicle movement generated as a result of the construction is minimal compared to the existing situation. It specifies that the main means of transportation will be by bus, both internal and external, since the number of parking spaces included in the building is minimal, contemplating those required for disabled persons and loading zones. It argues that it is necessary to make clear that the emission of gases during the construction process is very specific and is restricted to the period it covers; subsequently, during the operation stage, the emission will occur as a result of the use of motor vehicles by the users of the facilities. It states that it is worth noting that at present, the site already sees visitation by users who utilize the other existing facilities at Finca 3.
It argues that regarding the appellants’ indication that the location of the Faculty of Dentistry at Finca 3 will entail the entry of approximately 800 people, it must be noted that the largest number of building users are students and patients of the dental clinics, who travel by bus, on foot, or by bicycle. Given that the majority of parking spaces needed for this building will be built at Finca 2, a large number of vehicles entering Finca 3 to access Dentistry is not expected. It says that the D1 form is an instrument devised by SETENA for the purpose of assessing the initial environmental impact that a given activity may present. It argues that this form was prepared, submitted, and approved according to environmental regulations by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) as stipulated in Decree 32712-MINAE of June 19, 2005. It explains that it is at SETENA’s express request that the presentation of the 22 projects is made in a single case file, given that even though there are roads between each of the properties, they are adjoining and all properties of the University of Costa Rica, so SETENA aims for the integrality of the projects as a single one, and requests their evaluation in this manner.
It highlights that it is also based on Art. 94 of the Biodiversity Law, Stages of Environmental Impact Assessment (Etapas de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental): “The environmental impact assessment regarding biodiversity must be carried out in its entirety, even when the project is scheduled to be carried out in stages.” It says that the score obtained on the D1 form for the Faculty of Dentistry building project is not the maximum for the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) in the Human Impact: Landscape section. It mentions that the tool is designed so that the score assigned to each variable makes a total sum for environmental assessment, and that sum is used to choose the assessment methodology, precisely an Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto) for this case. It argues that this does not mean there is no feasibility for the project, but rather that mitigation measures must be developed, the same ones that were submitted in the Study.
It mentions that it must be kept in mind that if there is a green space and a work is built on it, the landscape undergoes a significant modification. It argues that it is for this reason that at the time of designing the work, it is conceptualized within the space where it will be built, and efforts are made to cause the least visual variation. It mentions that the D-1 form and the environmental impact assessment (EIA) submitted, as has been well highlighted previously, do not contemplate only the building in question but 21 additional works, for which a series of mitigation and compensation measures have been determined to be implemented both during the construction stage of the buildings and during their operation stage. It notes that on the other hand, it is worth highlighting, as has also been described previously in this document, that all environmental measures were submitted and approved by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), the entity responsible for environmental assessment at the national level.
It highlights that regarding what was indicated by the appellants: “[...] The D1 instrument submitted by the UCR and endorsed by SETENA lacks scientifically reliable information, proof of which is that it marks no impact on wild flora and fauna. In this regard, it says that it can be seen in the Consumption-Impact checkbox, section 2.4 Biotopes, that it was indicated that there is no effect on flora or fauna, assigning a value of 1 when selecting case 1: whose description is ‘there is no impact.’ It mentions that the foregoing, despite the fact that it is known that 74 trees are intended to be felled in the case of the construction of Dentistry and they have even been marked by the UCR itself in different files. It comments that it is disconcerting that a professional in natural resources would select box 1 ‘there is no impact’ even knowing of the felling of 74 trees and the impact of this felling on species of insects, mammals, and migratory and resident birds in the entire area adjacent to the riparian forests of the Sabanilla creek (quebrada Sabanilla) and the Torres River, and the whole they form with the forest of Finca 4, as well as its extension toward the Torres River Biological Corridor (Cfr.
Exhibit No. 14, D1 Form, Consumption-Impact checkbox, section 2.4 Biotopes). [...]”. The D-1 Form, environmental impact assessment (EIA), and annexes prepared by the University of Costa Rica for the approval of the Various Projects Rodrigo Facio Campus (Proyectos Varios Sede Rodrigo Facio) project were submitted and approved after being analyzed by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), an entity which, according to the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) No. 7554, states in its “ARTICLE 18.- Approval and cost of assessments: Approval of environmental impact assessments shall be processed before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental); these assessments must be conducted by an interdisciplinary team of professionals, registered and authorized by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental), in accordance with the guidelines prepared by it.” It says that it is thus determined that, according to national environmental legislation, the Various Projects Rodrigo Facio Campus project was submitted and approved by the entity designated and competent by Law for the approval of the documents submitted by the University of Costa Rica, where the missing items or corrections of information in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) were submitted in a timely manner.
It mentions that the D-1 Form, environmental impact assessment (EIA), and annexes prepared by the University of Costa Rica for the approval of the Various Projects Rodrigo Facio Campus project were carried out under the scientific and technical criteria of different professionals in their field, registered and up to date both with the respective professional associations and in SETENA’s registry of consultants. These professionals determined analysis ranges in a specific area for the AP, AID, and All based on a survey in the impact zone that could be affected by the construction of different projects at Finca 3. It argues that it must be clear that the D-1 Form, the environmental impact assessment (EIA), and other instruments that have been adopted by SETENA are the product of this entity’s search to implement methodologies and mechanisms that allow for the most complete, objective, and scientific assessment possible.
It relates that as specified in Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) No. 32966-MINAE, Manual of Technical Instruments for the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Manual de Instrumentos Técnicos para el Proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, Manual de EIA) of February 20, 2006, in the General Guide for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Instruments (Guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, Guía de EIA), point 2, the following is indicated: “Environmental Impact Statement (Declaratoria de Impacto Ambiental, DIA): Technical summary of the study: its vocabulary must be easily understood by the general public. It shall indicate in general terms: introduction (objectives, location, owning entity, justification); description of the project, work, or activity (phases, complementary works, etc.); environmental characteristics of the area of influence (summary of the environmental diagnosis); impacts of the project, work, or activity on the environment; impacts of the environment on the project, work, or activity; corrective or mitigation actions as well as the Environmental Management Plan thereof and summary of environmental commitments.
A copy shall be delivered to the Municipality(ies) of the canton(s) where the Project is located, prior to delivering the EslA to SETENA, and present the original received stamp.” It comments that this is how the Impact Statement was delivered to the Municipality of Montes de Oca on October 8, 2015, and to SETENA a copy with the received stamp from the Municipality on October 23, 2015. Likewise, it says that the Plenary Commission of SETENA, through Minutes of Ordinary Session No. 087-2008-SETENA, agreed that as of June 16, 2008, all developers must make public the environmental impact assessments (EIA) that are being processed before SETENA, and it must be done through a publication in a nationally circulated media outlet. For the project in question, case file D1-14285-2014, a publication was made in the newspaper La República on August 28, 2015, and proof of said procedure was delivered to SETENA the same day.
It notes that regarding what is indicated in the general regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment procedures in its article 33, it must be indicated that the environmental impact assessment (EIA) includes a social study carried out by a qualified sociologist registered with SETENA, who conducted random interviews to determine public opinion about the project. Furthermore, it mentions that SETENA did not request a public hearing, which it may determine as necessary or not with all its legal authority. It mentions that it was published in a national newspaper and a copy was delivered to the Municipality, so the project was indeed shared at the community level. It argues that in the specific case of public consultation, chapter 9 (Description of the Socioeconomic Environment) in item 9.7 called “Local Perception of the Project” establishes that said study must: “indicate the perception, position, attitudes, and concerns of the inhabitants of the social area of influence regarding the execution of the project, work, or activity, and the transformations generated by it” (Decree No. 32966-MINAE).
Additionally, it comments that the type of opinion study to be carried out is determined according to the characteristics of the Project's areas of influence: “Quantitative study: Carried out through a local perception survey about the project, which shall be applied in the AID and the II defined to a representative sample of its population, with a confidence level of 90%. This survey shall be applied in projects whose AREA OF INFLUENCE contains populations considered to be an urban zone, rural in transition to urban, or peri-urban” (Decree No. 32966-MINAE). Thus, it says that with the elements set out above, it must be indicated that the local perception study was carried out considering the opinion of the inhabitants of the project's social area of influence, a study that was carried out according to the technical and statistical criteria of the sample design requested in the Decree, which was included in the annexes section of the report submitted for SETENA’s assessment.
Lastly, it explains that the infrastructure development project of the University of Costa Rica was consulted as a whole, since it forms part of the institutional strategic plan, which seeks to provide better infrastructure conditions for students, workers, and employees. Additionally, it comments that the works to be developed conform to the land uses established in the Regulatory Plan of the canton of Montes de Oca. It argues that the opinion results included in the report stem from two processes: on the one hand, the quantitative study, whose instrument consisted of 27 questions, which was included in the annexes section of the report submitted to SETENA. It mentions that on the other hand, the qualitative study was indeed developed based on 5 questions, being a more exhaustive study through interviews with specific persons, and whose opinions were recorded in table 9.6 of the report submitted to SETENA.
It says that regarding the qualitative study, it should be noted that as part of the ethical considerations toward the interviewees, the comments or statements that will be presented in the local perception section about the Project are coded, since “this is a common practice in qualitative research in order to safeguard the informants' rights, so it is necessary that during the process of recording information, pseudonyms or codes be used to 'clean' the information of data that would allow the identification of the informant or persons to whom they refer (...) this provision allows the informant, upon being notified that their name will not be revealed in the document, to express themselves more freely and without reservations about being identified for a comment or way of thinking that may be viewed unfavorably by other persons in their environment” (Galeano, 2009). It states that as indicated previously in these considerations, the study was carried out according to the provisions of Decree No. 32966-MINAE: “Manual of Technical Instruments for the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Manual de EIA) ~ Part IV, Guide - Environmental Impact Studies and Forecasts - Environmental Management Plan, assessment of environmental impacts and terms of reference,” within which the “General Guide for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Instruments (Guía de EIA)” is included, which sets forth the elements to be developed for each of the chapters of the environmental assessment.
It points out that for the University, the courts located within the intervention perimeter correspond to sports classrooms, used mainly by the School of Physical Education. They are not recreational courts. It says that the beach soccer and multi-use courts will be relocated prior to construction to the south side of the synthetic court; OEPl has already prepared the construction plans and initiated the work contracting process. Regarding the tennis court, it says that the proposal to leave it in place is being evaluated, for which a negotiation is underway with the Municipality to exchange vehicle parking spaces for bicycle parking spaces. It affirms that although article 50 of the Political Constitution grants standing to any person to denounce any infraction committed against the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in this case said right is not infringed, and all necessary permits are in place, as well as the corresponding one, and the environmental impact assessment (EIA) does not prohibit the execution of the project.
It emphasizes that no serious argument or valid evidence demonstrates harm or risks to the environment or ecology. On the contrary, the damages and harm caused to the University of Costa Rica would be many and very serious if it were not allowed to continue with this project.
It states that Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE, in its Seventeenth Chapter, refers to the Forest Control that the State Forest Administration must carry out in cases where a natural or legal person requires timber harvesting in areas without forest. It argues that timber harvesting in areas without forest does not include forest plantations, agroforestry systems, and individually planted trees, since these forest systems are defined separately in Article 3 of the Forestry Law, meaning Article 90 of the Regulation to the Forestry Law only applies to those areas that are not forest plantations, agroforestry systems, or individually planted trees. This leads us to the definition of lands for agricultural use and without forest. It indicates that Article 3, Subsection w) of the Regulation to the Forestry Law (Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE) defines what Lands for Agricultural Use and Without Forest are: “Those private farms with the presence of trees not established under an agroforestry system or farms that have areas with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) of less than two hectares.” It comments that for better understanding, trees on lands for agricultural use and without forest can be considered all those forest species established by natural regeneration in deforested, abandoned, and isolated areas after their productive degradation.
Also included are all those forest species remaining from intensive forest use. It notes that in Costa Rica there are two modalities for timber harvesting on the aforementioned lands, which is governed by the “Regulation for the processing of permits and control of timber harvesting on lands for agricultural use, without forest, and special situations in Costa Rica” (Executive Decree No. 38863-MINAE). It affirms that the first modality is the small permit (PP), where it does not exceed three trees per hectare of effective area, up to a maximum of 10 trees per property per year; over these there is strict control by the AFE. Secondly, there are forest inventories, where it does not exceed three trees per hectare of effective area and exceeds 10 trees per property per year. It highlights that for both cases, Executive Decree No. 38863-MINAE establishes in Article 7 the requirements for timber harvesting for permits issued by the State Forest Administration (AFE).
Among the requirements is Subsection a) viii: In those applications where, by provision of the applicable regulations, prior environmental feasibility from SETENA must be obtained, the permit application must indicate the number and date of issuance of said resolution. It says that therefore, the harvesting of trees on Lands for Agricultural Use and Without Forest, including small permits and forest inventories, does not require authorization from SETENA, since there is no rule within that Secretariat’s environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) procedure that requires the submission of the cutting or harvesting permit issued by the AFE. Therefore, it claims that this Secretariat was not negligent in not requesting the respective cutting permits from the developer, as these are independent processes that must be carried out at different procedural moments, since it is inferred from Subsection a) cited above that obtaining Environmental Feasibility (License) is a requirement that, once granted by SETENA, must be presented to the AFE to obtain the corresponding permits, and not the other way around.
As previously mentioned, within the EIA process, the Environmental Impact Study is the most rigorous instrument that can be submitted to this Secretariat. Regarding the impact on wildlife, the Manual for the Preparation of Technical EIA Instruments (Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE), in the first instance, has the function of describing the environmental baseline, that is, characterizing those environmental elements found in the project area (AP) that give rise to the need to submit an Environmental Impact Study. It states that as part of the environmental baseline, this Secretariat assessed the protection status of the AP, that is, the presence of any Protected Wilderness Area (ASP) defined by SINAC near the project. It mentions that despite not identifying an ASP officially declared by SINAC, SETENA considered in Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA the existence of the Leonel Oviedo Reserve, Botanical Garden, and the initiatives for the creation of an interurban Biological Corridor to connect green patches with river and stream protection zones.
It mentions that regarding this, on folio 158 of the document Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA, the developer acquired the environmental commitment to refer the reforestation and restoration programs to the maintenance of the primary forests of the streams and the Río Torres. On the other hand, the Environmental Impact Study performs an identification and description of the natural associations (ecosystem) present in the AP and Direct Influence Area (AID), where the conservation potential must be described, that is, how important each identified ecosystem is for establishing a protection margin. The Environmental Impact Study also includes a section where the most representative species of flora and fauna (wildlife) of the AP are considered, which must be related to the present ecosystem, defining which species have a protection category according to CITES, endemism, or are considered a reduced population or in danger of extinction.
It argues that regarding threatened individuals, only flora species were identified, for which this Secretariat requested that the respective environmental control measures be established for the two identified species (Mahogany and Spanish Cedar). In response to this, the developer, on folio 158 of the document “Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA,” states that these species will be protected and reproductive material will be collected to incorporate the species into the reforestation program. Likewise, it indicates the need to relocate and transplant two mahogany trees directly affected by the project, for which, through official communication OEPI-520-2016 (folio 140 of the mentioned document), the project developer commits to hiring a specialized company to carry out the transfer. Therefore, they minimize the project's impact on threatened flora species and guarantee, through the EIA, the harmonization of the project with the environment.
