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Res. 14907-2017 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 22/09/2017
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered a funded control and protection plan for wildlife protected areas to be prepared and implemented within sixty months, an updated review of compliance with the Comptroller’s report, and an assessment of drinking-water needs.La Sala ordenó elaborar y ejecutar en sesenta meses un plan financiado de control y protección de las áreas silvestres protegidas, actualizar el cumplimiento del informe contralor y evaluar sus necesidades de agua potable.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber partially granted the amparo because the country’s wildlife protected areas were not receiving sufficient protection. It ordered MINAE, the Ministry of Finance, and SINAC to jointly assess conditions in the conservation areas and adopt effective and reasonable environmental-protection measures. Within sixty months, those institutions must prepare and implement a control and protection plan that ensures effective surveillance, prevents and addresses environmental harm, and has the resources required for implementation. The Comptroller General must update the status of compliance with report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 and require SINAC to effectively address its recommendations. SINAC must also study the need for drinking-water supplies in specified conservation areas and, where appropriate, pursue provision of the service. The judgment ordered the State to pay costs and damages, deferred the issues concerning Corcovado National Park to an earlier decision, and denied the remaining claims. One justice dissented and would have denied the amparo in full.La Sala Constitucional declaró parcialmente con lugar el amparo por la insuficiente protección de las áreas silvestres protegidas del país. Ordenó al MINAE, al Ministerio de Hacienda y al SINAC evaluar conjuntamente la situación de las áreas de conservación y adoptar medidas efectivas y razonables para proteger el ambiente. Esas instituciones deberán elaborar y ejecutar, dentro de sesenta meses, un plan de control y protección que garantice la vigilancia efectiva, prevenga y atienda daños ambientales y cuente con los recursos necesarios. La Contraloría General deberá actualizar el cumplimiento del informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 y requerir al SINAC la atención efectiva de sus recomendaciones. Además, el SINAC deberá estudiar la necesidad de abastecimiento de agua potable en determinadas áreas y, si procede, gestionar su provisión. La sentencia condenó al Estado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios, remitió lo relativo al Parque Nacional Corcovado a un fallo anterior y rechazó las demás pretensiones.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The amparo is partially granted against the Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Ministry of Finance, and the National System of Conservation Areas. Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Helio Fallas Venegas, and Mario Coto Hidalgo, respectively Minister of Environment and Energy, Minister of Finance, and Executive Director of SINAC, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered to coordinate the necessary actions to assess the current condition of the conservation areas and adopt the measures required to protect the environment, so that the country’s wildlife protected areas receive effective and reasonable attention. For this purpose, within SIXTY MONTHS they must prepare and implement a control and protection plan for wildlife protected areas that guarantees effective surveillance to prevent and address environmental harm; the resources necessary for its implementation must be ensured.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso en contra del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, el Ministerio de Hacienda y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. Se ordena a Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Helio Fallas Venegas y Mario Coto Hidalgo, por su orden Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, Ministro de Hacienda y Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, que coordinen lo pertinente a fin de que se evalúe la situación actual de las áreas de conservación y se tomen las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente, de tal forma que se atiendan de manera efectiva y razonable las áreas silvestres protegidas del país. Para lo anterior deberán elaborar y ejecutar, en el plazo de SESENTA MESES, un plan de control y protección de las áreas silvestres protegidas que garantice su vigilancia efectiva a fin de prevenir y atender daños ambientales; para lo cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"De conformidad con el artículo 61 de la Ley de Biodiversidad No. 7788, el Estado debe asegurar, al menos, el personal y los recursos necesarios que determine el SINAC para la operación e integridad de las áreas silvestres protegidas de propiedad estatal y la protección permanente de los parques nacionales, las reservas biológicas y otras áreas silvestres protegidas propiedad del Estado."
"Under Article 61 of Biodiversity Law No. 7788, the State must provide, at a minimum, the personnel and resources that SINAC determines are necessary for the operation and integrity of state-owned wildlife protected areas and the permanent protection of national parks, biological reserves, and other state-owned wildlife protected areas."
Resultando 1
"De conformidad con el artículo 61 de la Ley de Biodiversidad No. 7788, el Estado debe asegurar, al menos, el personal y los recursos necesarios que determine el SINAC para la operación e integridad de las áreas silvestres protegidas de propiedad estatal y la protección permanente de los parques nacionales, las reservas biológicas y otras áreas silvestres protegidas propiedad del Estado."
Resultando 1
"Las áreas silvestres protegidas continentales carecen del personal necesario para atender las actividades esenciales."
"Mainland wildlife protected areas lack the personnel necessary to carry out essential activities."
Resultando 1, informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014
"Las áreas silvestres protegidas continentales carecen del personal necesario para atender las actividades esenciales."
Resultando 1, informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014
"Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo."
"The State is ordered to pay the costs and damages caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement proceedings before the administrative courts."
Por tanto
"Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo."
Por tanto
"Queda claro que la Sala no se plantea abandonar a otras jurisdicciones la labor de protección de los derechos de las personas en materia ambiental."
"It is clear that the Chamber does not intend to leave the protection of people’s environmental rights to other jurisdictions."
Voto salvado, apartado 6
"Queda claro que la Sala no se plantea abandonar a otras jurisdicciones la labor de protección de los derechos de las personas en materia ambiental."
Voto salvado, apartado 6
Full documentDocumento completo
Decision No. 2017014907 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine fifteen a.m. on September twenty-two, two thousand seventeen.
Amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) filed by ADOLFO MAURICIO ÁLVAREZ MORA, identity card 0108770217, in his capacity as President of the FEDERACIÓN COSTARRICENSE PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL AMBIENTE (FECON), legal entity identification number 3002116993; AMPARO GUISELLE MONGE ARIAS, identity card 0107850844; EDUARDO JOAQUÍN CARRILLO JIMÉNEZ, identity card 0105750493; LUIS DIEGO MARÍN SCHUMACHER, identity card 0107530303; MARIO ANDRÉS BOZA LORÍA, identity card 0102970932; OLGA MARTA GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ, identity card 0107060907, in her capacity as Acting Secretary General of the CONFEDERACIÓN DE TRABAJADORES RERUM NOVARUM (CTRN), legal entity identification number 3011117200; OLIVIER THIERRY CHASSOT LABASTROU, identity card 0800930792; and ROBERTO MIGUEL MOLINA UGALDE, identity card 0501950151, in his capacity as Secretary General of the ASOCIACIÓN SINDICAL DE TRABAJADORES DEL MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA (SITRAMINAE), legal entity identification number 3011212127; against the CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA, the MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, the MINISTERIO DE HACIENDA, and the MINISTERIO DE SALUD.
Whereas:
Likewise, the potential for public use of 51 protected wild areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) is not being realized.” They add that the report states that “the current management model of Sinac has not reasonably incorporated good practices in biodiversity research and monitoring,” that “biodiversity monitoring is not conducted in 60 of the 128 protected wild areas analyzed, while it is conducted in 68 of them,” and that “Continental protected wild areas lack the personnel necessary to carry out essential activities.” They argue that the shortage of park rangers (guardaparques) is due to the policy adopted by the Executive Branch of freezing both their total number—which has been frozen since 1998—and the filling of positions vacated by employees who resign or retire, as established in Directriz N° 023-H de abril del 2015. They report that 32,8% of all protected areas have no protection whatsoever.
They state that the aforementioned report by the Contraloría indicated: “The Contraloría General determined that 86 of the 128 protected wild areas analyzed have at least one person responsible for their management; the remaining 42 lack a manager, particularly 19 protection zones (zonas protectoras), 11 national wildlife refuges (refugios nacionales de vida silvestre), 7 wetlands (humedales), 3 biological reserves (reservas biológicas), and 2 forest reserves (reservas forestales). [...] In 48 protected wild areas, there are no material resources available to carry out control and protection measures, and in 27 cases there are resources to carry out less than 35% of the scheduled control and protection measures.” They argue that this report states that the number of personnel available in 86 protected wild areas is insufficient and that, consequently, less than 35% of the needs of these territories can be addressed.
Furthermore, in 33 cases, the number of personnel available made it possible to address their needs only partially, that is, between 36% and 65%. They allege that this entire situation is a vicious circle that seriously jeopardizes the environment, while also jeopardizing to the same degree the fundamental rights of those who guard and protect these areas. They contend that virtually all protected areas have insufficient vehicles, boats, and other vessels, making their proper protection impossible. They report a lack of protection and deterioration of the cultural heritage (patrimonio cultural) of the Guanacaste, Santa Rosa, Braulio Carrillo, Isla del Coco, and Carara national parks; Monumento Nacional Guayabo; and Humedal Térraba-Sierpe. They indicate that park rangers require more formal training. They state that funds generated by protected areas, whether from revenue, environmental services (servicios ambientales), debt swaps, fees, park stamps, coin issuances, activities, or donations, must be used for the protection and development of the national parks and equivalent reserves of our country, as well as for programs carried out by the Servicio de Parques Nacionales, such as the protection, development, planning, and management of natural and cultural resources.
They state that, because of the manner in which SINAC/MINAE submits its budgets to the Contraloría General de la República, it is impossible to know whether the funds generated by the system of parks and reserves are being used to cover other expenses unrelated to their administration, protection, and development. They believe that SINAC should reestablish a budget program called “Fondo de Parques Nacionales.” They request that the appeal (recurso) be granted and that Édgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Ministro del Ambiente y Energía, be ordered to: a) As a matter of urgency, coordinate with the Ministerio de Salud and the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias to supply mosquito nets and insect repellent to all park rangers in the country as a means of protecting their fundamental right to health, given the increase in the country of the diseases known as Zika, dengue, and chikungunya. In the case of Zika, park rangers are to be provided with the vaccine against that disease when it becomes available; b) Within no more than one year, provide the entire system of national parks and equivalent reserves in the country with vessels, vehicles, horses, and other means of transportation, as appropriate, so that park rangers can perform the work assigned to them by environmental legislation, particularly the protection of the natural and cultural heritage present in our protected areas, and so that they can be transported to a hospital in the event of illness or accident; c) Within no more than one year, provide all park rangers with the following equipment and materials, which they need in order to exercise their fundamental rights to life, health, drinking water, decent housing, food, and education, and to perform the work assigned to them by environmental legislation, particularly the protection of the natural and cultural heritage present in our protected areas: c.1) To uphold the park rangers’ fundamental right to life: regulation revolvers and rifles (pursuant to the Ley de Armas y Explosivos, N° 7530), holsters, bulletproof vests, life jackets, first-aid kits, antivenom, flashlights, batteries, night-vision goggles, personal-defense spray, handcuffs, machetes and belt knives, cell phones and portable communication radios, safes, and firefighting equipment.
For the same purpose, order the construction of docks in all coastal-marine protected areas for use by park-ranger vessels. Likewise, request that the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública prepare and provide all park rangers with a special course on responding to situations related to drug trafficking. c.2) To uphold the park rangers’ fundamental right to health and enable them to perform their duties: long-sleeved field uniforms, sunscreen, hats with neck coverings, sunglasses, hydrating beverages, backpacks, cell phones and landline telephones at the bases or operations centers of parks and reserves, first-aid kits, sunglasses, tactical and specialized gloves—for handling sharks, for example—cameras for photographing evidence, binoculars, tactical flashlights, global positioning system (GPS) devices, packs, mountain equipment, seizure tape, tents, hammocks, leather boots, gaiters, capes, ponchos, raincoats and umbrellas, boat covers, portable camping stoves, axes and chainsaws, and fire extinguishers.
Also equip park-ranger residences in very hot or very cold areas with the necessary air-conditioning and heating systems. Likewise, acquire peritoneal dialysis equipment to be kept in park-ranger residences. c.3) To uphold the fundamental right to drinking water of park rangers and all citizens who visit a protected area: order laboratory testing to determine whether the water consumed by park rangers and visitors in all parks and reserves open to the public is potable. Once the results have been obtained, implement the systems necessary to ensure that the water is potable. c.4) To uphold the park rangers’ fundamental right to decent housing, include in ordinary or extraordinary budgets, over a ten-year period, the funds necessary to repair the residences of these employees that are in poor condition, enlarge them when they are insufficient to accommodate all personnel, and build new residences at sites that are important for protection and surveillance and lack such infrastructure.
Likewise, provide them with electricity and efficient and effective means of communication. In the case of P.N. Cahuita, the residence must be relocated. c.5) To uphold the park rangers’ fundamental right to food: include in the budget the funds necessary for all employees working in protected areas far from population centers to receive food and beverages from SINAC/MINAE free of charge. Include positions for cooks in its regular budget, not in the budget of the Fondo de Parques Nacionales, at a rate of 10 positions per year until the required number of such employees is reached. c.5) To uphold the park rangers’ fundamental right to education: include in the budget of the Fondo de Parques Nacionales the funds necessary so that, within no more than 5 years, all serving park rangers receive the training entitled “Diplomado en Administración y Manejo de Áreas Protegidas para Guardaparques,” offered by the Universidad Nacional under an agreement with SINAC/MINAE.
This Diplomado must include swimming and occupational-health courses. d) Secure authorization for police-risk and availability payments exclusively for employees who perform park-ranger duties; e) Take the appropriate steps so that, within no more than 6 months, park rangers have the legal defense (defensa jurídica) required to represent them in cases in which they are accused in connection with the performance of their duties. Park rangers must be given detailed information on how to obtain this legal defense. f) Undertake the appropriate coordination with the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública so that the park rangers of P.N. Isla del Coco have access to an offshore patrol vessel capable of transporting them to the Isla and to the Hospital de Puntarenas or Golfito in the event of illness or accident, as well as transporting food, equipment, and materials and removing confiscated illegal fishing gear from the Isla.
Alternatively, Minae is to acquire a large vessel for this purpose and appoint the personnel required to operate and maintain it. g) Issue the appropriate instructions requiring patrols or protection teams composed of park rangers to consist of at least 5 employees, as a means of better upholding the park rangers’ fundamental right to life. h) Take the appropriate steps to ensure that all Minae employees who work as park rangers are covered by a group life-insurance policy that protects them in the event of accident or death. i) Initiate a three-year program to demarcate the land and marine boundaries of all protected areas. j) Initiate a five-year program to ensure that all parks and reserves in the country have a management and development plan. k) Coordinate with the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo to initiate a ten-year program to build adequate infrastructure for visitors and researchers in the parks and reserves with the greatest potential for visitation and scientific research. l) Issue the appropriate instructions to put an end to the impunity currently enjoyed by illegal fishers in P.N.
Isla del Coco, many of whom continue fishing despite having previously been reported for illegal fishing and drug trafficking. Likewise, expedite pending proceedings and prevent impunity for offenses committed on land, which exceeds 90% of complaints.
Likewise, each year it should authorize appointments to 15% of these positions until appointments have been made to 100% of the frozen positions. c) Include in the ordinary budget of the Republic for the following year the positions of officials paid with resources from the Fondo de Parques Nacionales who are not performing park-ranger duties or other duties related to the administration, protection, and development of national parks and equivalent reserves. Once this has been accomplished, coordinate with MINAE to transfer those officials to the new positions. He requests that the amparo proceeding be granted and that Fernando Llorca Castro, Ministro de Salud, be ordered to: a) Based on the requirements of Decreto N° 38515-S, “Oficializa Norma Nacional para la Prevención y Atención lntegral de las Personas con Cáncer de Piel,” and in the exercise of his responsibility to ensure the application of this standard, provide all park rangers in the country with clothing, sunscreen, medications, and working conditions that prevent skin cancer.
He requests that the amparo proceeding be granted and that Marta Acosta Zúñiga, Contralora General de la República, be ordered to: a) Order the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación to ensure that, beginning the following year, the SINAC budget includes a budget line called “Fondo de Parques Nacionales,” pursuant to laws N° 5417, 5642 y 6084. The Fondo de Parques Nacionales budget must include all funds generated, on any basis, by the country’s system of national parks and equivalent reserves, as well as transfers from the Central Government and other revenue. All budget lines included in the budget must correspond to expenses solely and exclusively related to the administration, protection, and development of the public system of parks and reserves; b) Conduct an investigation to verify the proper use of the funds generated under Ley N° 8133, “Reforma del inciso a) del artículo 3 de la Ley N° 5100, y sus reformas, y creación de la Junta Directiva del Parque Recreativo Nacional Playas de Manuel Antonio.” In particular, investigate whether 50% of the funds generated are being used to purchase land, as provided in article 1° of this Law, and whether the other 50% is being used to finance the costs of establishing, developing, operating, and consolidating parks.
He requests that the amparo proceeding be granted and that Hernán Alberto Rojas Angulo, Director General del Servicio Civil, be ordered to: a) Establish the class titles “guardaparques I a guardaparques V,” replacing the class titles known as Oficial de Seguridad 1 y 2, Profesional l-A, l-B y 2, y Técnico 1, 2 y 3, and any other class titles currently held by officials who perform park-ranger duties. All officials assigned to a national park or equivalent reserve, from the director to the persons responsible for the various programs, would be called park rangers, with classifications ranging from I to V. He requests an award of damages for the harm caused to park rangers, the environment, and wildlife. He asks that the respondent authorities be ordered to refrain in the future from engaging in omissions and negligent conduct such as those that prompted this amparo proceeding and to fulfill, permanently and in accordance with the preventive principle (principio preventivo), their obligation to guarantee the fundamental rights of park rangers and protect the country’s system of national parks and equivalent reserves.
5.- By a written submission added to the digital case file at 19:56 hours on 17 de agosto de 2016, María Esther Anchía Angulo, in her capacity as Viceministra de Salud, submits a sworn report. She states that she adopts the official letters issued by the regional offices of the Ministerio de Salud and the Dirección de Protección al Ambiente Humano, which address the facts alleged by the petitioners. Official letter DPAH-D-314-2016 from the Dirección de Protección al Ambiente Humano stated: “…In response to official letter DAJ-UPG-CP-1780-2016 concerning the request for a report to respond to the amparo appeal (Recurso de Amparo) filed by Dr. Adolfo Mauricio Álvarez Mora and others regarding the alleged state of abandonment of the National Parks system and equivalent reserves, I hereby inform you that this Directorate has no knowledge of any possible administrative acts (actos administrativos) issued by the various local levels of this Ministry concerning the physical and sanitary conditions of any existing infrastructure.” Official letter N° DR-CN-2274-2016 from the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central Norte stated: “…In response to the aforementioned official letter concerning the amparo appeal filed by Mr.
Adolfo Mauricio Álvarez Mora and others under expediente N° 16-010216-0007-CO, regarding the state of abandonment of the National Parks System and Equivalent Reserves, the following information is provided:
PARQUE NACIONAL BRAULIO CARRILLO (Dirección Área Rectora de San Pablo-San Isidro): In this regard, this Área Rectora de Salud reports that 1 km north of the Aula Ecológica de la Municipalidad de San Isidro, in Santa Elena, there is a privately owned entrance gate to Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo. It has neither an entrance booth nor any infrastructure. In addition, Calle Caricias, Calle Lajas, and Calle Montaña Azul, also in San Isidro, border the aforementioned National Park but are not part of it. Furthermore, this Área Rectora has not received any complaint against Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo. No inspection visits have been conducted either.
VOLCAN BARVA (Dirección Área Rectora de San Rafael–Barva): This site is part of Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo. To date, no Operating Permit (Permiso de Funcionamiento) has been requested, no inspections of the site have been conducted, and no complaints concerning the operation of the site, or of any other kind, have been filed.
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCÁN POAS (Dirección Área Rectora de Poás): Parque Nacional Volcán Poás has been subject to continuous monitoring by this Dirección de Área Rectora de Salud, both in response to complaints filed by members of the public, anonymously and in their own names, and through ex officio monitoring to verify compliance with health legislation. The relevant details are set out below:
In febrero de 2013, a complaint was received against Parque Nacional Volcán Poás stating that sewage (aguas negras) from the visitors’ restrooms in the crater sector was being discharged untreated onto the ground, generating a foul odor. This complaint prompted the corresponding inspection by the technical personnel of this organizational unit, and it was confirmed at the site (Technical Report CN-ARS-P-304-2013) that the restroom facility located between the volcano’s crater and the visitor center discharged sewage directly into the mountain area, causing unsanitary pooling and creating unsightly and unsafe conditions that posed a risk to the health of the park’s workers and visitors, in addition to the environmental problem caused by that practice due to the vulnerability of the area.
Based on the findings recorded therein, health order (orden sanitaria) CN-ARS-PO-329-2013 was issued to and served on those responsible for the administration of Parque Nacional Volcán Poás on 21 de marzo de 2013. It ordered them, as a matter of urgency, to cease discharging sewage into the mountain area by closing the restrooms intended for visitors while their sewage-treatment system was repaired, and to eliminate the ditches and holes containing fecal matter observed in the mountain area, where unsanitary conditions were being created that affected the environment and the health and well-being of workers and visitors. The work was to be placed under the responsibility of a professional in the relevant field. The administration was also required to have a written plan for operating and maintaining the park’s sewage and wastewater (aguas servidas) treatment systems.
In response to this health order, Lic. Redy Conejo Aguilar, Administrador del Parque Nacional Volcán Poás, informed this administrative office by official letter PNVP-076 dated 5 de abril de 2016 that the order had been complied with. He expressly stated that the sewage and wastewater discharge problems had been resolved and that an on-site treatment plant had been repaired, with the work supervised by an engineering professional. It was reported at that time that the administrations were taking the necessary steps to replace the treatment system at the Centro de Visitantes.
On 15 de marzo of that same year (2013), the DARS de Poás received a new complaint filed by Ms. María Auxiliadora Chacón, stating that the guard booths smelled very bad, that the roof was in poor condition, and that the booth was unsafe. This new complaint was addressed on 21 de marzo of that year. The inspection verified that sections of the roof of the fee-collection booth were coming loose, that 80% of the structure was without roofing, and that pieces of material could be seen hanging from it, with an evident risk of falling. It was also found that, inside, the restroom waste bin had no lid; the furniture was severely deteriorated; the refrigerator used to store the staff’s food was broken and in a state of disrepair; there was evidence of rodents; and numerous disused objects were present and in disarray.
Based on those inspection findings, which are recorded in Technical Report CN-ARS-P-4332013, Health Order CN-ARS-P-497-2013 was issued to and served on the persons responsible for the Park. It ordered Lic. Alba Iris Ramírez Sandi, as a matter of urgency, to improve sanitary conditions and staff safety, establish a written cleaning and maintenance plan, keep waste bins covered, and maintain effective pest control at the site. This administrative act was formally served on 24 de abril de 2013.
In compliance with the preceding administrative act, Mr. Redy Conejo, administrator of the PNVP, stated in official letter PNVP-099 dated 24 de abril de 2013 that the booth-repair work was being processed through administrative procurement (contratación administrativa), which was then at the stage of receiving bids for the award of the work, and that on 5 de abril the disused objects had been removed from the booth and cleaning and housekeeping work had been performed at the site. Lic. Conejo stated at that time that the refrigerator had been replaced with one in good condition, the waste bins had been replaced with covered bins, and he provided photographic evidence of the improvements made. In the same document, he requested an extension of the deadline because the administrative procurement procedures could not be completed by the health order’s compliance deadline. This extension was granted through official letter CN-ARS-P-563-2013.
On 7 de noviembre de 2013, DARS Poás officials appeared at the Park to follow up on the administrative acts that had been issued. During that inspection, they verified that the booth had been repaired and gathered information concerning the quality of the water used for human consumption at the park. During the inspection, a further inspection was arranged to assess the park’s drinking-water supply system (sistema de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano). The foregoing is recorded in Technical Report CN-ARS-P-1306-2013.
As follow-up to this new situation at the Park, officials from this administrative office inspected the components of the park’s water-supply system on 7 de enero de 2014, applying the Guía SERSA to evaluate those components. The findings of that inspection were documented in report CN-ARS-P-04-2014, which concluded, based on the results obtained through application of the Guide and on the results of the laboratory tests performed on the system and evaluated by the technical personnel, that the maintenance, operating, and construction conditions observed in the drinking-water supply system at Parque Nacional Volcán Poás presented deficiencies that posed a risk to the health of the park’s visitors and workers. It further concluded that the samples taken on 7 de enero de 2014 showed that two of the evaluated parameters failed to comply with the Reglamento para la Calidad del agua para consumo humano then in force, and that failure to meet those parameters rendered the water unfit for human consumption, requiring its use for that purpose to be suspended immediately.
Based on that technical report, health order CHN-ARS-P-063-2014 was issued to and served on those responsible for the Park. It ordered the immediate suspension of the use, for human consumption, of water from the water-supply system drawing from Laguna Botos. It further ordered that both Park officials and visitors be provided with water fit for human consumption that complied with Decreto N°32327-S Reglamento para la Calidad del agua, which was in force at that time.
In compliance with the health order in question, a document sent by Mr. Mauricio Arias Zumbado, the person in charge of the Park, was received on 18 de febrero of that year. It stated that use of the water had been suspended as ordered and that commercially purchased bottled water was being used. Regarding drinking water for park officials, Mr. Arias Zumbado reported at that time that water containers would continue to be transported from the Poasito aqueduct. It should be noted at this point that this same health order was served on the concessionaires of the Soda located in the Centro de Visitantes del Parque Nacional Volcán Poás.
On 9 de marzo de 2015, this administrative office received a new anonymous complaint concerning foul-smelling outflow from a septic tank and toilet paper from a restroom in the Park. In response to that complaint, the corresponding technical inspection was conducted. It identified (Technical Report CN-ARS-P-194-2015) an overflow of sewage in the treatment system at the Park’s Centro de Visitantes. Consequently, an immediate instruction was issued not to use the restroom until the problem had been resolved, and closure seals were placed on the toilet at that time.
The persons responsible for the park resolved the problem, and during a follow-up inspection conducted 8 days later, it was confirmed that there were no longer any foul odors, there was no sewage overflow, and the inspection chamber appeared clean. Accordingly, the closure seals were removed, and the restroom was reopened for use.
Subsequently, as part of the monitoring of compliance with Ley 9028 and its regulations, as well as Ley 7600 and its regulations, a new inspection was conducted at the facilities of Parque nacional Volcán Poás. Violations of those statutory and regulatory provisions were identified and detailed in Technical Report CN-ARS-P-203-2015.
That technical report indicated that, with respect to Ley 9028, there were violations concerning signage at various locations throughout the park. With respect to Ley 7600, the technical report documented violations related to an insufficient number of parking spaces marked for use by persons with disabilities, as well as difficulties (sic) in access for persons with reduced mobility or visual disabilities at certain locations in the park. Accordingly, sanitary orders (órdenes sanitarias) 045-2015 and 080-2015 were issued and served on those responsible for the park, ordering both the Director del Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central and the Park Administrator to correct the violations of both Ley 90828 (signage) and Ley 7600 (access difficulties) in certain areas of the park. These sanitary orders were challenged through a motion for reconsideration with a subsidiary appeal (Recurso de Revocatoria con Apelación en subsidio) and a motion to stay the act (Incidente de suspensión del acto); these were denied through decisions DRRS-CN-Y-059-2016 and DM-LC-509-2016.
As follow-up to the administrative acts (actos administrativos) that had been decided, a follow-up inspection was conducted on 7 de abril de 2016 2015 (sic), during which it was determined that the level of compliance at that time was 50%, with improvements to signage under Ley 9028 and ensuring that the trail to Laguna Botos was accessible to persons with disabilities still pending. In addition to the noncompliance issues that had been addressed through the aforementioned sanitary orders, other instances of noncompliance were identified during the inspection conducted that day. Accordingly, this Dirección de Área proceeded to serve a new sanitary order (Administrative Act 067-2016) for correction of the newly identified instances of noncompliance and also formally requested, through official letter CN-ARS-P-287-2016, that both the Director del ACCVC and the Park Administrator submit a remedial plan (plan remedial) specifying the actions, responsible parties, and deadlines necessary to fully comply with the outstanding requirements.