Moreover, according to folio 215 of the Environmental Impact Study, on farm 6, specifically in the dentistry area, the developer identified 75 individual flora specimens distributed among 18 species, as part of the characterization of the flora present in the AP. It adds that on folio 16 of the document “Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA,” the developer indicates that only 15 of the 75 identified trees must be cut for the construction of the building, for which they considered establishing the respective compensatory measures through a restoration plan. Regarding fauna, they required that as part of the environmental diagnosis or baseline, the Environmental Impact Study consider truthful and updated information on the different taxonomic groups present in the AP and AID; for this, SETENA demanded, through Resolution No. 0455-2015 SETENA, a team of specialist consultants to generate that information.
It adds that the developer, through the consulting team, points out the existence of 20 mammal species; additionally, the University of Costa Rica has birdlife diversity data since 1968, recording 188 bird species, which currently have a habitat quality that allows them to survive. It states that the aforementioned information is part of the elaboration of the environmental baseline within the EIA, as it is the first step to carry out an adequate identification and assessment of environmental impacts. For this, SETENA required that the Environmental Impact Study use a conventional and scientifically accepted methodology, considering each stage and applying the Environmental Impact Importance Matrix (MIIA), a technical-scientific procedure that allows identifying and predicting the effects that will be exerted on the environment, quantifying and weighting them, to subsequently establish the respective environmental control measures.
This Matrix is regulated by Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE. It alleges that in the present case, on folio 115 of the document Response to Resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA, the respective identification, description, and evaluation of the potential impacts the project would generate on the environment were carried out, for which the MIIA was used as an analytical mechanism for prospective investigation of what could happen. Culminating with the EIA, the Environmental Management Plan must be prepared, which sets out the practices the developer must implement to prevent, control, reduce, or compensate for significant environmental impacts and maximize those positive ones generated by the project. It notes that for the wildlife factor, they assessed each of the proposed measures, including reference to constructing buildings on sites with minimal vegetation, implementing an arborization, gardening, and restoration program for green areas with native species, and implementing strips that function as biological corridors, especially along watercourses.
It mentions that, based on all the above, they considered that the impacts identified for wildlife (flora and fauna) throughout the entire EIA process were duly controlled through the application of prevention, mitigation, compensation, and restoration measures for those of a negative nature, as well as enhancement for those of a positive nature. For this, scientific-technical procedures were used, in accordance with specific, viable, and functional standards for environmental conservation that, through the EIA, guarantee an acceptable balance, from an environmental point of view, between the development of the project and its environmental impacts. The Traffic Impact Study has the approval of the competent entity, which in this case is the Department of Studies and Designs of the General Directorate of Traffic Engineering of the MOPT, which, through official communication DVT-DGIT-ED-2015-4615 (Folio 340 of the document Response to Resolution No. 030-2016-SETENA), indicated "... from a functional point of view, the Traffic Impact Study is fully approved for the corresponding environmental feasibility procedures before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA)." It alleges that the project evaluated by this Secretariat includes the construction of a University Integral Parking on Farm II.
It consists of a building with an approximate area of 26,855 m² distributed over 8 levels, housing 750 car parking spaces and 40 bicycle parking spaces. It will be used to address the parking needs associated with the construction and operation of the different project buildings, including the Dentistry Building. It indicates that, as can be verified in the project's Environmental Management Plan chart, and given that, according to the studies performed, traffic congestion problems were considered likely in certain places near the construction sites, environmental measures were proposed associated with the increase in vehicles on the access roads to the AP, both for the construction phase and for the operation phase of the project, including the following: Construction (Folio 014 of the document Response to Communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA). It explains establishing schedules for the circulation of vehicles and heavy machinery to prevent it from occurring during peak traffic hours.
Coordination with the University's Security and Transit Office for regulation and control of internal vehicular flow. Signs will be used to indicate to users that heavy vehicles will be circulating on the roads. Likewise, the internal UCR email and social networks will be used to communicate the construction processes. It argues that the design of the works will include adequate access routes that do not congest the main access roads to the AP, as well as enabling temporary parking sites to prevent the parking of vehicles from congesting areas surrounding the AP. Also, carrying out preventive signage in the AP and AID to notify the public about the development of construction activities, as well as the entry, exit, and circulation of cargo vehicles. It indicates that an exclusive access must be provided for the entry and exit of construction machinery, and another independent access for the entry of light vehicles and work personnel.
Likewise, as part of the synthesis of environmental commitments, among others, it was proposed that the necessary contacts with the Ministry of Transport be established to plan the complementary works required to reduce the traffic impact produced, as indicated by the Traffic Impact Study conducted. Regarding air pollution from the increase in gas emissions from machinery working on the project, chart PPGA (folio 017 of the document Response to Communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA) indicates that air quality sample monitoring (PTS and PM10) will be carried out during the construction process to guarantee compliance with current national legislation on this matter. Likewise, for atmospheric pollution caused by gas generation during the operation stage, annual Immission monitoring is proposed on campus to determine specific measures in case of non-compliance with current legislation on the matter, for at least 2 years (folio 017 of the document Response to Communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA).
The foregoing demonstrates that the impacts generated by the increase in vehicular flow for the project were duly evaluated, and the corresponding environmental measures proposed. It requests that the appeal be declared without merit.
The investment to outfit these facilities on a temporary basis is unmanageable for the University. Likewise, it states that a significant demand for water and electricity services is required, as well as adequate treatment of wastewater. For the foregoing reasons, it indicates that from a technical and budgetary standpoint, construction at the current facilities of the Faculty was not viable, since there is no other building at the UCR or in the country that meets the conditions to temporarily relocate the Faculty while the new project is built. It mentions that the second option was to build the Odontological Clinics in the current parking lot of the Faculty of Odontology. Although it reached the preliminary design stage, this proposal was discarded due to a human life safety issue, since it left the Health Area Library enclosed among other buildings. It claims that according to current regulations, every building must have direct and safe access for emergency units (ambulances and fire trucks). It refers that the third proposal, which was developed up to the preliminary design stage, was on Finca 4; however, due to opposition from neighbors and the lack of Municipal Land Use, it was dismissed. It reiterates the arguments set forth in the report submitted within this amparo proceeding, prior to the joinder. It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
Beneath the canton there are two aquifers, the upper one of low potential and the lower one of high to very high potential (Colima Aquifer). The Canton has many underground water wells. Some are used for public supply (AyA). In the SENARA archive, 120 wells are recorded, which extract 234 liters per second, that is, 121 million liters per year of groundwater. When that data is compared with the amount of rainwater that infiltrates the canton to recharge the aquifers, it turns out that the water balance (balance híbrido) is negative for the urbanized districts.” He indicates that this is due to the horizontal expansion model that waterproofed a large part of the land. He alleges that the canton of Montes de Oca, as part of the Greater Metropolitan Area (Gran Área Metropolitana, GAM), has an environmental fragility zoning map (mapa de zonificación de fragilidad ambiental) prepared by PRUGAM at a scale of 1:10,000, of sufficient detail to be used as a criterion for land-use decisions, since it is the one used for the preparation of regulatory plans (planes reguladores), said environmental fragility zoning of the canton of Montes de Oca.
He explains that it was prepared by PRUGAM during the period 2006 to 2008 and duly approved by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) in 2009, through resolutions: a) No. 1308-2009 SETENA, of June 9, 2009; b) No. 1532-2009 SETENA, of July 7, 2009, and c) No. 2748-2009 SETENA, of November 18. That SETENA approved the Environmental Impact Study (estudio de Impacto Ambiental) for the construction of Dentistry Buildings on the property of the Sports Facilities of the University of Montes de Oca known as Finca 3. He mentions that in 2016, the Municipality of Montes de Oca issued a compliant land-use certificate (certificado de uso de suelo conforme) for the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry on the aforementioned property. He mentions the entry of heavy machinery to Finca 3 of the University of Costa Rica. He says with regard to what is indicated about the Environmental Impact Zone (Zona de Afectación Ambiental) of the IFAs and, according to the opinion issued by geologist Dr. Allan Astoga.
He argues that the PRUGAM initiative that Mrs. Quesada Alpízar indicates did not generate any applicable regulations from either the urban planning or environmental point of view, since such study was not carried to normative completion and therefore does not correspond to any decree, regulation, law, and in general no norm was created in this regard. When the PRUGAM initiative failed and did not leave any norm that could be used at the GAM level, other initiatives were subsequently carried out such as POSGAM, etc.; however, they also did not provide any legal framework on which to rely. He maintains that the Institution that dictates aspects and feasibility from the Environmental point of view in the country is the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA). He says that the Dentistry Building project of the University of Costa Rica has, as the complainant rightly points out in the Amparo Appeal (Recurso de Amparo), the respective Environmental Feasibility (Viabilidad Ambiental) duly APPROVED by SETENA under file number DI-14285-2014, processed by the University of Costa Rica before such Institution and resolved positively for several projects within already developed properties such as Finca 3, where the Faculty of Dentistry Project is being built.
He states that the zones referred to by Mrs. Amelia Quesada Alpízar do not correspond to any map that is incorporated into any regulations in force either at this Canton level or at the National level. He specifies that the Land Use (Uso de Suelo) for the Faculty of Dentistry project places the project within the zone called Universidad, which, as indicated previously, are already developed areas within the University of Costa Rica and suitable for such purpose. It is also recalled that there is a Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) in force and application in the Canton of Montes de Oca, which enables the development of such buildings in the “Universidad” zone where the UCR Dentistry project is located. Furthermore, he mentions that such Regulatory Plan has not integrated the IFAs nor any study carried out by Dr. Allan Astorga, so it can in no way be taken as applicable regulations for any project.
In summary, he says that it has no regulatory framework or basis to be applied, no process of expansion or modification of the current Regulatory Plan has been carried out, nor has any action even been initiated for such purpose, so the study done by Dr. Astorga is currently nothing more than a document with no character of application in the construction processes carried out in the Canton of Montes de Oca. He states that, in conclusion, the Dentistry Building project has environmental feasibility DI-14285-2014 approved by SETENA, a situation which, at the level of the different Institutions including Municipality, CFIA, Ministry of Health, Fire Department, etc., provides the bases of environmental aspects that make the project feasible in those aspects, likewise Law 8220 in its Article 3 cites: “…Article 3º—Respect for competences. He highlights that the Administration may not question or review firm permits or authorizations issued by other entities or bodies, except as regards the nullity regime.
He mentions that it may only request from the administered party a certified copy of the final resolution of a specific procedure. He states that they may also not request requirements or information that are still in the process of being known or resolved by another administrative entity or body; at most, the administered party must present a certification that the procedure is in process…”. He argues that the Municipality of Montes de Oca, upon receiving the environmental feasibility certificate DI-14285-2014 approved by SETENA, must respect what is provided and resolved by such Instance that is officially in charge of determining the environmental matters of projects carried out at the National level. He requests that the appeal be declared without merit.
Drafter: Magistrate Hernandez Gutierrez; and,
Considering:
I.Regarding coadjuvancies. In accordance with Article 34 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), third parties to the process may file a request for coadjuvancy, which is a form of adhesive intervention that occurs when a person acts in a process, adhering to the claims of one of the main parties. Consequently, anyone who has a direct interest in the outcome of the appeal is legitimized to act as a coadjuvant; however, not being a principal actor, the coadjuvant will not be directly affected by the judgment, that is, the efficacy of the judgment cannot reach them directly and immediately, nor does the res judicata condition of the ruling affect them (See, among others, judgment number 3235 of 9:20 a.m. on October 30, 1992, and judgment 2010-000254 of 11:28 a.m. on January 8, 2010). In this case, because the coadjuvants indicate that they are neighbors who use the sports facilities of the university and students of the University of Costa Rica; as well as the deputies of the Broad Front Party Fraction, who could be directly affected by the construction of the project questioned in this amparo or represent people in that condition, the submitted coadjuvancies are admitted.
II.Object of the appeal. The appellants claim that the University of Costa Rica has for 30 years housed extensive green areas in the sports facilities, which are used not only by the student population but also by thousands of citizens. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry, a series of grievances are being caused, specifically: a) omission of tree felling permits; b) violation of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, injuring the environmental principles of non-regression, precautionary, in dubio pro natura, and the constitutional principles of reasonableness and proportionality; c) inconsistencies and omissions in the environmental assessment document (documento de evaluación ambiental) and in the environmental impact study (estudio de impacto ambiental); d) violation of the right to citizen participation; e) issuance of the land-use certificate and construction permits, without taking into account that it is a zone of impact of “high environmental fragility” in 60% and “very high environmental fragility” in 20%; h) disagreement with the Traffic Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Vial) conducted and, i) failure to tell the truth both in the reports provided by the University of Costa Rica and in the information provided by them to SETENA.
They request that the environmental feasibility issued by SETENA for the mentioned project be annulled and that the University of Costa Rica be ordered to assess the possibility of building the Faculty of Dentistry on Fincas 1 and 2, or adjacent zones. As well as that the municipal land use and the construction permits for the Faculty of Dentistry granted by the Municipality of Montes de Oca be annulled.
1. In official communication OSJ-271-2013 of March 19, 2013, the Central Volcanic Mountain Range Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central) of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación) established that the properties where the University of Costa Rica is located do not constitute forest areas (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
2. On December 19, 2014, SETENA received the Environmental Assessment Document (Documento de Evaluación Ambiental) (D-1) for the project called: “Various Projects UCR Rodrigo Facio Campus”, corresponding to 22 projects that the University of Costa Rica intends to develop, within the university campus, which was assigned file number D1-14285-2014-SETENA (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
3. Through official communication RNVS-ACCVC-005 of February 3, 2015, the Municipality of Montes de Oca established that there is no forest within the properties where the University of Costa Rica is located and affirms that in zones with that characteristic, tree felling is permitted without its respective permit (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
4. By resolution No. 455-2015-SETENA of February 23, 2015, the project developer was ordered to submit an EsIA as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) instrument (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
5. On August 19, 2015, SETENA received the documents with the EsIA requested from the project developer (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
6. On August 26, 2015, the project developer published in the newspaper La República, in which it made known to the population that it submitted the EsIA to SETENA and citizens were invited to submit objections if they had any (see report rendered by the respondent authority).