This Remedial Plan was received at this organizational office on 27 de mayo del año en curso, and subsequently, on 7 de junio de 2016, an initial progress report on the remedial plan was received. In that document, the Park authorities described the environmental, economic, and legal constraints that made it difficult for them to comply, principally with the requirement to ensure access by persons with disabilities to the trail and Laguna Botos. In view of the reasonableness and proportionality (razonabilidad y proporcionalidad) by which the public administration is bound, this Dirección de Área Rectora formally referred a consultation, through official letters CN-ARS-P-IT-252- 201 6 and CN-ARS-P-471 -2016, to the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central Norte concerning the technical, administrative, and legal matters set forth in the aforementioned document. This request for a situational analysis and opinion was referred by Dra. Karina Garita Montoya (Directora Regional Central Norte) to engineer Eugenio Androvetto, Director de la Dirección de Protección al Ambiente humano del Ministerio de Salud, for his consideration and response.
The response was received today at this administrative office, and in it Ing. Androvetto recommends that this DARS request from those responsible for the Park a remedial plan and a compliance schedule (cronograma de cumplimiento) addressing those specific points because, in that Dirección’s opinion, Ley 7600 does not establish an exception for the case at issue. In this regard, this Dirección de Área Rectora de Salud will provide the appropriate follow-up to the instructions issued by the central level of the Ministerio de Salud in this case. With respect to wastewater treatment (tratamiento de las aguas residuales) in the park, it should be reported that the park administration processed and obtained, through official letter CN-URS-1180-2015, the Siting Permit (Permiso de Ubicación) for the treatment of ordinary wastewater at Parque Nacional Volcán Poás. Construction was awarded to DURMAN, and the facility is currently built and practically ready to begin operating.
With regard to Sanitary Operating Permits (Permisos Sanitarios de Funcionamiento), the Cafetería del Parque Nacional Volcán Poás holds Sanitary Operating Permit N° 232- 2015, which remains valid until 28 de septiembre de 2016. As to the Park’s operating permit, a request for an infrastructure inspection to process the permit was received on 15 de marzo de 2016; however, as of this date, the application documents have not been submitted to this administrative office. As is evident from all of the foregoing, and as documented in the administrative case file (expediente administrativo), the Dirección de Área Rectora de Salud has followed up on this Parque Nacional and has conducted the appropriate monitoring and enforcement actions in a timely and expeditious manner. It therefore requests that the amparo proceeding (recurso de Amparo) be denied insofar as the Ministerio de Salud is concerned.
Certified photocopies of the documents mentioned in this report are attached (a total of 62 folios), certified by the office of Dra. Yeli Víquez Rodríguez, Directora del Área Rectora de Poás.” Official letter AJ-RHN-058-2016 from the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Huetar Norte stated: “…Through this letter, with all due respect, the undersigned Juan Carlos Jiménez Bonilla, (…) Director Regional Ministerio de Salud Región Huetar Norte (…), in compliance with the request made in official letter DAJ-UGJ-CP-1214-2016, and for purposes of responding to the amparo proceeding in case file (expediente) N" 16-010216-0007-CQ (sic), hereby states the following: Through official letter DARSAZ-RHN-0870-2016, issued by the Director del Área Rectora de Salud Aguas Zarcas, Dr. Dionaisio Sibaja Anchía, he states that there is no record of any complaint filed by personnel of MINAE and SINAC, or by any other regulated party (administrado), against a Parque Nacional or Reserva within that Área Rectora.
Through official letter DARS-CQ-0710-016, issue (sic) by the Directora del Área Rectora de Salud Ciudad Quesada, Dra. Milagro Picado Cartin states that no complaints regarding the matter have been received. Through official letter DARSG-RHN-0792-2016, issued by Dr. Douglas Lanzoni Solano, Director del Área Rectora de Salud Guatuso, he states that no complaint has been received from either MINAE officials or external regulated parties concerning the abandonment of parks or reserves located in the canton of Guatuso. Through official letter DARSLCH-RHN-0598-20111, issued by Dra. Claudia Rosales Galeano, Directora del Área Rectora de Salud Los Chiles, she states that no complaints have been filed reporting any situation in which the Ministerio de Salud would be required to intervene within the scope of its authority. Through official letter MS-RHN-DARS-SRP-366-16, issued by Dr. Geovanny Ureña Vargas, Director Área Rectora de Salud Santa Rosa, he states that no complaint of any kind has been filed in that Área Rectora de Salud by personnel of MINAE or SINAC, or by a regulated party, against any Parque Nacional or Reserva.
Through official letter DARSF-612-2016, issued by Dra. Jennifer González Luna, Acting Directora del Área Rectora de Salud Florencia, she states that, according to the available database, there is no record of any complaint of this type from 2013 through the current year. Based on the aforementioned official letters, it is established that no complaint of any kind concerning the facts alleged in this amparo proceeding has been filed anywhere in Región Huetar Norte, which consists of 6 Áreas Rectoras.” Official letter N°DR-CO-1950-2016 from the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central Occidente stated: “In response to your official letter DAJ-UGJ-CP-1776-2016, in which you request information to respond to the amparo proceeding filed by Mr. Adolfo Mauricio Álvarez Mora and others, we advise you as follows: Through official letter CO-DDR-SJ-109-2016 of 12 de agosto de 2016, the information you requested was sought from the Áreas Rectoras de Salud de San Ramón, Palmares, Naranjo, Valverde Vega y Zarcero, with the following results: Through official letter CO-DARS-Z-613-2016 dated 16 de agosto del 2016, Dr. Luis Edgardo Quesada Quesada, Director del Área Rectora de Salud Zarcero, reports the following: ‘…this Área Rectora de Salud has no record of any complaint describing problems with the working conditions of officials employed in Áreas Silvestres Protegida and Parques Nacionales, nor does it have any record of the persons mentioned in your official letter as complainants.’ Through official letter CO-DARS-SR-0864, dated 16 de agosto del 2016, Dr. Ana Isabel Rodríguez Sánchez, Directora del Área Rectora de Salud San Ramón, reports the following: ‘...following a review of the database corresponding to the Área Rectora de Salud San Ramón, no complaint involving the names mentioned in the official letter at issue was found.’ Through official letter CO-DARS- W-0747-2016, dated 16 de agosto del 2016, Dr. Melania Rodríguez Quirós, Directora del Área Rectora de Salud Valverde Vega, states: ‘…In response to the official letter referenced in the subject line, requesting information as to whether any complaint exists concerning problems with the working conditions of officials in Áreas Silvestres Protegidas or Parques Nacionales and involving any of the persons included in the list identified in official letter CO-OOR-SJ-109-2016, we advise that this organizational unit has no complaint of that type involving any of the persons named.’ Through official letter CO-DARS-P-886-2016 dated 16 de agosto de 2016, signed by Dr. Danilo Granados Alvarado, Director del Área Rectora de Salud Palmares, he stated: ‘…a review of the databases maintained by this Área Rectora de Salud shows that there is no complaint concerning “problems with the working conditions of officials employed in Áreas Silvestres Protegidas or Parques Nacionales”; we reviewed each of the names mentioned in official letter COOOR-SJ-109-2016 individually and likewise found no individual complaints.’ Through official letter CO-DARS-N-1077-2016, dated 12 de agosto del 2016, Dr. Melissa Pérez Solano, Directora del Área Rectora de Salud Naranjo, reports the following: ‘In response to your request for information concerning any complaint proceeding or process initiated because of problems with the working conditions of officials in Áreas de Vida Silvestre or Parques Nacionales involving the persons named in official letter CO-OOR-SJ-109-2016, I wish to inform you that our records contain no case based on such grounds or identifying the named persons as parties.
At the regional office, there is likewise no complaint concerning “problems with the working conditions of officials employed in Áreas Silvestres Protegidas or Parques Nacionales.”’ Official letter N°DR-HC-2211-2016 from the Región de Rectoría de la Salud Huetar Caribe stated: “With the authorization and at the direction of Dr. Alexander Salas López, Director Regional de la Región Huetar Caribe, I am forwarding pertinent information related to the amparo proceeding, Case File: 16-010216-0007-C0, filed by Mr. Adolfo Mauricio Álvarez Mora.
That information was provided by each Área Rectora de Salud, and an executive summary is presented with the corresponding factual account asserted by the petitioners: With respect to the Área Rectora de Salud de Talamanca, officials visited the facilities of Refugio Gandoca-Manzanillo. According to the information provided, its structure is a two-story wooden house that has termite infestation, makeshift, exposed electrical wiring without conduit, and does not comply with Ley 7600. Parque Nacional Cahuita, on the other hand, is in good physical and sanitary condition. As for the Área Rectora de Salud de Siquirres, Parque Nacional Barbilla has a mixed concrete-and-wood structure built on concrete footings and is in good condition, without cracks or leaning. It has mosaic concrete and wooden floors; its walls do not lean or have cracks indicating structural deficiencies; it has electrical wiring in conduit with the corresponding boxes; and sewage is properly channeled into the septic-tank and drainage systems.
The property must apply for a sanitary operating permit (Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento), have its electrical system inspected and certified by a professional in the field, channel wastewater into an individual treatment system, and conduct a study of the foundation in the area where the kitchen is located. Regarding the Área Rectora de Salud de Limón, according to the official letter attached to the records in its possession, Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere falls under its jurisdiction, and the inspection was scheduled for 22 de agosto del año en curso. The Área Rectora de Salud de Guácimo sent an email stating that there are no Parques Nacionales or Reservas Biológicas within that Área Rectora. Similarly, the Área Rectora de Salud de Matina stated by email that, although Parque Nacional Barbilla is located there, both its access and its structures fall within the Siquirres sector. As for the Área Rectora de Salud de Pococí, it did not submit any information concerning what was requested in connection with the petition.
Eight documents provided by each respective Área Rectora de Salud are attached.” Official letter N°DR-PC-SJ-1271-2016 from the Región de Rectoría de la Salud Pacífico Central stated: “…Because of the matters alleged in the amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo), hereinafter I will refer to the information mentioned in the amparo proceeding in question that is relevant to the responsibilities vested in the Ministerio de Salud and that primarily concerns infrastructure under the responsibility of SINAC. First, we note that within the territorial jurisdiction of the Región Pacífico Central del Ministerio de Salud there is a wide variety of categories of projects for the protection of natural resources, both public and private: protected wildlands (áreas silvestres protegidas), wildlife refuges (refugios de áreas silvestres), wetlands, biological and forest reserves, and national parks. Regarding the infrastructure housing park rangers and administrative personnel, Parque Nacional Isla del Coco has infrastructure for the personnel who work there; however, because of the distance, it is impossible to verify within the time allowed the conditions under which it operates.
Likewise, the main house at Parque Nacional Cabo Blanco is in fair condition. Zona Protegida Tivives is located in Esparza de Puntarenas, and the building used by the officials who work there has physical and sanitary deficiencies because of the condition of the property. Still regarding infrastructure, Parque Nacional Carara has a two-story building; the ground floor is in good physical and structural condition, whereas the upper floor is in poor condition. Parque Nacional Carara also has a dwelling in fair condition, and the biological station is in fair condition. Refugio de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa Punta Mala has a building in good condition, as does Proyecto Lapa Roja en Playa Guacalillo, where, although the public is not served, the dwelling in which office services are provided is in good condition. At Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio en Quepos, the infrastructure housing the offices and other facilities is in good physical, sanitary, and structural condition.
More specifically, those protected areas or parks that serve the public have public restrooms, as is the case at Parque Manuel Antonio en Quepos, which has 4 restroom facilities: 2 are in good condition, 1 is in fair condition (sic), and one is in poor condition. Regarding implementation of Ley 7600, according to information gathered from the Áreas Rectoras in this Region, although access to the buildings housing the offices complies with Ley 7600, and Parque Nacional Cabo Blanco does meet those architectural requirements, the same is true of Parque Nacional Carara, whereas Refugio de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa Punta Mala does not provide that type of accessibility. In very general terms, except for Parque Nacional Carara, access to the various areas within these protected zones is deficient in that regard. From a sanitary standpoint, most buildings have inadequate wastewater disposal, since the wastewater is discharged without prior treatment; a similar situation exists with the public-service facilities, as previously noted.
It should likewise be emphasized that most protected areas of this kind do not have an adequate Solid Waste Management Plan (Plan de Manejo de Residuos Sólidos) or the corresponding emergency plans in place. (…)” Official letter N°DR BRU 1290-2016 from the Dirección Regional de Rectoría Región Brunca stated: “In response to the official letter cited above, which concerns a report to the Sala Constitucional in amparo proceeding 16-0102I6-0007-CO, and for whatever purposes it deems appropriate, I hereby state: 1. The documents sent do not include the petition initiating the proceeding (memorial de interposición del recurso) referred to in the notice of the proceeding. 2. As can readily be seen from the summary of arguments provided by the court in that same notice, the subject matter of the amparo proceeding lies far outside the substantive and functional authority of the Ministerio de Salud.
Rather, it appears to arise from dissatisfaction among the petitioners—apparently officials of MINAE or SINAC—with non-sanitary matters, including the extraction of timber and other protected products or property, agricultural activities within parks, hunting, fishing and mineral extraction, unregulated tourism, organized crime, etc. Nor is the Informe DFOE AE IF 16-2014 referred to in the notice known to us. 3. In the Región Brunca, work has been conducted in recent months in two Protected Areas (Aéreas Protegidas): Parque Nacional Chirripó, located in the canton of Pérez Zeledón, and Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, located in the canton of Osa, Puntarenas. Accordingly, Juan Carlos Elizondo Mora and José Pablo Herrera Ramírez, from the ARS de Pérez Zeledón and Osa, respectively, have reported—in that order, through ARS PZ ER 1941-2016 and BRU-ARS-O-ERS-770-2016—the most recent actions taken in this area.
Both official letters are fully explanatory and show that, from a sanitary standpoint, both territories have received attention and comply with the conditions established not only by the Ley General de Salud and its regulations, but also by other laws such as ley 7600, 9028 y 8839. In the case of Parque Nacional Chirripó, the sanitary enforcement proceeding (procedimiento sanitario) has been conducted against Consorcio Aguas Eternas, the concessionaire operating in that park. Both reports are attached for the appropriate purposes. 4. At this time, there are no complaints or sanitary orders (órdenes sanitarias) pending attention or resolution.” Official letter N° DR-CER-1381-2016 from the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central Este stated: “…At the direction and with the authorization of Dr. Oscar Bermúdez García, Director Regional, the following response is provided to the official letter identified in the heading.
After consulting the Directors of the corresponding Aéreas Rectoras, they informed us as follows: Parque Nacional Volcán Irazú: No irregularities have been found during the required inspections. The water supply is adequate, and the restrooms are sufficient and function properly. It currently holds operating permit No. 151 9-2016 for the souvenir shop and cafeteria, which expires on 25 de enero del 2017. (…) Parque Nacional Turrialba: Inside the park there is a house where the workers are accommodated. We have never received any complaint or report concerning it, so we understand that it functions properly. Public access is not currently authorized. Parque Nacional Tapantí: Inside this park are administrative offices where the public is also served. The water supply is adequate, and the restrooms are sufficient and function properly. The electrical installations do have deficiencies because the premises were built several years ago.
A sanitary order will shortly be issued requiring this irregularity to be corrected. Jardín Botánico Lankester: These premises operate properly. They have very good facilities for receiving and serving the public. The potable-water supply is adequate, and the restrooms are sufficient and function properly. Monumento Nacional Guayabo: This property has suitable infrastructure for working and receiving the public. It has sufficient restrooms with good water service. There is sufficient and suitable space for receiving the public.” Official letter DR-CH-0583-2016 from the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Chorotega stated: “With due respect, I am writing to provide you with the consolidated information supplied by the various Áreas Rectoras de Salud of the Dirección Regional de la Rectoría de la Salud Chorotega regarding ‘the degree of abandonment affecting the Sistema de Parques Nacionales and equivalent reserves, because they consider that the respondent authorities do nothing while fundamental rights are being violated,’ as alleged in Recurso de Amparo Exp. 16-010216-007-CO.
Accordingly, to comply with the request, I hereby inform you as follows: ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE LIBERIA. Within its jurisdiction are the Playa Naranjo facilities, which are part of Parque Nacional Santa Rosa and are served by this Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia, corresponding to the larger Área de Conservación Guanacaste. A sanitary order is currently in the process of being complied with, as detailed below: BACKGROUND On 22 de junio 2015, the Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia received a copy of Official Letter DJLB-0190-06-15, signed by Ing. Johnny Leiva Badilla, Diputado Nacional, and addressed to Ministro de Salud Dr. Fernando Llorca, lodging a complaint concerning the serious unsanitary conditions endured by forestry officials of Área de Conservación Guanacaste, specifically those working at the Pocosol, Playa Naranjo and Junquillal Control Posts. The letter states that the facilities at those posts are completely neglected and suffer from infestations of insects, rodents, and snakes, water leaking through the roof, electrical installations in poor condition, and damaged structures at risk of collapse.
In response to the complaint filed by Deputy Johnny Leiva, the Regional Engineer of the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Chorotega, Eng. Carlos Fernando Arguedas Mora, conducted inspections of the Pocosol, Junquillal, and Playa Naranjo control posts on July 8 and 29, 2015, and August 25 of that same year. It is important to mention here that, although the three aforementioned control posts belong to the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, the first two, Pocosol and Junquillal, fall under the jurisdiction of the Área Rectora de Salud de La Cruz, while the Playa Naranjo control post, located in Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, falls under the Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia. Accordingly, through Official Letter DR-CH-1048-2015, the Dirección Regional Chorotega forwarded to the Director of the Área Rectora de Salud de La Cruz and the Director of the Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia Inspection Report N° RCH-lR-0552- 2015 dated October 06, 2015, concerning the inspection conducted at the three aforementioned control posts.
The Área Rectora de Liberia assumed responsibility for the findings in that report concerning the Playa Naranjo Control Post because it falls within its coverage area. According to the inspection conducted, the Playa Naranjo Control Post in Parque Nacional Santa Rosa has the following deficiencies: The concrete restroom at the post has cracking that suggests structural failure; its performance under earthquake conditions is not expected to be satisfactory, and it poses a danger to the physical safety of its occupants. The electrical system is not secured within conduit, thereby posing a fire hazard and a danger to the physical safety of its occupants. The kitchen floor is made of low-quality concrete, is in poor condition, and must be rebuilt. The ceiling shows evidence of being used as a bat roost, with a significant amount of excrement present, which poses a danger to the occupants’ health.
The septic tank shows evidence that it is not functioning. Potable water is supplied through a hand-dug well, which provides brackish water because of its proximity to the sea, and fecal contamination is considered possible because the building’s septic tank is located less than fifty meters from the well. Users of the park’s facilities do not have adequate restrooms; the existing ones are what are known as cesspits or pit latrines, which poses a danger to the health of park visitors. Park users do not have adequate facilities for food handling; the existing facilities have been destroyed or are in poor condition. Finally, the report states that the facilities of the Playa Naranjo Control Post in Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Área de Conservación Guanacaste, must be declared uninhabitable. In view of the foregoing, on October 29, 2015, Health Order N° 295-2015 was issued and served upon Mr.
Alejandro Masis Cuevillas, Director of the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, declaring the facilities at Playa Naranjo, located in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, uninhabitable. The health order in question was challenged by a filing received on November 06, 2015, to which an Improvement Plan and implementation schedule were attached. The schedule stated that the process of preparing construction plans for the entire tourist-use area of the Playa Naranjo facilities would continue through May 2016; a six-month extension was therefore requested to correct the deficiencies. The motion for reconsideration (revocatoria) invoked was denied in its entirety by this Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Chorotega pursuant to Decision DR-CH-PSJ-T-225-2016 dated November 13, 2015, and the appeal (Recurso de Apelación) was denied by the Minister of Health, Dr. Fernando Llorca Castro, through Decision DM-CB-34 7-2016 dated February 22, 2016.
Once the administrative act (acto administrativo) initiating the administrative proceeding (procedimiento administrativo) became final, the health authorities of the Dirección del Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia, through Official Letter CH-ARS-L-DA-0147-2016 dated March 02, 2016, instructed the Regulatory Team to order the evacuation of the facilities maintained by the Área de Conservación Guanacaste at Playa Naranjo. On March 03, 2016, the evacuation of those facilities was ordered, and a period of ten days was granted for that purpose in compliance with Decision DM-CB-347-2016 of the Minister. Notwithstanding the foregoing, on March 02, 2016, the Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia received Official Letter DR-CH-0210-2016 from the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Chorotega, enclosing Official Letter DGS-0340-2016 from Dr. William Barrantes Barrantes, Director General de Salud; Official Letter DM-1207-2016 from Dr. Fernando Llorca Castro, Minister of Health; and Official Letter DM-0010-2016 from Eng.
Irene Cañas Díaz, Acting Minister of Environment and Energy. In Official Letter DGS-0340-2016, the Director General de Salud requested that the Dirección Regional grant the six-month extension previously requested by Mr. Alejandro Masis Cuevillas, Director of the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, to comply with the Improvement Plan for the Playa Naranjo facilities. Accordingly, on March 07, 2016, the Dirección del Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia, through Official Letter N° CH-ARS-L-DA-0150-2016 and in compliance with the instructions of the Dirección General de Salud, notified Mr. Alejandro Masis Cuevillas of the decision made by the higher authorities, thereby rendering the evacuation order ineffective. CURRENT SITUATION. On August 13, 2016, officials from the Área Rectora de Salud de Liberia conducted an inspection visit at the Playa Naranjo Control Post in Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Área de Conservación Guanacaste.
Upon arriving at the park’s administrative offices, official Bach. Johan Martínez Navarrete stated that access to Playa Naranjo had been closed by order of the Dirección del Área de Conservación Guanacaste since August 01, 2016, and would reopen on November 30, 2016. The official provided a copy of Decision ACG-DIR-014-2016, signed by Eng. Alejandro Masis Cuevillas, Director of the Área de Conservación, stating that access to the Playa Naranjo sector would remain temporarily closed from August 01 to November 30, 2016, during which period the restrooms and the site’s other structures would undergo the required maintenance. CONCLUSION. Based on the foregoing, it is concluded that the facilities in the Playa Naranjo sector of Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Área de Conservación Guanacaste, are currently closed while improvements are being made to correct the deficiencies identified in Inspection Report N° RCH-IR-0552-2015 dated October 06, 2015.
ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE TILARÁN. Regarding the information provide (sic) by the Área Rectora de Salud de Tilarán in connection with this case, this Dirección Regional was informed that the Área de Conservación Arenal-Tempisque (ACAT) is located in the canton of Tilarán and encompasses part of the Cordillera Volcánica de Guanacaste and the Cordillera Volcánica de Tilarán. According to data provided by the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, this conservation area encompasses portions of ten cantons and twenty-nine districts in the provinces of Guanacaste, Alajuela, and Puntarenas. Within the geographic area served by the Área Rectora de Salud de Tilarán, however, are Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal (reservoir area), Embalse Arenal, Corredor Biológico Lago Arenal Tenorio, part of Corredor Biológico Pájaro Campana, part of Corredor Biológico Pavo del Mono Aullador, as well as State-owned properties designated for protection and conservation purposes.
The actions falling within our authority and carried out by the Área Rectora de Salud in the various management categories (categorías de manejo) of the conservation areas located in the canton of Tilarán consist of ensuring compliance with the physical and sanitary conditions applicable to the infrastructure in those areas, pursuant to the regulations enforced by the Ministerio de Salud. These requirements include having a sanitary operating permit (permiso sanitario de funcionamiento), potable-water quality, access for persons with disabilities, efficient wastewater management, integrated solid-waste management, compliance with tobacco-control requirements, and activities protecting the health of the population residing there and the visitors they receive. ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE ABANGARES. The information provided by the Área Rectora de Salud de Abangares indicates that, according to the Director of that Área Rectora de Salud, “it is not clear to me what we are required to answer, in light of the matters alleged by the appellants, within the scope of this Ministerio de Salud’s authority.” Therefore, to obtain a better overview of the situation, it was necessary to review report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, issued by the Contraloría General de la República on record dated December 15, 2014, concerning the REPORT OF THE PERFORMANCE AUDIT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SINAC IN CONSERVING AND SUSTAINABLY USING BIODIVERSITY WITHIN CONTINENTAL PROTECTED WILDLIFE AREAS.
The analysis by the Contraloría General de la República covered 128 continental Protected Wildlife Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas), within the management categories of National Park, Biological Reserve, Wildlife Refuge, Forest Reserve, Protected Zone, and Wetland. Among the matters analyzed and findings made by the oversight body that I believe may bear some relation to our authority is its analysis of the administrative headquarters, which, according to the Contraloría’s report, are not suited to the needs of the Continental Wildlife Areas. Paragraph 2.19 on page 10 states: “2.19. It was determined that 61 of the 128 Protected Wildlife Areas analyzed lack administrative headquarters; 9 of them occupy offices loaned or rented by another institution, and 58 administrative headquarters are owned by SINAC. In 35 cases, the furniture and equipment at the administrative headquarters do not facilitate management of the Protected Wildlife Areas; for example, a lack of personal protective equipment, meeting spaces, and visitor information centers has been reported.
Furthermore, at 26 administrative headquarters, basic services such as water, electricity, internet, telephone service, and garbage collection do not meet the needs of these territories, and 63 Protected Wildlife Areas lack basic services. All of the foregoing contrasts with the aforementioned Article 61 of the Biodiversity Law with respect to ensuring the resources necessary for the operation and integrity of the Protected Wildlife Areas.” The provisions of report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 are addressed to the Concejo (sic) Nacional de Áreas de Conservación and Dr. Julio Jurado Fernández, Executive Director of SINAC. In provisions 4.3 and 4.
6 states the following: “Decide on the proposal submitted by the Executive Director of SINAC concerning funding mechanisms, the criteria and adjustments for personnel distribution, and the development and maintenance plan for administrative offices.” “Establish and implement a development and maintenance plan for the priority administrative offices of Protected Wildlife Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas), considering among the technical variables at least the needs relating to oversight and protection, research, and monitoring.” In their arguments, the appellants state: “...that operational centers in public parks and reserves have been closed due to a lack of personnel; the facilities and services offered in the most frequently visited parks are inadequate, to the extent that the development of new facilities is largely possible only through donations and loans. They recount that a significant number of park rangers live in inadequate conditions...” I therefore understand that, with respect to the appellants’ allegations, they are referring to the physical and sanitary conditions of the SINAC administrative offices and the conditions of the rooms in which the park rangers live.
The Dirección del Área Rectora de Salud de Abangares therefore concludes that it has grounds for determining the extent of the neglect affecting the Sistema de Parques Nacionales y Reservas Equivalentes, since these are regulated by the Servicio de Parques Nacionales, a function transferred to the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía pursuant to law N° 7152 of 05/06/1990. Furthermore, with respect to the physical and sanitary conditions of the administrative offices of the Protected Wildlife Areas, there is no office of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación del Ministerio del Ambiente in the canton of Abangares. Moreover, regarding the conditions in which the park rangers live, this Directorate is unaware of any SINAC facility overseen by the Área Rectora de Salud de Abangares. ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE CAÑAS. Within the jurisdiction of the Área Rectora de Salud de Cañas is Reserva Forestal Taboga, in the district of Bebedero, whose park rangers are housed in a residence owned by the Universidad Técnica Nacional near the reserve, pursuant to an agreement between the two institutions (SINAC-UTN).
Also located in the Canton of Cañas is the “Centro Interinstitucional Cipanci,” situated in the community of Nispero. It has a new physical facility that was recently built and inaugurated on 19 de julio 2016 and has all the basic conditions required for personnel and visitors. Furthermore, there is no record of complaints against any of the biological reserves. ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE CARRILLO. The information provided by the Dirección del Área Rectora de Salud de Carrillo on the matter is as follows: “According to information obtained in the Canton of Carrillo, there are no national parks or equivalent reserves administered by MINAE.” ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE LA CRUZ. The information provided by the Directorate of that Área Rectora de Salud indicates that part of Área de Conservación Guanacaste is located in the canton of La Cruz. This Área Rectora has case files concerning Refugio de Vida Silvestre Junquillal and Puesto Pocosol; accordingly, a report will be provided on both cases: Refugio de Vida Silvestre Junquillal: According to the administrative case file opened in 2013, the background indicates that, on that occasion, the Director of Área de Conservación Guanacaste was informed that it was required to have a sanitary operating permit (permiso sanitario de funcionamiento) from the Ministerio de Salud in order to operate.