7. On October 8, 2015, the developer delivered a copy of the Environmental Impact Declaration (Declaratoria de Impacto Ambiental) to the Municipality of Montes de Oca (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
8. On October 19, 2015, the project developer delivered a copy of the EsIA to the Central Volcanic Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Volcánica Central) (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
9. By resolution No. 030-2016 SETENA of January 12, 2016, SETENA requested the developer to submit an annex containing a series of technical and legal requirements (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
10. Through official communication No. DPU-OF-054-2016 of March 10, 2016, the Municipality of Montes de Oca indicated, regarding the land-use requests for the 22 Projects, that these are located under the Rodrigo Facio Special University Zone regime, for which, according to the Regulatory Plan of Montes de Oca, the properties are compatible with the activity referred to specifically in each case (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
11. On March 17, 2016, SETENA received the annex requested from the developer (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
12. Through official communication No. DEA-1501-2016-SETENA of May 24, 2016, SETENA requested clarifications to the Annex to the EsIA within a period of 30 business days (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
13. On June 10, 2016, the developer submitted the clarifications requested in official communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA of May 24, 2016 (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
14. Through official communication DEA-1891-2016-SETENA of June 24, 2016, and official communication DEA-1911.2016-SETENA of June 27, 2016, it was established that the annex to the EsIA for the project “Various Projects UCR Rodrigo Facio Campus” complied with resolution No. 030-2016-SETENA and with official communication DEA-1501-2016-SETENA, and therefore with the requirements in the area of civil engineering (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
15. On June 28, 2016, the President of the Governing Board of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICIT), gave consent for the granting of the permits required by the project developer, on the property located in the Research City of the University of Costa Rica, which is owned by CONICIT (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
16. Through technical report DEA-1934-2016-SETENA of June 28, 2016, a description of the project was made according to the EsIA and its respective clarifications, through which it was recommended to approve the D-1 Environmental Assessment document, the EsIA, and the respective sworn statement of environmental commitments (declaración jurada de compromisos ambientales), among other things (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
17. By resolution number 1193-2016-SETENA of June 30, 2016, SETENA resolved to approve the study, in accordance with the information provided by the developing company and the project consulting team, both responsible for the preparation of the Environmental Impact Study, its annex, and clarifications, whose information and studies have the character of a Sworn Statement (Declaración Jurada) and it was ordered to grant environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) to the project (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
18. On July 14, 2016, the University of Costa Rica submitted a copy of the proof of performance guarantee (garantía de cumplimiento) (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
19. In response to Resolution No. 030-2016-SETENA, the developer attached the “Manual for Tree Repopulation on Properties of the Rodrigo Facio University Campus” (Manual de Repoblamiento de Árboles en Fincas del Campus Universitario Rodrigo Facio), in which, among other things, possible areas to restore were determined, and in it, the developer committed to reforest two trees for each tree felled (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
20. The developer acquired the environmental commitment to refer the reforestation and restoration programs to the maintenance of the riparian forests (bosques riparios) of the streams (quebradas) and the Torres River (Río Torres) (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
21. On October 28, 2016, SETENA received the first environmental supervision report (informe de regencia ambiental) for the project corresponding to the period from August to October 2016 (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
22. By official communication SG-DEA-3339-2016-SETENA of November 1, 2016, SETENA communicated to the Municipality of Montes de Oca that, through the official communication called EsIA and clarifications, the development of the construction of the Dentistry building is included, among other constructions, and the proposed environmental measures are reflected (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
23. Through official communication OEPI-520-2016, the project developer committed to contracting a specialized company to carry out the relocation of a mahogany tree that would be directly affected by the project (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
24. The developer established that only 15 of the 75 identified trees need to be felled for the construction of the building, so SETENA requested that the respective compensatory measures be established through a restoration plan (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
25. Through official communication DVT-DGIT-ED-2015-4615, the Department of Studies and Designs of the General Directorate of Traffic Engineering of the MOPT, approved the traffic impact study (estudio de impacto vial) (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
26. The project evaluated by SETENA includes the construction of a University Integral Parking in Finca 2, which consists of a building with an approximate area of 26,855 square meters, distributed over eight levels, which will house 750 parking spaces for automobiles and 40 for bicycles (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
27. The first planting stage began on Finca 3 of the University of Costa Rica and it is intended to reforest 17,180 m2; in addition, there is a campaign to reforest 195 native trees, as an action for the established compensation (see report rendered by the respondent authority).
28. The INVU established a set-back (retiro) of 50 meters for the Torres River and 10 meters for the Sabanilla stream (quebrada Sabanilla) (see report rendered by the respondent authority).
29. The University of Costa Rica decided to leave a set-back of 60 meters in relation to the Sabanilla stream and 75 meters regarding the Torres River (see report rendered by the respondent authority).
30. In 2016, the Municipality of Montes de Oca issued a compliant land-use certificate for the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry on the property of the University of Costa Rica (see report rendered by the respondent authority).
31. On January 13, 2017, SETENA received a request for annulment of the environmental feasibility resolution granted to the project in question (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
32. On January 30, 2017, SETENA conducted a field inspection at the site (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
33. Through technical report ASA-0144-2017-SETENA of February 2, 2017, what was observed in the field inspection was established and a request for legal opinion was sent to the Legal Advisory Department of SETENA (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
34. On February 2, 2017, the Legal Department of SETENA received the request for a nullity incident (incidente de nulidad) filed against resolution No. 1193-2016-SETENA and the request for immediate stoppage of the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) being carried out (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
35. Through official communication AJ-45-2017-SETENA of February 7, 2017, the Legal Department of the Secretariat issued the requested legal opinion regarding the request for annulment of the feasibility proposed (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
36. On February 8, 2017, SETENA transferred to the University of Costa Rica the filed nullity incident (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
37. By official communication OPEI-0289-2017 of February 17, 2017, the University of Costa Rica submitted exculpatory evidence against the nullity incident (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
38. Through official communications AJ-69-2017-SETENA and AJ-72-2017-SETENA, both of February 17, 2017, the Legal Department requested a technical opinion from the Department of Environmental Audit and Monitoring (Departamento de Auditoría y Seguimiento Ambiental) and the Department of Environmental Assessment (Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental), respectively, on whether the denounced road is within the project area (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
39. In official communication ASA-0282-2017-SETENA of February 17, 2017, the Department of Environmental Audit and Monitoring indicated that the road is within the project area, but is not included in the Environmental Impact Study (see evidence provided by the respondent authority).
40. By resolution No. 594-2017-SETENA of 7:20 a.m. on March 22, 2017, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat declared inadmissible a nullity incident filed against resolution No. 1193-2016-SETENA, filed by William Brenes Gómez and others, related to the construction of the Dentistry building on Finca 3 (see report and evidence provided by the respondent authority).
IV.Unproven fact: The following fact is not considered duly proven: Sole.- That the project affects the protection zones (zonas de protección) of the Torres River and the Sabanilla stream (the case file).
V.Regarding the right to health and the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The right to health recognized in Articles 21 of the Political Constitution, 1 and 11 of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and 10 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, is intimately linked to the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment, enshrined in Article 50 of the Constitution, which is intrinsically related to Principles 4 and 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Environmental quality is a fundamental parameter of quality of life; just like health, food, work, housing, education, among others. It has been indicated that the legitimate exercise of that right requires that resources be used rationally, and that the State is responsible for protecting the environment, according to the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) that governs environmental matters.
This principle obliges the State to arrange everything necessary, within the scope permitted by law, to prevent irreversible damage to the environment, for which purpose it is responsible for achieving the social conditions conducive so that each person can enjoy their health, understood as a situation of physical, psychological (or mental), and social well-being (see judgment No. 180-98 of 4:24 p.m. on January 13, 1998). The objective obligation of the State in matters of environmental protection does not inexorably entail a subjective right of individuals to demand, through judicial bodies, that a specific measure be taken, but it does entail that measures be adopted that are suitable in protection of that right, in the face of openly negligent attitudes by public authorities, or by natural and legal persons. Thus, the State acquires the obligation to regulate the areas of social life from which dangers may arise for the physical existence of the inhabitants of its territory as well as those that harm the environment, which it may do through laws, regulations, agreements, or other measures related to administrative organization and procedures.
Consequently, the possibility of judicially demanding, through the amparo appeal, a specific type of state activity in fulfillment of its duty to protect life, health, or the right to the environment for the benefit of its inhabitants, is restricted to the clear verification of an imminent danger against those rights of individuals.
VI.Regarding the alleged omission to request tree felling permits. In the sub judice, the appellants allege that the authorities of the University of Costa Rica omitted to request the respective felling permits and ordered the felling of 74 trees of different species in the project zone for the construction of the Faculty of Dentistry, thereby disregarding the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. However, from the report rendered by the authorities of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat and the evidence added to the case file, this Chamber considers that the appellants are not correct in their allegations. The foregoing, because, as was accredited, although SETENA is not in charge of granting the tree felling permit, nor is this a requirement to grant environmental feasibility, the truth is that, regarding tree felling matters, SETENA's function is centered on ensuring, through the environmental impact assessment, that compensatory measures are established, as defined by Executive Decree No. 32966-MINAE, for those unrecoverable or unavoidable impacts, that manage to counteract in some way the alteration that may be caused.
Thus, in the documentation provided by the University of Costa Rica to said Secretariat, there is the “Manual for Tree Repopulation on Properties of the Rodrigo Facio University Campus,” within which the manner in which the University will proceed to completely reforest the trees that had to be felled to develop the project is established. Additionally, this Chamber was able to accredit that the University of Costa Rica has taken sufficient precautionary and compensatory measures in relation to the tree felling issue, since it is recorded in the Environmental Impact Study that two trees will be planted for each tree felled; in addition, specialists in the field were hired to carry out the relocation of trees such as mahogany and bitter cedar, which could not be felled due to their species, and which were planted in other areas of the campus. It could also be verified that at this time, the University has already started the first planting stage on Finca 3 and intends to reforest 17,180 m2; in addition, there is a campaign to reforest 195 native trees, as an action for the established compensation.
Likewise, it is recorded in the case file that, in accordance with official communication RNVS-ACCVC-005 of February 3, 2015, the Municipality of Montes de Oca established that there is no forest within the properties where the University of Costa Rica is located and affirms that in zones with that characteristic, tree felling is permitted without its respective permit. Consequently, this Chamber does not consider that in relation to this point the fundamental rights claimed by the appellants have been injured in any way, since it could not be proven that any permit was required to carry out the denounced action, and furthermore, it could be accredited that the necessary measures have been taken to avoid a strong and irreversible impact on the environment. Additionally, determining which permit must be obtained to carry out a certain activity is a matter that it is not for this Constitutional Court to determine, for which reason, if the appellants believe that, in the specific case, there was some omission regarding this issue, they must denounce it, if they see fit, before the corresponding ordinary jurisdiction.
VII.Regarding the environmental feasibility granted by SETENA. In judgment 2006-8628 of 3:23 p.m. on June 20, 2006, this Court established the following:
“IV. On the granting of environmental feasibility by SETENA.- Before analyzing the allegations of the parties, it should be noted that the Environmental Assessment of Projects process aims to identify, predict, interpret, and communicate to those interested preventively, the effect of a project on the environment.
It is an administrative procedure for project control that, supported by a technical study on the environmental impacts of a specific activity, called an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental) (a technical document that the project promoter or owner must submit) and by a public participation process, allows the competent environmental authority to issue an environmental impact declaration, rejecting, approving, or modifying the project. Article 17 of the Organic Law of the Environment requires that the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) evaluate the environmental impact of human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment or generate toxic or hazardous waste, before they begin. The Environmental Assessment involves a series of phases in which the project developer, the competent oversight entity (SETENA in the case of Costa Rica), and civil society participate.
It begins with the submission of the Preliminary Environmental Assessment Form (Formulario de Evaluación Ambiental Preliminar), a document that the Preliminary Assessment Group of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) must evaluate. Subsequently, it is determined which environmental assessment instrument the activity requires, and the developer submits the document that must be examined to determine whether additional information is required. The project developer must post a guarantee and appoint an Environmental Regent (Regente Ambiental), in addition to issuing a declaration of environmental commitments. It is not until all these stages are completed that the project obtains the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) declaration from SETENA, so once the entire process has been carried out, the requirement of Article 17 of the Organic Law of the Environment can be considered satisfied." In the case under review, the petitioners claim that the environmental feasibility at issue should not have been granted by SETENA, since, in their view, the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) and the environmental impact study (estudio de impacto ambiental) lack rigor; additionally, they consider that the impact reduction measures proposed by the project developer are insufficient and they believe that, based on the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), the construction activity for the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Costa Rica should be postponed and the environmental feasibility granted to said project should be annulled.
In this regard, according to the information provided by the respondent authorities of SETENA, the project called "Various Projects UCR Rodrigo Facio Campus" (Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio), consisting of the construction of 22 buildings distributed across 3 separate properties of the UCR, was evaluated comprehensively and under a single case file, in accordance with Article 94 of the Biodiversity Law, which establishes that "The environmental impact assessment regarding biodiversity must be carried out in its entirety, even when the project is programmed to be carried out in stages." Furthermore, they indicate that the Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental) is the most rigorous and exhaustive instrument available to that Secretariat. Indeed, this Constitutional Court was able to verify that from December 19, 2014, when the project was submitted to SETENA, until June 30, 2016, when the environmental feasibility at issue was granted through Resolution No. 1193-2016-SETENA, the respondent Secretariat carried out a series of inspections and requested the submission of various annexes and studies, in order to have a clear picture of the project planned for development and to comply with all the stages and requirements legally required for that purpose, all of this to reach a conclusion and decide to grant the environmental feasibility under complaint.
Additionally, it is on record that following a complaint filed with SETENA on January 13, 2017, requesting the annulment of the feasibility granted and indicating that a road not included in the project had been opened, it was proven that SETENA conducted a field inspection and requested a series of opinions from the competent Departments of the Secretariat, in order to determine whether there was any irregularity regarding the complaint; furthermore, although they declared the incident inadmissible through Resolution No. 594-2017-SETENA of March 22, 2017, the fact is that upon verifying that the reported road was within the project, but not within the environmental assessment, they sanctioned the project developer, requesting a mitigation plan for said damage, from which it follows that SETENA has not only reliably fulfilled its duties by comprehensively studying the project and requesting all the necessary requirements for its execution, but has also fulfilled an oversight function of the project by ensuring full compliance with what was granted and that the necessary mitigation plans are established to avoid irregularities in the project's construction.
Therefore, this Chamber considers that in the case under analysis there is an absence of elements that could lead to admitting an injury to the environment, since it has been proven that the competent technical entity to carry out the environmental assessment of the project, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, approved the Environmental Impact Study in which it is established that the project will not cause any serious impact on the environment. For the foregoing reasons, in the Chamber's opinion, the assumptions of risk of serious and irreversible damage, assumptions in which the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) applies, are not present; rather, what exists is a disagreement on the part of the petitioners that the Environmental Impact Study was used as the environmental assessment instrument. This Chamber considers that this disagreement exceeds the scope of competence of this Constitutional Court and the matter that can be analyzed through the amparo remedy, and therefore this aspect of the remedy must be dismissed, without prejudice to such objections being raised in the corresponding ordinary jurisdiction.
VIII.Regarding violations of the principle of citizen participation in environmental assessment procedures. The petitioners argue that the respondent authorities violated the principle of citizen participation by failing to inform neighbors and potential affected parties about the project's construction and the environmental assessment carried out for that purpose. Now, on that point, the authorities of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat report that the project developer published a notice on August 26, 2015, in the newspaper La República, in which it made known to the public that it had submitted the EsIA to that Secretariat and invited citizens to submit any objections they deemed pertinent. In addition, they conducted a survey on the perception of the project, through which it was determined that participatory workshops would not be held, as no opposition or social conflict was perceived.
Additionally, they indicate that in accordance with Article 3, subsection 12) of Executive Decree 31849-MINAE-SALUD-MOPT-MEIC, the public hearing for Category A projects will be requested by SETENA when it deems it necessary. However, it is necessary to indicate that this Court, in judgment No. 6773-2014 of 11:41 a.m. on May 16, 2014, considered that the natural venue to monitor compliance with the principle of citizen participation is the ordinary courts and not the constitutional jurisdiction. In that decision, the following was considered:
"IV.- UPON BETTER CONSIDERATION. LEGALITY DISCUSSION. By amending Article 9 of the Political Constitution, the reforming constituent body sought to give positive effect to the Principle of Participation and thus bring those governed closer to the state decision-making process, as part of what the doctrine calls 'correction mechanisms' of representative democracy. Thus, the reforming Constituent left the means, scope, and timing of citizen participation to infra-constitutional regulations, except in exceptional cases. In that sense, the natural venue to monitor its compliance is the ordinary courts and not the constitutional jurisdiction. For that reason, the issues raised in the specific case are outside and far from the competence of this Court, namely, the alternative mechanism ordered by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat –as a result of the violence and intimidation situation generated at the hearings of November 9, 2013, and January 25, 2014– in order to guarantee the comment phase for interested parties and the developer's replies in the environmental assessment procedure for the project of a new Container Terminal in Moín, on behalf of APM Terminals Moín S.A. In the specific case, precisely Article 22 of the Organic Law of the Environment does not define whether that participation is to be oral, in writing, or in what way the participation requirement is satisfied, which needs to be analyzed in a process that allows the full breadth of evidence and adversarial proceedings that, from our point of view, does not fit within the amparo as a rapid, simple, summary, and special process for the protection of fundamental human rights.