Señor Alejandro Masis Cuevillas, in his capacity as Director of ACG, challenged this measure by filing a motion for reconsideration (recurso de revocatoria), which was denied. Consequently, señor Masis Cuevillas proceeded to submit the requirements for the operating permit for “Refugio de Vida Silvestre Bank: Junquillal,” which was granted under number N° 006-2014 and is valid until 14 de enero de 2019. Follow-up visits have been made to those facilities; however, certain deficiencies were observed regarding water quality. Accordingly, sanitary order (orden sanitaria) N° 014-2014 was issued against “Refugio de Vida Silvestre Bahía Junquillal,” requiring compliance with the order of the Sala Constitucional in resolution N° 2013012310, which mandates strict compliance with the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable. For that reason, submission of bacteriological and physicochemical water analyses, as well as a quality-control program, was required; Señor Alejandro Masis Cuevillas, Director of Área de Conservación Guanacaste, complied fully with these requirements.
A complaint was subsequently received from Deputy Johnny Leiva alleging unsanitary conditions at Puesto Pocosol, Playa Naranjo, and Junquillal. These matters were addressed as indicated, and follow-up was conducted at Puesto Pocosol and Junquillal with the assistance of Regional Engineer Carlos Fernando Arguedas Mora. In the case of Junquillal, the existence of a “large house” used as an office, sleeping quarters, and kitchen was confirmed. Because of its dilapidated and unsanitary condition, it was declared uninhabitable and is currently closed. Puesta Pocosol: In following up on the complaint filed by señor Johnny Leiva, Regional Engineer Carlos Arguedas inspected Puesto Pocosol and recommended that it be declared uninhabitable (declaratoria de inhabitabilidad). Consequently, colleague Oscar Soto Mora, acting in accordance with the report, issued sanitary order N° 015-2015 to Señor Alejandro Masis Cuevillas in his capacity as Director of ACG, ordering him to close the building and keep the property closed until it complies with the regulations in force.
ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE SANTA CRUZ BACKGROUND. Regarding the case at hand, the administrative case file was reviewed, and the following was observed: There are no complaints on file with the Área Rectora de Salud concerning conditions in the National Parks. To date, there is a case file for Parque Nacional Diriá containing a request dated 30 de Abril 2015 from Ing. Carlos R. Pizarro Barrantes, Jefe Sub Regional Carrillo-Sama Cruz, stating that, because of the response to forest fires at Parque Nacional Diriá, the hand-dug well supplying the facilities required evaluation and cleaning. OficioCH-ARS-SC-266-15, in which the Area Director requests intervention by Región Chorotega to address the request submitted by Ing. Pizarro. Technical report with a form dated 11 de Mayo del 2015, prepared by officials Waddy Marchena Guevara of Área Rectora de Salud Santa Cruz and Francisco Camacho Calvo, Coordinador SANEBAR, containing a series of technical recommendations concerning operation of the hand-dug well.
Technical Report RCH-ARS-SC-ERS-1461-2015, dated 11 de Noviembre del 2015, in which official Guillermo Caravaca Martínez of the Equipo de Regulación, Área Rectora de Salud Santa Cruz, details a sanitary assessment of the facilities at Parque Diriá and recommends issuing a sanitary order. Sanitary Order RCH-ARS-SC-ERS-0201-2015, in which official Guillermo Caravaca requests that sanitary improvements be made to remedy the instances of noncompliance identified in Technical Report RCH-ARS-SC-ERS-1461-2015. The order states (sic) that it was served by email by official Cynthia Chavarría Cabalceta on señor Jorge Castrillo Granados, Administrator of Parque Nacional Diriá, and bears an expiration date of 09 de Marzo del 2016. Sanitary Order RCH-ARS-SC-ERS-0202-2015, in which official Guillermo Caravaca requests that sanitary improvements be made to remedy the instances of noncompliance identified in Technical Report RCH-ARS-SC-ERS-1461-2015.
The order states that it was served by email by official Cynthia Chavarría Cabalceta on señor Mauricio Méndez Venegas, Director Técnico ACT, and bears an expiration date of 09 de Marzo del 2016. Sanitary Order RCH.ARS-SC-ERS-0203-2015, in which official Guillermo Caravaca requests that sanitary improvements be made to remedy the instances of noncompliance identified in Technical Report RCH-ARS-SC-ERS-1461-2015. The order states that it was served by email by official Cynthia Chavarría Cabalceta on señora Norma Rodríguez Garro, Gerente de Áreas Protegidas, and bears an expiration date of 09 de Marzo del 2016. Test report LMA-INF-3I2-15 from the Laboratorio de Microbiología de Aguas, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, prepared by Dra. María Laura Arias Echandi, MQC 747, Gerente Técnico, providing the water-sampling results. Follow-up Technical Report RCH-ARS-SC-ERS-0909-2016, in which Bach.
Guillermo Caravaca Martínez details the conditions found during the inspection conducted on 08 de junio del 2016 as follow-up to the aforementioned sanitary orders. He concludes that the orders have been complied with and also establishes a series of preventive recommendations intended to safeguard public health and provide a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. CONDITIONS FOUND. Based on the background contained in the case file, the undersigned proceeded to address the request made by the Sala Constitucional, for which purpose a meeting was scheduled at Oficina Sub Regional MINAET, located in Distrito Primero Santa Cruz, Guanacaste. Official Licda. Katty María Madrigal Morales, Asistente Administrativa, Educadora Ambiental, attended and stated the following: Santa Cruz has 2 National Parks: Parque Nacional Diriá and Parque Marino Las Baulas. Two Protected Wildlife Areas may also be mentioned: CIPANC1 Bolsón and Refugio de Vida Silvestre Ostional.
Official Madrigal alleges and considers (sic) that there are no deplorable and/or inadequate sanitary conditions at the National Park facilities that endanger the health of officials and visitors; she even states that she is unaware of any dissatisfaction among her colleagues. Nevertheless, she mentions that it would be appropriate for the Ministerio de Salud to conduct a preventive sanitary assessment. Doña Katty Madrigal states that what she does know is that, on occasion and depending on the circumstances, equipment, materials, vehicles, fuel, human resources, and other resources are unavailable. Accordingly, the technical documentation contained in the case file and the meeting held with the Asistente Administrativa of Oficina Sub Regional MINAET Carrillo-Santa Cruz demonstrate that the Ministerio de Salud has carried out the necessary interventions required as part of its health-governance activities relating to sanitary regulation in the National Parks and equivalent reserves in the canton of Santa Cruz.
It is therefore concluded that Área Rectora de Salud Santa Cruz has conducted inspection visits to verify compliance with the sanitary conditions under which the National Parks and equivalent reserves operate, as documented in the corresponding technical reports. Accordingly, there has been no omission, and to date the case file contains no complaint or pending administrative act issued by this Ministry that remains to be complied with.
AREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE HOJANCHA: Within this Área Recetora (sic) de Salud is Refugio de Vida Silvestre Camaronal, which has a relatively new administrative building, as well as basic services such as electricity, access to potable water, and septic and gray-water wastewater sanitation. The administrative property has 21 and its respective bedrooms, restrooms, showers, and a kitchen for use by administrative and operational personnel. The building was inaugurated in 2013. It also has a properly equipped dining hall for use by area personnel, volunteers, and researchers, and the area has restrooms for both sexes and showers. The lodging area for volunteers and researchers is properly equipped, as it has bedrooms, showers, and restrooms. Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caletas-Ario is also located there. It is a protected wilderness area (área silvestre) that lacks adequate basic infrastructure, such as an administrative area, bedrooms, restrooms, and access to potable water and electricity.
There are, however, some rustic structures erected by the organization Pretoma, whose members had been engaged in protecting the turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs. Nevertheless, the site was abandoned because of threats from outside groups, and the refuge is currently completely unprotected. ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE BAGACES: Parque Nacional Palo Verde Área de Conservación Arenal Tempisque is located here. Within that Área is the Los Negritos station, where a complaint (denuncia) was filed on 20 de mayo de 2011. The matter was addressed by this Área de Salud, and there are currently no unresolved matters within those protected areas that fall under the jurisdiction of this Ministry. ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE NICOYA. The information provided by Área Rectora de Salud de Nicoya regarding the case before us expressly states that “this Área Rectora de Salud has no information indicating that the type of noncompliance identified in the amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) occurs in parque Nacional Barra Honda or within the system of PARQUE NACIONAEL (sic) Y Reservas del Cantón de Nicoya.” ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE NADAYURE.
Reserva Monte Alto is located in this Cantón. It operates through a foundation (fundación Monte Alto), and its officials belong to Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía. The establishment has a current health operating permit (Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento), which means that it has adequate facilities and meets the minimum operating requirements. ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE UPALA. According to the Dirección del Área Rectora de Salud de Upala, as of this date it “has not handled any complaint concerning the abandonment of national parks and equivalent local reserves, whether submitted by private individuals or by any official of another Ministry connected with the matter.” It states that Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central Sur, through official letter DR-CS-3021-2016, indicated that, among the 19 Áreas Rectoras de Salud comprising the Dirección Regional, only Área Rectora de Salud de Puriscal-Turrubares includes Parque Nacional La Cangreja (Report CS-ARS-PT-351-1-2016).
It adds that prior case law of Sala Constitucional has indicated that a complaint, as a legal institution, is the means by which citizens inform the Administration of facts they consider illegal or violative of fundamental rights so that they may be addressed. It explains that, with respect to the petitioners’ allegations, in most of the country’s Áreas Rectoras de Salud there is no evidence that complaints regarding the matters raised have been filed that would enable the authorities of Ministerio de Salud to conduct the corresponding inspections and issue the respective administrative acts, as the record shows was done in Región Chorotega (Palo Verde) because of inadequate sanitary and physical conditions, which the Ministry addressed diligently. It clarifies that Ministerio de Salud, in its capacity as the governing authority, establishes sanitary requirements for preventing and addressing situations that endanger the health of the population.
They consider that the petitioners’ request for an order requiring the provision of insect repellents, sunscreen, and other items falls outside the Ministry’s jurisdiction because, in addition to the fact that it does not supply these types of products, they consider this to be solely a budgetary and logistical matter for those responsible for the Áreas de Conservación. Regarding the physical, sanitary, and safety conditions of the rooms occupied by park rangers (guardaparques), they consider it important to contact each Área Rectora de Salud in the country having territorial jurisdiction over each reserve, park, or similar area, so that every situation that may fall within the Ministry’s jurisdiction and that may endanger the health of park visitors and workers for sanitary or safety reasons can be addressed diligently. It notes that many national reserves and parks have the respective health operating permits, including Parque Nacional Volcán Irazú, Parque Nacional Turrialba (currently closed), Parque Nacional Tapantí, Jardín Botánico Lankester, and Monumento Nacional Guayabo, among others.
Regarding water sources, it states that most parks and reserves have water supplies suitable for human consumption. It adds that the appropriate instructions will be issued so that, jointly with the MINAE authorities, the conditions of the guard stations or properties where park rangers live and work may be verified, since properties of this type exist in extremely remote areas and must be inspected to obtain the corresponding information, as infrastructure may have been erected or constructed without this Ministry’s knowledge. It requests that the amparo proceeding be dismissed and that Ministerio de Salud be released from all liability.
13.- In a written submission added to the digital case file at 10:07 hours on 28 September 2016, Carlos Manuel Venegas Porras appears in his capacity as Director of the Región de Rectoría de Salud Pacífico Central of the Ministerio de Salud. He states the following: 1. With regard to Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, the Área Rectora de Salud de Quepos has carried out monitoring activities as part of its regulatory function. Official letter PC-ARS-Q-741-2016, signed by Dra. Alejandra Quesada Gutiérrez, Director of that Área Rectora, states that, in general terms, the infrastructure of Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio is in fairly acceptable condition and even has a valid sanitary operating permit (permiso sanitario de funcionamiento). He reports that the instances of noncompliance identified include: a.- The public restrooms closest to Playa Manuel Antonio have physical and sanitary problems involving wastewater and deterioration of the facilities.
He notes that the matter had previously been addressed through a sanitary order (orden sanitaria), which had been complied with; however, another notice will be issued. b.- They do not have enough emergency exits, a matter currently before the Prosecutor’s Office for contempt of authority. 2.- The Área Rectora de Salud Parrita reports, through official letter PC-ARS-PA-0312-2016, signed by Dra. Sandra Delgado Jiménez, that Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala, whose facilities are located in Esterillos Oeste de Parrita, is the only such site in the Cantón de Parrita. Following an inspection of its facilities, Sanitary Order No. OS-046-2016, signed by Lic. José Luis Vindas, an official of the Regulatory Process, was issued, principally ordering compliance with the following within 120 business days: properly and sanitarily dispose of stormwater; replace all components deteriorated by termite activity, both in the walls and the roof structure; prevent wild animals from entering the facilities, particularly through the ceiling; and equip the facilities with restrooms and showers in accordance with Ley 7600 and its Regulations. 3- Dr. Christopher Ureña Chacón, Acting Director of the Área Rectora de Salud de Esparza, referred in official letter PC-ARS-E-350-2016 to the condition of the park ranger station located in Zona Protectora de Tivives.
Technical Report No. PC-ARS-E-RS-035-2015, issued by Licda. Katherine Arroyo Herrera, Environmental Manager of that Área Rectora, detailed the conditions of the ranger house: a.- The building has only one restroom, which does not comply with the provisions of ley 7600 and its regulations. b.- A significant amount of wood is used in the infrastructure; in the event of an incipient fire, the entire structure could be jeopardized. c- The stairs leading to the second floor are in poor condition and could break at any time, causing an accident. d.- Ventilation and lighting in the bedroom area are limited, resulting in a damp odor. e.- Water from the sinks and washing machine is disposed of improperly; only wastewater from the restroom is treated correctly. f.- Part of the walls remains open, allowing the entry of disease vectors such as rats, which transmit leptospirosis, and mosquitoes. He emphasizes that the Cantón de Esparza is currently experiencing an outbreak of diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. g.- Not all electrical wiring is properly enclosed in conduit, in violation of the electrical code. h.- In general, the location does not meet accessibility requirements for a person with limited mobility.
The cited technical report recommends issuing a sanitary order stating that, within 22 business days, a remedial plan must be submitted to resolve the physical and sanitary problems of the park rangers’ house, addressing the points listed in paragraph 5 of that document. 4. Dra. Viviana Phillips Álvarez, Director of the Área Rectora de Salud Montes de Oro, through official letter PC-ARS-OSM-0276-2016, forwarded official letter No. PC-ARS-MO-M V-RS-00216-2016, signed by Lic. Esteban Aguilar Arias, and reported: Most of the areas within the jurisdiction of the Área Rectora de Salud Montes de Oro are privately owned conservation areas and reserves or are jointly managed with SINAC-MINAE; however, those areas do not contain park ranger stations or permanent buildings housing officials. A small MINAE office facility, staffed by one official, is located in the community of Cedral de La Unión de Montes de Oro, Puntarenas; however, no park ranger personnel are permanently assigned there.
To date, that agency has received no complaints concerning infrastructure deficiencies or any other health-related issue. Likewise, the existing reserves and conservation areas use their own resources for their maintenance programs and personnel. In the Montes de Oro area, some privately owned spaces in the district of la Unión are used for tourism, forestry, or livestock farming, or operate under the Zona Protectora designation. The most important forest reserves and conservation areas with infrastructure, however, are located in the Monteverde area, including: Reserva Biológica Bosque Nuboso Monteverde (RBBNMV), Estación Biológica San Luis, Monteverde, Bosque Eterno de Los niños, Monteverde, Zona Protectora Cuenca del rio Abangares, Zona Protectora Arenal- Monteverde. The aforementioned conservation areas form part of the project Corredor Biológico Pájaro Campana, which covers 66.416 hectares and is the only one nationwide that connects cloud forest with mangrove forest.
These conservation areas are privately owned but enrolled in MINAE’s Pago de Servicios Ambientales system, and areas have been set aside for tourist visits in Monteverde, where infrastructure is available for tourist accommodations, hiking, and food-service establishments open to the public; another significant portion of these forest areas is used exclusively for scientific research. The Área Rectora de Salud Montes de Oro, Monteverde office, maintains a registry of private reserves engaged in tourism and research activities that have infrastructure and monitors compliance with applicable regulations concerning the necessary physical and sanitary conditions. Finally, a SINAC office is located in Santa Elena de Monteverde, but it does not provide accommodations for its officials and is used only for administrative matters. 5. Dra. Adriana Torres Moreno, Director of the Área Rectora de Salud Peninsular, through official letter PCARS-PE-325-2016, referred to the assessment conducted by Ing. María Fernanda Arrieta Bolaños at Reserva Nacional Cabo Blanco.
As a result of the inspection, sanitary order No. OS-MF-120-2016 was issued, providing as follows: a.- Take the necessary measures to dispose properly of wastewater from the park stations. b.- Provide fire extinguishers suitable for the station areas. c.- Take the necessary measures to provide safe, high-quality drinking water at the San Miguel station. d.- Make the improvements necessary to provide a food refrigeration system at the San Miguel station. 6. Dra. Ericka Jiménez Valverde, Director of the Área Rectora de Salud Puntarenas Chacarita, reported through official letter PC-ARS-PC-0695-2016 that Parque Nacional Isla del Coco and Reserva biológica Isla San Lucas fall within its jurisdiction; however, because that Área Rectora lacks vessels with which to assess those properties, it requested Guarda Costas de Puntarenas to provide transportation for officials, insofar as possible, so that the relevant assessments could be conducted.
14.- In a written submission added to the digital case file at 10:50 hours on 29 September 2016, Mario Andrés Boza Loría appears and submits photographs of Parque Nacional Carara. He reiterates that the justification for charging an admission fee at a national park must be directly related to the facilities and services offered to visitors. He states that the photographs show a fallen tree on a trail that they have been unable to remove because they do not have a chainsaw, a collapsed shelter, an abandoned bridge, deteriorated signage, puddles that become breeding grounds for dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, a rotting wall by the stairs of the park’s office building, and the collapsed ceiling in the dining room of the park rangers’ house, which has remained unrepaired since 2014.
15.- In a written submission added to the digital case file at 16:18 hours on 29 September 2016, Randall Zamora Castro files an active intervention in support (coadyuvancia activa). He states that in recent years he has witnessed the deterioration and neglect affecting the protected wild areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) in national parks. He indicates that this situation arises primarily for 2 reasons: a) A lack of funding to carry out protection activities, especially because the financial resources generated by national parks and other protected areas are not entirely directed or allocated toward their improvement and protection; b) Limited political will and awareness regarding the importance and role of protected wild areas as a factor in comprehensive, sustainable national development and as a fundamental element for the growth of their visitors. He reports having visited Parque Nacional Carara, Manuel Antonio, among others, and having personally observed various problems, including: a lack of appropriate facilities and infrastructure to provide adequate protection for the areas and suitable services for visitors, an insufficient number of park rangers, a lack or shortage of appropriate equipment (vehicles, boats, firefighting equipment, weapons and ammunition, among others), hunting, timber extraction, forest fires, collection of non-timber products, illegal fishing, drug trafficking, unlawful occupation of land (precarismo), and the threat posed by large-scale commercial infrastructure projects.
25.- By written submission incorporated into the digital case file (expediente digital) at 15:46 hours on 13 de octubre de 2016, Christian Valverde Alpízar appears in his capacity as Director de la Región Rectora de Salud Brunca. He forwards reports on inspections conducted at biological reserves or national parks by health-regulation officials from the cantons of that region. In this regard, he states: “1. Parque Nacional Chirripó in Pérez Zeledón. Report ARSPZ-ER-1941-2016 (...), signed by Eng. Juan Carlos Elizondo, in which he reports that the Park is fully compliant with respect to physical and sanitary conditions. A subsequent visit remains pending for early 2017 to verify implementation of the emergency plan. 2. Report BRU-ARS-G-ERS-1442-2016 (…), signed by Technician Johanna Granados Brenes of the Área Rectora de Salud de Golfito, reporting on the visits conducted on 06 y 07 de setiembre del 2016 to the following locations: Centro Operativo La Gamba, oficina de subregión Coto, oficinas administrativas Puerto Jiménez, Casa de Geología, Centro Operativo El Tigre.
Those visits established that the inspected sites have inadequate physical and sanitary conditions and deficiencies in safety, maintenance, and operation; therefore, the corresponding administrative acts (actos administrativos) will be issued. A visit will be scheduled for early 2017. 3. Report ARSBA-ERS-519-2016 (…), signed by Lic. Manuel Barquero Mongrío of the Área Rectora de Salud de Buenos Aires, reporting on the visit conducted on 09 de setiembre del 2016 to Parque Nacional La Amistad. It concludes that significant physical and sanitary deficiencies requiring correction were identified; therefore, the corresponding administrative acts were issued, and sanitary order (orden sanitaria) ARSBA-ERS-520-2016 is attached, with a maximum compliance period of one month. A visit will be scheduled to verify compliance with that order. 4. Report BRU-ARS-O-ERS-866-2016 (…), signed by Eng. Hellen Rodríguez Fonseca of the Área Rectora de Salud de Osa, reporting on the visit conducted on 12 de setiembre del 2016 to Parque Nacional Corcovado, Centro Operativo Los Planes.
It concludes that a series of physical and sanitary nonconformities were identified that must be addressed to safeguard public health and the human environment; therefore, the corresponding administrative acts were issued, and sanitary order BRU-ARS-O-ERS-867-2016 is attached, with a maximum compliance period of one month. A visit will be scheduled to verify compliance with that order. 5. Report BRU-ARS-O-ERS-861-2016 (…), signed by Lic. Pablo Herrera Ramírez of the Área Rectora de Salud de Osa, reporting on the visit conducted on 19 de setiembre del 2016 to Parque Nacional Marino Ballena. It concludes that a series of physical and sanitary nonconformities were identified that must be addressed to safeguard public health and the human environment; therefore, the corresponding administrative acts were issued, and sanitary order BRU-ARS-O-ERS-862-2016 is attached, with a maximum compliance period of one month.
A visit will be scheduled to verify compliance with that order. 6. Report BRU-ARS-O-ERS-859-2016 (…), signed by Eng. Hellen Rodríguez Fonseca of the Área Rectora de Salud de Osa, reporting on the visit conducted on 20 de setiembre del 2016 to the Centro Operativo del Programa de Control y Protección, Piedras Blancas y Drake. It concludes that a series of physical and sanitary nonconformities were identified that must be addressed to safeguard public health and the human environment; therefore, the corresponding administrative acts were issued, and sanitary order BRU-ARS-O-ERS-865-2016 is attached, with a maximum compliance period of one month. A visit will be scheduled to verify compliance with that order. 7. Report BRU-ARS-O-ERS-857-2016 (…), signed by Eng. Hellen Rodríguez Fonseca of the Área Rectora de Salud de Osa, reporting on the visit conducted on 20 de setiembre del 2016 to the Centro Operativo del Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe.
It concludes that a series of physical and sanitary nonconformities were identified that must be addressed to safeguard public health and the human environment; therefore, the corresponding administrative acts were issued, and sanitary order BRU-ARS-O-ERS-858-2016 is attached, with a maximum compliance period of one month. A visit will be scheduled to verify compliance with that order. 8. Report ARS-RS-112-2016 (…), signed by Lic. William Mora Barboza of the Área Rectora de Salud Coto Brus, reporting on the visit conducted on 19 de setiembre de 2016 to the Puesto Operativo Guarda Parques, Parque Nacional La Amistad, in Santa María de Pittier. It concludes that the requirements imposed by prior administrative acts have been met and that no sanitary order needs to be issued. (…) in the cantons of Golfito and Osa, it was not possible to inspect all sites because of the distances involved, difficult access, tidal conditions, and other factors requiring advance planning and suitable weather conditions.
Those visits will be scheduled for early 2017.” 26.- By written submission incorporated into the digital case file at 11:40 hours on 14 de octubre de 2016, Karina Garita Montoya appears in her capacity as Directora Regional de la Rectoría de la Salud Central Norte. She states that she is attaching a follow-up report concerning Volcán Barva. The report concludes that the National Park does not have a sanitary operating permit (permiso sanitario de funcionamiento); the camping area does not meet minimum safety and hygiene conditions and lacks adequate accessibility as required by Ley 7600; the other inspected facilities are in good hygienic and sanitary condition and are suitable for proper operation; no Sanitary Order (Orden Sanitaria) is issued, but rather a closure warning (apercibimiento de cierre), so that once it has obtained the permit and is legally compliant, it may proceed with the necessary steps.
27.- By written submission incorporated into the digital case file at 10:23 hours on 19 de octubre de 2016, Mario Andrés Boza Loría states that he is submitting additional information consisting of statements made by members of the Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Costa Rica during a visit to Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio.
28.- By written submission received by the Secretariat of the Chamber (Secretaría de la Sala) at 14:16 hours on 28 de octubre de 2016, Johnny Enrique Rosales Córdoba submits a supporting intervention (coadyuvancia). He states that protected areas face a series of recurring problems, including poaching and illegal fishing; forest fragmentation; problems concerning the representativeness of species and forest quality; empty forest syndrome; poor watershed management and accelerated coastal alteration; insufficient personnel and on-site resources; an inadequate marine-area protection system; organized crime involving the transportation and cultivation of drugs, the establishment of drug laboratories, and the creation of landing and hiding sites; failure to pay approximately 80.000 million colones to owners of land declared to be national parks; inadequate and inefficient infrastructure for field personnel and for serving visitors (tourists, researchers, students); a lack of good practices in biodiversity research and monitoring in most areas; neglect of cultural heritage in protected areas; and longstanding, complex social problems requiring solutions beyond the duties of a park ranger.
He states that there is a lack of political will to solve the problem, as well as bureaucratic complexity and inefficiency within MINAE, and that a comprehensive solution to the problems described is required.
29.- By written submission incorporated into the digital case file at 16:32 hours on 7 de diciembre de 2016, Yeli Víquez Rodríguez appears in her capacity as Directora del Área Rectora de Salud de Poas. She states that she is forwarding a second follow-up report on compliance with Sanitary Orders Nº 67-2016 and 68-2016. She notes that official letter (oficio) PNV-ADM-083 of 24 de noviembre de 2016, signed by Redy Alonso Conejo Aguilar, Administrador del Parque Nacional Volcán Poás, states: “1. The following matters have already been completed: installation of no-smoking signs in parking areas, marking of the parking area, signage and adaptation of designated spaces in accordance with Ley 7600, and modifications to the restrooms (bells, trash cans, signs, and fire extinguishers). The gravel walkway at the crater restrooms has also been repaired. 2. The 2017 budget already includes items concerning fire extinguishers, signage, and emergency lighting in the staff facilities and auditorium.
It also includes signage in lunch areas, signs at overlooks, and trail signs. 3. With respect to the roof over the solid-waste collection area, work is underway through a consulting engagement to prepare construction plans and technical specifications for all the infrastructure. The repairs and improvements must undergo a technical review process by the SINAC infrastructure office, and no funding is available for the improvements and construction. The technical findings and approvals are expected in 2017. There is no certainty regarding the implementation date in the absence of funding. 4. As to improvements to the ramps on the Botos trail, this is a Project with a high environmental impact on the ecosystem, given its environmentally fragile conditions and extended slope; therefore, due to the complexity of its implementation, the matter was referred to higher authorities within SINAC for consideration through official letter PNVP-ADM-062.
There is no certainty regarding the implementation date.” She notes that, in view of the matters identified by the administration of Parque Nacional Volcán Poás, that Dirección de Área Rectora de Salud considers it appropriate to refer the matter to the senior authorities of SINAC so that they may address the outstanding requirements under both sanitary orders, given that those administrative acts were issued to both the park administration and Rafael Gutierrez Rojas, Director del ACCVC, SINAC, who are therefore obligated to comply with what was ordered.
36.- In a written submission added to the digital case file at 11:37 hours on 24 de marzo de 2017, Mario Coto Hidalgo, in his capacity as Executive Director of SINAC, submits a sworn report. He states that the Área de Conservación Arenal Tempisque, through official letter SINAC-ACAT-D-100-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, indicated: “In this regard, although report DFOE-AE-IF-016-2014 revealed limitations, concluding that the establishment of these areas has not been accompanied by the conditions necessary to reasonably ensure the objectives of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, this does not mean that the protected areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) have been abandoned, but rather that human and financial resource constraints prevent improvements in management. Pursuant to the provisions issued by the Contraloría General de la República in the cited study, the audited bodies must implement the action plans established to remedy such situations.
In this regard, it should be noted that both CORACAT and CONAC have called attention to the existing limitations, and our senior officials are also aware of the lack of resources and have taken steps to try to resolve the situation. Regarding the petitioner’s allegations concerning the absence of General Management Plans (Planes Generales de Manejo), and specifically concerning Parque Nacional Palo Verde—the protected area to which he refers—it is reported that the General Management Plan for Parque Nacional Palo Verde was adopted through resolution R-SINAC-CONAC-23-2016, published in the Diario Oficial la Gaceta N°211 of 03 de noviembre del 2016. It is acknowledged that, despite the measures indicated in the preceding paragraph, not all the resources required to implement every activity in the management plan are currently available. The petitioner states that some protected areas have no park ranger (Guardaparque) whatsoever.
In this regard, it is reported that all protected areas administered by ACAT have assigned personnel. Although the number 170 represents, in most cases, the personnel required for proper management, efforts have been made to ensure that every ASP has at least one staff member. Finally, this Directorate is aware of the lack of resources and personnel in all the country’s protected areas, which results in limited capacity to respond to all the environmental problems facing the country. Nevertheless, concern has been expressed and actions have been taken at the highest level to seek improvements to current conditions.” The Área de Conservación Guanacaste, through official letter ACG-SECT-11-2-17 of 21 de marzo del 2017, stated: “Parque Nacional Santa Rosa. Administrative Area. There are two restroom and shower facilities located in the camping area. For tourists visiting during the day, there is a restroom facility near the Museo Histórico Casona de Santa Rosa, with two toilets, one urinal, and one unit for persons with disabilities, as established by law Nº 7600.
They are in good condition. There are no problems regarding the availability of drinking water, as there are two drilled wells, 42 and 110 meters deep respectively, and a collection tank that supplies water to the site without difficulty. Playa Naranjo. In mayo del 2015, the roof covering of the house was replaced and thermal insulation was installed to reduce the temperature in the bedrooms. Between octubre and noviembre del 2016, improvement work on the residence continued, including replacement of the ceiling, damaged wall lumber, and bedroom doors; a completely new bathroom and restroom facility was built; the polished kitchen floor was replaced with nonslip ceramic tile; and cabinets for storing and preparing food and a new sink were installed. The operational station at this site has electricity supplied through a solar-panel system installed under a cooperation agreement with the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE).
In diciembre del 2016, it was completely replaced with a new set of panels incorporating better technology, which provide the electricity required by the staff stationed there, numbering between two and three. Drinking water is indeed unavailable at the site, but staff are supplied with it continuously and permanently from the Área Administrativa de Santa Rosa. At least one trip is made each week, transporting two drums, each with a capacity of 220 liters of water for drinking and food preparation, as well as a large cooler containing sufficient ice. Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Bahía Junquillal. Restrooms and showers. There is a prefabricated concrete facility containing three restrooms and three showers for campers and day visitors, located 150 meters from the refuge’s camping area. It also provides access for persons with disabilities, in accordance with law Nº 7600. In diciembre del 1016 (sic), the toilets were replaced with more modern and water-efficient models.
Staff residence. In octubre - noviembre del 2015, because of the poor condition of the residence, the decision was made to close it. Consequently, a facility built entirely of concrete, which had contained two cabins, each with a bedroom, kitchen, and living room, was remodeled. It currently has three bedrooms, a kitchen, dining room, laundry room, storage room, and office. Parque Nacional Guanacaste. Sector Pocosol. This operational station has several residential facilities, as well as a lodge-dining hall, mechanical workshop, storage buildings, and administrative offices. Their overall condition ranges from fair to good. Work is currently underway to substantially repair or improve a ten-bedroom facility intended, of course, for the same number of staff members. The entire roof structure was replaced—the covering, metal trusses, and PVC-paneled ceiling—as was the electrical system; the corridor flooring was replaced, and the necessary improvements were made to the wastewater drainage systems generally.
It is important to note that most of these repairs and/or renovations have been made possible by ACG’s direct efforts to obtain funding through NGOs that support its management and assist with the respective improvements. During the remainder of this year 2017, significant improvements are expected to continue at various operational stations located within the ASP, thanks to donations from supportive NGOs. Regarding other matters raised in the amparo proceeding (Recurso de Amparo), we can state that ACG already has a Comprehensive General Management Plan (Plan General de Manejo Integral). This has enabled various specific plans to be prepared or placed under development: Sustainable Tourism Plan for Santa Rosa and Rincón de la Vieja; Control and Protection Plan, which is in the final stage of implementation for the purchase of equipment; Infrastructure Methodological Guide; preparation of master plans or site plans and their implementation at various operational centers (Santa María - PNRV, Playa Naranjo, Murciélago, Sector Marino - PNSR, Pocosol -PNG, Junquillal-RNVSBJ); and Solid Waste and Wastewater Management Plan.” The Director of Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte stated: “(…) Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Maquenque.
Regarding boats, because of the 2690 operations conducted, it has not been necessary to have a boat; moreover, the lagoons within the refuge are too small for navigation. Regarding vehicles, there is a shortage of one all-terrain vehicle needed to address the various matters within our jurisdiction, and we are currently unable to fulfill several of the RNVSMM’s obligations. We are well aware, however, that this is an ACAHN-wide problem and not one specific to Maquenque. b) They consider the number of park rangers available to protect the ASP insufficient: In the case of Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal: Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal, covering 12.080 ha and having a buffer zone (zona de amortiguamiento) of 42.653,31 ha, currently has 6 staff members to attend to all the programs established in the Management Plan for administering, managing, and conserving the PNVA while ensuring the sustainable use of ecosystem services (servicios ecosistémicos).
Under the PNVA 2012-2020 Management Plan, a total of 20 staff members are required to achieve optimal management in accordance with the purpose for which the protected area was created; in reality, fewer than half that number are available. Consequently, some of the program units included in the Management Plan have not been implemented—research, land tenure (tenencia de la tierra), and sustainable production—while others have been only partially implemented—environmental education and risk management. Most of the available time is currently devoted to other units, to the detriment of the foregoing ones—the administrative and tourism units—because the PNVA’s current staff is barely sufficient to provide visitor services in the ASP’s two public-use areas. Control and protection activities are minimal because collecting admission fees from visitors consumes most of the staff’s time. Two additional staff members are expected to join the team in abril of the current year: one Profesional SC 1 A and one Técnico SC.3, both specializing in environmental protection and management of conservation areas.
In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixta Caño Negro. Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Caño Negro, covering 9969 ha, currently has 7 staff members to attend to all the programs established in the Management Plan for administering, managing, and conserving the RNVSMCN while ensuring the sustainable use of ecosystem services. Under the RNVSMCN 2012-2020 Management Plan, a total of 27 staff members are required to achieve optimal management in accordance with the purpose for which the protected area was created.
In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque. Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque, covering more than 58.000 ha, currently has 3 staff members to attend to all programs. Regarding management of the ASP, with three staff members it is difficult to coordinate activities beyond the control and protection work we perform on a daily basis, including community management, especially given that this year we are focused on completing the process for the new Management Plan.
In the case of Parque Nacional del Agua Juan Castro Blanco. It covers 14500 ha and currently has 3 staff members to attend to all programs; at least 8 staff members are required to provide basic attention to the various processes.
In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Corredor Fronterizo, it has an operational station in the city of Las Chiles and only two staff members.
In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Las Camelias, although it is a small ASP of only 60ha, it has neither assigned personnel nor infrastructure. c) They consider that Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque has no visitor facilities and offers no services.
With respect to the lack of visitor facilities, we must clarify that one of Maquenque’s primary management objectives was to conserve and protect the primary forest still present at the site, although it is not ruled out that, once the New Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) has been implemented, consideration will be given to applying Article 18 of the Ley Forestal, which allows Environmental Education, Research, and Ecotourism activities in Wildlife Refuges, in their various forms or through a Use Permit (Permiso de Uso). d) Arenal Volcano National Park has a trail to the lava flow that is in very poor condition. Under the current management plan, these are sectors in a natural state where visitors are permitted to enter for recreation, education, and research, as well as for other purposes the administration deems appropriate. It may include an intensive public-use zone (zona de uso público intensivo, ZUPI), Península Sector, which allows a greater concentration of visitors and more infrastructure, as well as an extensive public-use zone (zona de uso público extensivo, ZUPE), Volcán Sector, with a lower concentration of visitors and little infrastructure.
The sector currently receiving the largest share of PNVA’s annual visitors is known as the “Volcán Sector.” This sector offers 3 trails, of which the most frequently used is the Las Coladas Trail, measuring 2km one way and leading to the 1992 lava flow; it also connects to the 2.7 km “El Ceibo” trail, surrounded by secondary forest and admirable wildlife species, and named after the Ceiba pentrandra. Another, shorter trail, the “Heliconias” trail, provides a 600 m walk through naturally regenerating forest and is a supplementary attraction, as is the “Mirador,” which is sometimes used by persons with disabilities or persons with limited time who wish to get a closer view of the Arenal giant by traveling by vehicle to this observation point. According to visitor records from recent years, with slightly more than 100.000 visitors annually, the Las Coladas Trail is the National Park’s main attraction.
Because the trail naturally consists of sandy soils, erosion from foot traffic has not been severe, and the maintenance provided is not complicated, allowing the trail to be kept in optimal condition for visitors. The opposite is true of the access section leading to the 1992 lava flow, the main attraction of the Las Coladas Trail, and of the paths across this lava flow used to explore its two viewpoints (volcano and lava flow), because the ground is uneven and difficult to traverse, consisting of volcanic rocks of basaltic origin with sharp edges and varying sizes. Efforts have been made to improve access; accordingly, in 2014 the administration sought an alternative that would provide better access and better conditions, and stairs and railings were built from materials available in the natural surroundings so that they would retain the trail’s natural characteristics and facilitate access to the 1992 lava flow.
These structures currently require improvements because they have deteriorated over the years as a result of the high volume of visitors. Visitors then walk over volcanic rocks on the 1992 lava flow; consequently, efforts have been made to refrain from constructing trails and instead to retain access paths so as to preserve the natural environment of the lava flow and cause the least possible impact on this natural resource. The new infrastructure works under the IDB Tourism project at Arenal Volcano National Park, Península Sector, were recently inaugurated, with an investment of 1. 326.700,000 dollars, providing tourists with a new trail in excellent condition, as well as a cafeteria, meeting room, and space for a museum. This will undoubtedly substantially improve conditions for visitors and help reduce congestion from visitors in the Volcán Sector by providing National Park visitors with more options and better infrastructure services.” The Área de Conservación Tortuguero, through official letter SINAC-ACTO-DIR-109-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “…
The current condition of the national parks or equivalent reserves does not constitute a violation of the petitioners’ rights. It is evident that there are needs or circumstances requiring improvement, as in all public institutions of the State, and, like the vast majority, we lack sufficient personnel to fulfill one hundred percent of our obligations to protect the Protected Areas (Áreas Protegidas). This situation is attributable to Government policies aimed at reducing public expenditure, such as the hiring freeze or the prohibition on creating new positions. It is not the responsibility of SINAC or of the Directors of the Conservation Areas, because the urgent need for additional personnel to cover our work areas is continually being raised. Despite its various needs and shortage of personnel, our Conservation Area, meaning the institution and its officials, has made a major effort during the last decade (2010 a 2017) to protect the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado).
More than 80 criminal complaints have been filed for encroachment upon State lands, approximately 50 of which remain pending before the various courts; in most of the cases that have concluded, orders were issued for the properties to be returned to their natural state, including the demolition of illegally constructed works. Although there is indeed a great need for personnel, administrative decisions have been made to improve current employees’ working conditions in areas such as infrastructure, vehicles, watercraft, mountain-patrol equipment, travel allowances, computers, uniforms, rain capes, sun-protective hats, and repellents, among others. Tortuguero National Park and Barra del Colorado National Wildlife Refuge have personnel and their respective management plans. The management plan for Tortuguero National Park has already been updated and is undergoing the process required for submission to the Consejo Nacional, de Áreas de Conservación (CONAC).
With respect to the latter, it is currently being updated. Neither protected area has any records of marijuana cultivation, drug storage, or drug trafficking; there are only reports concerning the high seas as a transit route through open waters. There is no deforestation in Tortuguero National Park; complaints have been filed concerning tree cutting in the Park’s buffer zones (zonas de amortiguamiento) whenever such incidents have occurred. It is true that the number of park rangers available to oversee all the protected areas is insufficient and that the percentage of land each park ranger must oversee is disproportionate. Nevertheless, no operational centers have had to be closed to date. It is false that Barra del Colorado National Wildlife Refuge lacks visitor facilities. The refuge currently has new facilities at Cerro Tortuguero, built with a loan of more than 415 millones de colones from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
Under the management plan, these facilities form part of the Public-Use Zone (Zona de Uso Público), which is intended for tourist visitation and accounts for 12% (18 hectáreas). Over the last 6 years (2010-2016), the Área de Conservación Tortuguero (ACTo) has invested 1.977.500.000 millones de colones in infrastructure, of which 48.24% (954.000. 000 millones de colones) consisted of resources financed through the Fondo de Parque Nacionales and more than 1000.000.000 millones through support from other sources (Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, IDB), all of it allocated to protected areas. It is expected that during the present year (2017), ACTo will invest 867.000.000 millones de colones from the Fondo de Parques Nacionales in constructing the Cuatro Esquinas Operational Center, which belongs to Tortuguero National Park, and renovating the Jalova Operational Center, also located within Tortuguero National Park.
Regarding transportation equipment, the Área de Conservación Tortuguero currently has a total of 65 employees, who have sufficient equipment to perform their work (…) Regarding the potability of the water, official letter SiNAC-ACTo-DIR-042-2017 provided a detailed explanation of the measures taken at each of our operational centers. Likewise, in connection with another constitutional amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) (…), the Ministerio de Salud visited all our operational centers—which hold their respective operating permits (permisos de funcionamiento)—in the protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) and issued various recommendations. Our Conservation Area incorporated those recommendations into a series of remedial plans with deadlines of three, six, twelve, or eighteen months, with the first stage completed by the end of memo 2017.” The Área de Conservación Osa, through official letter SINAC-ACOSA-D-132-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “In the case of the Área de Conservación Osa, multiple efforts have been made to ensure that the protected wilderness areas have functioning management plans, which currently stand as follows: -The Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe (HNTS) has been administered by Engineer Antonio Orozco since 26/05/2016 (SINAGACOSA-D-131), with Engineer Julio Solano providing temporary support since 26/05/2016 (SINAC-ACOSA-135).
HNTS has had a Management Plan since enero de 2008. On 09 de agosto de 2013, an executive summary of the Management Plan for Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 37986-MINAE, was published in the DIARIO OFICIAL LA GACETA. -Marino Ballena National Park has a formalized and approved management plan issued by CONAC (resolution N°8 from extraordinary session N° U2-201 1, of 02 de mayo de 2011, published in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta of 25 de agosto de 2011). -Corcovado National Park has a formalized and approved management plan issued by CONAC (resolution Nº 14 from ordinary session N° 11-2009 of 23 de noviembre del 2009, published in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta of 26 de Julio del 2012). -A Management Plan for Isla del Caño Biological Reserve was prepared in 2008 through workshops with the communities, but it has not been formalized. Work is currently conducted under the Public-Use Regulations (Reglamento de Uso Público) of Isla del Caño Biological Reserve, pursuant to decree N" 22989-MIRENEM.
The petitioners refer to the lack of protection, particularly in Corcovado National Park. “Corcovado National Park has a management plan under resolution R-SlNAC-CONAC-12-2012, Management Plan for Corcovado National Park. Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. LG No. 144, 26-07-12, and it also has a 2013 control and protection plan identifying the threats to Corcovado National Park (See La Gaceta and the 2013 control plan). Regarding all the problems affecting Corcovado National Park (sic), I must state that since 2013, ongoing control and protection measures have been carried out, including control and protection operations throughout the National Park.
That, in order to permanently strengthen control and protection measures, including control and protection operations throughout Parque Nacional Corcovado and Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, and protection in Parque Nacional Corcovado and Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, special control operations have been conducted to counter unlawful acts and environmental damage caused by illegal gold mining, illegal hunting, and illegal tree cutting; 7 control operations have been conducted with park rangers and Fuerza Pública officers, namely the Oro Verde I and II operations in 2013, Montaña Amarilla I and II, a special operation with the Escuela Nacional de Policía in 2014, and the Águila Arpía and Semana Santa operations in 2015. (…) During the last four years, Parque Nacional Corcovado carried out (sic) prevention and control measures against illegal logging consisting of 625 land patrols and 34 marine patrols; it responded to 34 citizen complaints (the Park is a State-protected area (área protegida), and there are no occupants or owners), filed (sic) 54 complaints and documented 14 findings, with more than 100 people arrested and brought before criminal, administrative, and expedited flagrante delicto proceedings (flagrancia), and 30 flagrante delicto cases have also been brought before the Fiscalía de Corredores.
(See the Aide-Mémoire to the Control Program Management Report). I must clarify that, during 2017, several control operations have been conducted in Parque Nacional Corcovado with the Fuerza Pública de Corredores, Policía de Fronteras, and Grupo de Apoyo Operacional, GAO, to prevent drug-trafficking offenses, and joint work has been underway between Ministerio de Seguridad Pública and Área de Conservación Osa. (…) Parque Nacional Corcovado is currently submitting (sic) a proposed control and protection plan between Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and Ministerio de Seguridad Pública to strengthen the Park’s measures over the next 5 years; we are engaged in a process of strengthening the budget, equipment, positions, and support from various institutions of Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, such as Fuerza Pública, Policía de Fronteras, Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas, and Servicio de Vigilancia Aérea, for the next 5 years.
(…) The petitioners allege the presence of illegal hunting in Parque Nacional Corcovado and Humedal Nacional Térraba. With regard to Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, this office states in official letter SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017 that it has received telephone calls from residents of HNTS reporting the poaching (cacería furtiva) of wild animals, as well as fishing with unauthorized fishing gear (artes) within HNTS, but no patrols have been conducted or complaints addressed where waterborne transportation was required. As to illegal hunting in Parque Nacional Corcovado, hunting does occur, primarily in the Bajura sector. Since 2013, Parque Nacional Corcovado has been taking measures to control such hunting by setting up a camp called La Bajura during the summer; there are also operational centers such as Los Planes and Los Patos, and personnel conduct patrols to prevent hunting in that area, mainly to prevent the hunting of white-lipped peccaries and felines.
Parque Nacional Corcovado obviously receives hunting complaints every year, and the Park administration carries out control and prevention measures in this area; as may be seen on the map, more than 100 control measures are identified as having been carried out, and they are duly documented, georeferenced, and archived in an official database maintained by Área de Conservación Osa. Hunting is a cultural phenomenon in Costa Rican society, and offenses occur every year; there is no protected area in this country in which illegal-hunting offenses do not occur (this is the same as vehicle-theft offenses, which occur every year, while Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (sic) undertakes control and prevention measures to minimize the impact of these offenses), but the administration has taken the measures necessary to prevent them. At a minimum, the Conservation Area provides technical and scientific data on the measures it takes to address this problem, and some of that information is compiled and summarized for the last 4 years on this map; however, there is a database containing all reports by Corcovado officials who carry out these measures.
The petitioners complain of State inaction regarding illegal fishing occurring in Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño, Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, RNVS Río Oro, and Peje Perro. According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017, the ACOSA PPPC program database, in Official Letter ACOSA-PPCP-IG-UEM-006-14-O1-2016, records a patrol of the HNTS estuarine sector dated 14/01/2016; from that time through the present date, no control and protection patrols have been conducted in the HNTS estuarine sector. However, two inspections were conducted: the first in the palustrine sector around Laguna de Sierpe, Estero Olla, and Estero Azul, and another in the lacustrine sector of Laguna Sierpe, to verify the existence of damage caused by burning. It should be emphasized that the absence of water patrols during this period is attributable to the lack of watercraft in good condition, the absence of complete and current regulatory documentation for the vessels, and the fact that three members of the control and protection patrol have not completed the emergency-drill course (curso de Zafarrancho).
Documentation is attached concerning the steps that have been taken jointly with ACOSA’s legal and administrative department to place the HNTS vessels into operation. According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-PNMB-AD-00037-2017, PNMB has a boat and motor but lacks the legal documentation required for navigation; evidence of illegal fishing has been reported, and coordination has occurred on more than one occasion with the Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas in the Quepos sector, which has provided assistance and participated in joint patrols. According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-RBIC-031-2017, Isla has had 5 officials since October 2016; it previously had 3 officials to cover 5600 marine hectares and 320 terrestrial hectares. ACOSA Recursos Humanos holds the corresponding official letters transferring personnel to RBIC. According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-FRVS-013-17 concerning the Río Oro and Peje Perro Refuges: Refugio Río Oro.
Eliécer Arce, the construction of sanitary facilities is difficult because construction cannot take place on the marine terrace where the Operations Center is located and tourists are received, since high tides could cause sewage (aguas negras) to overflow, resulting in obvious pollution. It should be recalled that RBIC’s morphology greatly limits the number of places where construction is possible. The beach in front of the Operations Center is 70 meters wide at low tide, so the risk of the sea reaching the septic tanks is very high under extreme high-tide conditions. Behind the station, there is a steep cliff that makes construction difficult. A copy of the reservation form is also attached, indicating to tour operators and guides that RBIC does not have sanitary facilities so that they may take the necessary measures (see anexo 9, report SINA C-ACOSARBIC-031-201 7).
Regarding PN Corcovado: Relevant information is presented demonstrating that the Park’s infrastructure in general is new, thanks to financing from the Inter-American Development Bank (BID) project, which made an investment of $2.405.980 (two million four hundred five thousand nine hundred eighty dollars). As part of this work, the restroom blocks (baterías de baños) described below were built:
Estación biológica Sirena: The area measures 120 m2 and has 9 toilets, three urinals, one accessible sanitary facility (servicio sanitario para personas con capacidades disminuidas) that includes a shower and washbasin, 9 individual ceramic-tiled showers with showerheads and faucets, as well as a cement bench and changing space, and 6 outdoor washbasins. It has 18 light fixtures and a smoke detector. It has complementary works (obras complementarias) such as ramps and covered walkways. It is a raised building on concrete foundations, with a concrete intermediate floor and flooring, designed with consideration for the site’s elevations and features; the enclosures will be made of concrete masonry. It has a rainwater (aguas pluviales) collection and channeling system using stone-lined ditches, wastewater treatment systems (sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales), and other features. A new sewage and graywater (aguas grises) system was likewise constructed, consisting of 6 interconnected plastic tanks with a filtration system, if required, and a BIONEST treatment plant, which is a closed, underground system with a fixed-film bioreactor for bacterial growth that creates and maintains ideal conditions for the biological treatment of wastewater.
Centro Operativo La Leona. The area measures 90 m2 and has 6 toilets, three urinals, one accessible sanitary facility that includes a shower and washbasin, 9 individual ceramic-tiled showers with showerheads and faucets, as well as a cement bench and changing space, and 5 outdoor washbasins. It has 14 light fixtures and a smoke detector. It has complementary works such as ramps and covered walkways. It is a raised building on concrete foundations, with a concrete intermediate floor and flooring, designed with consideration for the site’s elevations and features; the enclosures will be made of concrete masonry. It has a rainwater collection and channeling system using stone-lined ditches, wastewater treatment systems, and other features. The system consists of 4 interconnected plastic tanks with a filtration system, if required, and a BIONEST treatment plant, which is a closed, underground system with a fixed-film bioreactor for bacterial growth that creates and maintains ideal conditions for the biological treatment of wastewater.
Centro Operativo San Pedrillo: The area measures 36 m2 and has 3 toilets, one urinal, one accessible sanitary facility that includes a shower and washbasin, 3 individual ceramic-tiled showers with showerheads and faucets, as well as a cement bench and changing space, and outdoor washbasins. It has 9 light fixtures and a smoke detector. It has complementary works such as ramps and covered walkways. It is a raised building on concrete foundations, with a concrete intermediate floor and flooring, designed with consideration for the site’s elevations and features; the enclosures will be made of concrete masonry. It has a rainwater collection and channeling system using stone-lined ditches, wastewater treatment systems, and other features. The system consists of 2 plastic tanks, each with a capacity of 4720 liters, interconnected with a filtration system, if required, and a BIONEST treatment plant, which is a closed, underground system with a fixed-film bioreactor for bacterial growth that creates and maintains ideal conditions for the biological treatment of wastewater.
With respect to the operations centers at los Planes, los Patos, and el Tigre, they received no monetary investment from the B/D tourism project; the condition of their infrastructure is described below:
Centro Operativo Los Patos: The area measures 8 m2 and has 4 toilets and 4 showers, which are in very good condition.
Centro Operativo Las Planes: The area measures 5 m2 and has 2 toilets, 2 showers inside the house, and 2 showers outside the house, which are in very good condition.
Centro Operativo EL Tigre: The area measures 6 m2 and has 2 complete bathrooms with showers, toilets, and washbasins. This infrastructure is in fair condition, but procurement is already under way for a contract to design the new infrastructure, under initial decision number 0062017000700008, and construction must take place in 2017.
The Park currently has the support of the project “Mejoramiento de las condiciones de visitación turística empleabilidad y conservación de las áreas silvestres Protegidas del Pacifico Sur,” which was officially established through agreement number 00062-06-NR and under which a restroom block will be constructed at the entrance to the Los Naranjos trail to improve visitor services.
The petitioners allege:
Marino Ballena:
- A significant number of officials living in protected areas (áreas protegidas) do so under inadequate conditions; the park-ranger quarters at Parque nacional Marino Ballena have openings through which mosquitoes enter.
- The park-ranger house at Centro Operativo Colonia in PN Marino Ballena is in very poor condition; the bathrooms and sanitary facilities are in terrible condition, and the second floor is about to collapse.
The Administrator of this protected area reported the following in report SINAGACOSAPNMB- AD-00037-2017:
Regarding the infrastructure of Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, it is true that it is quite deteriorated. In this case, the Administration is already working on a comprehensive improvement project for all infrastructure, both that serving tourists and that used by the officials themselves. The project to improve the facilities at Parque Nacional Marino Ballena is being carried out jointly with the office of the MINAE minister, JUDESUR, and the Office of the First Lady of the Republic, through the “tejiendo desarrollo” concept promoted by that office. This project is called “MEJORAMIENTO DE LAS CONDICIONES DE VISITACION Y EMPLEABILIDADEN EL PARQUE NACIONAL MARINO BALLENA” and provides for the construction of 4 new tourist service stations equipped with restroom blocks and a nature shop, as well as modules for officials. This project has an investment plan of approximately ¢505.053.560 and is currently being implemented, with its terms of reference under review by JUDESUR. This will resolve the mosquito problem and the infrastructure issues at all stations.
Isla del Caño: The park-ranger house at Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño has various forms of deterioration, including old electrical wiring and foul odors caused by pit latrines (letrinas de hueco). The Administrator of this protected area reported the following in report SINAC-ACOSA-RBIC-031-2017:
5.1 Regarding the electrical wiring, according to official letter SINAC-ACOSA-PNC-196-2016 from the former administrator of RBIQ, improvements were made to the Operations Center in February 2012. The electrical system was repaired, the house was painted, an emergency plan was prepared, and other work was performed.
5.2 Regarding pit latrines, RBIC has no such sewage-disposal system. According to Official Letter SINAC-ACOSA-PNC-196-2016, what existed was a dry-toilet system (sistema de servicios sanitarios secos), which was closed in 2012 because it failed to meet odor-related requirements; ACOSA therefore decided to close it permanently. Since that measure was taken, there have been no foul-odor problems at the station. See official letter SINAC-ACOSA-PNC-196-2016 in anexo 7.
5.3 Regarding the deterioration of the park-ranger house, discussions were held with the officials stationed there, who identified the materials necessary for its repair, and the necessary materials were requested through official letter SINAC-ACOSA-RBIC-022-2017 (see anexo 8). The purchase of the materials is pending.
PN Corcovado: There is overcrowding at PN Corcovado’s operations centers.
1. Centro Operativo la Leona: It has 5 rooms and 10 beds for the three officials assigned to the Operations Center and the PNC Patrol, with 3 toilets and 4 showers in the park-ranger house.