It is therefore for legality control, and not for this Constitutional Court, to determine whether the administrative actions and conduct deployed (active or omitted) by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat conform or not to the infra-constitutional legal order. For the reasons indicated, we consider that the issue raised is far from the specific competences that this Constitutional Chamber is called upon to protect, without this meaning that it does not merit analysis in the ordinary jurisdiction or of mere administrative contentious legality, in accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution. (...)" Based on the foregoing, it is not for this Court to determine, as the petitioners seek, whether in this particular case some type of consultation on the project in question should have been carried out, nor is it for this Chamber to verify which mechanism the respondent authorities must use to optimally guarantee citizen participation.
Thus, and in accordance with the cited precedent, it is not for this Constitutional Court to determine whether the administrative actions and conduct deployed (active or omitted) by SETENA in the specific case conform or not to the infra-constitutional legal order, all of which must be challenged by the petitioners through the respective ordinary courts of legality.
IX.Regarding the disagreement with the issuance of the land use certificate and construction permits. The petitioners consider that the authorities of the Municipality of Montes de Oca granted a land use certificate (uso de suelo) and construction permits for the Faculty of Dentistry located within the project called "Various Projects UCR Rodrigo Facio Campus," without complying with the requirements set forth in the regulations in force and the required conditions, specifically, without taking into account that the canton of Montes de Oca has an environmental fragility zoning map, prepared by PRUGAM, and precisely 60% of the construction coincides with zone II-G of "high environmental fragility" and 20% in a zone II-G of "very high environmental fragility," which could cause a significant impact on the site. In this regard, although the authorities of the respondent municipality indicate that the PRUGAM initiative failed and that no binding regulation was established through it that could be used at the GAM level, and therefore, having the environmental feasibility granted by SETENA, there was no impediment at the municipal level to grant the permits in question.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is important to clarify to the petitioners that the analysis of the claimed aspects, in part strictly technical, would entail disregarding the summary nature of the amparo, converting into an ordinary process one that seeks the protection and restitution of violated fundamental rights, and, on the other hand, the claims relating to compliance with legality requirements for granting construction permits and land use certificates, in accordance with current legislation, is a matter of ordinary legality that must be resolved in that venue. Therefore, they must raise, if they see fit, their disagreement or claim before the respondent authorities or in the competent jurisdictional venue, venues in which they may broadly discuss the merits of the matter and assert their claims.
X.Regarding the potential impacts on the Sabanilla Creek (quebrada Sabanilla) and the Torres River (río Torres). The petitioners claim that the project will cause an impact on the protection zones of the Torres River and the Sabanilla Creek. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the record shows that the petitioners are not correct in their allegations. This is because, firstly, it was demonstrated that INVU established a setback of 50 meters for the Torres River and 10 meters for the Sabanilla Creek, yet the University decided to leave a setback of 60 meters and 75 meters, respectively, which not only respects the legally established setback but also leaves a greater percentage. Additionally, it is on record in the documents provided to SETENA and presented before this Constitutional Court that sufficient mitigation and reforestation measures exist within the plans to be taken around both the Torres River and the Sabanilla Creek; furthermore, it was proven that there is no discharge of treated water into them that could affect them. Consequently, this Chamber could not verify that the impact alleged by the interested parties exists, and for this reason, on this point, the remedy must be dismissed.
XI.Regarding the alleged impact due to omissions in the Traffic Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Vial). The petitioners claim that gas emissions represent an additional problem that was not quantified in the MOPT Traffic Impact Study, because in their view, the daily entry of almost 800 people to the facilities in their respective vehicles will cause a traffic impact and affect the environment due to the gas emissions those vehicles will generate. However, the record shows that through official letter DVT-DGIT-ED-2015-4615, the Department of Studies and Designs of the General Directorate of Traffic Engineering of MOPT approved the traffic impact study submitted by the respondent University and did not consider that there was any impact that could cause a traffic problem in the surroundings of the campus. Likewise, it was demonstrated that the project submitted by the University of Costa Rica includes the construction of an Integrated University Parking in property 2, which consists of a building with an approximate area of 26,855 square meters, distributed over eight levels, which will house 750 car parking spaces and 40 for bicycles.
This shows that the petitioners' statement that around 800 vehicles daily would enter property 3, where the Faculty of Dentistry is being built, is inaccurate, since it is on record that no parking will be built in those facilities; on the contrary, transportation there will be internal and by means of a special bus. Additionally, as reported by the Rector of the University, the majority of University students use other means of transportation to get to campus, and only a minority arrive in their own vehicles. In any case, it follows from the Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental) submitted by the University of Costa Rica that environmental measures were proposed associated with the increase in vehicles to prevent a traffic impact in the area, within which air quality and immission controls and monitoring on campus are established, in order to protect the environment and avoid any damage against it.
Therefore, as this Constitutional Court cannot verify that any injury to the fundamental rights of the petitioners has occurred in this case, the appropriate course is to dismiss the remedy on this point as well.
XII.Regarding the alleged untruthfulness in the reports rendered by the respondent authority and in the information sent to SETENA. Finally, the petitioners allege that the authorities of the University of Costa Rica are untruthful both in the reports rendered under oath before this Constitutional Court and in the information provided to SETENA. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in accordance with Article 44 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, any inaccuracies or falsehoods that a report may contain will subject the allegedly responsible official to the crimes of perjury or false testimony. Likewise, regarding the information provided to SETENA, it was provided by means of a Sworn Declaration (Declaración Jurada), with the warning of being able to incur in the aforementioned crimes in case of untruthfulness. However, it is not for this Chamber to determine the existence or not of those crimes, but for the criminal judge; therefore, if the petitioners consider that the actions of the respondent authorities are typical in relation to the mentioned regulations and that they incurred in falsehood, they may file the respective complaint before the Public Prosecutor's Office, so that it is there that the falsehood or not of the claimed statements is determined.
XIV.Dissenting reasons of Magistrate Jinesta Lobo, regarding the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Magistrate Jinesta Lobo dismisses this aspect of the remedy, but for different reasons:
Nor should this Constitutional Court undertake to hear and resolve the breach of obligations imposed by the legal or regulatory normative framework, since, for that purpose, powerful and efficient instruments exist in the administrative venue (sanctioning regime, complaints, the Administrative Environmental Tribunal) and, ultimately, a contentious-administrative jurisdiction whose function is to control the legality of the administrative function (Article 49 of the Constitution), within which figure legal or regulatory, material or formal omissions, an ordinary jurisdiction that now, with the new adjective legislation, is more flexible, expeditious, swift, plenary, and universal.
XV.Partially dissenting vote of Judge Cruz Castro It is regrettable that it must be acknowledged that the so-called "Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio" is within an area of environmental fragility. Indeed, the canton of Montes de Oca has an environmental fragility zoning map, prepared by the PRUGAM, and precisely, 60% of the construction being objected to coincides with zone II-G of “high environmental fragility” and 20%, in a zone II-G of “very high environmental fragility,” which may cause significant harm to the environment. This judgment acknowledges the failure of the PRUGRAM initiative, which defines important environmental vulnerabilities. Neither the local government nor the central government has adopted measures to prevent harm to the environment, despite such a specific technical report. Within the framework of an incomprehensible anomie, harm to the environment is permitted, despite such a qualified technical report.
The municipality must assume the guardianship of the environment, because it has in its hands a technical report that requires an institutional response. It suffices to apply the powers of the local government to consider that the PRUGAM report requires an institutional response from the local government, becoming a limitation on land use (uso del suelo) and a complement to the regulatory plan. The justification provided by the local government is insufficient in light of the relevance of environmental guardianship. Although the PRUGAM initiative failed, that situation does not prevent the municipality from incorporating such a specific technical report and demanding that the building adapt to the limitations of said opinion, in defense of a right as important as the urban environment. In this case, the environmental viability from SETENA is insufficient, because there is a technical criterion that imposes other limitations.
SETENA should have taken that technical criterion into consideration. For the reasons stated, I dissent and declare the amparo granted due to harm to the environment, condemning the municipal authority and SETENA. The work to be carried out must adapt to the limitations defined by the PRUGAM environmental fragility map. This case shows the serious weaknesses of the environmental policy applied in Costa Rica, ignoring an initiative as important as PRUGAM. State and municipal political authorities render reports on serious threats to the urban and rural environment invisible. These very serious omissions seriously question the environmental defense vocation of state and municipal political authorities.
XVI.Note from Judge Cruz Castro: While it is true that in those cases where the principle of citizen participation established in Article 9 of the Political Constitution is at stake, I have considered it to be a matter of constitutional relevance, in the specific case I do not dissent because, as was proven in the record, the project developer on August 26, 2015, through a publication made in the newspaper La República, invited the interested population to present the objections they deemed pertinent. Due to the foregoing, and since the interested parties voluntarily did not express their interest in participating in the workshops, I join the majority and declare the appeal without merit regarding this aspect.
XVII.Dissenting vote of Judge Hernández López regarding the claim for infringement of Article 50 of the Political Constitution.
1. The historical context that once motivated the broad intervention of this Chamber in environmental matters has undergone considerable variation, which compels this body to reconsider the conditions for its participation in securing the right of persons to a healthy and balanced environment, as has been protected under Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Indeed, the current situation – characterized by a very extensive production of legal and regulatory norms that include substantive rules, procedures, and the creation of bodies for compliance with what is ordered in the Fundamental Charter – is radically different from the previous one, in which the absence of regulations and state entities with appropriate competence imposed upon this Chamber a role as a protagonist, almost unique, in the defense of the aforementioned constitutional right.
2. Today, we find ourselves facing a “dense web” of environmental regulations – as accurately described by Judge Jinesta Lobo in his dissenting vote on this topic – which has produced two relevant phenomena: the first and most obvious is the emergence of a comprehensive legal regulation regarding activities whose impact on the environment was little or not at all ordered, as well as the creation of state bodies with monitoring and control powers over the effects of human activity on the surroundings. The second phenomenon consists of the fact that this increasing juridification – predominantly legislative and regulatory – brings with it an unavoidable entry onto the scene of both administrative justice and the ordinary jurisdiction – primarily the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, but also the criminal one. In them, in accordance with the importance of environmental law, broad procedural avenues and inclusive means of standing have been regulated, so that those subject to administration can enforce what is established in that broad legal order related to environmental matters.
3. In that context, it is not legally appropriate, nor from a functional standpoint, for this Constitutional Chamber to displace, or – even worse – substitute, the ordinary justice bodies in the performance of their task, also of constitutional rank, of ensuring the effective compliance with laws and regulations. It is legally improper because in the vast majority of these cases, what is requested is that it interpret and enforce legal and regulatory norms, with which it risks overlapping its competences with those of other jurisdictional bodies that – they indeed – have been created to execute such tasks; and it is also functionally incorrect, because the design of its processes is poorly suited to the complexity present in numerous environmental conflicts composed of series of technically and legally complex facts and acts. On both issues, there are known examples in which this Chamber has delivered a half-measure or technically incomplete resolution, or unnecessary frictions and an impact on legal certainty have been generated.
4. As part of the technical aspects I have assessed, I add the fact that this jurisdiction does not have judgment enforcement judges that would allow adequate follow-up on them – generally complex –, which sometimes involve monitoring remedial plans, among others, with inter-institutional coordination and follow-up lasting months and even years.
5. From that perspective, the decision to take a step aside in environmental matters by this Court should not be seen as an abandonment of the environmental field, but rather the opposite, as its proper protection in the instance that best suits the nature of its complexity and diversity. Likewise, it should also not be seen as a declination by this instance of its task of protecting the constitutional rights imposed upon it by the Political Constitution and its Organic Law, which, from my point of view, remains reserved in this field for specific cases. It is, rather, an exercise in rearranging the burdens and tasks that correspond to the different state bodies, so that each of them can fully deploy its work within the scope assigned to it, as well as the exercise of setting its own competence, as established by Article 7 of its Organic Law.
6. It is clear that this Chamber does not intend to abandon to other jurisdictions the task of protecting the rights of persons in environmental matters. It is known that although any claim for infringement of legal and regulatory norms can be redirected to the constitutional sphere, there are cases whose resolution requires nothing more than the application of constitutional law. It is a matter, then, of ensuring that this Chamber becomes a protagonist together with others, so that – among all and each in its own space – the entire variety of situations presented by the protection of the right to a healthy and balanced environment can be covered within a society in which other equally pressing needs also exist. With this position, I firmly believe that the citizen does not lose an iota of protection, but substantial gains are made in breadth, in perspective, and in respect for the balance and distribution of powers, this latter principle being of obligatory consideration, since it governs the constitutional dynamic of any liberal and democratic system such as ours.- 7.
In line with the above, I contend that this Chamber should refrain from hearing claims submitted to it for alleged infringement of Article 50 of the Political Constitution, leaving their cognizance in the hands of administrative justice and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. The foregoing is affirmed on a general basis, without prejudice to recognizing the existence of particular cases or groups of cases that, in my judgment, would indeed still be better protected by this Chamber and therefore should be heard and resolved by it.- Within such groups of cases, and without this enumeration being able to be considered a closed and definitive list, I can note that this Chamber should reserve for itself the hearing of situations such as, for example, claims for environmental violations that also put the health of persons at direct risk, or access to or quality of water; cases of gross and direct violations of the environment in which a palpable absence of protection by state authorities is verified, provided always that the nature of the claim also allows it to be addressed through the instrument of amparo as a summary and special procedural institute, since I consider that the amparo should also not be "ordinary-fied" to address, even in these cited cases, issues that exceed the capacity to be adequately attended to within it.
8. In the specific case, it is observed that the situation presented falls within those situations in which the intervention of the means of protection of the Administration and ordinary justice prove to be a broader and more complete avenue because the issue discussed involves a discussion of advantages and disadvantages and an assessment of benefits, all of which requires abundant evidence, follow-ups, and studies that exceed the scope of the amparo. For the foregoing reason, I dissent since, in my judgment, the aspects raised must be analyzed in the ordinary venue and not in this forum, and therefore Article 9 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction should have been applied and the appeal rejected outright.
XVIII.Documentation provided to the case file. The parties are warned that if any document on paper has been provided, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 working days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by the Full Court in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Therefore:
The appeal is declared without merit. Judge Jinesta Lobo gives different reasons, with respect to the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Judge Cruz Castro dissents and declares the appeal granted due to harm to the environment, condemning the municipal authority and SETENA; and places a note regarding the topic of citizen participation. Judge Hernández López dissents, and rejects the appeal outright because claims for infringement of numeral 50 of the Political Constitution must be heard in the ordinary venue.- Ernesto Jinesta L.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Fernando Castillo V.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jose Paulino Hernández G.
Ronald Salazar Murillo *S00WC43KVXDE61* Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts.South of the Perpetuo Socorro church). Receipt of documents: Edificio Corte Suprema de Justicia, San José, Catedral District, González Lahmann neighborhood, streets 19 and 21, avenues 8 and 6 Classification prepared by the CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER of the Judicial Branch. Its reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 29-03-2026 07:19:50.
Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Constitución Política Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
CONSTRUCCION.
SE CUESTIONA LA CONSTRUCCION DE FACULTAD DE ODONTOLOGÍA EN LAS INSTALACIONES DEPORTIVAS DE LA UCR Sentencia: 017957-17 Ponente: Magistrado José Paulino Hernández Gutiérrez Recurso de amparo contra EL RECTOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA Y EL SECRETARIO GENERAL DE LA SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA NACIONAL AMBIENTAL (SETENA). Se cuestiona que la construcción de la Facultad de Odontología en las Instalaciones Deportivas de la UCR, afectará un área de recarga acuífera, que hay en el cantón de Montes de Oca. Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Jinesta Lobo da razones diferentes, en lo que respecta al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El Magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara con lugar el recurso por lesión al ambiente, condenando a la autoridad municipal y a Setena; y pone nota en cuanto al tema de participación ciudadana. La Magistrada Hernández López salva el voto, y rechaza de plano el recurso pues los reclamos por infracción al numeral 50 de la Constitución Política deben ser conocidos en la vía ordinaria. SENTENCIA EN REDACCIÓN.
LBH09/21 ... Ver más *160126930007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del diez de noviembre de dos mil diecisiete .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por AMELIA QUESADA ALPÍZAR, cédula de identidad 1-0382-0274, AMPARO DE LOS ÁNGELES ALGUERA ALGUERA, cédula de identidad 8-0070-0519, ANA CAROLINA QUINTERO FERNÁNDEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0846-0347, ANA ELENA GARITA INCER, cédula de identidad 1-0799-0125, ANA MARITZA DEL CARMEN MONGE FALLAS, cédula de identidad 1-0523-0393, ANDERSON ESTEBAN FONSECA LEANDRO, cédula de identidad 3-0464-0995, ARIELA NATALIA LEANDRO ESPINOZA, cédula de identidad 1-1565-0698, ARTURO SOLÍS CASTRO, cédula de identidad 1-0378-0652, BETTY TORRES VICTORIA , cédula de identidad 8-0093-0899, BRENDA DANIELA CALDERÓN TALENO, cédula de identidad 1-1711-0709, CARLOS MANUEL UGALDE HERNÁNDEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0598-0200, CARMEN MARIA ROJAS GONZÁLEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0527-0868, CAROLINA DE LOS ÁNGELES ZÚÑIGA ALFARO, cédula de identidad 1-1509-0848, CAROLINA LEANDRO PIEDRA, cédula de identidad 1-0956-0506, CESAR AUGUSTO BRENES QUIRÓS, cédula de identidad 1-1329-0490, CIRCE MILENA BRENES QUIRÓS, cédula de identidad 3-0393-0627, DANIEL HERRERA MUSMANI, cédula de identidad 1-0838-0017, DAVID ARAYA RUÍZ, DEIBY MARIANO PANIAGUA ARCE, cédula de identidad 1-1484-0219, DERIAN YADIR BRENES BADILLA, cédula de identidad 1-1685-0541, EDWIN DE LOS ÁNGELES DELGADO PIEDRA, cédula de identidad 6-0360-0052, ELEAZAR FEMENIAS ALFARO, cédula de identidad 1-1447-0639, EMILIT MARITZA LAMSICK ALGUERA, cédula de identidad 7-0116-0409, ERICK NICHOLAS THOMSEN CHUMPITASI, cédula de identidad 1-1714-0682, ERICK VILLALOBOS QUIRÓS, ESMERALDA VERALIS ARÉVALO HUEZO, cédula de identidad 8-0090-0359, FABIÁN ALVARADO QUESADA , cédula de identidad 1-1048-0058, FERNANDO BARRANTES ELIZONDO, cédula de identidad 1-0714-0689, FLORA ISABEL VIRGINIA DE JESÚS PÉREZ GUTIÉRREZ, cédula de identidad 4-0102-0894, FRANCISCO JAVIER MARÍN GUZMÁN, cédula de identidad 1-1370-0026, GISELLE ACOSTA POLONIO, cédula de identidad 1-0327-0412, ILONA MARÍA MAROTO VÍQUEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0887-0848, INGRID DEL CARMEN RODRÍGUEZ WOLTER, cédula de residencia 186200138927, JASON MICHAEL BATEMAN, cédula de residencia 184000298936, JAZMIN ESTHER CAMACHO GAMBOA, cédula de identidad 1-1443-0601, JORDAN GARCÍA, JOSÉ ALBERTO PEÑA QUESADA, cédula de identidad 1-0516-0162, JOSÉ JACINTO BRENES MOLINA, cédula de identidad 3-0200-0520, KATHERINE PAOLA BASTOS VILLALOBOS, cédula de identidad 4-0233-0685, KATTIA VANESSA ZAPATA VEGA, cédula de identidad 1-0857-0052, LAURA DEL CARMEN MADRIGAL ROJAS, cédula de identidad 1-1247-0971, LAURA SALDARRIAGA TORRES, cédula de identidad 1-1703-0703, LORENA CANTERO ACOSTA, cédula de identidad 1-0975-0474, LORENA MARIEL GUILLÉN RODRÍGUEZ, cédula de residencia 121400084033, LUIS ARTURO CHAVARRÍA BLANCO, cédula de identidad 5-0243-0339, LUIS GUILLERMO ALVARADO SÁNCHEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0453-0626, LUIS MANUEL BEJARANO FERNÁNDEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0543-0641, LUIS MAURICIO DE LOS ÁNGELES JIMÉNEZ MENA, cédula de identidad 1-0654-0423, LUZ MARY ALPÍZAR LOAIZA, cédula de identidad 1-0711-0855, MANUEL MONESTEL RAMÍREZ, cédula de identidad 1-0388-0206, MARÍA CAROLINA CHANTO SEGURA, cédula de identidad 1-1356-0564, MARÍA DE LOS ÁNGELES FERNÁNDEZ PÁREZ, cédula de identidad 3-0452-0602, MARÍA DE LOS ÁNGELES PIEDRA RAMÍREZ, cédula de identidad 1-0392-1031, MARÍA DEL PILAR ARIAS FERNÁNDEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0846-0889, MARÍA DEL ROSARIO JARA ROJAS, cédula de identidad 1-0376-0798, MARÍA EMILIA CHAVES REES, cédula de identidad 1-0402-0576, MARÍA ESTHER MONTANARO MENA, cédula de identidad 1-0922-0124, MARÍA GABRIELA DIAZ LARRALDE, cédula de residencia 186200027525, MARÍA JESÚS LEÓN ABARCA, cédula de identidad 2-0741-0233, MARÍA JOSÉ MATA QUIRÓS, cédula de identidad 3-0456-0638, MARÍA TERESA PINEDA CORDERO, cédula de identidad 1-0695-0985, MARIO ALBERTO RUIZ SALAS, cédula de identidad 1-1370-0284, MELISSA ALEJANDRA MUÑOZ LÓPEZ, cédula de identidad 1-1396-0167, MELISSA PACHECO SEGURA, cédula de identidad 1-1238-0589, MELISSA VANESSA SOLANO ZAPATA, cédula de identidad 1-1394-0510, MIRIAM QUESADA ALPÍZAR, cédula de identidad 1-0423-0331, NANCY MELISSA BRENES QUIRÓS, cédula de identidad 3-0359-0765, NATALIA ZELEDON FONTANA, cédula de identidad 1-1287-0996, PABLO BRIZUELA CALVO , cédula de identidad 1-0667-0723, PAULINA MATA MONGE, cédula de identidad 1-0791-0223, PIETRO ANTONIO SCAGLIONI SOLANO, cédula de identidad 1-0662-0065, RAQUEL PAOLA BONE GUZMÁN, cédula de identidad 1-1401-0048, RASCHID LEANDRO CAMACHO, cédula de identidad 3-0200-0764, REBECA RAMÍREZ BARRIENTOS, cédula de identidad 1-1344-0824, ROCIO ISABEL OTAROLA ULATE, cédula de identidad 1-0799-0498, ROSALINA DEL CARMEN ROJAS BLANCO, cédula de identidad 7-0051-0974, SEBASTIAN ALVARADO MONTERO, cédula de identidad 1-1345-0538, SONIA MARÍA AMADOR SABALLOS, cédula de residencia 155823152931, SUSANA ALVARADO MONTERO, cédula de identidad 1-1582-0120, TAMARA OLIVIA VALENCIA FONTANA, cédula de identidad 1-1154-0988, TANIA MARÍA LEANDRO ESPINOZA, cédula de identidad 1-1405-0586, VALERIA SALDARRIAGA TORRES, cédula de identidad 1-1656-0742, VALERIANE BRABANT, VICENTE GABRIEL JULIO CANTERO VALVERDE, cédula de identidad 6-0055-0153, VILMA MARIA QUIRÓS JIMÉNEZ, cédula de identidad 9-0048-0542, WALLACE FEDERICO SCHUMACHER HANKE, cédula de identidad 1-0587-0712, WALNER RAMÓN ALANIZ ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 1-1495-0980, YERLIN VERÓNICA SALAS DELGADO, cédula de identidad 6-0427-0300, YESKA GABRIELA FONSECA CASTILLO, cédula de identidad 1-1283-0574, ANA CAROLINA QUINTERO FERNÁNDEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0846-0347, CARMEN MARÍA ROJAS GONZÁLEZ, cédula de identidad 1-0527-0868, EMILIT MARITZA LAMSICK ALGUERA, cédula de identidad 7-0116-0409, FRANCISCO ENRIQUE VÁSQUEZ MAY, cédula de identidad 1-1097-0317, INEKE LAMEY VAN MARLE, cédula de identidad 8-0065-0011, JOSÉ IGNACIO VALENCIANO ANTILLÓN, 1-0630-0191, LAURA SAUMA SOLANO, cédula de identidad 1-085-0755, MAURICIO VARGAS BARGUIL , cédula de identidad 3-0286-0035, NOEL DOUNE ELIZABETH PAYNE WARREN, 8-0068-0331, MECHTHILD FRIDERIEKE BORS DE BARQUERO, cédula de residencia 127600115431, a favor de TODAS LAS PERSONAS USUARIAS DE LAS INSTALACIONES DEPORTIVAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA, vecinas en su mayoría del cantón de Montes de Oca y aledaños, contra la SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA NACIONAL AMBIENTAL (SETENA), la MUNICIPALIDAD DE MONTES DE OCA y la UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA.-
Resultando:
PRIMERO: Incorrecta aplicación del artículo 28 de la Ley Forestal, por omisión de permisos de tala.
SEGUNDO: Violaciones al derecho a un medio ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
TERCERO: Omisión de los permisos de tala contenidos en el decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE.
CUARTO: Impacto sobre la vida silvestre.
QUINTO: Omisiones sobre la construcción de la Facultad de Odontología en el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental.
SEXTO: Severas inconsistencias del Documento de Evaluación Ambiental.
SÉTIMO: Violación del derecho de participación ciudadana.
OCTAVO: Violación de los derechos contenidos en el artículo 46 de la Constitución, con relación a la protección de la salud, acceso a información, intereses económicos y ambientales, a recibir información veraz, a la libertad de elección y a un trato equitativo, todos ellos de los usuarios de las instalaciones deportivas de la Finca 3 de la UCR.
Los recurrentes manifiestan que son personas usuarias de las instalaciones deportivas de la Universidad recurrida y vecinas, en su mayoría, del cantón de Montes de Oca y aledaños; reclaman que las instituciones recurridas no han observado los principios ambientales de no regresión, precautorio, in dubio pro natura, desarrollo sostenible, así como los principios constitucionales de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, por causa del proyecto de la Universidad, avalado por SETENA, para la construcción de la Facultad de Odontología en Finca 3, que implica la tala de setenta y cuatro árboles maduros, impacta la flora y fauna silvestre del lugar del proyecto y zonas aledañas, entre ellas, el Corredor Biológico del Río Torres, el bosque ribereño de la quebrada Sabanilla y el bosque de Finca 4.
Los recurrentes piden que se ordenen las diligencias correspondientes y se declare la violación de los derechos reconocidos en los artículo 9, 46 y 50 de la Constitución y 4º del Pacto de San José, que se anule la viabilidad ambiental emitida por SETENA para el proyecto mencionado, por contraria al derecho constitucional a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado y por disminuir la calidad de vida de miles de personas que utilizan las instalaciones deportivas de Finca 3. Piden, además, que se ordene a la Universidad de Costa Rica valorar la posibilidad de construir la facultad de Odontología en las fincas 1 y 2, o zonas adyacentes, donde no hay una afectación tan grande, manteniendo la Finca 3 para uso mayoritariamente de recreación, deporte y conservación ambiental.-
“ARTÍCULO 94.- Etapas de la evaluación del impacto ambiental. La evaluación del impacto ambiental en materia de biodiversidad debe efectuarse en su totalidad, aun cuando el proyecto está programado para realizarse en etapas”.
Conforme lo anterior, estima que lejos de ser un incumplimiento la forma de presentación de todos los proyectos en un solo instrumento de evaluación ambiental que permitió la aplicación del instrumento técnico más riguroso, y con los mayores estudios de fondo, permitió la evaluación integral, y no fraccionada de los estudios ambientales, en beneficio del ambiente. Al utilizar como instrumento de EIA un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA), que es el más exhaustivo con que cuenta la SETENA, se abarca el análisis del componente físico biológico y social, los cuales son considerados en su integralidad para determinar la condición de armonización o de equilibrio aceptable, desde el punto de vista de carga ambiental, entre el desarrollo y ejecución de un proyecto y sus impactos ambientales potenciales, esto es, la Viabilidad ambiental. Acota que en cuanto al primer motivo del recurso, en cuanto a la incorrecta aplicación del artículo 28 de la Ley Forestal por omisión de permiso de tala, el Secretario General de SETENA manifiesta que el artículo 28 de la Ley Forestal establece la excepción del permiso de corta, no solo para plantaciones, como lo alegan los recurrentes, sino que también es aplicable para sistemas agroforestales y árboles plantados individualmente.
Precisa que por lo tanto, la SETENA si valoró que, bajo la figura de árboles plantados individualmente, es posible utilizar el artículo 28 de la Ley Forestal. Sin embargo, considera que es la Administración Forestal de Estado (AFE) la última instancia que vela por la correcta aplicación de la Ley Forestal y su reglamento y emite el permiso correspondiente, para lo cual la Viabilidad Ambiental es requisito. En cuanto a la corta de árboles, la SETENA por medio de la EIA garantiza que se establezcan medidas compensatorias, conforme lo define el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 32966-MINAE, medidas para aquellos impactos irrecuperables o inevitables, que no evitan o atenúan el efecto, pero contrapesan de alguna manera la alteración a la flora terrestre. Estima que de acuerdo con la información requerida por esa Secretaría y aportada por el desarrollador, en el folio 037 del documento Respuesta a la Resolución N° 030-2016 SETENA, se adjunta "Manual de Repoblamiento de Árboles en Fincas del Campus Universitario Rodrigo Facio".
Dice que ese manual realiza un análisis de las características biofísicas del campus universitario, define las especies forestales a plantar época de siembra, cuidados previo y posterior a la siembra y área potenciales a restaurar. Por lo anterior, menciona que SETENA considera que el procedimiento llevado a cabo, no lesiona ni desprotege al ambiente, por el contrario, establece medidas precautorias y compensatorias, por la eliminación de árboles, toda vez que el desarrollador se compromete a reforestar dos árboles por cada uno cortado, utilizando especies nativas con funciones ecológicas específicas, por ejemplo: restauradores, patrimonio, anidación, alimentación, comestibles, etc. Arguye que en cuanto al segundo motivo del recurso, por violaciones al derecho al ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, informa el Secretario General de SETENA que el proyecto indicado cumplió con el artículo 50 constitucional y 17 de la Ley Orgánica del ambiente, Decreto No. 31849- MINAE, y demás instrumentos técnicos y normativa aplicable desde el punto de vista de Evaluación Ambiental, según se demuestra en el presente informe, sin que se pueda alegar a nivel Constitucional la violación del derecho fundamental señalado.