2. Estación Biológica Sirena: The park-ranger house has 5 rooms and 4 beds for the 3 officials assigned to the station, as well as two showers and two toilets. The large house has an upper floor with 3 rooms, one containing two bunk beds and two containing one bed each, in addition to 2 cubicles with one bunk bed each.
3. Centro Operativo San Pedrillo: The park-ranger house has 4 rooms with 5 beds and 1 volunteer room with two bunk beds; 2 showers and 2 toilets are located separately from the house.
4. Centro Operativo Los Patos: It has 6 rooms, each with 2 beds, as well as 4 toilets and 4 showers.
6. Centro Operativo el Tigre: The park-ranger house has 4 rooms and 2 beds per room, with two complete bathrooms.
They complain that the park rangers lack the equipment, materials, and training necessary to perform their duties, and state that there is a lack of funding for the creation and expansion of new ASP, as well as for land purchases. (…). Parque Nacional Corcovado officials received field equipment in 2016 to carry out control and protection duties (…).
They report a lack of protection and deterioration of the cultural heritage at HN Térraba Sierpe. The Acting Administrator of HNTS reports that unauthorized persons are currently living on and using the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado). It is known that persons inhabit Garza and Violines islands, Boca Guarumal, and the sector that comprise (sic) estuaries at the site called finca 20, at Lambert South System plane coordinates North 315812 and 516828. The possibility that additional persons are inhabiting and making unauthorized use of PNE in other sectors of HNTS cannot be ruled out. However, the lack of water transportation and the absence of the 15 required park rangers make it impossible to take the actions necessary to address these problems.
At this time, work is underway on the preparation of three complaints concerning harm to the State Natural Heritage (patrimonio natural del Estado, PNE), and one complaint is already before the Fiscalía Ambiental de Golfito (see report SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017). They allege that park rangers require more formal training. Both the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación and the Área de Conservación and the Área de Conservación Osa have sought to ensure that the officials who carry out operational activities receive ongoing and up-to-date training (…)”. The Área de Conservación Tempisque, by official letter ACT-OR-DR-368-17 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “Regarding the personnel of the Área de Conservación Tempisque, 80% of the positions correspond to personnel assigned to subregional offices or protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), which is very reasonable in terms of concentrating personnel on substantive activities within and outside protected areas.
Furthermore, society’s demand for services, as well as changes in legislation, such as the amendments to the Ley de Vida Silvestre and Ley de Ostional, together with the transfer of 26 properties by INDER, among other matters, and the fact that the protected areas are relatively small and dispersed, generates a greater workload and, therefore, a greater need for personnel. Another detail that must be considered is that ACT personnel have an average age of 50 years, which places them above the most productive age for fieldwork. In this regard, ACT has expressed the need for additional personnel to handle substantive processes in various official letters and communications. During the current administration alone, requests for additional personnel were made through official letters ACT-OR-DR-1722-14, dated 15 de diciembre de 2014, and ACT-OR-DR-0699-16, dated 29 de junio de 2016. As to the various threats affecting the protected areas and mentioned in the document, they all affect different protected areas to varying degrees, depending on their geographic location, size, access points, proximity to tourist sites, among other factors.
In the case of ACT, many of them are addressed in the control and protection plans for the different protected areas. Likewise, addressing these unlawful activities is part of the daily work in our protected areas, and some of them cannot be eradicated entirely; therefore, the aim is to control or mitigate them. ACT has also participated actively in developing the prevention, control, and protection strategy that SINAC has been working on in recent months, which is expected to lead to the purchase of technological equipment that will enable better prevention of and response to environmental offenses. One matter that must be emphasized is that marine control and protection activities are much more complex and costly than those carried out on land. Accordingly, ACT has three vessels ranging from 19 to 26 feet and other small skiffs for marine operations, which allow it to provide partial coverage of the marine sector of Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, the Caletas-Arlo, Camaronal, Ostional, and Cipancí wildlife refuges, and Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas.
These patrols are highly complex because of the number and training of the personnel required, fuel expenses, vessel maintenance costs, the availability of sites for safe departure, and the risk involved in boarding vessels at sea, some of which may be linked to drug trafficking. In this regard, training has been arranged with the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje (INA), the Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas (SNG), and other nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). ACT thus has at least 15 officials whose training enables them to participate in marine control and protection operations. It must be recalled, however, that these personnel also participate in terrestrial control and protection activities, working schedules of two days on and one day off, which substantially reduces the personnel effectively available for control and protection at any given time. It must be acknowledged that equipment needs—including infrastructure such as docks, vessel-launch and retrieval ramps, radar, night-vision equipment, drones, GPS devices, cellular telephones, accessories for marine operations, and preventive maintenance of equipment and vessels, among other things—far exceed the resources available from the State.
Regarding biodiversity management monitoring, ACT has carried this out without interruption in recent years, and approximately 5 protected wildlife areas are included in this process, which entails an enormous effort to monitor the management of these sites. It is not true that resource guards (guardas recursos) receive no training. In this regard, it is important to note that this is one of the areas in which there has been significant improvement at the institutional level; there is currently an operations course, a resource-guard diploma program offered by the Universidad Nacional, and multiple training sessions for officials throughout the year. Furthermore, it is not true, as the petitioner claims, that the Área de Conservación Tempisque lacks management plans (planes de manejo); management plans have currently been prepared for 97% of all ACT protected wildlife areas (Table 1). It is not true that Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas lacks restroom facilities or adequate infrastructure; the Chamber is informed that this infrastructure was renovated in 2016 by the Parque Nacional administration and is in optimal condition to receive domestic and international tourists.
Regarding signage, in compliance with one of the specific directives in report DFOE-PGAA-IF-3-2010 of the Contraloría General de la Republica, the Parque administration has made great efforts to install signage throughout the Parque Nacional, and the administration considers that directive fulfilled. Work has also been carried out to install warning signs near the estuaries, advising of the presence of crocodiles in the area. Table 1. Status of the management plans for ACT protected areas. (…) It is not true that the restroom facilities at Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco are merely adequate, because they were built in 2013 as part of the improvements made for the celebration of Día de Parques Nacionales and were left in excellent condition. Nor are the assertions that the current infrastructure presents a fire hazard accepted as true. Although the facilities in the Reserva are old and have problems resulting from the normal deterioration of wooden buildings over the years, they are all habitable and present no risk to either park rangers or visitors.
It is not true that Parque Nacional Diría has two trails that pose accident risks. In this regard, all protected wildlife areas present some type of risk to visitors because that is inherent in their nature. Specifically, because Parque Nacional Diria (sic) is located in a remote area, has little infrastructure for tourist visits, and is regularly visited by local residents, they have always been informed that there are no trails in the Parque; I therefore reject the allegation. It is not true that Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Cipancí has a wildlife-hunting problem; it is a protected wildlife area that does not currently face this problem, and its officials likewise conduct continuous patrols to prevent this threat. Regarding unlawful occupation (ocupación ilegítima), ACT has been making significant efforts to regularize State Natural Heritage lands, to the extent that sites such as Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Ostional, Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Cipancí, Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mata Redonda, Parque Nacional Diriá, and Humedal Palustrino Corral de Piedra have reasonably up-to-date cadastral maps that make it possible to ascertain land-tenure status and implement measures to resolve cases of unlawful land tenure, as is currently being done.” The Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe, by official letter SINAC-ACOSA-D-132-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “…The Área de Conservación Amistad Caribe (ACLAC) has 12 protected wildlife areas, only five of which are served through an institutional presence.
Of these, those with general management plans (planes generales de manejo, PGM) are undergoing updating and development, specifically in four protected wildlife areas, while one PGM has been formally adopted: Parque Internacional La Amistad (PILA, current and formally adopted); Parque Nacional Barbilla, Parque Nacional Cahuita, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo, and Reserva Biológica Hotoy (sic) Cerere, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo (being updated and reviewed). The other protected wildlife areas where we have no personnel presence are: Zona Protectora Río Banano, Zona Protectora Rio Siquírres, Reserva Forestal Pacuare, Reserva Forestal Pacuare-Matina, and Humedal Cariari. Problems in protected wildlife areas. Difficulties in attending to and protecting natural resources are evident because of the limited or complete lack of personnel for the ACLAC protected wildlife areas, where they are threatened daily by various causes, such as hunting, fishing, unregulated tourism, organized crime, drug trafficking, illegal trafficking in wildlife, pollution of rivers, turtle eggs and sea turtles, assaults on visitors, deforestation, encroachment, and pressure from the agricultural frontier, among others.
Problems at protected wildlife area posts: Deficient conditions of facilities and equipment and materials, vehicles, vessels, boats, among other resources, for the work that personnel are required by law to perform; little or no personnel at the posts to assist visitors; and facilities in deficient condition. All posts are subject to sanitary orders issued by the Ministerio de Salud. Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere: There is little or no personnel, there is encroachment and (sic) unlawful occupation on Reserva lands, and the facilities are in deficient condition. Parque Nacional Barbilla: It has deficient public-use facilities, encroachment, serious drinking-water problems, little or no personnel, and lacks suitable conditions for receiving visitors on the identified trails. Parque Nacional Cahuita: The trail connecting the Playa Blanca sector with the Puerto Vargas sector has been destroyed; the park-ranger house must be relocated because of coastal erosion resulting from climate change (Cambio Climático) and the accelerated encroachment of the sea, this being the second time it must be relocated.
Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo: The offices are in deficient condition and have neither electricity nor water; there is little or no personnel; and the park-ranger house is in poor condition, with living conditions unsuitable for human health.
Based on the foregoing, ACLAC has made efforts to address some of the needs, but there are countless procedures that are becoming increasingly complicated and that limit or halt any initiative to improve the general conditions of the protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas, ASP), compounded by the fact that the little that has been developed has been achieved through national and local strategic partnerships or with the support of loans. I must also state that, despite the extensive efforts undertaken to meet these needs, resources, equipment, and materials arrive at entirely unsuitable times and too late, preventing the immediate attention to and improvement of conditions in the ASP and for park rangers (guardaparques).” The Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico, through official letter SINAC-ACLACP-D-089-2017 of 21 de marzo de 2017, stated: “Regarding the alleged neglect affecting national parks and other equivalent reserves, the petitioners for constitutional relief (amparados) are correct regarding the shortage of personnel available to SINAC, at least at the ACLAP level, to discharge all the responsibilities established by law concerning the management of the ASP.
In view of the foregoing, the Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico, through its Comité Científico Técnico, undertook the task of updating the Situational Assessment of Human Resources and Proposed Staffing Needs for AGLA-P, at the request of the Regional Council of that AC. This analysis is currently being updated at the request of the same collegial body and now includes a risk analysis of institutional management due to the limited number of personnel available to ACLAP to fulfill its responsibilities. Unfortunately, it is true that there are problems involving hunting, illegal tourism, irregular human occupation, and organized crime within the ASP, led by persons who grow and traffic marijuana within the ASP, as is the case in Parque Nacional Chirripó and Parque Internacional La Amistad. It should also be noted that, over the last three years, SINAC, with support from Programa Costa Rica por Siempre, has made a major effort to prepare management plans (planes de manejo) for most of the country’s national parks.
It is true that the number of park rangers is insufficient to protect the vast territory of the ASP administered by ACLAP, and it is also true that certain stations have had to be closed, such as Humo in Pejibaye de Jiménez, Tres Colinas in Tres Colinas de Potrero Grande de Buenos Aires, and, recently, the El Progreso Station in Zona Protectora Las Tablas was burned down, due to the shortage of personnel to guard it. It is true that the principal infrastructure located in the ACLAP ASP was built under a donor project in the year 1997, using GEF resources. I have no knowledge that the park rangers live in inadequate conditions, since ACLAP provides them with residential housing containing individual furnished rooms and basic public utilities, some even with internet access. These stations also have basic household equipment for preparing food, as well as a supply of liquefied petroleum gas for that purpose.
As for the only station in ACLAP that is in poor condition, namely Pittier Station within PILA, there is a donor-funded project to build a new one. It is true that the park rangers need additional equipment to perform their duties, particularly personal protective equipment such as bulletproof vests and modern firearms suited to current security requirements. They are also correct that a larger budget is needed to purchase land that has not yet been acquired within the state-owned ASP administered by ACLAP. Unfortunately, it is also true that Directriz Nº 023-H has adversely affected personnel availability because vacant positions resulting from dismissals without employer liability and other causes have been frozen. In the case of the ACLA ASP, there are sufficient vehicles relative to the number of personnel currently available to operate them. Regarding training for park rangers, each year SINAC conducts the park-ranger operations course; moreover, pursuant to an agreement with Universidad para la Cooperación Internacional, several ASP officials earned bachelor’s degrees in Administración de Áreas Protegidas, and, under an agreement with ICONVIS of Universidad Nacional, the second cohort of ASP officials who will pursue the Diploma in Manejo de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas is about to begin.
Regarding how SINAC resources are invested, the Sala Constitucional had already ruled on the matter, finding in favor of SINAC concerning the comprehensive manner in which those resources are invested to administer the ASP and carry out regulatory actions outside them. Regarding the provision of equipment for the ASP, it seems to me that this is more a matter of the administrative management of each Área de Conservación than of SINAC as an institution, because those decisions are made at the regional level. Regarding the provision of personal protective equipment AGAINST vectors, this does not apply to every ASP in the country, because environmental conditions mean that such problems do not occur in all ASP. In the case of ACLAP, financial resources have already been allocated for the maintenance and repair of the operational centers where officials live and work.” The Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, through official letters SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-046-2017 of 20 de marzo del 2017 and SINAC-ACOPAC-D-164-2017 of 21 de marzo del 2017, stated: “In the case of the wilderness areas located in ACOPAC, all those mentioned have a management plan—Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, Parque Nacional Carara, and Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala—with the exception of Humedal Estero Puntarenas.
They allege a shortage of vessels and vehicles needed to perform duties, inadequate or nonexistent infrastructure, illegal extraction of species and their products, and an insufficient number of officials in the ASP mentioned, namely Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, Parque Nacional Carara, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala, and Humedal Estero Puntarenas. In general terms, it may be said that report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, cited in this petition for constitutional relief (recurso de amparo), addresses the matter broadly. With regard to vessels, given the type of operations conducted, it is necessary to have at least one in each of these wilderness areas because each has an aquatic and/or marine component. With regard to vehicles, at least 2 four-wheel-drive vehicles are required in Parque Nacional Carara, 2 electric vehicles in Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, and one for Humedal Estero Puntarenas.
In the case of Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, 18 people currently work in this wilderness area. Given the workload and the service provided to at least 400 000 tourists per year, at least 20 additional suitably qualified persons are needed to perform each of the tasks undertaken. The existing management plan provides for a staff of 62 people by 2018. The petitioners refer to logging in this wilderness area, which is not true; what does exist are lands that were planted with palm trees when the Park was expanded in 2003, and the Área de Conservación is currently taking steps to clear these areas. The facilities where officials reside are suitable and are in excellent condition. This wilderness area has all basic utilities and also has a trail network (7300 metros) showcasing its principal attractions (wildlife species and ecosystems). In the short term, the construction of a 743-meter trail meeting all requirements established in Ley 7600 is also planned, and an area at the main entrance will be expanded to make visitors’ wait more comfortable until they are able to enter the ASP.
Work is likewise underway to repair and improve the water-treatment systems and to automate and replace the water tanks that supply the interior of the ASP. This wilderness area also has a climate-change mitigation and adaptation plan, an emergency plan, a solid-waste management plan, and a tourism plan. The methodology for determining carrying capacity (capacidad de carga) and visitor flow has been applied; work is underway on a proposal to update the public-use regulations (reglamento de uso público); a code of good tourism practices has been prepared; a code of good marine practices has been prepared; monitoring is conducted to determine the condition of sandy and rocky beaches; the protocol for determining the condition of coral reefs is applied; and the coastal-marine program has been prepared, which establishes how the marine portion of this ASP must be managed. It should be stated that a contract awarded through public bidding (licitación pública) for the collection of admission fees is in process, as is a contract established through the relevant mechanism to provide nonessential cafeteria, store, and Lakers services.
A company has also been hired in this wilderness area to clean the sanitary facilities used by visitors. As I stated, the existing trail network comprises 7300 and requires regular maintenance, for which there is a plan, but no budget has been allocated to date. Parque Nacional Carara. This protected wilderness area has a management plan establishing that there should be 43 officials; it currently has 10. The required staff must at least be doubled in the short term because this wilderness area has significant problems involving hunting and the illegal extraction of forest products, and there is also little interaction with civil society. The officials’ residence is in fair condition, and new infrastructure needs to be built. A visitor center must also be constructed to facilitate and improve visitors’ understanding of this ASP. In this ASP, work is underway on the design of an adventure trail and on a plan to eradicate invasive species from Laguna Meándrica, which lies within this ASP.
Work is also underway on a plan for managing solid waste and wastewater. This ASP has a tourism plan and a proposal for updating its public-use regulations; work is underway on a plan to demarcate this ASP and on the preparation of an environmental education plan; it has a volunteer program; and work is underway on a control and protection plan that will define the course of action to be followed in this area. Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. Five officials work in this wilderness area, and a management plan is undergoing approval. Under the RNVSMCN 2016-2020 management plan, a total of 27 officials are required to achieve optimal management consistent with the objective for which the protected wilderness area was created. The assignment of at least 3 additional persons is urgently needed at this time.
Management in this protected wild area (área silvestre protegida) has been very good, with the following achievements standing out: the establishment of a Local Council; the preparation of a plan entitled “Characterization of Surfing Activity”; the preparation of a business plan; the development of a protocol for assessing the refuge’s marine ecosystem services (servicios ecosistémicos marinos); the consolidation of the ecological monitoring program (programa de monitoreo ecológico) for sea turtle nesting beaches; the development of a protocol for monitoring the dynamics of sandy beaches; the development of a protocol for the ecological monitoring of sandy beaches; the development of a code of good practices for marine tourism; work is reduced (sic) on a plan to determine tourism carrying capacity (capacidad de carga turística) and on the visitor-flow tool; and work is also under way to update the public-use regulations (reglamento de uso público).
In this protected wild area, there are two facilities for staff members. One is located in Playa Hermosa and is in good condition, although the amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) subjectively states that it is located in the public zone (zona pública) and is at risk of being swept away by the tides. This facility has basic services, and the designers and architects made no short-term provision. The staff facility or residence located in the Punta Mala sector is severely deteriorated, making a new building urgently necessary; this sector also lacks potable water. In addition, a biological station and a visitor center must be built in the Playa Hermosa sector. Humedal Estero Puntarenas. This protected wild area has the greatest problems, because it has been and continues to be invaded by people who remove the mangrove forest (mangle) to introduce agricultural crops and infrastructure. To date, this protected wild area has no administrative structure dedicated to caring for this important ecosystem.
It also has no management plan (plan de manejo), equipment, or personnel dedicated full-time to control and protection duties. At least 5 people, one vehicle, and one vessel are required merely to operate the control and protection program. There are other protected wild areas in this conservation area (área de conservación) that likewise require comprehensive attention, because in some cases the damage caused is irreparable. The following table shows the protected wild areas located within ACOPAC, their total area, and the level of management carried out through this conservation area. (…).
The Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, by official letter SINAC-ACMC-DAF-177-2017 dated 21 de marzo de 2017, stated: “1. The continuous presence of park rangers (guardaparques) in Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (PNIC), and the efforts of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) through the Área de Conservación Marina Cocos (ACMC), have constituted an ongoing undertaking to protect the terrestrial and marine natural resources of this protected area (área protegida). For this reason, from 2014 to the present, a decrease has been observed in sightings of vessels conducting illegal fishing activities in the vicinity of Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (PNIC). Another measure adopted by the government of Costa Rica was the creation of a new marine area; accordingly, as of June 2011, the Área Marina de Manejo Montes Submarinos (AMM-MS), covering 9.640 km2, was established through Decreto Ejecutivo No. 36452-MINAE.
This area forms part of a buffer area surrounding PNIC and would absorb pressure on the marine resources and biological diversity of this protected area. Efforts are also being made through partnerships among private companies, NGOs, and the Central Government to create national strategies that assist SINAC in protecting and monitoring protected areas. For this reason, and as part of the Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia Marítima, implementation of the aforementioned strategy began in 2015 with the construction and commissioning of a radar system at PNIC. These initiatives were complemented by the campaign organized through the partnership among the Asociación Costa Rica por Siempre (ACRXS), the Fundación Amigos Isla del Coco (FAICO), and the Área de Conservación Marina Isla del Coco (then ACMIC) to conduct the ‘Todos a Bordo’ campaign, through which, with the support of all Costa Ricans, funds were raised to acquire a fast Eduardoño-type vessel for intercepting vessels engaged in unlawful activities within the protected area.
Likewise, as a continuation of the entire process described above, in 2015 the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación succeeded, using institutional resources, in budgeting and investing the sum of ¢194.998.625,00 (…) in the construction of a Control and Surveillance Center (Centro de Control y Vigilancia, CCVM) in bahía Chatharn, for the purpose of strengthening the protected area’s Control and Protection component. 2. In 2011, the Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia Marítima (ENCVM) was created for the purpose of contributing to the oversight and monitoring of activities affecting the conservation and use of Costa Rica’s marine resources and areas. To execute and implement it, the first radar system at PNIC was constructed and commissioned, out of a total of 17 radar systems throughout the national territory. In 2013, the government of Costa Rica supported the process and declared this Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia Marítima to be of public and national interest, as a step toward supporting the processes developed within the framework of the Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia.
In the same spirit of support and cooperation, the Government proceeded to sign Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38329-MAG ‘Establecimiento de zonificación y ordenamiento para el aprovechamiento de túnidos y especies afines por pesca comercial en la ZEE del océano pacífico,’ establishing the tuna polygons with the aim of regulating the fishery in the territorial waters of the Costa Rican state. For its part, following approval by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (CONAC), pursuant to agreement No.6 dated 29 de agosto de 2016, the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación initiated the process of creating two new positions and subsequently hiring personnel for them, so that these new positions would strengthen control and surveillance processes at PNIC. 3. It is important to note that PNIC has insufficient personnel according to the provisions of the management plan (plan de manejo) for this protected area; however, it is impossible to assert that this staffing shortage at PNIC facilitates drug-trafficking activity.
It is clear that our activities involving the control and protection of natural and cultural resources are confined directly to the protected area and concern environmental matters. It is appropriate to emphasize at this point that control of unlawful activities related to drug trafficking and national security falls directly within the jurisdiction (competencia) of the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública. 4. In 2016, with the allocation of the ordinary budget, three vessels and six outboard motors were purchased for management of the protected area. Likewise, through the ‘Todos a Bordo’ campaign, a 32" foot-long Eduardoño-type vessel was acquired to conduct interceptions at sea in support of control and protection activities. Preventive maintenance was also performed on the Cocos Patrol vessel, and the donation of a new engine for this vessel is being arranged. In addition, an investment of approximately 80 million colones is projected for 2017 for preventive and corrective maintenance of vessels. 5.
The Área de Conservación Marina Cocos currently has a total of 31 employees, of whom ten work at the Área de Conservación’s regional office and twenty-one (sic) work at Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, working rotations of 30 days on duty followed by 22 days off. According to the Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, a total of 34 employees is required; accordingly, there is still a shortfall of 16 employees for the proper management of the protected area. It is relevant to mention that the creation of AMM-MS beginning in 2011 and the subsequent creation of the management plan for this new area created a significant gap in terms of the human-resources deficit (32 employees) required to protect Montes Submarinos. 6. PNIC is considered to have at least the equipment needed to perform most protected-area management activities in each of its components (Administration, Control and Protection, Natural Resources, and Tourism); nevertheless, it should be noted that many needs still remain.
There is also a residential complex to house the employees, volunteers, and collaborators who perform their duties in this protected area. Moreover, ongoing efforts are made to provide all our Parque Nacional employees with training focused primarily on marine matters. 7. The cultural heritage of PNIC is currently an asset belonging to all Costa Ricans that is partially protected by virtue of the management category already assigned to the Parque Nacional in this protected area. It has been incorporated as a Key Management Element (Elemento Focal de Manejo, EFM) into the updated Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, which is to establish the strategies and action plans for managing this resource.” The Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central stated: “a) They allege the absence of a Parque Nacional management plan: During 2016, work was undertaken to update the Parque’s Plan de Manejo, with the participation of ASP employees and civil-society stakeholders.
Onca Natural facilitated the process, and at the beginning of this year the Plan underwent final review and approval; it is designed to cover a period of 10 years. Five strategic actions were incorporated into this Plan: the Administration Program, Research and Monitoring Program, Prevention, Protection and Control Program, Sustainable Tourism Program, and Community Management, Environmental Education, and Volunteer Program. The Plan also indicates the optimal number of personnel needed to fulfill the mission and vision proposed in the Plan de Manejo, which it sets at 37 employees. There are currently 16 employees, and the appointment of two additional employees at technical grade 1 is pending, in accordance with the Servicio Civil classification manual. b) They allege a shortage of vessels and vehicles needed to perform official duties: In the case of PNBC, there are two all-terrain vehicles and one vehicle for each sector (3); these are used for the various Control and Protection activities, transportation of employees, administrative procedures, etc. There is also one vehicle for the Administration component.
On occasions when a vehicle has been unavailable in one of the sectors, this has been due to mechanical problems, and the period of unavailability has lasted only while the vehicle was being repaired at the authorized workshop. c) They allege the presence of illegal hunting within the Parque Nacional: Regarding this point, although it does occur, in the case of Braulio Carrillo, a review of the statistics on complaints filed during recent years shows that most concern the buffer zones of PNBC and very few concern areas within the ASP. d) They state that there is inadequate protection and deterioration of the cultural heritage: In 2016, repairs were made to the structure (sic) used as a crossing over río Peje (OET-PNBC agreement), and the drinking-water pipeline was replaced (through the Fondo de Concesiones), both in Sector del Ceibo. It is also important to note that several improvements were made during 2015 in Sector del Volcán Barva (using the SINAC budget), including the installation of a gate at the main entrance, the installation of ceramic tile in the park-ranger station’s kitchen, and improvements to public-use facilities.
In Sector del Ceibo (using the budget under the OET-PNBC Agreement), the roof of the employees’ residence was replaced, a new septic tank was built, and the exterior of the station was painted. In Sector de Quebrada González, the roofs of the employees’ residence and visitor center were painted, as was the exterior of that station; resources are being allocated for this year and the next to improve infrastructure in this Sector (roof replacement, warehouse remodeling, construction of an Environmental Education classroom, and electrification of the Sector).” The Departamento de Gestión Institucional de Recurso Humano, by official letter SINAC-DDGIRH-329 dated 22 de marzo de 2017, stated: “1. With respect to the limited number of protection personnel available to the Institution, the following may be stated: To address the matters indicated in section 4.5 of Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, the attached Action Plan was prepared.
Through the definition of the criteria identified by the Comptroller’s Office (ente Contralor), the aim is to identify personnel allocation within Protected Wildlife Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas), determine the staffing shortfall, and make such adjustments as may be deemed necessary. It must be taken into account that, beginning last year, the institution changed from a competency-based approach to a process-based approach. Accordingly, CONAC instructed a Commission that is currently preparing a proposal for institutional positions; on that basis, it will identify the personnel performing each of the defined positions and thereby determine the staffing shortfall affecting the performance of the activities under the identified processes.
This Department has information from the Áreas de Conservación indicating that approximately 350 Sistema positions perform duties related to monitoring and protection, which would entitle them to recognition of the work-availability incentive for responding to unforeseen activities in this field. It is indeed true that the number of officials assigned to the Áreas Silvestres Protegidas is not commensurate with the territorial areas that must be protected. 2. Regarding the assertion that park rangers (guardaparques) lack the training necessary to perform their duties, we can state: During the period from 2011 through the elapsed portion of the current year, the institution’s personnel have received the training detailed in the attachment. In addition, pursuant to an agreement with the Universidad Nacional, 22 institution officials completed studies toward the Diploma in Conservation and Management of Protected Areas for Park Rangers (Diplomado de Conservación y Manejo de Áreas Protegidas para Guardaparques), and during this semester a new cohort of officials (20) began studies at that level. 3.