Dice que en relación al tercer motivo del recurso, por omisión de los permisos de tala contenidos en el Decreto No. 25721-MINAE, manifiesta que ese decreto se refiere al control forestal que debe realizar la Administración Forestal del Estado en los casos que una persona física o jurídica requiera realizar un aprovechamiento maderable en áreas sin bosque. Alega que el aprovechamiento maderable en áreas sin bosque no contempla las plantaciones forestales sistemas agroforestales y árboles plantados individualmente, ya que estos sistemas forestales son definidos por aparte en el artículo 3º de la Ley Forestal, es decir, el artículo 90 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal únicamente aplica, para aquellas áreas que no son plantaciones forestales, sistemas agroforestales o árboles plantados individualmente. Considera que lo anterior, lleva a la definición de terrenos de uso agropecuario y sin bosque. Comenta que el artículo 3.- Inciso w) del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 25721-MINAE) define qué, son Terrenos de Uso Agropecuario y Sin Bosque, así:
"Son aquellas fincas privadas con la presencia de árboles no establecidos bajo un sistema agroforestal o fincas que tienen áreas con cobertura boscosa menores a dos hectáreas"
Redacta el Magistrado Hernandez Gutierrez; y,
Considerando:
I.Sobre las coadyuvancias. De conformidad con el artículo 34, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, terceros al proceso pueden interponer una solicitud de coadyuvancia, que es una forma de intervención adhesiva que se da, cuando una persona actúa en un proceso, adhiriéndose a las pretensiones de algunas de las partes principales. En consecuencia, se encuentra legitimado para actuar como coadyuvante quien ostente un interés directo en el resultado del recurso; sin embargo, al no ser actor principal, el coadyuvante no resultará directamente afectado por la sentencia, es decir, la eficacia de ésta no podrá alcanzarle de manera directa e inmediata, ni le afecta la condición de cosa juzgada del pronunciamiento (Véanse, entre otras, las sentencias número 3235 de las 9:20 horas del 30 de octubre de 1992 y la sentencia 2010-000254 de las 11:28 horas del 08 de enero de 2010). En este caso, por indicar los coadyuvantes que son vecinos que utilizan las instalaciones deportivas de la universidad y estudiantes de la Universidad de Costa Rica; así como los diputados de la Fracción del Partido Frente Amplio, que podrían verse afectados directamente por la construcción del proyecto que se cuestiona en este amparo o representan a personas en esa condición, se admiten las coadyuvancias presentadas.
II.Objeto del recurso. Reclaman los recurrentes que la Universidad de Costa Rica durante 30 años ha albergado en las instalaciones deportivas extensas áreas verdes, las cuales son utilizadas no solo por la población estudiantil sino también por miles de ciudadanos. No obstante lo anterior, con la construcción de la Facultad de Odontología se están causando una serie de agravios, específicamente: a) omisión de permisos de tala de árboles; b) violación a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, lesionando los principios ambientales de no regresión, precautorio, in dubio pro natura y los principios constitucionales de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad; c) inconsistencias y omisiones en el documento de evaluación ambiental y en el estudio de impacto ambiental; d) violación al derecho de participación ciudadana; e) emisión del certificado de uso de suelo y permisos de construcción, sin tomar en cuenta que se trata de una zona de afectación de “alta fragilidad ambiental” en un 60% y de “muy alta fragilidad ambiental” en un 20%; h) disconformidad con el Estudio de Impacto Vial realizado y, i) falta a la verdad tanto en los informes brindados por la Universidad de Costa Rica como en la información dada por estos al SETENA.
Solicitan que se anule la viabilidad ambiental emitida por SETENA para el proyecto mencionado y que se ordene a la Universidad de Costa Rica valorar la posibilidad de construir la Facultad de Odontología en las Fincas 1 y 2, o zonas adyacentes. Así como que se anule el uso de suelo municipal y los permisos de construcción de la Facultad de Odontología otorgados por la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca.
III.Hechos probados: De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
<![if !supportLists]>1. <![endif]>En oficio OSJ-271-2013 del 19 de marzo de 2013, el Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación estableció que las propiedades donde se encuentra la Universidad de Costa Rica no constituyen áreas de bosque (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>2. <![endif]>El 19 de diciembre del 2014, el SETENA recibió el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental (D-1) para el proyecto denominado: “Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio”, correspondiente a 22 proyectos que pretende desarrollar la Universidad de Costa Rica, dentro del campus universitario, al cual se le otorgó el número de expediente D1-14285-2014-SETENA (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>3. <![endif]>Por medio del oficio RNVS-ACCVC-005 del 3 de febrero de 2015, la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca estableció que no existe bosque dentro de las propiedades donde se encuentra la Universidad de Costa Rica y afirman que en zonas con esa se permite la corta de árboles sin su respectivo permiso (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>4. <![endif]>Mediante resolución N° 455-2015-SETENA del 23 de febrero del 2015, se ordenó al desarrollador del proyecto la presentación de un EsIA como instrumento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>5. <![endif]>El 19 de agosto de 2015, la SETENA recibió los documentos con el EsIA solicitado al desarrollador del proyecto (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>6. <![endif]>El 26 de agosto de 2015, el desarrollador del proyecto realizó una publicación en el periódico La República, en la cual hizo de conocimiento de la población que presentó el EsIA ante la SETENA y se invitó a la ciudadanía a presentar objeciones en caso de tenerlas (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>7. <![endif]>El 8 de octubre de 2015, el desarrollador entregó una copia de la Declaratoria de Impacto Ambiental a la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>8. <![endif]>El 19 de octubre de 2015, el desarrollador del proyecto entregó una copia del EsIA al Área de Conservación Volcánica Central (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>9. <![endif]>Por resolución No. 030-2016 SETENA del 12 de enero de 2016, la SETENA solicitó al desarrollador la presentación de un anexo que contuviera una serie de requerimientos técnicos y legales (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>10. <![endif]>Mediante oficio No. DPU-OF-054-2016 del 10 de marzo de 2016, la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca indicó con relación a las solicitudes de uso de suelo de los 22 Proyectos, que estos se encuentran ubicados bajo el régimen de zona Especial Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, por lo cual según el Plan Regulador de Montes de Oca, las fincas son compatibles con la actividad a la cual se refiere puntualmente cada caso (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>11. <![endif]>El 17 de marzo de 2016, la SETENA recibió el anexo solicitado al desarrollador (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>12. <![endif]>Mediante oficio No. DEA-1501-2016-SETENA del 24 de mayo de 2016, la SETENA solicitó aclaraciones al Anexo al EsIA en un plazo de 30 días hábiles (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>13. <![endif]>El 10 de junio de 2016, el desarrollador presentó las aclaraciones solicitadas en el oficio DEA-1501-2016-SETENA del 24 de mayo de 2016 (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>14. <![endif]>Mediante oficio DEA-1891-2016-SETENA del 24 de junio de 2016 y oficio DEA-1911.2016-SETENA del 27 de junio de 2016, se estableció que el anexo de EsIA para el proyecto “Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio, cumplió con la resolución No. 030-2016-SETENA y con el oficio DEA-1501-2016-SETENA y por ende con los requisitos en el área de ingeniería civil (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>15. <![endif]>El 28 de junio de 2016, el Presidente del Consejo Director del Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICIT), dio anuencia para el otorgamiento de los permisos requeridos por el desarrollador del proyecto, en el inmueble ubicado en la Ciudad de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa Rica, que es propiedad del CONICIT (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>16. <![endif]>Mediante informe técnico DEA-1934-2016-SETENA del 28 de junio de 2016, se realizó una descripción del proyecto según el EsIA y sus respectivas aclaraciones, por medio del cual se recomendó aprobar el documento D-1 de Evaluación Ambiental, el EsIA y la respectiva declaración jurada de compromisos ambientales, entre otras cosas (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>17. <![endif]>Por resolución número 1193-2016-SETENA de 30 de junio de 2016, la SETENA resolvió aprobar el estudio, de acuerdo con la información aportada por la empresa desarrolladora y el equipo consultor del proyecto, ambos responsables de la elaboración de Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, su anexo y aclaraciones, cuya información y estudios tienen carácter de Declaración Jurada y se dispuso otorgar la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>18. <![endif]>El 14 de julio de 2016, la Universidad de Costa Rica presentó copia de comprobante de garantía de cumplimiento (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>19. <![endif]>En respuesta a la Resolución N° 030-2016-SETENA, el desarrollador adjuntó el “Manual de Repoblamiento de Árboles en Fincas del Campus Universitario Rodrigo Facio”, en el cual se determinó entre otras cosas las áreas posibles a restaurar y en él, el desarrollador se comprometió a reforestar dos árboles por cada árbol cortado (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>20. <![endif]>El desarrollador adquirió el compromiso ambiental de referir los programas de reforestación y restauración al mantenimiento de los bosques riparios de las quebradas y el Río Torres (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>21. <![endif]>El 28 de octubre de 2016, la SETENA recibió el primer informe de regencia ambiental del proyecto correspondiente al período de agosto a octubre de 2016 (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>22. <![endif]>Por oficio SG-DEA-3339-2016-SETENA del 1 de noviembre de 2016, la SETENA le comunicó a la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca, que por oficio llamado EsIA y aclaraciones, se incluye el desarrollo de la construcción del edificio de Odontología, entre otras construcciones y se reflejan las medidas ambientales propuestas (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>23. <![endif]>Mediante oficio OEPI-520-2016, el desarrollador del proyecto se comprometió a la contratación de una empresa especializada para realizar el traslado de un árbol de caoba que se vería directamente afectado por el proyecto (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>24. <![endif]>El desarrollador estableció que, únicamente, 15 de los 75 árboles identificados se deben cortar para la construcción del edificio, por lo que, SETENA solicitó que se establecieran las respectivas medidas compensatorias, mediante un plan de restauración (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>25. <![endif]>Mediante oficio DVT-DGIT-ED-2015-4615, el Departamento de Estudios y Diseños de la Dirección General de Ingeniería de Tránsito del MOPT, aprobó el estudio de impacto vial (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>26. <![endif]>El proyecto evaluado por SETENA incluye la construcción de un Parqueo Integral Universitario en finca 2, el cual consiste en un edificio con un área aproximada de 26855 metros cuadrados, distribuido en ocho niveles, que albergará 750 espacios de estacionamiento para automóviles y 40 para bicicletas (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>27. <![endif]>La primera etapa de siembra inició en la Finca 3 de la Universidad de Costa Rica y se pretende reforestar 17.180 m2; además, existe una campaña para reforestar 195 árboles nativos, como acción para la compensación establecida (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>28. <![endif]>El INVU estableció un retiro de 50 metros para el río Torres y de 10 metros para la quebrada Sabanilla (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>29. <![endif]>La Universidad de Costa Rica decidió dejar un retiro de 60 metros en relación con la quebrada Sabanilla y de 75 metros en cuanto al río Torres (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>30. <![endif]>En el año 2016, la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca, emitió certificado de uso de suelo conforme para la construcción de la Facultad de Odontología en la propiedad de la Universidad de Costa Rica (ver informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>31. <![endif]>El 13 de enero de 2017, la SETENA recibió solicitud de anulación de la resolución de viabilidad ambiental otorgada al proyecto en cuestión (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>32. <![endif]>El 30 de enero de 2017, la SETENA realizó inspección de campo en el lugar (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>33. <![endif]>Por medio del informe técnico ASA-0144-2017-SETENA del 2 de febrero de 2017, se estableció lo observado en la inspección de campo y se envió solicitud de criterio legal al Departamento de Asesoría Jurídica de SETENA (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>34. <![endif]>El 2 de febrero de 2017, el Departamento Legal de la SETENA, recibió la solicitud de incidente de nulidad presentado contra la resolución No. 1193-2016-SETENA y la solicitud de paralización inmediata de los trabajos de movimientos de tierra que se están desarrollando (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>35. <![endif]>Mediante oficio AJ-45-2017-SETENA del 7 de febrero de 2017, el Departamento Legal de la Secretaría emitió el criterio legal solicitado respecto de la solicitud de anulación de la viabilidad planteada (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>36. <![endif]>El 8 de febrero de 2017, la SETENA dio traslado a la Universidad de Costa Rica del proyecto del incidente de nulidad planteado (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>37. <![endif]>Por oficio OPEI-0289-2017 del 17 de febrero de 2017, la Universidad de Costa Rica presentó prueba de descargo contra el incidente de nulidad (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>38. <![endif]>Mediante oficios AJ-69-2017-SETENA y AJ-72-2017-SETENA, ambos del 17 de febrero de 2017, el Departamento Legal solicitó criterio técnico al Departamento de Auditoría y Seguimiento Ambiental y al Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental, respectivamente, sobre si el camino denunciado se encuentra dentro del área del proyecto (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>39. <![endif]>En oficio ASA-0282-2017-SETENA del 17 de febrero de 2017, el Departamento de Auditoría y Seguimiento Ambiental, indicó que el camino sí se encuentra dentro del área del proyecto, pero no se encuentra incluido en el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (ver prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
<![if !supportLists]>40. <![endif]>Por resolución No. 594-2017-SETENA de las 7:20 horas del 22 de marzo de 2017, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, declaró inadmisible un incidente de nulidad presentado contra la resolución No. 1193-2016-SETENA, interpuesto por William Brenes Gómez y otros, relacionado con la construcción del edificio de Odontología en Finca 3 (ver informe y prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida).
IV.Hecho no probado: No se estima como debidamente demostrado el siguiente hecho: Único.- Que el proyecto afecte las zonas de protección del río Torres y de la quebrada Sabanilla (los autos).
V.Sobre el derecho a la salud y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El derecho a la salud reconocido en los artículos 21 de la Constitución Política, 1 y 11 de la Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre, 4 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos y 10 del Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos en Materia de Derechos, se encuentra íntimamente ligado al derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano y equilibrado, consagrado en el artículo 50 constitucional, el cual se encuentra intrínsecamente relacionado con los principios 4 y 15 de la Declaración de Río sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo. La calidad ambiental es un parámetro fundamental de la calidad de vida; al igual que la salud, alimentación, trabajo, vivienda, educación, entre otros. Se ha indicado que el ejercicio legítimo de ese derecho requiere que los recursos sean utilizados de manera racional, y que corresponde al Estado la protección del ambiente, según el principio precautorio que rige en materia ambiental.
Este principio obliga al Estado a disponer todo lo que sea necesario, dentro del ámbito permitido por la ley, a efectos de impedir que se produzcan daños irreversibles al ambiente, para cuyo efecto es responsable de lograr las condiciones sociales propicias a fin de que cada persona pueda disfrutar de su salud, entendido este derecho como una situación de bienestar físico, psíquico (o mental) y social (véase sentencia Nº 180-98 de las 16:24 horas del 13 de enero de 1998). La obligación objetiva del Estado en materia de protección ambiental no apareja, ineludiblemente, un derecho subjetivo de las personas a exigir, a través de los organismos judiciales, que se tome una medida determinada, pero sí a que se adopten las que sean idóneas en tutela de ese derecho, ante actitudes abiertamente negligentes de las autoridades públicas, o bien, de personas físicas y jurídicas. De este modo, el Estado adquiere la obligación de regular las áreas de la vida social de las cuales puedan surgir peligros para la existencia física de los habitantes de su territorio así como también aquellas que vulneren el ambiente, lo cual puede hacer a través de leyes, reglamentos, acuerdos u otras medidas relacionadas con la organización y los procedimientos administrativos.
En consecuencia, la posibilidad de exigir judicialmente, a través del recurso de amparo, un tipo específico de actividad prestacional por parte del Estado en cumplimiento de su deber de protección a la vida, salud o derecho al ambiente en beneficio de sus habitantes, está restringida a la clara verificación de un peligro inminente contra esos derechos de las personas.
VI.En cuanto a la alegada omisión de solicitar permisos de tala de árboles. En el sub judice , los recurrentes alegan que las autoridades de la Universidad de Costa Rica, omitieron solicitar los respectivos permisos de tala y dispusieron la tala de 74 árboles de distintas especies en la zona del proyecto para la construcción de la Facultad de Odontología, con lo cual desatendieron el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Sin embargo, del informe rendido por las autoridades de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental y la prueba allegada a los autos, estima esta Sala que no llevan razón los recurrentes en sus alegatos. Lo anterior, por cuanto, según quedó acreditado, si bien la SETENA no es la encargada de brindar el permiso de tala de árboles ni tampoco éste es un requisito para otorgar la viabilidad ambiental, lo cierto es que, en cuanto a materia de corta de árboles, la función de SETENA se centra en garantizar por medio de la evaluación de impacto ambiental que se establezcan, según define el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32966-MINAE, medidas compensatorias para aquellos impactos irrecuperables o inevitables, que logren contrarrestar de alguna manera la alteración que pueda causarse.
Es así como, en la documentación aportada por la Universidad de Costa Rica a dicha Secretaría consta el “Manual de Repoblamiento de Árboles en Fincas del Campus Universitario Rodrigo Facio”, dentro del cual se establece la forma en la cual la Universidad procederá con el fin de reforestar completamente los árboles que se tuvieron que cortar para desarrollar el proyecto. Adicionalmente, esta Sala pudo acreditar que la Universidad de Costa Rica ha tomado las medidas precautorias y compensatorias suficientes en relación con el tema de tala de árboles, ya que consta en el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental que se sembrarán dos árboles por cada árbol talado, además, se contrataron especialistas en la materia que procedieran a realizar el traslado de árboles como la caoba y el cedro amargo, los cuales no podían ser talados por su especie, y que fueron sembrados en otras áreas del campus. También pudo comprobarse que para este momento, la Universidad ya inició con la primera etapa de siembra en la Finca 3 y se pretende reforestar 17.180 m2; además, existe una campaña para reforestar 195 árboles nativos, como acción para la compensación establecida.
Asimismo, consta en autos, que de conformidad con el oficio RNVS-ACCVC-005 del 3 de febrero de 2015, la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca estableció que no existe bosque dentro de las propiedades donde se encuentra la Universidad de Costa Rica y afirman que en zonas con esa característica se permite la corta de árboles sin su respectivo permiso. En consecuencia, no estima esta Sala que en relación con este extremo se hayan lesionado de manera alguna los derechos fundamentales que reclaman los recurrentes, por cuanto no pudo comprobarse que se requiriera permiso alguno para realizar la acción denunciada y además, pudo acreditarse que se han tomado las medidas necesarias para evitar un impacto fuerte e irreversible al medio ambiente. Adicionalmente, determinar cuál es el permiso que debe sacarse para realizar determinada actividad, es un extremo que no compete determinar a este Tribunal Constitucional, razón por la cual, si los recurrentes estiman, que en el caso concreto, existió alguna omisión en cuanto a este tema, así deberán denunciarlo si a bien lo tienen, ante la vía ordinaria correspondiente.
VII.Atinente a la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por SETENA. En la sentencia 2006-8628 de las 15:23 horas del 20 de junio del 2006, este Tribunal estableció lo siguiente:
“IV. Del otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental por la SETENA .- Antes de analizar los alegatos de las partes, cabe señalar que el proceso de Evaluación Ambiental de Proyectos tiene por objeto identificar, predecir, interpretar, y comunicar a los interesados preventivamente, el efecto de un proyecto sobre el medio ambiente. Es un procedimiento administrativo de control de proyectos que, apoyado en un estudio técnico sobre las incidencias ambientales de una actividad determinada, denominado Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (documento técnico que debe presentar el promotor o titular del proyecto) y en un trámite de participación pública, permite a la autoridad ambiental competente emitir una declaración de impacto ambiental, rechazando, aprobando o modificando el proyecto. El artículo 17 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente impone la obligatoriedad de que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) evalúe el impacto ambiental de las actividades humanas que alteren o destruyan elementos del ambiente o generen residuos, materiales tóxicos o peligrosos, previo a que éstas inicien.
La Evaluación Ambiental involucra una serie de fases en las que participan el desarrollador del proyecto, el ente fiscalizador competente (SETENA en el caso de Costa Rica), y la sociedad civil. Inicia con la presentación del Formulario de Evaluación Ambiental Preliminar, documento que debe evaluar el Grupo de Evaluación Preliminar de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA). Posteriormente, se determina qué instrumento de evaluación ambiental requiere la actividad, y el desarrollador presenta el documento que debe ser examinado a fin de determinar si se requiere o no información adicional. El desarrollador del proyecto debe rendir una garantía y nombrar un Regente Ambiental, además de dar una declaración de compromisos ambientales. No es sino hasta que se cumplen todas estas etapas que el proyecto obtiene la declaración de viabilidad ambiental por parte de SETENA, por lo que una vez que se ha llevado a cabo todo el proceso es que puede considerarse satisfecho el requerimiento del artículo 17 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.” En el sub examine, los recurrentes reclaman que la viabilidad ambiental en cuestión, no debió ser otorgada por SETENA, por cuanto, a su parecer, la evaluación de impacto ambiental y el estudio de impacto ambiental carecen de rigurosidad; además, consideran que las medidas de reducción de impactos planteadas por el desarrollador del proyecto son insuficientes y estiman que con base en el principio precautorio debe posponerse la actividad de construcción de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica y anularse la viabilidad ambiental otorgada a dicho proyecto.
Al respecto, según informaron las autoridades recurridas del SETENA, el proyecto denominado “Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio”, constituido por la construcción de 22 edificios distribuidos en 3 fincas distintas de la UCR, fue evaluado de forma integral y bajo un mismo expediente, esto de conformidad con el artículo 94 de la Ley de Biodiversidad, el cual establece que “La evaluación del impacto ambiental en materia de biodiversidad debe efectuarse en su totalidad, aun cuando el proyecto esté programado para realizarse en etapas”. Además, señalan que el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental es el instrumento más riguroso y exhaustivo con que cuenta esa Secretaría. Ciertamente, este Tribunal Constitucional pudo constatar que desde el 19 de diciembre de 2014, momento en fue presentado el proyecto ante la SETENA, hasta el 30 de junio de 2016, en donde se otorgó la viabilidad ambiental en cuestión por medio de la resolución No. 1193-2016-SETENA, la Secretaría recurrida llevó a cabo una serie de inspecciones y solicitó la presentación de diversos anexos y estudios, con el fin de tener claro el panorama del proyecto que se tenía pensado desarrollar y cumplir con todas las etapas y requerimientos que por ley se exigen al efecto, todo esto para llegar a una conclusión y decidir otorgar la viabilidad ambiental que se denuncia.
Adicionalmente, consta en autos que ante una denuncia que se realizó ante la SETENA el pasado 13 de enero de 2017, por medio de la cual se solicitó la nulidad de la viabilidad otorgada y se indicó que se abrió un camino que no se encontraba dentro del proyecto. En consecuencia, pudo acreditarse que la SETENA realizó una inspección de campo y solicitó una serie de criterios a los Departamentos competentes de la Secretaría, con el fin de determinar si existía alguna irregularidad en cuanto a lo denunciado; además, si bien declararon inadmisible el incidente por medio de la resolución No. 594-2017-SETENA del 22 de marzo de 2017, lo cierto es que al verificar que el camino denunciado se encontraba dentro del proyecto, pero no dentro de la evaluación ambiental, sancionaron al desarrollador del proyecto, solicitando un plan de mitigación para dicho daño, de lo cual se desprende que la SETENA no solo ha cumplido fehacientemente con sus funciones al estudiar integralmente el proyecto y solicitar todos los requerimientos necesarios para su ejecución, sino que también han cumplido con una función fiscalizadora del proyecto al velar porque se cumpla a cabalidad con lo otorgado y para que establezcan los planes de mitigación que sean necesarios en aras de evitar irregularidades en la construcción del proyecto.
Así las cosas, estima esta Sala que en el caso de análisis existe ausencia de elementos que puedan llevar a admitir una lesión al ambiente, pues se ha acredita que la entidad técnica competente para realizar la evaluación ambiental del proyecto, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, aprobó el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental en el que se establece que el proyecto no causará impacto grave alguno en el medio ambiente. Por lo anterior, en criterio de la Sala no se dan los supuestos de riesgo de daño grave e irreversible, supuestos en los que cabe aplicar el principio precautorio sino más bien lo que existe es una discrepancia por parte de los recurrentes en que se haya utilizado como instrumento de evaluación ambiental el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental. Disconformidad que estima esta Sala excede el ámbito de competencia de este Tribunal Constitucional y la materia que puede ser analizada por medio del recurso de amparo, por lo que en cuanto a este extremo el recurso debe desestimarse, sin perjuicio que tales reparos puedan plantearse en la vía ordinaria correspondiente.
VIII.Sobre las infracciones al principio de participación ciudadana en los procedimientos de evaluación ambiental. Los recurrentes aducen que las autoridades recurridas violentaron el principio de participación ciudadana, al no comunicar a los vecinos y posibles afectados sobre la construcción del proyecto y la evaluación ambiental realizada para dicho efecto. Ahora bien, sobre dicho punto, las autoridades de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental informan que el desarrollador del proyecto realizó un aviso el día 26 de agosto de 2015 en el periódico La República, en el cual hizo de conocimiento de la población que presentó el EsIA, ante esa Secretaría e invitó a la ciudadanía a presentar las objeciones que estimaran pertinentes. Además, realizaron una encuesta sobre la percepción del proyecto, por medio de la cual se determinó que no se realizarían talleres participativos, al no percibirse la existencia de una oposición o conflicto social.
Adicionalmente, señalan que de conformidad con el artículo 3 inciso 12) del Decreto Ejecutivo 31849-MINAE-SALUD-MOPT- MEIC, la audiencia pública en proyectos de categoría A, la solicitará SETENA, cuando lo estime necesario. Sin embargo, es preciso indicar que este Tribunal, estimó en la sentencia No. 6773-2014 de las 11:41 horas de 16 de mayo de 2014, que la sede natural para vigilar el cumplimiento del principio de participación ciudadana es la justicia ordinaria y no la jurisdicción constitucional. En la referida resolución, se consideró lo siguiente:
“ IV.- BAJO UNA MEJOR PONDERACIÓN. DISCUSIÓN DE LEGALIDAD. Al modificar el artículo 9 de la Constitución Política, el órgano constituyente reformador quiso dar positividad al Principio de Participación y así acercar a los administrados al proceso de toma de decisiones estatales, como parte de lo que la doctrina llama “mecanismos de corrección” de la democracia representativa. Así, el Constituyente reformador dejó los medios, alcance y oportunidad de la participación ciudadana a la normativa infra-constitucional, salvo en casos excepcionales. En ese sentido, la sede natural para vigilar su cumplimiento, es la justicia ordinaria y no la jurisdicción constitucional. Por esa razón, son ajenas y lejanas a la competencia de este Tribunal, las cuestiones que se plantean en el caso concreto, a saber, el mecanismo alternativo ordenado por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental –a raíz de la violencia y la situación de intimidación generada en las audiencias de 9 de noviembre de 2013 y 25 de enero de 2014– a fin de garantizar la fase de comentarios de los interesados y réplicas del desarrollador en el procedimiento de evaluación ambiental del proyecto de una nueva Terminal de Contenedores en Moín, a nombre de APM Terminals Moín S.A En el caso específico, precisamente el artículo 22 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, no define si esa participación es a viva voz, por escrito o de qué manera se satisface la exigencia de la participación, lo cual requiere ser analizado en un proceso que permita la amplitud de prueba y contradictorio que, desde nuestro punto de vista, no encuadra en el amparo como proceso rápido, sencillo, sumario y especial de protección de derechos humanos fundamentales.
Le corresponde entonces, al control de legalidad y no a este Tribunal Constitucional, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas desplegadas (activas u omisas), por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, se ajustan o no, al ordenamiento jurídico infra constitucional. Por las razones indicadas, estimamos que el tema planteado está lejos de las competencias específicas, que la Sala Constitucional está llamada a proteger, sin que ello signifique que no merezca análisis en la jurisdicción ordinaria o de mera legalidad contenciosa administrativa, conforme al artículo 49 constitucional. (…)” A partir de lo expuesto, no le corresponde a este Tribunal determinar, tal y como lo pretenden los recurrentes, si en el caso particular debió realizarse algún tipo de consulta sobre el proyecto en cuestión, así como tampoco le compete a esta Sala verificar cuál es el mecanismo que deben utilizar las autoridades recurridas, para garantizar forma óptima la participación ciudadana.
De este modo y, conforme con el precedente de cita, no le corresponde a este Tribunal Constitucional determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas desplegadas (activas u omisas) por la SETENA en el caso concreto se ajustan o no al ordenamiento jurídico infra constitucional, todo lo cual, deberá ser cuestionado por los recurrentes en las vías de legalidad ordinaria respectivas.
IX.En cuanto a la disconformidad con la emisión del certificado de uso de suelo y permisos de construcción. Los recurrentes consideran que las autoridades de la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca, otorgaron uso de suelo y permisos de construcción para la Facultada de Odontología que se encuentra dentro del proyecto denominado "Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio", sin cumplir los requerimientos dispuestos en la normativa vigente y, ni los requisitos exigidos, específicamente, sin tomar en cuenta que el cantón de Montes de Oca, cuenta con un mapa de zonificación de fragilidad ambiental, elaborado por el PRUGAM y justamente, un 60% de la construcción coincide con zona II-G de “alta fragilidad ambiental” y en un 20%, en una zona II-G de “muy alta fragilidad ambiental”, lo que puede causar un impacto importante en el lugar. Al respecto, si bien las autoridades del municipio recurrido indican que la iniciativa PRUGAM fracasó y que por medio de ella no se estableció norma alguna que pudiera utilizarse a nivel del GAM, por lo que, al contar con la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por SETENA, no existía a nivel municipal, impedimento alguno para brindar los permisos cuestionados.
No obstante lo anterior, es importante aclararle a los recurrentes que el análisis de los aspectos reclamados, en una parte, de carácter estrictamente técnicos, implicaría obviar la naturaleza sumaria del amparo, ordinariando un proceso, que lo que busca es la protección y la restitución de derechos fundamentales violados y, de otra parte, los reclamos relativos al cumplimiento de requisitos de legalidad para el otorgamiento de los permisos de construcción y uso de suelo, conforme con la legislación vigente, es un asunto de legalidad ordinaria que debe resolverse en esa vía. Por ello, deberán plantear, si a bien lo tienen, su inconformidad o reclamo ante las autoridades recurridas o en la vía jurisdiccional competente, vías en las cuales podrán, en forma amplia, discutir el fondo del asunto y hacer valer sus pretensiones.