Regarding the assertion that the shortage of park rangers is due to a policy adopted by the Poder Ejecutivo to freeze positions (plazas) and not fill vacancies left by officials who resign or retire, in accordance with Directriz No. 023-H, we must note that the cited provision was amended by Directriz No. 053-H del 26 de agosto del 2016, which amended Articles 12 and 15 of No. 023-H and provides, as one of the exceptions to the provision, that positions becoming vacant due to the retirement or death of their holders may be filled. In this regard, we must note that the institution has indeed been carrying out the corresponding administrative actions to fill vacancies arising from either of those two circumstances. To date, the positions that could not be filled are those that became vacant because the incumbent official was dismissed or resigned. 4. Regarding the statement that the number of park rangers has been frozen since 1998, reference may be made to the fact that, between 2007 and 2008, 367 positions were incorporated into the Civil Service System (Régimen de Servicio Civil) to support the institution’s work. Of those positions, 174 belonged to the Fondo de Parques Nacionales, and 203 were positions funded with resources from other financing sources that provided support for SINAC’s work.”
Drafted by Justice Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
I.Regarding the motions to intervene as an assisting party (solicitudes de coadyuvancia). In previous judgments, this Court has held that intervention as an assisting party (coadyuvancia) is a form of supporting intervention whereby a person participates in a proceeding by joining in the claims of one of the principal parties. Consequently, anyone with a direct interest in the outcome of the action has standing to participate as an assisting party (coadyuvante); however, because the assisting party is not a principal claimant, that party will not be directly affected by the judgment; that is, the judgment’s effect cannot extend to that party directly and immediately, nor will the ruling’s res judicata effect (cosa juzgada) apply to that party (See, among others, judgment number 3235 at 9:20 hours on 30 de octubre de 1992 and judgment 2010-000254 at 11:28 hours on 08 de enero de 2010). In this specific case, because this is an environmental matter in which broad standing to bring an action (legitimación para accionar) exists by reason of the interests protected, this Chamber admits the supporting interventions on behalf of the claimants (coadyuvancias activas) of Marino Marozzi Rojas; Luis Diego Marín Schumacher, in his capacity as President of Preserve Planet; Rolando Portilla Pastor; Carolina Chavarría Pozuelo; Randall Zamora Castro; Luis Villa; and Johnny Enrique Rosales Córdoba. Accordingly, their statements are deemed made and incorporated into the case file.
II.Subject matter of the action (objeto del recurso). The petitioners come before this jurisdiction because, in their view, the protected-area system is in crisis, as it faces problems including deforestation, fires, illegal wildlife trafficking, illegal fishing, theft of turtle eggs, illegal gold extraction, and drug trafficking; this is due, among other causes, to insufficient administrative and protection personnel, a lack of equipment and facilities, and insufficient funding. They allege that the natural and cultural heritage of the protected areas has been neglected and that there are too few park rangers, who also lack the necessary means to safeguard those areas. They complain that funds generated in the conservation areas (áreas de conservación) are not invested directly in those areas or in proportion to their visitor numbers. They contend that the park rangers’ fundamental rights have been violated because, in their view, their positions merit a different classification under the Régimen del Servicio Civil, they are not paid the salary supplements (pluses salariales) applicable to their positions, they are not provided with the equipment or materials necessary to perform their duties, they lack protective equipment for their health, and they neither live nor work under adequate conditions within the protected zones (zonas protegidas).
They request that, in order to guarantee the fundamental right of access to water for both visitors and park rangers, water potability tests (pruebas de potabilidad) be ordered in the conservation areas and that, based on the results, it be ensured that the water is potable.
III.Proven facts (hechos probados). The following facts are deemed duly established and relevant to the resolution of this matter:
a. Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 on the “EFFECTIVENESS OF SINAC IN THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY WITHIN CONTINENTAL PROTECTED WILDLIFE AREAS” had the objective of analyzing whether the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación had provided the resources necessary for the operation and consolidation of protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), and whether coordination among the stakeholders involved in their management ensured the expected results in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (report of the Contraloría General de la República).
b. Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 analyzed a total of 128 continental protected wildlife areas, under the management categories (categorías de manejo) of National Park, Biological Reserve, Wildlife Refuge, Forest Reserve, Protective Zone, and Wetland (report of the Contraloría General de la República).
c. Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 determined that SINAC’s management was only moderately effective with respect to providing the resources necessary for the operation and consolidation of protected wildlife areas, thereby jeopardizing the achievement of the objectives of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use (report of the Contraloría General de la República).
d. The findings of report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 regarding weaknesses in the resources required for the operation and consolidation of continental protected wildlife areas may be summarized as follows: insufficient financial resources available to carry out essential activities in protected areas; insufficient personnel to perform essential activities; administrative offices unsuited to the needs of the protected areas; protected areas without management plans (planes de manejo) to guide their administration; limited progress in the territorial consolidation (consolidación territorial) of protected areas; insufficient oversight and protection in protected wildlife areas; and opportunities to improve the response to environmental disasters and emergencies (report of the Contraloría General de la República).
e. The findings of report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 regarding threats to biodiversity in continental protected wildlife areas may be summarized as follows: insufficient management of threats to biodiversity in continental protected areas; weak management by SINAC in achieving important biodiversity conservation and sustainable-use objectives; failure to integrate biodiversity research and monitoring into the management of protected areas; the need to enhance public use in accordance with the capacity of the different management categories; and weak implementation of instruments to ensure the sustainable use of biodiversity by local communities and Indigenous peoples (report of the respondent authority (autoridad recurrida)).
f. Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 contains the following conclusions:
“3.1 Safeguarding biodiversity through the establishment of Protected Wildlife Areas encompasses 50 years of management by the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, primarily through SINAC for the past 16 years. This has made it possible to designate approximately 25% of the national territory21 under different management categories of Protected Wildlife Areas.
3.2 However, the expansion of protected territories has not been accompanied by the conditions necessary to reasonably ensure the achievement of biodiversity conservation and sustainable-use objectives. National Parks, Biological Reserves, and National Wildlife Refuges are the management categories that have been strengthened the most because they have historically been prioritized, but operational gaps remain, as demonstrated by their dependence on non-permanent resources to sustain their management. Forest Reserves, Protective Zones, and especially Wetlands, for their part, are management categories that have received far less support, which limits the achievement of the objectives for which they were created and their management objectives.
3.3 In this regard, the Protected Wildlife Areas are perceived as having a weak institutional standing despite generating significant foreign-exchange revenue for the country through tourism; and they face pressures that threaten their sustainability because of weaknesses in oversight and protection, aggravated by unlawful activities associated with organized crime and interaction with poverty-vulnerable communities that have regarded natural resources as an alternative means of subsistence.
3.4 Given the lack of resources, coordination of actions among the various stakeholders involved in managing the Protected Wildlife Areas remains at an early stage, resulting in fragmented action and barriers between those who administer the territories and those directly influenced by them, such as local communities and Indigenous peoples.
3.5 Furthermore, SINAC’s current management model has not reasonably incorporated good practices in biodiversity research and monitoring that would enable decisions based on technical and scientific evidence; this may compromise the functional and structural integrity of these Areas, with consequently significant costs for actions to restore the conservation status of the Protected Wildlife Areas.
3.6 Costa Rica has undertaken to conserve focal management elements (elementos focales de manejo) that are highly important for maintaining ecological processes, such as groups of mammals at the top of the food chain, including the jaguar and the puma; however, the lack of consolidation of these territories, the threats to which they are subject, and weaknesses in SINAC’s actions to manage them may lead to significant deterioration of these species. This demonstrates the urgent need to place environmental security and biodiversity on the Government’s agenda as one of its principal sources of economic, social, and environmental services” (submitted evidence) g. Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 contains the following directives (disposiciones):
“4.1 In accordance with the powers assigned under Articles 183 and 184 of the Constitución Política, Articles 12 and 21 of the Ley Orgánica de la Contraloría General de la República, Nro. 7428, and Article 12, subsection c), of the Ley General de Control Interno, the following directives are hereby issued. They are mandatory and must be complied with within the period (or term) granted for that purpose; therefore, unjustified noncompliance constitutes grounds for liability.
4.2 The Oversight Body (Órgano Contralor) reserves the right to verify, through any means it deems appropriate, the effective implementation of the directives issued, as well as to assess whether the corresponding liabilities should be imposed in the event of unjustified noncompliance with those directives.
TO THE CONSEJO NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN 4.3 Decide on the proposal submitted by the Executive Director of SINAC concerning funding mechanisms, criteria and adjustments for staff allocation, the development and maintenance plan for administrative offices, the mechanism for determining the legal status of land within Protected Wildlife Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas) and actions for its incorporation into the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), the control and protection mechanism, and the mechanism for allocating and disbursing resources for disaster response and environmental emergencies. Submit to the Contraloría General, within the two calendar months following receipt of the proposal from the Executive Directorate, a copy of the resolutions deciding each matter. See paragraphs 2.1 through 2.80 of this report.
TO DR. JULIO JURADO FERNÁNDEZ, IN HIS CAPACITY AS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF SINAC, OR TO WHOMEVER HOLDS THAT OFFICE IN HIS STEAD 4.4 Establish and implement funding mechanisms that ensure the sustainability of the management of the Protected Wildlife Areas. Submit a copy of the official letter through which those mechanisms are presented for approval by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, no later than 31 de agosto de 2015; a first progress report on the implementation of the mechanisms as of 29 de enero de 2016; and a second report as of 30 de junio de 2016. See paragraphs 2.4 through 2.12 of this report.
4.5 Establish criteria for assigning personnel to the Protected Wildlife Areas and, based on those criteria, adjust their allocation as appropriate. Submit to the Contraloría General a copy of the official letter through which the allocation criteria and adjustments are presented for approval by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, no later than 30 de setiembre de 2015; a progress report on the implementation of the adjustments, no later than 29 de febrero de 2016; and a second report no later than 31 de agosto de 2016. See paragraphs 2.13 through 2.18 of this report.
4.6 Establish and implement a development and maintenance plan for the priority administrative offices of the Protected Wildlife Areas, taking into account, among the technical variables, at least the needs relating to control and protection, research, and monitoring. Submit to the Contraloría General a copy of the official letter through which the plan is presented for approval by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, no later than 30 de setiembre de 2015; a first implementation report as of 27 de abril de 2016; and a second report as of 31 de agosto de 2016. See paragraphs 2.19 through 2.21 of this report.
4.7 Prioritize the Protected Wildlife Areas that require the preparation or updating of a General Management Plan (Plan General de Manejo). Submit to the Contraloría General an official letter documenting this prioritization no later than 30 de junio de 2015. See paragraphs 2.22 through 2.27 of this report.
4.8 Establish and implement a mechanism for monitoring the implementation of the general management plans for the Protected Wildlife Areas. Submit to the Contraloría General a copy of the document evidencing the establishment of the mechanism no later than 31 de agosto de 2015; additionally, submit a first monitoring report as of 30 de noviembre de 2015 and a second report as of 30 de junio de 2016. See paragraphs 2.22 through 2.27 of this report.
4.9 Establish and implement a mechanism for determining the legal status of land located within the boundaries of each Protected Wildlife Area and prioritize actions for its incorporation into the State Natural Heritage, demarcation, and signage, as appropriate. Submit to the Contraloría General a copy of the official letter through which that strategy is presented for approval by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, no later than 30 de noviembre de 2015; additionally, submit a first implementation report no later than 30 de junio de 2016 and a second report no later than 30 de noviembre de 2016. See paragraphs 2.28 through 2.37 of this report.
4.10 Establish and implement a control and protection mechanism applicable to all Protected Wildlife Areas in the country, which must set forth, at a minimum, the relevant objectives and targets, the training of officials assigned to those duties, and formal mechanisms for coordination with the relevant stakeholders involved, in accordance with the threats and pressures on biodiversity identified within those territories. Submit to the Contraloría General a copy of the official letter through which this strategy is presented for approval by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, no later than 30 de octubre de 2015; a first implementation report no later than 31 de marzo de 2016; and a second report no later than 31 de octubre de 2016. See paragraphs 2.38 through 2.42 of this report.
4.11 Establish a mechanism for allocating and disbursing resources with the timeliness required for the prevention of and response to disasters and environmental emergencies, applicable to all Protected Wildlife Areas in the country. Submit to the Contraloría General a copy of the official letter through which the mechanism is presented for approval by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, no later than 30 de setiembre de 2016. See paragraphs 2.43 through 2.45 of this report.
4.12 Establish the areas of SINAC management in which interinstitutional cooperation with nongovernmental organizations, local communities, and Indigenous peoples must be promoted, in accordance with the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity within continental Protected Wildlife Areas. Submit to the Contraloría General a certification documenting the actions taken no later than 31 de julio de 2015. See paragraphs 2.46 through 2.53 of this report.
4.13 Conduct an assessment (diagnóstico) of the public-use activities (actividades de uso público) carried out within the Protected Wildlife Areas, as well as their effects on biodiversity and the opportunities and recommendations for developing their potential. Based on that assessment, prepare a plan for implementing the improvements. Submit to the Contraloría General a certification that the assessment was prepared no later than 16 de octubre de 2015; a first report on the implementation of the recommendations no later than 29 de julio; and a second report no later than 18 de noviembre de 2016. See paragraphs 2.70 through 2.75 of this report.
4.14 Conduct an assessment of the activities involving the sustainable use of biodiversity (uso sostenible de la biodiversidad) carried out within the Protected Wildlife Areas, as well as their effects on biodiversity and the opportunities and recommendations for developing their potential. Based on that assessment, prepare a plan for implementing the improvements” (evidence submitted).
h. As of 23 de agosto de 2016, the status of compliance with the directives in report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 was as follows (report of the Contraloría General de la República):
a. In 2015, SINAC had ¢16.594,1 millones available for compensation and other expenses, including the resources transferred to the Fondo Forestal, the Fondo de Vida Silvestre, and additional resources for compliance with administrative decisions (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
b. The draft budget for fiscal year 2016 included ¢16.447,8 millones for SINAC’s operating and compensation expenses. Subsequently, the Asamblea Legislativa approved an additional ¢1.510 millones for the payment of park-ranger salaries in order to meet objective 1.8.1 established in the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2015-2018, which proposes to “Improve the availability of operational resources for the control, protection, and monitoring of biodiversity resources conserved within and outside the Protected Wildlife Areas.” In other words, the Poder Ejecutivo assumed the salary expenses for approximately 130 positions that had been paid for with national park funds so that SINAC could invest those funds directly in improvements to the protected areas (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
c. The preliminary budget proposals of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía requested additional resources for SINAC and expressed the intention to meet the target in the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, which proposes that, during the 2015-2018 period, 450 SINAC staff positions responsible for the control, protection, and monitoring of biodiversity and natural resources be incorporated into the regular budget (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
d. MINAE requested from the Ministerio de Hacienda, for 2017, an additional amount above the expenditure ceiling of ¢2.175,5 millones to fund 153 additional SINAC positions that are currently paid for by the Fondo de Parques Nacionales, for the purpose of meeting the target of the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. It also requested the creation of 400 new positions (250 Civil Service 2 security officers, 100 Civil Service technicians, and 50 Civil Service 2 technicians), amounting to ¢4.651,7 millones, as well as 75 positions for the Ministry’s various programs; consequently, the total request for funding of positions for that year amounted to 628 positions in total (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
e. The Ministro de Hacienda, by official letter DM-1527-2016 dated 1º de agosto de 2016, informed the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía as follows:
“Subject: Request for Adjustment to the Preliminary Budget Proposal for 2017.
Dear Minister:
The Government’s efforts to resolve the fiscal problem are insufficient in view of the draft budget for 2017, particularly given the revenue shortfall resulting from the lack of approval of the legislative reforms submitted to the Asamblea Legislativa, even though the Poder Ejecutivo has been doing its part by undertaking to collect more revenue and spend more efficiently.
The combined preliminary budget proposals received result in a deficit, as a percentage of GDP, that is impossible to finance considering the debt levels the country is reaching, requiring an additional effort from all sectors of the country to achieve a sustainable solution.
Making a considerable effort in terms of expenditure allocation and considering the staffing needs stated in the letters submitting the preliminary draft budget, funding is authorized for a total of 200 positions, including those requested for transfer to SINAC. However, it is important to note that your Ministry did not submit the requests for the corresponding study by the Secretaria Técnica de la Autoridad Presupuestaria (STAP), which would have allowed an assessment to be conducted for approval of the positions, as established in letter DM-853-2016.
In view of all the foregoing, it is urgent and necessary that your institution’s proposal be reduced by ¢9.500,0 million; accordingly, an above-ceiling allocation (extralímite) of ¢4.234.5 million is maintained. To that end, it must consider the budget execution rates observed in previous years, as well as remuneration and social contribution trends that reflect the actual needs of the institution and the Government.
The formulation process is in its final stage; therefore, I request that, no later than three business days after receipt of this letter, you submit the reduction to your Ministry’s proposal to the Dirección General de Presupuesto Nacional, detailing both the expenditure and the staffing roster (relación de puestos), if applicable, including any adjustments required in the budget programming as a result of the reduction made.” (evidence submitted).
f. By letter DM-707-2016 of 9 de agosto de 2016, the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía informed the Ministro de Hacienda:
“In compliance with letter DM-1527-2016, supplementing letter DM-524- 2016, and within the framework of the regulations in force, please find attached the Preliminary Budget Proposal (ABOVE-CEILING) of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía for fiscal year 2017, in the amount of ¢4.234,5 million colones, information that has already been entered into the Sistema de Formulación Presupuestaria.
This request is structured according to the associated Budget Program, as detailed below:
1.1) For the inclusion of 21 new positions for various units under Program 879: Central Activities, including OCDE, whose estimated cost amounts to ¢ 408,5 million. This estimate includes associated expenses for social security charges, disability leave, and occupational risks.
1.2) International transportation in the amount of ¢42.9.million.
1 .3) International travel allowances (viáticos al exterior) in the amount of ¢36,2 million, 1.4) Information services in the amount of ¢1 ,1 million.
1.5) Compensation payments (indemnizaciones) in the amount of ¢31,8 million to cover rulings arising from court judgments.
1.6) Current transfer (transferencia corriente) to the Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), in the amount of ¢5,9 million.
1.7) Current transfers to the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, in the amount of ¢1.503,2 million, to cover the transfer of positions from the Fondo de Parques Nacionales to funding through the MINAE transfer. The foregoing is in compliance with Result Target 1.8.1.1 contained in the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, Alberto Cañas Escalante.
1.8) Transfer to Parque Marino del Pacifico in the amount of ¢50,0 million to cover repairs to the Módulo Didáctico, which houses four classrooms used for educational purposes, where talks, workshops, and training sessions are provided to a variety of social groups, including kindergarten, primary-school, and secondary-school students, organized groups of older adults, and groups such as fishers who request spaces in which to meet and discuss various matters of interest. It also includes maintenance of the Módulo de Acuario, which is the main attraction at Parque Marino and receives more than 40.000 foreign and domestic visitors annually. This is necessary because the passage of time and weather conditions have caused deterioration, making it urgent to replace the most deteriorated metal components, repair the trusses and roof, and paint the building, since during the rainy season water seeps in, which, in addition to causing leaks, may cause gypsum panels inside the aquarium to detach and place the public and Parque staff at risk.
2. Above-ceiling allocation for Program 887, Dirección de Agua, in the amount of ¢ 1.645,5 million, for the following reasons (Anexo 2):
2.1) Incorporation of the amount of ¢619,6 million, to be financed with unrestricted funds (recursos sanos) deposited in MINAE Revenue Collection Account No.73911121900037970 in Caja Única, corresponding to the 2015 surplus and the Hacienda Pública closing of the Cuenta Especial IMN - Dirección de Aguas, which must be incorporated into the Ordinary Budget (Presupuesto Ordinario) pursuant to letters DFOE-AE-038-013 and DE-0136-2014. Those funds will be used to finance the third stage of the project “Procurement of Technical Assistance and Institutional Strengthening for the Implementation of Groundwater Monitoring and Evaluation and an Information System for Integrated Water Resources Management,” which is being carried out with the Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo -PNUD-. The aim is to expand the scope of the information to be shared with various institutions involved in the water sector, as well as to strengthen technologically the hydrological units of that Directorate.
2.2) The amount of ¢967,3 million under budget sub-item (subpartida) 50201. Buildings, which letter DM-696-2016 requested be transferred from the same budget sub-item under Program 879: Central Activities.
2.3) The amount of ¢58,6 million under budget sub-item 10403. Engineering Services, to hire consulting services for the improvement and restoration of the Cuenta Río Virilla (DM-696-2016).
3. Above-ceiling allocation for Program 889: Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, in the amount of ¢286,6 million to finance the creation of 18 new positions (Anexo No.3). 4) Above-ceiling allocation for Program 890: Dirección General de Hidrocarburos, Transporte y Comercialización de Combustibles, in the amount of ¢137,0 million for the creation of 7 positions for the following reasons (Anexo 4).
g. For 2016, SINAC had 1.192 authorized positions (1.173 permanent positions and 19 special-service positions), pursuant to agreement Nº 11337 adopted by the Autoridad Presupuestaria at Ordinary Session Nº 6-2016 of 30 de mayo de 2016 and communicated through letter STAP-1 183-2016 of 13 de junio de 2016 (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
h. As of 11 de agosto de 2016, SINAC, out of a total of 1.173 permanent positions, had 237 positions—367 positions according to the certification in letter SINAC-SE-GDRH-832 of 10 de noviembre del 2014, less 130 positions transferred to Fondo SINAC through Extraordinary Budget (Presupuesto Extraordinario) No. 01-2016—that were financed by the Fondo de Parques Nacionales. Accordingly, because these were the entity’s own resources, Article 12 of Presidential Directive (Directriz Presidencial) Nº 023-H did not apply to them, as it affects only positions financed through a Government transfer (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
i. For the third quarter of 2016, SINAC reported 27 vacant positions, of which it intended to use 3 positions pursuant to Article 12 (15%) of Directriz Presidencial Nº 023-H (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
j. Through agreement No. 11488 adopted at Ordinary Session No. 08-2016 of 27 de julio de 2016, the Autoridad Presupuestaria authorized the use of 9 vacant positions beginning on 1º de agosto de 2016 (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
k. During the period in which Presidential Directives No. 009-H (repealed) and No. 023-H were in effect (III quarter 2014-II quarter 2016), SINAC reported a total of 69 vacant positions (frozen), of which it used 19 pursuant to the 15% established in Article 12 of the directive, while the Autoridad Presupuestaria authorized it to use 35 vacant positions pursuant to Article 13 of the same regulations. SINAC was therefore able to use a total of 54 vacant positions, representing 78,26% of all positions that became vacant during the period under review (report of the Ministerio de Hacienda).
l. In 2017, the funds originating from the National Budget remained within the transfer allocated to SINAC (¢1.510,00 million granted to finance the 130 specified park-ranger positions) (report of the Ministro de Hacienda).
a. By letter SINAC-ACAT-D-100-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, the Director Regional del Área de Conservación Arenal Tempisque stated:
“(…) both CORACAT and CONAC have pointed out the existing limitations, and our senior officials also know and are aware of the lack of resources and have taken steps to try to resolve the situation.
(…) It is acknowledged that, despite the efforts described in the preceding paragraph, not all the resources required to implement every activity in the management plan (plan de manejo) are currently available.
(…) Finally, this Directorate is aware of the shortage of resources and personnel in all the country’s protected wildlife areas, which results in a limited capacity to respond to all the environmental problems facing the country. Nevertheless, these concerns have been raised and actions have been undertaken at the highest level in an effort to improve current conditions” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
b. By letter ACG-SECT-11-2-17 of 21 de marzo del 2017, the Director del Área de Conservación Arenal Guanacaste stated:
“(…)
It is important to note that most of these repairs and/or renovations have been made possible through the direct efforts of ACG to obtain funding from NGOs that support its management and assist with the respective improvements.
For the remainder of 2017, significant improvements are expected to continue at various operational posts located within the protected wildlife area, thanks to donations from these supportive NGOs.
(…)” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
c. The Acting Director Regional of Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte stated the following:
“a) (…)
With regard to vehicles, there is a shortage of one all-terrain vehicle needed to address the various processes under our responsibility, and at present we are unable to fulfill several of RNVSMM’s obligations.
Although we are well aware that this is an issue affecting ACAHN generally and is not specific to Maquenque.
In the case of Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal:
Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal, covering an area of 12.080 ha and a buffer zone (zona de amortiguamiento) of 42.653,31 ha, currently has 6 staff members to attend to all the programs that the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) provides for administering, managing, and conserving the PNVA, while ensuring the sustainable use of ecosystem services (servicios ecosistémicos).
Under the PNVA 2012-2020 Management Plan, a total of 20 staff members are required to achieve optimal management in accordance with the purpose for which the protected wildlife area (área silvestre protegida, ASP) was created; in reality, it has fewer than half that number.
Furthermore, some of the program units contained in the Management Plan have not been implemented (research, land tenure (tenencia de la tierra), sustainable production), others have been only partially implemented (environmental education, risk management), and most of the available time is currently devoted to another unit, to the detriment of the foregoing units (the administrative and tourism units), because the staff currently assigned to the PNVA are barely sufficient to provide visitor services in the ASP’s two public-use zones. Control and protection activities are minimal because collecting admission fees from visitors consumes most of the staff’s time.
(…)
In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixta Caño Negro.
Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Caño Negro, covering an area of 9969 ha, currently has 7 female staff members to attend to all the programs that the Management Plan provides for administering, managing, and conserving the RNVSMCN, while ensuring the sustainable use of ecosystem services.
Under the RNVSMCN 2012-2020 Management Plan, a total of 27 staff members are required to achieve optimal management in accordance with the purpose for which the protected wildlife area was created.
In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque.
Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque, covering an area of more than 58.000 ha, currently has 3 staff members to attend to all programs. As regards management of the ASP, with three staff members it is difficult to coordinate activities beyond those we perform routinely in Control and Protection, such as Community Management, compounded by the fact that this year we are focused on completing the process for the new Management Plan.
In the case of Parque Nacional del Agua Juan Castro Blanco.
It covers an area of 14500 ha and currently has 3 staff members to attend to all programs; at least 8 staff members are required to provide basic attention to the various processes.
(…)” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
d. The Regional Director of Área de Conservación Tortuguero, by official letter SINAC-ACTO-DIR-109-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated:
“(…) It is evident that there are needs or situations requiring improvement, as is the case in all public institutions of the State, and like the vast majority, we lack sufficient personnel to fully discharge our obligations to protect the Protected Areas (Áreas Protegidas).
(…) This is not the responsibility of SINAC or of the Directors of the Áreas de Conservación, since the urgent need for more staff to cover our areas of responsibility is constantly being expressed.
Despite its various needs and staffing shortages, our Área de Conservación (institution and staff) has made a major effort during the last decade (2010 a 2017) to protect the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado). More than 80 criminal complaints have been filed for encroachment upon State lands, of which approximately 50 remain pending before the various courts; in most of the cases that have concluded, it has been ordered that the properties be restored to their natural condition, including orders to demolish illegally constructed works.
While there is indeed a great need for staff, administrative decisions have been made to improve the working conditions of current staff in areas such as infrastructure, vehicles, watercraft, mountain-patrol equipment, travel allowances, computers, uniforms, rain capes, sun-protective hats, and insect repellents, among others.
(…)
It is true that the number of park rangers available to care for all protected areas is insufficient and that the percentage of territory each park ranger must cover is disproportionate. Nevertheless, to date, no operational centers have had to be closed (…) (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
e. The Acting Director of Área de Conservación Osa, by official letter SINAC-ACOSA-D-132-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated:
“(…)
Parque Nacional Corcovado has a Management Plan under resolution R-SlNAC-CONAC-12-2012. Management Plan for Parque Nacional Corcovado. Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. LG No. 144, 26-07-12. It also has a 2013 Control and Protection Plan (plan de control y protección), which identifies the threats facing Parque Nacional Corcovado (see La Gaceta and the 2013 Control Plan).