X.Atinente a las posibles afectaciones a la quebrada Sabanilla y al río Torres. Reclaman los recurrentes que el proyecto causará una afectación a las zonas de protección de río Torres y de la quebrada Sabanilla. No obstante lo anterior, de los autos se desprende que no llevan razón los accionantes en sus alegatos. Por cuanto, en primer lugar pudo demostrarse que el INVU estableció un retiro de 50 metros para el río Torres y de 10 metros para la quebrada Sabanilla y sin embargo, la Universidad dispuso dejar un retiro de 60 metros y de 75 metros, respectivamente, con lo cual, no solo se respeta el retiro legalmente establecido, sino que además, se deja un porcentaje mayor a este. Adicionalmente, consta en los documentos aportados a SETENA y presentados ante este Tribunal Constitucional, que existe dentro de los planes de mitigación y reforestación suficientes medidas que se tomarán en torno a los alrededores tanto del río Torres como de la quebrada Sabanilla; además, pudo comprobarse que no existe descarga de aguas tratadas hacia ellos que pueda llegar a afectarlos. En consecuencia, no pudo comprobar esta Sala que exista la afectación alegada por los interesados, razón por la cual sobre este punto, el recurso debe declararse sin lugar.
XI.Sobre la supuesta afectación por omisiones en el Estudio de Impacto Vial. Acusan los accionantes que la emisión de gases representa un problema adicional que no fue cuantificado en el Estudio de Impacto Vial del MOPT, debido a que para ellos, el ingreso de casi 800 personas diarias a las instalaciones, en sus respectivos vehículos, provocará una afectación vial y al ambiente por la emisión de gases que generarán dichos vehículos. Sin embargo, consta en autos que Mediante oficio DVT-DGIT-ED-2015-4615, el Departamento de Estudios y Diseños de la Dirección General de Ingeniería de Tránsito del MOPT, aprobó el estudio de impacto vial presentado por la Universidad recurrida y no estimó que existiera impacto alguno que pudiera causar un problema vial en los alrededores del campus. De igual forma, se tuvo por demostrado que el proyecto presentado por la Universidad de Costa Rica, incluye la construcción de un Parqueo Integral Universitario en finca 2, el cual consiste en un edificio con un área aproximada de 26.855 metros cuadrados, distribuido en ocho niveles, que albergará 750 espacios de estacionamiento para automóviles y 40 para bicicletas.
Lo anterior, acredita que el dicho de los recurrentes en cuanto a que en la finca 3, donde se está construyendo la Facultad de Odontología ingresaran alrededor de 800 vehículos diarios, es inexacto, debido a que consta, que en dichas instalaciones no se construirá un parqueo, por el contrario, el transporte hasta allí, será a lo interno y por medio de un autobús especial. Adicionalmente, tal y como informa el Rector de la Universidad, la mayoría de estudiantes de la Universidad utilizan otro medio de transporte para llegar al campus y son la minoría los que llegan en su vehículo propio. De todas maneras, se desprende del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental presentado por la Universidad de Costa Rica, que se propusieron medidas ambientales asociadas con el aumento de vehículos y para evitar que se provoque un impacto vial en la zona, dentro del cual se establecen controles y monitoreo de la calidad de aire y de inmisiones en el campus, con el fin de resguardar el medio ambiente y evitar algún daño en contra de éste.
Así las cosas, al no poder comprobar este Tribunal Constitucional que en la especie se haya producido lesión alguna a los derechos fundamentales de los recurrentes, lo correspondiente es desestimar el recurso también en cuanto a este extremo.
XII.Atinente a la alegada falta a la verdad en los informes rendidos por la autoridad recurrida y en la información remitida a SETENA. Finalmente, alegan los recurrentes que las autoridades de la Universidad de Costa Rica faltan a la verdad tanto en los informes rendidos bajo fe de juramento ante este Tribunal Constitucional y en la información brindada ante la SETENA. No obstante lo anterior, de conformidad con el artículo 44 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, las inexactitudes o falsedades que pudiera contener un informe hará incurrir al funcionario presuntamente responsable en los delitos de perjurio o falso testimonio. Asimismo, en cuanto a la información rendida ante el SETENA, ésta fue brindada por medio de una Declaración Jurada, con la advertencia de poder incurrir en los delitos referidos en caso de faltar a la verdad. No obstante, no es a esta Sala a quien compete determinar la existencia o no de esos delitos, sino al Juez penal, por lo que si los recurrentes estiman que las actuaciones de las autoridades recurridas, son típicas en relación con las regulaciones mencionadas y que incurrieron en falsedad, podrán interponer ante el Ministerio Público la respectiva denuncia, para que sea ahí donde se determine la falsedad o no de las manifestaciones reclamadas.
XIV.Razones diferentes del Magistrado Jinesta Lobo, en lo que respecta al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El Magistrado Jinesta Lobo declara sin lugar este extremo del recurso, pero por razones diferentes:
XV.Voto salvado parcial del Magistrado Cruz Castro Es lamentable que deba reconocerse que el denominado "Proyectos Varios UCR Sede Rodrigo Facio", está dentro de una zona de fragilidad ambiental. Efectivamente, el cantón de Montes de Oca, cuenta con un mapa de zonificación de fragilidad ambiental, elaborado por el PRUGAM y justamente, un 60% de la construcción que se objeta, coincide con zona II-G de “alta fragilidad ambiental” y en un 20%, en una zona II-G de “muy alta fragilidad ambiental”, lo que puede ocasionar una importante lesión al ambiente. En esta sentencia se reconoce el fracaso de la iniciativa del PRUGRAM, que define vulnerabilidades ambientales importantes. Ni el gobierno local, ni el gobierno central, han adoptado medidas para impedir una lesión al ambiente, a pesar de un reporte técnico tan específico. En el marco de una anomia incompresible, se permite la lesión al ambiente, a pesar de un informe técnico tan calificado.
El municipio debe asumir la tutela del ambiente, porque tiene en sus manos un informe técnico que requiere una respuesta institucional. Basta aplicar las competencias del gobierno local, para considerar que el reporte de PRUGAM requiere una respuesta institucional del gobierno local, convirtiéndose en una limitación al uso del suelo y complemento del plan regulador. La justificación que brinda el gobierno local, es insuficiente frente a la relevancia que tiene la tutela del ambiente. Si bien la iniciativa PRUGAM fracasó, esa situación no impide al municipio incorporar un informe técnico tan específico y exigir que la edificación se adapte a las limitaciones de dicho dictamen, en función de la defensa de un derecho de tanta relevancia como el ambiente urbano. En este caso, la viabilidad ambiental de Setena es insuficiente, porque existe un criterio técnico que impone otras limitaciones. Ese criterio técnico debió tomarlo en consideración Setena.
En razón de lo expuesto, salvo el voto y declaro con lugar el amparo por lesión al ambiente, condenando a la autoridad municipal y a Setena. La obra que se realizará, deberá adaptarse a las limitaciones que define el mapa de fragilidad ambiental del PRUGAM. Este caso muestra las graves debilidades de la política de ambiente que se aplica en Costa Rica, ignorándose una iniciativa tan importante como el PRUGAM. Autoridades políticas estatales y municipales invisibilizan reportes sobre graves amenazas al ambiente urbano y rural. Estas omisiones tan graves, cuestionan seriamente la vocación de defensa del ambiente de las autoridades políticas estatales y municipales.
XVI.Nota del Magistrado Cruz Castro: Si bien es cierto en aquellos casos en los que se encuentra de por medio el principio de participación ciudadana establecido en el artículo 9 de la Constitución Política he estimado que se trata de un tema de relevancia constitucional, en el caso concreto no salvo el voto porque tal y como se logró acreditar en autos, el desarrollador del proyecto el día 26 de agosto del 2015 mediante la publicación que realizó en el periódico La República invitó a la población interesada a presentar las objeciones que estimaran pertinentes. Por lo anterior y siendo que voluntariamente los interesados no manifestaron su interés en participar en los talleres me sumo a la mayoría y declaro sin lugar el recurso en cuanto a este extremo.
XVII.Voto salvado de la Magistrada Hernández López respecto del reclamo por infracción al artículo 50 de la Constitución Política.
1. El contexto histórico que motivó en su momento la amplia intervención de la Sala en materia ambiental, ha tenido una considerable variación que impone a este órgano reconsiderar las condiciones para su participación en el aseguramiento del derecho de las personas a un ambiente sano y equilibrado, tal y como ha sido tutelado en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. En efecto, la situación actual –caracterizada por una amplísima producción legal y reglamentaria que incluye reglas de fondo, procedimientos y creación de órganos para el cumplimiento de lo ordenado en la Carta Fundamental- es radicalmente diferente de la anterior, en la cual la ausencia de normativa y de instancias estatales con competencia apropiada, le impuso a la Sala un papel de protagonista , casi único , en la defensa del precitado derecho constitucional.
2. Hoy en día, nos encontramos frente a un “denso entramado” de normativa ambiental –tal y como acertadamente lo ha descrito el Magistrado Jinesta Lobo en su voto salvado sobre este tema- lo cual ha producido dos fenómenos relevantes: el primero y más obvio, es el surgimiento de una abarcadora regulación jurídica respecto de actividades cuya incidencia en el ambiente estaba poco o nada ordenada, así la creación de órganos estatales con potestades de vigilancia y control sobre los efectos de la actividad humana en el entorno. El segundo fenómeno consiste en que esa creciente juridificación –predominantemente legislativa y reglamentaria– trae aparejada una ineludible entrada en escena tanto de la justicia administrativa como de la jurisdicción ordinaria -prioritariamente la contencioso administrativa, pero también la penal. En ellas, acorde con la importancia del derecho ambiental, se han regulado de forma amplia vías procesales y medios de legitimación incluyentes, de manera que los administrados puedan hacer valer lo establecido en ese amplio orden jurídico que se relaciona con el tema ambiental.
3. En ese contexto, no resulta apropiado jurídicamente , ni desde el punto de vista funcional, que la Sala Constitucional desplace , o -peor aún- sustituya , a los órganos de justicia ordinarios en la realización de su tarea, también de rango constitucional, de velar por el efectivo cumplimiento de leyes y reglamentos. Es impropio jurídicamente porque en la inmensa mayoría de estos casos lo que se solicita es que interprete y haga valer normas legales y reglamentarias con lo que arriesga traslapar sus competencias con las de otros órganos jurisdiccionales que –ellos sí- han sido creados para ejecutar tales tareas; y resulta también funcionalmente incorrecto, porque el diseño de sus procesos se aviene mal con la complejidad que está presente en numerosos conflictos ambientales que se componen de series de hechos y actos técnica y jurídicamente complejos. Sobre ambas cuestiones existen conocidos ejemplos en los que la Sala ha arrojado una resolución a medias o técnicamente incompleta, o bien se han generado fricciones innecesarias y afectación de la seguridad jurídica.
4. Como parte de los aspectos técnicos que he valorado, añado que está el hecho de que esta jurisdicción no cuenta con jueces ejecutores de sentencia que permitan darle seguimiento adecuado a las mismas -generalmente complejas-, que implican en ocasiones el seguimiento de planes remediales, entre otros, con coordinación interinstitucional y seguimiento de meses y hasta años.
5. Desde esa perspectiva, la decisión de dar un paso al lado en la materia ambiental por parte de este Tribunal no debe ser vista como un abandono de la materia ambiental, sino al contrario, de su adecuada tutela en la instancia que mejor se aviene a la naturaleza de su complejidad y diversidad. Asimismo tampoco debe ser visto como la declinación de esta instancia en su tarea de protección de los derechos constitucionales que le imponen la Constitución Política y su Ley Orgánica, que desde mi punto de vista, queda reservada en esta materia para casos específicos. Se trata más bien, de un ejercicio de reacomodo de las cargas y tareas que corresponden a los distintos órganos estatales, de manera que cada uno de ellos, pueda desplegar plenamente su labor dentro del ámbito que se le ha asignado , así como del ejercicio de fijar su propia competencia, según lo establece el artículo 7 de su Ley Orgánica.
6. Queda claro que la Sala no se plantea abandonar a otras jurisdicciones la labor de protección de los derechos de las personas en materia ambiental. Es conocido que si bien todo reclamo por infracción de normas legales y reglamentarias puede ser reconducido hasta el ámbito constitucional, existen casos cuya resolución no exige más que la aplicación del derecho de la Constitución. Se trata entonces de lograr que la Sala se convierta en protagonista junto con otros, de manera que –entre todos y cada uno en su espacio- se pueda cubrir toda la variedad de situaciones que presenta una protección del derecho a un medio ambiente sano y equilibrado dentro de una sociedad en la que también existen otras necesidades igual de acuciantes. Con esta posición creo firmemente que el ciudadano no pierde un ápice de protección pero se gana sustancialmente en amplitud, en perspectiva y en respeto al equilibrio y distribución de poderes, principio este último de obligada consideración, puesto que rige la dinámica constitucional de cualquier sistema liberal y democrático como el nuestro.- 7.
En línea con lo anterior, sostengo que esta Sala debe abstenerse de conocer los reclamos que se le presenten por supuesta infracción al artículo 50 de la Constitución Política para dejar en manos de la justicia administrativa y la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa su conocimiento. Lo anterior se deja afirmado con carácter general, sin perjuicio de reconocer la existencia de casos particulares o grupos de casos que, según mi criterio, si resultarían aún mejor tutelados por esta Sala y por tanto deben ser conocidos y resueltos por ella.- Dentro de tales grupos de casos, y sin que esta enunciación pueda considerarse como una lista cerrada y definitiva, puedo señalar que la Sala debe reservarse el conocimiento de situaciones como por ejemplo los reclamos por infracciones ambientales que además pongan en riesgo directo la salud de las personas , o el acceso o calidad del agua; los casos de violaciones groseras y directas al ambiente y en los cuales se constate una palmaria ausencia de la protección por parte de las autoridades estatales, siempre y cuando además la naturaleza del reclamo permita ser abordado mediante el instrumento del amparo como instituto procesal sumario y especial, ya que estimo que tampoco se debe “ordinariar” el amparo para abordar, aún en estos casos citados, temas que rebasen la capacidad de ser atendidos adecuadamente en el mismo.
8. En el caso concreto, se observa que la situación planteada se ubica dentro de aquellas situaciones en las que la intervención de los medios de protección de la Administración y la justicia ordinaria, resultan ser una vía más amplia y completa pues el tema discutido que involucra una discusión sobre ventajas y desventajas y valoración de los beneficios, todo lo cual requiere abundante prueba, seguimientos y estudios que exceden el ámbito del amparo. Por lo anterior, salvo el voto pues a mi juicio los extremos planteados deben ser analizados en la vía ordinaria y no en esta sede, por lo que debió aplicarse el artículo 9 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional y rechazar de plano el recurso.
XVIII.Documentación aportada al expediente . Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Jinesta Lobo da razones diferentes, en lo que respecta al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El Magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara con lugar el recurso por lesión al ambiente, condenando a la autoridad municipal y a Setena; y pone nota en cuanto al tema de participación ciudadana. La Magistrada Hernández López salva el voto, y rechaza de plano el recurso pues los reclamos por infracción al numeral 50 de la Constitución Política deben ser conocidos en la vía ordinaria.- Ernesto Jinesta L.
Fernando Cruz C.
Fernando Castillo V.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jose Paulino Hernández G.
Ronald Salazar Murillo *S00WC43KVXDE61* Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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