Regarding all the problems affecting parque nacional corcovado [sic], I must state that permanent control and protection measures have been carried out since 2013, including control and protection operations throughout the entire National Park. To strengthen permanent control and protection measures, including control and protection operations throughout Parque Nacional Corcovado and Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, and protection in Parque Nacional Corcovado and Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, special control operations have been carried out [sic] to counter unlawful acts and environmental damage caused by illegal gold extraction, illegal hunting, and illegal tree cutting. 7 control operations have been conducted with park rangers and the Fuerza Pública, including the Oro Verde I and ll operations in 2013, Montaña Amarilla l and ll, a special operation with Escuela Nacional de Policía in 2014, and Operativo Águila Arpía and Semana Santa in 2015. (…)
During the last four years, Parque Nacional Corcovado carried out [sic] prevention and enforcement measures against illegal logging, comprising 625 land patrols and 34 marine patrols; it responded to 34 citizen complaints (the Park is a State protected area and has no occupants or owners), filed [sic] 54 complaints, and recorded 14 findings; more than 100 people were arrested and subjected to criminal, administrative, and flagrante delicto proceedings, and 30 flagrante delicto cases were also filed with the Fiscalía de Corredores. (See the Aide-Mémoire (Ayuda de Memoria) for the Management Report of the Control Program).
I must clarify that several control operations have been carried out during 2017 in Parque Nacional Corcovado with the Fuerza Pública de Corredores, Policía de Fronteras, and Grupo de Apoyo Operacional, GAO, to prevent drug-trafficking offenses, and joint work has been underway between Ministerio de Seguridad Pública and Área de Conservación Osa.
Parque Nacional Corcovado is currently presenting [sic] a proposed Control and Protection Plan between Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and Ministerio de Seguridad Publica to strengthen the Park’s activities over the next 5 years. We are engaged in a process of strengthening budgets, equipment, positions, and support from various institutions of Ministerio de Seguridad Publica, including Fuerza Pública, Policía de Fronteras, Servicio Nacional de Guarda Costas, and Servicio de Vigilancia Aérea, for the next 5 years. (…).
The petitioners allege the presence of illegal hunting in Parques nacional Corcovado and Humedal Nacional Térraba.
With respect to Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, this office states in official letter SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017 that it has responded to telephone calls from residents of the HNTs reporting poaching of wild animals and fishing with unauthorized gear within the HNTS, but no patrols have been conducted and no complaints requiring waterborne mobility have been addressed.
As regards illegal hunting in Parque Nacional Corcovado, hunting does occur, primarily in the La Bajura sector. Since 2013, parque nacional Corcovado has carried out measures to control such hunting by setting up a camp called La Bajura during the summer. There are also operational centers such as Los Planes and Los Patos, whose staff conduct patrols to prevent hunting in that area, particularly the hunting of white-lipped peccaries and felines.
Parque Nacional Corcovado obviously receives reports of hunting every year, and the Park administration carries out control and prevention measures regarding this issue. As the map shows, more than 100 control measures are identified as having been carried out; they are duly documented, georeferenced, and stored in an official database maintained by Área de Conservación Osa. Hunting is a cultural phenomenon in Costa Rican society, and offenses occur every year; there is no protected area in this country in which illegal hunting offenses do not occur (…) and yet the administration has taken the measures necessary to prevent them. At the very least, Área de Conservación demonstrates, through technical and scientific data, the measures it takes to address this problem. Some of that information has been compiled and summarized for the last 4 years on this map, but there is also a database containing all reports by the Corcovado staff members who carry out these measures.
(…)
The petitioners allege State inaction regarding the illegal fishing occurring in Parque Nacionales Marino Ballena, Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño, Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, RNVS Rio Oro, and Peje Perro.
· According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017, the ACOSA PPPC program database records, in official letter ACOSA-PPCP-IG-UEM-006-14-O1-2016, a patrol of the HNTS estuarine sector dated 14/01/2016. From that time to the present, no control and protection patrols have been conducted in the HNTS estuarine sector. However, two inspections were conducted: the first in the palustrine sector around Laguna de Sierpe, Estero Olla, and Estero Azul, and the other in the lacustrine sector of Laguna Sierpe, for the purpose of verifying whether damage from burning existed. It should be emphasized that the absence of water patrols during this period is due to the lack of watercraft in good condition, the lack of complete and current regulatory documentation for the vessels, and the fact that three control-and-protection patrol staff members have not completed the Emergency Drill Course (curso de Zafarrancho). (…).
· According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-PNMB-AD-00037-2017, the PNMB has a boat and motor but lacks the legal documentation required to navigate. Evidence of illegal fishing has been reported, and on more than one occasion coordination has taken place with the Guardacostas del Sector Quepos, which has provided assistance and participated in joint patrols.
· According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-RBIC-031-2017, Isla has had 5 staff members since octubre del 2016; it previously had 3 staff members to cover 5600 marine hectares and 320 terrestrial hectares. The corresponding official letters concerning the transfer of staff to the RBIC are held by Recursos Humanos de ACOSA.
· According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-FRVS-013-17, Refugios Río Oro and Peje Perro.
Refugios Río Oro.
Pejeperro National Wildlife Refuge:
(…)
They report a lack of protection and deterioration of cultural heritage in the HN Térraba Sierpe.
The Acting Administrator of the HNTS reports that unauthorized persons are currently living on and making use of the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado, PNE). It is known that persons inhabit Garza and Violines islands, Boca Guarumal, a sector (sic) comprising (sic) estuaries at the site called finca 20, at plane coordinates North 315812 and East 516828, Lambert South System; the possibility that additional persons are living in and making unauthorized use of the PNE in other sectors of the HNTS cannot be ruled out. However, the lack of water transportation and the absence of the 15 required park rangers make it impossible to take the actions necessary to address these problems. Three complaints concerning harm to the PNE are currently being prepared, and one complaint is already before the Fiscalía Ambiental de Golfito. (see report SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017) (…)” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
f. The Regional Director of the Área de Conservación Tempisque, by official letter ACT-OR-DR-368-17 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated:
“With regard to personnel in the Área de Conservación Tempisque, 80% of the positions correspond to personnel assigned to subregional offices or protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), which is very reasonable in terms of concentrating personnel on core activities both within and outside protected areas. Furthermore, society’s demand for services, together with legislative changes such as the amendments to the Ley de Vida Silvestre and Ley de Ostional, as well as the transfer of 26 properties by INDER, among other matters, and the existence of relatively small and dispersed protected areas, generates greater demand for work and, consequently, for personnel. Another detail that must be considered is that ACT personnel have an average age of 50 years, placing them above the most productive age for fieldwork. In this regard, ACT has expressed in various official letters and communications the need for more personnel to perform core functions. During the current administration alone, additional personnel were requested through official letters ACT-OR-DR-1722-14, of 15 de diciembre de 2014, and ACT-OR-DR-0699-16, of 29 de junio de 2016.
As for the series of threats affecting the protected areas and mentioned in the document, all of them affect different protected areas to varying degrees, depending on their geographical location, size, access points, proximity to tourist sites, among other factors. In the case of ACT, many of them are addressed in the control and protection plans for the different protected areas. Likewise, addressing these unlawful activities is part of the daily work in our protected areas; some of them cannot be eradicated entirely, and efforts therefore focus on controlling or mitigating them. ACT has also participated actively in developing the prevention, control, and protection strategy that SINAC has been preparing in recent months, which is expected to lead to the purchase of technological equipment that will enable better prevention of and response to environmental offenses.
(…) Thus, ACT has three vessels between 19 and 26 feet long and other small skiffs for marine operations, allowing partial coverage of the marine sector of Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, the Caletas-Arlo, Camaronal, Ostional, and Cipancí wildlife refuges, and Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas. These patrols are highly complex because of the number and training of personnel required, fuel expenses, vessel maintenance costs, the availability of safe launching sites, and the risk involved in boarding vessels at sea, some of which may be linked to drug trafficking. (…) Accordingly, ACT has at least 15 officials whose training enables them to participate in marine control and protection operations. It must be recalled, however, that these personnel also participate in land-based control and protection activities and work schedules of two days on duty followed by one day off, so the personnel effectively available for control and protection at any given time are substantially reduced.
It must be recognized that equipment needs—including infrastructure such as docks and ramps for launching and retrieving vessels, radar, night-vision equipment, drones, GPS devices, cellular telephones, accessories for marine operations, and preventive maintenance of equipment and vessels, among others—far exceed the resources available from the State.
(…)
Regarding unlawful occupation (ocupación ilegítima), ACT has made significant efforts to regularize lands constituting the State’s natural heritage, to the extent that reasonably up-to-date cadastral maps are available for sites such as Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Ostional, Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Cipancí, Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mata Redonda, Parque Nacional Diriá, and Humedal Palustrino Corral de Piedra. These maps make it possible to ascertain land-tenure status and implement measures to resolve cases of unlawful land tenure, as is currently being done.” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
g. The Director of Protected Wildlife Areas of the Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe, by official letter SINAC-ACLA-P-D-089-2017 of 21 de marzo de 2017, stated:
“... The Área de Conservación Amistad Caribe (ACLAC) has 12 ASP, of which only five ASP receive institutional coverage, and those that have a general management plan (plan general de manejo, PGM) are undergoing updating and development processes, specifically in four protected wildlife areas, while one PGM has been officially adopted: Parque Internacional La Amistad (PILA, current and officially adopted); Parque Nacional Barbilla, Parque Nacional Cahuita, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo, and Reserva Biológica Hotoy Cerere, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo (undergoing updating and review).
The other ASP where we have no personnel present are: Zona Protectora Río Banano, Zona Protectora Rio Siquírres, Reserva Forestal Pacuare, Reserva Forestal Pacuare-Matina, and Humedal Cariari.
Problems in ASP. There are clear problems in the management and protection of natural resources because of the limited or nonexistent personnel for the ASP-ACLAC, where they are threatened daily by various causes, such as hunting, fishing, unregulated tourism, organized crime, drug trafficking, illegal wildlife trafficking, pollution of rivers containing new turtles and sea turtles, assaults on visitors, deforestation, encroachment, and pressure from the agricultural frontier, among others.
Problems at ASP stations: Poor conditions of facilities, equipment and materials, vehicles, vessels, boats, and other resources needed for the work that ASE personnel must perform and are legally required to perform; limited or nonexistent personnel at the stations to assist visitors; and facilities in poor condition. All stations are subject to health orders issued by the Ministerio de Salud.
Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere: There are limited or no personnel, there is encroachment and (sic) unlawful occupation of land within the Reserve, and the facilities are in poor condition. Parque Nacional Barbilla: It has inadequate public-use facilities, encroachment, serious drinking-water problems, limited or no personnel, and lacks suitable conditions for assisting visitors on the identified trails.
(…)
In view of the foregoing, ACLAC has made efforts to address some of these needs, but there are countless procedures that are becoming increasingly complicated and that limit or bring to a halt any action intended to improve overall conditions in the ASP. Moreover, the limited progress made has been achieved through national and local strategic partnerships or with support from loans.
I must also state that, although a comprehensive effort is undertaken to meet the needs, resources, equipment, and materials arrive at entirely unsuitable times and too late, making it impossible to promptly address and improve conditions in the ASP and for park rangers.” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
h. The Acting Director of the Regional Directorate of the Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico, by official letter SINAC-ACLACP-D-089-2017 of 21 de marzo de 2017, stated:
“(…) through its Scientific-Technical Committee, the Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico undertook the task of updating the Situational Assessment of Human Resources and Proposal for Personnel Needs for AGLA-P, at the request of the Regional Council of that AC.
This analysis is currently being updated at the request of the same collegial body, including an analysis of the risk to institutional management resulting from the limited number of personnel available to ACLAP for fulfilling its responsibilities.
Unfortunately, it is true that there are problems involving hunting, illegal tourism, irregular human occupation, and organized crime within the ASP, led by persons who cultivate and traffic marijuana within the ASP, as is the case in Parques Nacionales Chirripó e Internacional La Amistad.
It must also be noted that, over the last three years, SINAC, with support from Programa Costa Rica por Siempre, has made a major effort to prepare management plans (planes de manejo) for most of the country’s national parks.
It is true that the number of park rangers is insufficient to protect the vast territory of the protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas, ASP) administered by ACLAP, and it is also true that some stations have had to be closed, such as Humo in Pejibaye de Jiménez, Tres Colinas in Tres Colinas de Potrero Grande de Buenos Aires, and, recently, the El Progreso Station in the Zona Protectora Las Tablas was burned down, due to the shortage of personnel available to guard it.
It is true that the main infrastructure located in ACLAP’s ASP was built under a donor-funded project in 1997, using GEF funds.
(…)
It is true that park rangers require more equipment to perform their duties, particularly personal protective equipment such as bulletproof vests and modern weapons suited to current security requirements.
(…)” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
i. The Acting Regional Director of the Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, by official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-D-164-2017 dated 21 de marzo del 2017, stated:
“(…)
With respect to watercraft, given the type of operations conducted, it is indeed necessary to have at least one in each of these protected wildlife areas, since each has an aquatic and/or marine component. As regards vehicles, at least 2 four-wheel-drive vehicles are required in Parque Nacional Carara, 2 electric vehicles in Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, and one for the Humedal Estero Puntarenas estuary.
In the case of Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio.
There are currently 18 people working in this protected wildlife area; given the workload and the need to serve at least 400 000 tourists per year, at least 20 additional qualified personnel are required to perform each of the tasks undertaken. The existing management plan (plan de manejo) provides for a staff of 62 by 2018.
The petitioners allege logging in this protected wildlife area, which is not true. What does exist is land that had been planted with palm trees when the Park was expanded in 2003, and the conservation area is currently taking steps to clear these areas. (…)
Parque Nacional Carara.
This protected wildlife area has a management plan establishing that there should be 43 officials; it currently has 10. The staff must at least be doubled in the short term because this protected wildlife area has significant problems with hunting and the illegal extraction of forest products, and there is also little interaction with civil society (…).
Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala.
There are 5 officials working in this protected wildlife area, and a management plan is undergoing approval. Under the RNVSMCN 2016-2020 management plan, a total of 27 officials is required to achieve optimal management in accordance with the purpose for which the protected wildlife area was created. At this time, the assignment of at least 3 additional people is urgently needed. (…)
Humedal Estero Puntarenas.
This protected wildlife area faces the most serious problems, because it has been and continues to be encroached upon by people who remove the mangroves to introduce agricultural crops and infrastructure. To date, this protected wildlife area has no administrative structure dedicated to managing this important ecosystem. Moreover, it has no management plan and has neither equipment nor personnel dedicated full-time to control and protection duties. At least 5 people, one vehicle, and one watercraft are required merely to operate the control and protection program.
There are other protected wildlife areas within this conservation area that likewise require comprehensive management, since in some cases the damage caused is irreparable.
The following table shows the protected wildlife areas within ACOPAC, their total area, and the level of management provided through this conservation area. (…)
j. The Acting Director of the Dirección Administrativa Financiera of the Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, by official letter SINAC-ACMC-DAF-177-2017 dated 21 de marzo de 2017, stated:
“(…)
3. It is important to note that PNIC has insufficient personnel according to the provisions of this Protected Area’s management plan; however, it is impossible to assert that this personnel shortage at PNIC facilitates drug-trafficking activity. It is clear that our activities for the control and protection of natural and cultural resources are confined directly to the protected area and relate to environmental matters. It should be emphasized at this point that controlling unlawful activities related to drug trafficking and national security falls directly within the authority of the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública.
4. In 2016, through the allocation of the ordinary budget, three watercraft and six outboard motors were purchased for management of the protected area. Similarly, through the Todos a Bordo campaign, a 32" foot-long Eduardoño-type watercraft was acquired, which is used to conduct interceptions at sea as reinforcement for control and protection activities. Preventive maintenance was also performed on the Cocos Patrol vessel, and the donation of a new engine for this vessel is being arranged. In addition, an investment of approximately 80 million colones is projected for 2017 for preventive and corrective maintenance of watercraft.
5. The Área de Conservación Marina Cocos currently has a total of 31 officials, of whom ten work at the conservation area’s regional office and twenty-one (sic) work at Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, on rotations of 30 days on duty followed by 22 days off. According to the Parque Nacional Isla del Coco Management Plan, a total of 34 officials is required, and for that reason there is still a shortage of 16 officials for the proper management of the Protected Area.
(…)
6. PNIC is considered to have at least the equipment needed to carry out most activities involved in managing the protected area and each of its components (administration, control and protection, natural resources, and tourism); nevertheless, it should be noted that the outstanding needs remain considerable.
(…)
7. The cultural heritage of PNIC is currently an asset belonging to all Costa Ricans that is partially protected due to the management category already assigned to the National Park in this protected area. It is being incorporated as a Focal Management Element (Elemento Focal de Manejo, EFM) in the updated Parque Nacional Isla del Coco management plan, which is to establish strategies and action plans for managing this resource” (report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
k. The Administrator of Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo of the Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central stated the following:
“a) They point to the absence of a National Park management plan: During 2016, work was conducted on updating the Park Management Plan, with the participation of ASP officials and civil-society stakeholders; Onca Natural facilitated the process, and at the beginning of this year the Plan underwent final review and approval. The Plan is designed to cover 10 years.
Five strategic actions were incorporated into this Plan: the Administration Program, Research and Monitoring Program, Prevention, Protection and Control Program, Sustainable Tourism Program, and Community Management, Environmental Education and Volunteer Program.
The Plan also specifies the ideal number of personnel needed to fulfill the mission and vision proposed in the Management Plan, establishing a staff of 37 officials. There are currently 16 officials, and the appointment of two additional officials at the Técnico 1 grade under the Servicio Civil classification manual is pending.
(…)
Regarding this point, although it does occur, a review of the statistics concerning complaints filed in recent years in the case of Braulio Carrillo shows that most relate to the buffer zones (zonas de amortiguamiento) of PNBC and very few to areas within the ASP.
In 2016, repairs were made to the structure used as a crossing over the río Peje (OET-PNBC agreement), and the drinking-water pipeline was replaced (through the Fondo de Concesiones), both in the Sector del Ceibo. It is also important to note that several improvements were made during 2015 in the Sector del Volcán Barva (using the SINAC budget), including the installation of a gate at the main entrance, the installation of ceramic tile in the park-ranger station kitchen, and improvements to public-use facilities. In the Sector del Ceibo (using funds from the OET-PNBC agreement), the roof of the staff residence was replaced, a new septic tank was built, and the exterior of the Station was painted. In the case of the Sector de Quebrada González, the roofs of the staff residence and visitor center were painted, as was the exterior of that station. Resources are being allocated for this year and the next to improve infrastructure in this Sector (roof replacement, warehouse remodeling, construction of an Environmental Education classroom, and electrification of the Sector)” (Report of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
l. The Departamento de Gestión Institucional de Recurso Humano, by official letter SINAC-DDGIRH-329 dated 22 de marzo de 2017, stated:
“1. Regarding the limited protection staff available to the Institution, the following may be stated:
To address the provisions of section 4.5 of Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, the attached Action Plan was prepared.
The intention is to use the criteria established by the Comptroller’s Office to identify personnel assignments within the Protected Wildlife Areas, determine the personnel shortage, and make any adjustments deemed necessary.
It should be taken into consideration that, beginning last year, the institution changed from a competency-based approach to a process-based approach. Accordingly, CONAC instructed a Commission that is preparing a proposal for institutional positions; on that basis, it will identify the personnel performing each defined position and thereby determine the personnel shortage affecting the performance of activities under the identified processes.
(…)
It is indeed true that the number of officials assigned to the Protected Wildlife Areas is not commensurate with the expanses of territory they must protect.
(…)
4. Regarding the assertion that the number of park rangers has been frozen since 1998, reference may be made to the fact that, between 2007 and 2008, 367 positions were incorporated into the Servicio Civil system to support the institution’s work. Of those positions, 174 belonged to the Fondo de Parques Nacionales and 203 were positions funded with resources from other financing sources that supported SINAC’s work.”
IV.Case law concerning the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. This Court, in judgment Nº2011-3114 at 9:03 hours on 11 de marzo de 2011, stated:
“II.- The right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment (derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado). Article fifty of the Constitución Política establishes as fundamental the right of every person to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Before Article 50 was amended to expressly address environmental matters, the Chamber, through its case law, had already derived this right from the constitutional provisions of Articles 21—the right to life and health—, 69—the rational use of land—, and 89—the protection of natural beauty. The Chamber has adopted an open or macro-level understanding of the concept of the environment and the protection afforded to it, going beyond the basic or primary protection of soil, air, water, marine and coastal resources, minerals, forests, the diversity of flora and fauna, and the landscape, to also consider elements relating to the economy, the generation of foreign currency through tourism, agricultural exploitation, and others. Thus, in judgment number 5893-095, at nine forty-eight a.m. on October 27, 1993, the Chamber held that:
“[E]nvironmental law (Derecho Ambiental) should not be associated solely with nature, since nature is only part of the environment. The policy for the protection of nature also extends to other matters, such as the protection of hunting, forests, natural parks, and natural resources. It is therefore a macro-environmental concept, so as not to exclude important concepts and thus to unify the body of law that we call environmental law.”
III.The State’s duty to safeguard the environment. Following the amendment of constitutional Article 50, which expressly enshrined environmental rights (derecho ambiental) as a fundamental right, the State’s obligation to guarantee, defend, and safeguard this right was also established in unequivocal terms, thereby making the State the guarantor of the protection and safeguarding of the environment and natural resources. It is pursuant to this provision, in conjunction with Articles 20, 69, and 89 of the Constitución Política, that the State’s responsibility to exercise a protective and governing function in this field was derived, as provided by the constitutional rule under discussion itself, a function further developed by environmental legislation. The constitutional mandate thus establishes the State’s duty to guarantee, defend, and preserve that right. In this regard, it must be considered that the applicable rules designate the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía as the governing body for the natural resources, energy, and mining sector, pursuant to Article 2 of the Ley Orgánica of that ministry, number 7152, of June 4, 1990.
In the Chamber’s view, this governing function in environmental matters encompasses not only the establishment of appropriate regulations for the use of forest resources and natural resources, as also provided in Article 56 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, but also confers upon it the important function of exercising leadership in environmental matters, which consists of maintaining a predominant role in this field. In this regard, oversight and enforcement (control y fiscalización) of environmental matters and activities constitute an essential function of the State under Article 50 of the Constitution, insofar as its third paragraph provides, as relevant here: “The State shall guarantee, defend, and preserve that right”; this is consistent with the constitutional principle established in the second paragraph of Article 9 of the Constitución Política, which expressly prohibits the Branches of Government from delegating the exercise of their own functions, particularly where those functions are essential.
Accordingly, with respect to environmental protection, the governing, oversight, and enforcement functions in environmental matters belong to the State and are entrusted to its various administrative agencies.
(…)
V.Coordination among public institutions in the comprehensive protection of the environment. The State—as a whole—is obligated to take the measures necessary to protect the environment in order to prevent levels of pollution, deforestation, extinction of flora and fauna, and excessive or improper use of natural resources that endanger the health of the governed population (administrados). For purposes of this task, “public institution” encompasses both the Central Government—ministries such as the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía and the Ministerio de Salud, which, by reason of their subject matter, have broad involvement and responsibility regarding the conservation and preservation of the environment and which most often act through their specialized agencies in this field, such as the Dirección General de Vida Silvestre, the Dirección Forestal, and the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA)—and decentralized institutions such as the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, SENARA, the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, or the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
Municipalities likewise bear significant responsibility for this task within their territorial jurisdiction. Given the diversity of actors that may be involved, one might think that this multiple allocation of responsibility would create chaos in administrative management. Therefore, to prevent the simultaneous coexistence of spheres of authority having different origins and natures, the duplication of national and local efforts, and confusion regarding the rights and obligations of the various parties involved, it is necessary to establish a series of coordination arrangements among the various agencies of the Executive Branch and decentralized institutions, and between those entities and the municipalities, so that they may carry out the functions entrusted to them. This Chamber has previously addressed the principle of coordination between public agencies and municipalities in pursuing common purposes, stating in judgment number 5445-99, at two thirty p.m. on July 14, 1999, that:
“[C]oordination is the ordering of the relationships among these various independent activities, which addresses their convergence upon the same object or entity so as to make that convergence useful to an overall public plan, without eliminating the reciprocal independence of the actors. Because neither decentralized institutions nor the State itself stand in a hierarchical relationship to the municipalities, specific conduct cannot be imposed upon the latter; consequently, interinstitutional ‘concerted action’ is indispensable in the strict sense, whereby autonomous and independent centers of action agree upon that preventive and overall framework, within which each performs a role with a view to a mission entrusted to the others. Thus, relations between municipalities and other public entities may take place only on a basis of equality, resulting in agreed forms of coordination and excluding any mandatory form that would impair their autonomy by subjecting corporate public entities to a coordination framework without or against their consent; this does, however, permit the necessary subordination of such entities to the State and in the State’s interest (through the State’s ‘administrative oversight’ (tutela administrativa), and specifically through the function of legality review vested in it, with powers of general supervision over the entire sector).” On the other hand, failures to fulfill the duty to protect the environment and comply with environmental regulations are constitutionally significant because the Administration’s inaction in this field may cause harm to the environment and natural resources, sometimes with consequences comparable to or greater than those arising from the Administration’s actions; examples include authorizing regulatory plans (planes reguladores) or construction projects without the environmental impact study (estudio de impacto ambiental) having been approved by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental; the failure of the Dirección General de Vida Silvestre of the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía to oversee and enforce implementation of the management plans (planes de manejo) for protected areas; allowing businesses to operate without health permits regarding wastewater treatment—Acueductos y Alcantarillados and Ministerio de Salud—; or failing to verify noise-level controls in bars, restaurants, or event venues—municipalities and Ministerio de Salud—. (…)” (emphasis added).”
V.The alleged crisis in protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas). In the case at bar (sub lite), the petitioners come before this jurisdiction because, in their view, the protected-area system is in crisis, as it faces problems involving deforestation, fires, illegal trafficking in species, illegal fishing, theft of turtle eggs, illegal gold extraction, and drug trafficking, among others; the foregoing occurs because of insufficient administrative and protection personnel, a lack of equipment and facilities, and a shortage of funds. They allege that the natural and cultural heritage of the protected areas has been abandoned and that there are too few park rangers, who lack the means necessary to safeguard those areas.
A review of the record shows that the petitioners allege a series of widespread problems in the conservation areas. Although the initial petition lists numerous adverse impacts on national parks and protected areas, it would be contrary to the summary nature of the amparo proceeding (amparo) to verify in this proceeding the current condition of each one because, in addition to their large number, doing so would require extensive technical evidence and full adversarial proceedings, which cannot be provided in this jurisdiction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the petitioners are observed to have framed their requests for relief comprehensively, except in 2 specific cases that will be resolved separately below.
In this particular case, although the condition of each conservation area and its various needs cannot be determined with certainty, it is no less true that the case file contains sufficient evidence to decide the merits of the matter under the terms set forth below. In this regard, the reports submitted by the respondent authorities (Ministro de Ambiente y Energía and Director Ejecutivo del SINAC) and report DFOE-AE-IF-2014 of the Contraloría General de la República (whose directives had still not been complied with as of August 23, 2016) established a series of deficiencies in the effective administration of the conservation areas, which is constitutionally significant.
a. Regarding Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 of December 15, 2014, of the Contraloría General de la República.
In this regard, it was deemed proven that the Contraloría General de la República, in report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 of 15 de diciembre de 2014 concerning the “EFFECTIVENESS OF SINAC IN THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY WITHIN CONTINENTAL PROTECTED WILDLIFE AREAS,” sought to analyze whether the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación had provided the resources necessary for the operation and consolidation of protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), and whether coordination among the stakeholders involved in their management ensured the expected results in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. That report analyzed a total of 128 continental protected wildlife areas (including national parks, biological reserves, wildlife refuges, forest reserves, protective zones, and wetlands) and determined that SINAC’s management was only moderately effective in providing the resources necessary for the operation and consolidation of protected wildlife areas, thereby jeopardizing the achievement of biodiversity conservation and sustainable-use objectives.
Specifically, report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, according to the statements made under oath by the respondent authority, identified deficiencies in the resources required for the operation and consolidation of continental protected wildlife areas, including: insufficient financial resources available to carry out essential activities in protected areas; insufficient personnel to perform essential activities; administrative offices unsuitable for the needs of protected areas; protected areas lacking management plans (planes de manejo) to guide their administration; little progress in the territorial consolidation of protected areas; insufficient oversight and protection in protected wildlife areas; and opportunities to improve responses to environmental disasters and emergencies. Threats to biodiversity in continental protected wildlife areas were also identified, including: inadequate management of threats to biodiversity in continental protected areas; weak management by SINAC in achieving significant biodiversity conservation and sustainable-use objectives; failure to integrate biodiversity research and monitoring into the management of protected areas; the need to strengthen public use in accordance with the capacity of the various management categories (categorías de manejo); and weak implementation of instruments to ensure the sustainable use of biodiversity by local communities and Indigenous peoples.
Although, in principle, it would not fall within the Chamber’s jurisdiction to verify the implementation of and compliance with a report of the Contraloría General de la República, for purposes of these proceedings, report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 assumes constitutional significance because of the environmental implications of the deficiencies described therein. Now, although some matters remained outstanding when the Contraloría General de la República issued the report (23 de agosto de 2016), it is equally true that the case record does not establish that SINAC has fully addressed them.
For the foregoing reasons, as will be ordered in the operative portion (parte dispositiva), the Contraloría General de la República shall update the compliance status of report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 and, using the means afforded to it by the legal system, require SINAC to effectively address the recommendations issued. Accordingly, SINAC shall comply with those requirements under the terms and within the time limits established by the Contraloría General de la República.
b. Regarding the status and needs of protected wildlife areas, according to the Sistema Nacional del Áreas de Conservación.
The Executive Director of SINAC, in the report submitted to this Chamber, referred to the official communications (oficios) signed by the directors of the various conservation areas (áreas de conservación).
In this regard, it was deemed proven that the Regional Director of the Área de Conservación Arenal Tempisque, through official letter SINAC-ACAT-D-100-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “(…) both CORACAT and CONAC have noted the existing limitations, and our senior officials also know and are aware of the lack of resources and have taken steps to try to resolve the situation. (…) It is acknowledged that, despite the measures described in the preceding paragraph, not all the resources needed to implement every activity in the management plan (plan de manejo) are currently available. (…) Finally, this directorate is aware of the lack of resources and personnel throughout the country’s protected wildlife areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas). This results in a limited capacity to respond to all the environmental problems facing the country. Nevertheless, the concern has been raised and action has been taken at the highest level in an effort to improve current conditions” (emphasis not in the original).
The Acting Regional Director of the Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte stated: “a) (…) As for vehicles, there is a shortage of one all-terrain vehicle needed to address the various processes under our responsibility, and at present we are unable to fulfill several of the RNVSMM’s obligations. Although we are well aware that this is a problem affecting ACAHN generally and is not specific to Maquenque. b) (…) In the case of Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal: (…) Under the PNVA 2012-2020 management plan, a total of 20 staff members are required for optimal management consistent with the purpose for which the protected wildlife area was created; in reality, fewer than half that number are available. (…) The personnel currently assigned to PNVA are barely sufficient to provide visitor services in the ASP’s two public-use areas. The control and protection work performed is minimal because collecting admission fees from visitors occupies staff for most of their time.
(…) In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixta Caño Negro. Under the RNVSMCN 2012-2020 management plan, a total of 27 staff members are required for optimal management consistent with the purpose for which the protected wildlife area was created. In the case of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque. With regard to management of the ASP, with three staff members it is difficult to coordinate activities beyond those we perform routinely in Control and Protection, such as Community Management, particularly since this year we are focused on completing the new Management Plan process. In the case of Parque Nacional del Agua Juan Castro Blanco. It covers 14500 ha and currently has 3 staff members to handle all programs; at least 8 staff members are required to provide basic attention to the various processes (…)” (some emphasis not in the original). The Regional Director of the Área de Conservación Tortuguero, through official letter SINAC-ACTO-DIR-109-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “(…) It is evident that there are needs or situations requiring improvement, (…) we lack the personnel necessary to fully discharge our obligations to protect the Protected Areas.
(…) This is not the responsibility of SINAC or of the Directors of the Conservation Areas, since the urgent need for additional personnel to cover our work areas is constantly being expressed. (…) It is true that the number of park rangers available to safeguard all the protected areas is insufficient and that the percentage of land each park ranger must cover is disproportionate. (…)” (some emphasis not in the original). The Acting Director of the Área de Conservación Osa, through official letter SINAC-ACOSA-D-132-2017 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “(…). With regard to Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, this office states in official letter SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017 that telephone calls have been received from HNTs residents reporting the poaching of wildlife and fishing with unauthorized gear within HNTS, but no patrols have been conducted and no complaints requiring waterborne transportation have been addressed.
(…) Parques Nacionales Marino Ballena, Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño, Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, RNVS Rio Oro and Peje Perro. —According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017, the ACOSA PPPC program database, in Official Letter ACOSA-PPCP-IG-UEM-006-14-O1-2016, records a patrol of the HNTS estuarine sector dated 14/01/2016; from that time to the present, no control and protection patrols have been conducted in the HNTS estuarine sector. (…) It should be emphasized that the absence of water patrols during this period is due to the lack of watercraft in good condition, the absence of complete and current regulatory documentation for the vessels, and the fact that three control and protection patrol officers lack the emergency drill course (curso de Zafarrancho). (…) —According to Report SINAC-ACOSA-PNMB-AD-00037-2017, PNMB has a boat and motor, but lacks the legal documentation required for navigation.
Evidence of illegal fishing has been reported, and on more than one occasion coordination has taken place with the coast guard in the Quepos sector, which has provided assistance and participated in joint patrols. (…) Refugios Río Oro. 1) This RVS faces a series of threats, including the extraction of turtle eggs; the problem concerning turtle nesting is very serious, as is illegal fishing, which cannot be controlled because of the limitations described (…). 2) There is now the highly dangerous threat posed by the presence of drug trafficking throughout the area surrounding the RVS. There are clandestine airstrips on nearby private properties that have been used for drug trafficking in recent years, as well as vessels carrying drugs that land at any point, making it extremely dangerous to respond to incidents and activities at night without personnel from Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas or Fuerza Pública.
(…) Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Pejeperro: 1) The principal problem affecting this RVS is illegal fishing using equipment such as cast nets and other gear that fails to comply with the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre. 2) It is also a turtle nesting site, although in much smaller numbers than Rio Oro, and nests are being looted. (…) They report a lack of protection and deterioration of the cultural heritage at HN Térraba Sierpe. The Acting Administrator of HNTS reports that unauthorized persons are currently occupying and using the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado, PNE). It is known that people are living on the Garza and Violines islands, in Boca Guarumal, and in a sector (sic) comprising estuaries at the site known as finca 20, at plane coordinates North 315812 and 516828 East, Lambert South System. The possibility that additional persons are living in and making unauthorized use of the PNE in other sectors of HNTS cannot be ruled out.
However, the lack of waterborne transportation and of the 15 required park rangers makes it impossible to take the action necessary to address these problems. At present, three complaints concerning harm to the PNE are being prepared, and one complaint is already before the Fiscalía Ambiental de Golfito (…)” (some emphasis not in the original). The Regional Director of the Área de Conservación Tempisque, through official letter ACT-OR-DR-368-17 of 20 de marzo de 2017, stated: “(…) With regard to the personnel of the Área de Conservación Tempisque, 80% of the positions are assigned to staff stationed at subregional offices or protected wildlife areas, which is quite reasonable in terms of concentrating personnel on substantive activities within and outside protected areas. (…) Another detail that must be considered is that ACT personnel have an average age of 50 years, which places them above the most productive age for fieldwork.
In this regard, ACT has expressed the need for additional personnel to handle substantive processes in various official letters and communications. During the present administration alone, requests for additional personnel were made through official letters ACT-OR-DR-1722-14, of 15 de diciembre de 2014, and ACT-OR-DR-0699-16, of 29 de junio de 2016. (…) It must be acknowledged that the need for equipment and infrastructure, such as docks, ramps for launching and retrieving vessels, radar systems, night-vision equipment, drones, GPS devices, cellular telephones, marine-operation accessories, and preventive maintenance of equipment and vessels, among other items, far exceeds the resources available from the State. (…)” (some emphasis not in the original). The Director of Protected Wildlife Areas of the Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe, through official letter SINAC-ACLA-P-D-089-2017 of 21 de marzo de 2017, stated: “(…) Problems in ASPs.
The difficulties in safeguarding and protecting natural resources are evident because of the scarce or nonexistent staffing of the ASP-ACLAC, where these resources are threatened daily by various causes, including hunting, fishing, unregulated tourism, organized crime, drug trafficking, illegal wildlife trafficking, pollution of rivers used by young turtles and sea turtles, assaults on visitors, deforestation, encroachment, and pressure from the agricultural frontier, among others. Problems at ASP stations: (…) Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere: There is scarce or no personnel, the Reserve’s lands are subject to encroachment and (sic) unlawful occupation, and its facilities are in poor condition. Parque Nacional Barbilla: It has inadequate public-use facilities, encroachment, serious drinking-water problems, little or no staff, and lacks suitable conditions for serving visitors on the identified trails.
(…)” (some emphasis not in the original). The Acting Director of the Dirección Regional del Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico, through official letter SINAC-ACLACP-D-089-2017 of 21 de marzo de 2017, stated: “Regarding the alleged neglect affecting national parks and other equivalent reserves, the petitioners for constitutional relief (amparados) are correct about the shortage (sic) of personnel available to SINAC, at least at the ACLAP level, to discharge all the responsibilities established by law concerning the management of ASPs. Accordingly, through its Comité Científico Técnico, the Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico undertook to update the Diagnóstico situacional del recurso humano y propuesta de necesidad de personal para el AGLA-P, at the request of that AC’s Regional Council. That analysis is currently being updated at the request of the same collegial body, including an analysis of the risks to institutional management arising from the limited number of personnel available to ACLAP to fulfill its responsibilities.
Unfortunately, it is true that hunting, illegal tourism, irregular human occupation, and organized crime occur within the ASPs, led by persons who cultivate and transport marijuana within the ASP, as in the case of Parques Nacionales Chirripó e Internacional La Amistad. (…) It is true that the number of park rangers is insufficient to protect the vast territory of the ASPs administered by ACLAP. (…). It is true that park rangers require additional equipment to perform their duties, particularly personal protective equipment such as bulletproof vests and modern weapons suited to current security requirements.” (some emphasis not in the original).
The Acting Regional Director of the Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-D-164-2017 of 21 de marzo del 2017, stated: “(…) Regarding vessels, due to the type of operations conducted, it is necessary to have at least one in each of these protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres), since each has an aquatic and/or marine component. As for vehicles, at least 2 four-wheel-drive vehicles are required in Parque Nacional Carara, 2 electric vehicles in Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, and one for Humedal Estero Puntarenas. In the case of Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio. This protected wildlife area currently has a staff of 18; due to the workload and the need to serve at least 400 000 tourists per year, at least 20 additional qualified personnel are required to carry out each of the tasks performed there. The existing management plan (plan de manejo) provides for a staff of 62 by 2018.
(…). Parque Nacional Carara. This protected wildlife area has a management plan establishing that it should have 43 staff members; it currently has 10. The required staff must at least be doubled in the short term, given that this protected wildlife area has serious problems involving hunting (sic) and the illegal extraction of forest products, and there is also little interaction with civil society (…). Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. This protected wildlife area has a staff of 5, and a management plan is undergoing approval. Under the RNVSMCN 2016-2020 management plan, a total of 27 staff members are required to achieve optimal management consistent with the purpose for which the protected wildlife area was created. The assignment of at least 3 additional people is currently urgent. (…) Humedal Estero Puntarenas. This protected wildlife area has the most serious problems, since it has been and continues to be encroached upon by people who remove mangroves to establish agricultural crops and infrastructure.
To date, this protected wildlife area has no administrative structure dedicated to overseeing this important ecosystem. It also has no management plan and lacks equipment and full-time personnel devoted to monitoring and protection duties. At least 5 people, one vehicle, and one vessel are required merely to operate the monitoring and protection program. (…)” (some emphasis is not in the original). The Acting Director of the Dirección Administrativa Financiera del Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, through official letter SINAC-ACMC-DAF-177-2017 of 21 de marzo de 2017, stated: “(…) 3. It is important to note that PNIC has insufficient staff according to the provisions of the management plan for this protected area (Área Protegida); however, it is impossible to assert that this staff shortage at PNIC facilitates drug-trafficking activity. (…)
5. The Área de Conservación Marina Cocos currently has a total of 31 staff members, of whom ten work at the Área de Conservación regional office and twenty-one (sic) work at Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, on rotations of 30 days on duty followed by 22 days off. According to the Parque Nacional Isla del Coco Management Plan, a total of 34 staff members is required, and therefore there is still a shortfall of 16 staff members for the proper management of the protected area (…). The Administrator of Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo of the Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central stated the following: “a) (…) During 2016, work was undertaken to update the Park Management Plan (…) and at the beginning of this year it underwent final review and approval; that Plan is designed to cover 10 years. (…) That Plan also specifies the optimal number of personnel needed to fulfill the mission and vision proposed in the Management Plan, establishing a staff of 37.
There are currently 16 staff members, and the appointment of two additional staff members at the Technical Officer 1 level, in accordance with the Servicio Civil classification manual, is pending. (…) (some emphasis is not in the original). Finally, the Departamento de Gestión Institucional de Recurso Humano, through official letter SINAC-DDGIRH-329 of 22 de marzo de 2017, stated: “1. Regarding the limited protection personnel available to the Institution, the following may be stated: To address the matters identified in section 4.5 of Report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, the attached Action Plan was prepared. Through the establishment of the criteria specified by the Comptroller’s Office, the aim is to identify personnel assignments within the Protected Wildlife Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas), determine staffing shortfalls, and make such adjustments as may be deemed necessary. It must be taken into consideration that, beginning last year, the institution shifted from a competency-based approach to a process-based approach, by virtue of which CONAC instructed a Commission that is currently preparing a proposal for institutional positions.
On that basis, it will identify the personnel performing each of the defined positions and thereby determine the staffing shortfall for carrying out the activities associated with the identified processes. (…) It is indeed true that the number of staff members assigned to the Protected Wildlife Areas is not commensurate with the expanses of territory they are required to protect (…)”.
From this overview, it can be seen that the directors of the conservation areas (áreas de conservación) have repeatedly stated that their available personnel are insufficient. Although this is not the proper proceeding for determining precisely the number of personnel, equipment, and facilities required by the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación to provide adequate environmental protection, it does reveal a general problem identified by the directors and officials in charge, demonstrating a lack of oversight and surveillance of the country’s protected wildlands (áreas silvestres protegidas).
In this regard, the existence of environmental offenses (ilícitos ambientales) and the inability to prevent or, where appropriate, address them was acknowledged in most protected areas. Furthermore, it became evident that, because of the lack of personnel, there is no proper oversight of the protected wildlands. All of this is constitutionally significant because, as may be inferred from the case law cited in the preceding recital (considerando), this Court has held that nature-protection policy must be approached from a macro-environmental perspective.
Therefore, since an expansive form of environmental protection has been adopted, the Chamber cannot disregard the elements demonstrating ongoing harm—acknowledged by the corresponding respondent authorities—in the conservation areas.
It must be recalled that Articles 20, 69, 50, and 89 of the Political Constitution establish not only that environmental rights constitute a fundamental right, but also that the State has an obligation to guarantee, defend, and protect that right, thereby making the State the guarantor of the protection of the environment and natural resources.
Although the applicable legislation establishes that MINAE and SINAC are the public agencies responsible for protecting the environment, the case record shows that, when staffing positions were requested, the Ministro de Hacienda stated that, because of the country’s difficult fiscal situation, he could not fully meet the requests.
Although this Court is aware of the resource constraints that may exist in providing the country with optimal environmental protection, it cannot condone a failure to fulfill the duty to protect the environment, because despite the documented problems in the conservation areas, no specific solution has been proposed to mitigate them, nor has a timeframe been established for addressing them.
c. Conclusion regarding the condition of the protected wildlands.
It is concluded that sufficient evidence exists to deem it proven in this proceeding that the protected wildlands require intervention by the competent authorities.
Accordingly, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Ministerio de Hacienda, and Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación must, as part of the State obligation described above, coordinate the appropriate actions so that the current condition of the conservation areas may be assessed and the measures necessary to protect the environment may be adopted, thereby ensuring that the country’s protected areas are managed effectively and reasonably. It is clarified that the number of personnel or amount of equipment required cannot be determined in this proceeding; accordingly, the competent authorities shall be responsible for assessing whether the needs identified by the directors of the conservation areas correspond to the actual circumstances of each area.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition must be granted, since the State has been unable to provide effective protection to the country’s conservation areas. Accordingly, as shall be provided in the operative portion (parte dispositiva), the authorities against which relief is granted must coordinate the actions necessary to prepare and implement, within SIXTY MONTHS, a plan for the oversight and protection of the protected wildlands that guarantees effective surveillance, so that environmental offenses in each area may be prevented and addressed. To that end, the availability of the resources necessary for compliance must be ensured.
d. Regarding the claims relating to the condition of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación that are rejected.
Without prejudice to the foregoing or to their consideration in the strategy that the respondent authorities must define and implement, this Chamber cannot order MINAE, in this proceeding, to begin demarcating the terrestrial and marine boundaries of all protected areas, since doing so would require certainty as to the status of each area, which exceeds the summary nature of the amparo proceeding (amparo).
Moreover, ordering all of the country’s parks and reserves to have management and development plans (planes de manejo y desarrollo) is a matter of ordinary legality, and it was also already addressed in the aforementioned report of the Contraloría General de la República.
Likewise, it is not for this Court to intervene to require the construction, within the conservation areas, of adequate infrastructure to serve visitors and researchers in the parks and reserves with the greatest potential for visitation and scientific research, since that is not a constitutional matter.
Furthermore, it is not for the Chamber to order Ministerio de Hacienda to create exceptions to executive directives or to authorize appointments to vacant positions. It also exceeds this Court’s jurisdiction to order that a particular category of employees be included in the ordinary budget under the terms sought by the petitioners.
Finally, the petitioners allege that SITRAMINAE delivered an official letter to the Presidente de la República and MINAE in October 2015, but that they have received no response. In this regard, a review of the letter does not clearly disclose the existence of any specific request; rather, it is a proposal, and for that reason no fundamental right is deemed to have been violated.
e. Regarding the petitioners’ requests concerning specific conservation areas.
The petitioners request that SINAC be ordered to:
“(…) f) Undertake, together with Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, the appropriate measures so that the park rangers of P.N. Isla del Coco have access to the services of an offshore patrol vessel capable of transporting them to the Island and to Hospital de Puntarenas or Golfito in the event of illness or accident, as well as transporting food, equipment, and materials and removing from the Island confiscated illegal fishing gear. Alternatively, that Minae acquire a large vessel for this purpose and appoint the personnel required to operate and maintain it.” According to the foregoing, the petitioners seek an order requiring SINAC to coordinate with Ministerio de Seguridad Pública to make an offshore patrol vessel available for the stated purposes and subsequently to acquire a large vessel.
In this regard, whether it is necessary to purchase a vessel with those characteristics to transport food, equipment, materials, or illegal fishing gear is a matter of ordinary legality.
Likewise, this is not the proper proceeding for determining whether the requested vessel is the ideal solution for transporting park rangers in the event of illness or accident, since, depending on the severity and nature of the circumstances, medical care could instead be brought to the location or the use of air transportation could be coordinated, given the considerable duration of the sea journey. For that reason, requests of this nature involving such a specific requirement must be brought in ordinary proceedings so that their suitability may be technically determined.
They likewise request that SINAC be ordered to:
“l) Issue the appropriate instructions to eliminate the impunity currently enjoyed by illegal fishers in P.N. Isla del Coco, many of whom continue fishing despite having previously been reported for illegal fishing and drug trafficking. Likewise, to expedite pending proceedings and prevent impunity for offenses committed on land, which exceeds 90% of the complaints.” In this regard, although the relief sought by the petitioners concerns a specific conservation area, it was presented in the abstract, which prevents this Court from specifically assessing whether any fundamental right has been infringed. In any event, whether or not a reported act goes unpunished is a matter exceeding the Chamber’s jurisdiction, since resolving it would require adversarial proceedings (contradictorio) addressing the parties’ respective positions and the extensive taking of evidence, circumstances that exceed the summary nature of the amparo proceeding.
They further request that SINAC be ordered to:
“m) Undertake the appropriate coordination with Ministerio de Seguridad Pública to remove from P.N. Corcovado and Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce the illegal gold miners, poachers, and persons engaged in deforestation who are devastating both protected areas.” In this regard, in an amparo petition filed by 5 petitioners, who also instituted the present proceeding, this Court ruled as follows in judgment 2017-641 at 9:05 a.m. on January 20, 2017:
“The petition is granted. JULIO JURADO FERNÁNDEZ, in his capacity as Director Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Área de Conservación (SINAC) del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía; ÓLGER MÉNDEZ FALLAS, in his capacity as Director del Área de Conservación de Osa del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC); ÉDGAR E. GUTIÉRREZ ESPELETA, in his capacity as Ministro de Ambiente y Energía; HELIO FALLAS, in his capacity as Ministro de Hacienda; and LUIS GUSTAVO MATA VEGA, in his capacity as Ministro de Seguridad Pública—or whoever may hold their respective offices—are ordered, within two months from service of this judgment, to coordinate the appropriate actions to prepare and implement a plan guaranteeing the permanent surveillance and protection of Parque Nacional de Corcovado and Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce against the illegal activities of gold mining, hunting, logging, and timber theft. Ministerio de Seguridad Pública must likewise proceed immediately to undertake, within the scope of its authority, the actions necessary to continue the eviction proceeding (proceso de desalojo) instituted under expediente No. 3330-14, as well as any new proceeding required to evict the trespassers engaged in illegal gold mining, hunting, and logging.” Accordingly, the petitioners must abide by the ruling in that judgment and, if any disagreement exists, must raise it in that case file.
VI.Regarding the funds generated by the conservation areas. The petitioners complain that the funds generated in the conservation areas are not invested directly in those areas or in proportion to their visitor numbers.
Regarding this matter, in judgment Nº 2015-12955 at 9:20 a.m. on August 21, 2015, the Chamber held:
“VI.- Regarding the administration of revenue and the investment of funds in the park. The claimant states that the Administration does not invest in Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio the funds generated by that park. The Chamber rejects this claim because the proper management of the funds generated by that park is a matter of ordinary legality. The party may raise the matter in ordinary proceedings if it sees fit.” Taking into consideration the cited precedent, it should be noted that this is not the proper jurisdiction for determining whether, from a legal, technical, or economic standpoint, the management of the allocated budget has been appropriate, since these are matters of legality that must be resolved in full proceedings rather than in summary proceedings such as constitutional amparo (amparo). Now, if what the petitioners seek is an investigation to verify the proper use of the funds, they must raise the matter before the appropriate authorities through ordinary proceedings.
Therefore, as there are no grounds for departing from this position, this claim is denied.
VII.Regarding the classification of park ranger positions and the failure to pay the salary supplements they claim. In the sub examine, the petitioners consider the park rangers’ fundamental rights to have been violated, since they believe that their position warrants a different classification within the Civil Service and that they are not being paid the salary supplements corresponding to their position.
Regarding the creation of a park ranger position category within the Civil Service System, it should be noted that this constitutes a matter of ordinary legality that must be heard through ordinary proceedings.
As for the supplements allegedly not paid to the park rangers, it is likewise not for this Court to determine whether they are warranted. In this regard, this Court, by decision Nº2010-10312 at 12:19 hours on 11 de junio de 2010, stated:
“(…) the Chamber considers that determining whether the availability, police-risk, and exclusive-service incentives are payable exceeds this Court’s jurisdiction, since, far from constituting a constitutional issue, it is a matter of ordinary legality that must be adjudicated through administrative proceedings or, failing that, before the corresponding ordinary courts. It should be recalled that the admissibility of an amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) is contingent not only upon proof of interference—or a threat of interference—with one or more of the rights or guarantees enshrined in the Political Constitution or in the international human-rights instruments signed by the country, but also upon the existence of a direct and flagrant threat or violation whose urgent nature precludes waiting for ordinary judicial remedies to take effect. This latter circumstance underscores the eminently summary nature of amparo proceedings, whose procedure is ill-suited to slow and complex evidentiary measures or to the need first to examine—by way of a declaratory determination—whether the subconstitutional rights cited by the parties as part of the factual basis of the amparo proceeding or the legally required report, as applicable, actually exist.” Furthermore, as to the request that free food and beverages be provided to officials working in protected areas far from population centers, as well as training or life-insurance policies for park rangers in general, because these are employment-related matters, this Court cannot determine in these proceedings whether they are warranted.
Likewise, ordering that personnel working in protected areas be redistributed in a particular manner exceeds the scope of this jurisdiction. Nor is it for the Chamber to order that park rangers be provided with legal defense in cases in which they are accused in connection with the performance of their duties.
For the foregoing reasons, the petitioners’ requests are denied.
The petitioners claim that park rangers are not provided with the equipment or materials necessary to perform their duties, lack supplies to protect their health, do not live or work under adequate conditions within protected areas, and, in some cases, lack access to potable water. They also request that, in order to guarantee the fundamental right of both visitors and park rangers to access water, potable-water testing be ordered in the conservation areas and that, depending on the results, the water be guaranteed to be potable.
In this regard, it is not possible in these proceedings to consider the supplies or materials requested on behalf of park rangers for the performance of their duties, since this is not the proper avenue for determining whether they are warranted. If they believe they need canopies, repellents, revolvers, bulletproof vests, uniforms, cellular telephones, hydrating beverages, houses with air conditioning in certain sectors, among other items, they must submit whatever applications they deem appropriate through ordinary administrative or judicial proceedings. Moreover, the record contains no express denial by the competent authorities of any medication or vaccine (indeed, it was not even alleged that a request had previously been submitted).
Nor is it for this Chamber to determine either the number or type of vehicles, supplies, or facilities required in each protected area, since such a determination must have a technical basis that cannot be resolved in these proceedings.
In addition, the petitioners seek an order requiring the Ministry of Health to compel the Ministry of Environment and Energy to provide park rangers with clothing, sunscreen, medications, and adequate conditions for preventing skin cancer; however, they must request the foregoing from the competent authorities through administrative proceedings or, where appropriate, assert the claim before the ordinary courts.
As for the condition of the park rangers’ houses, the petitioners neither alleged nor proved that those situations had been reported to the Ministry of Health before resorting to this jurisdiction, as was required because the facts were not evident and manifest. The same applies to the alleged violations of Ley Nº 7600, since, in addition to the foregoing considerations being fully applicable to this situation, the proceeding was neither alleged nor brought on behalf of any specific person with a disability.
In this regard, this Court, by judgment Nº 2017-8744 at 9:15 hours on 13 de junio de 2017, stated:
“II.- REGARDING THE DIRECT FILING OF COMPLAINTS BEFORE THIS CHAMBER CONCERNING POLLUTION PROBLEMS. This Court has repeatedly rejected cases alleging a violation of the right to the environment due to pollution problems in which the petitioner applies directly to this Chamber without having formally filed the corresponding complaint with the respective authorities.
Thus, for example, judgment 2017-002585 at 9:45 hours on 17 de febrero de 2017 held as follows:
“II. Regarding the specific case. In the sub examine, the petitioner claims that she filed a complaint with the authorities of the Ministry of Health and that it had not been addressed by the date this proceeding was filed. However, according to the evidence submitted by the petitioner, the document was filed on 31 de enero de 2017; in other words, by the date this proceeding was filed, only two weeks had elapsed since the complaint was submitted. For this reason, the Chamber considers this proceeding premature, since, pursuant to Article 261 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, the Administration generally has two months to address the complaint in question.
In light of the foregoing, the amparo proceeding must be dismissed, with the understanding that, if the notice or communication of the expected response from the respondent authorities were unreasonably delayed, nothing would prevent the petitioner from appearing again before this Chamber to assert her rights.
Additionally, although the petitioner states that the Municipalidad de Belén must also address her complaint, the fact remains that neither the evidence submitted nor the petitioner’s assertions establish that she made the corresponding application and filed a complaint with that entity. For this reason, the appropriate course is for the applicant, if she so chooses and in accordance with the formalities established for that purpose, to apply to the competent municipal authorities and request their intervention and assessment of the particular case; those authorities may—within the scope of their jurisdiction—take the corresponding measures. For the foregoing reasons, this matter is inadmissible, and it is so declared.” (Emphasis added).
Additionally, by voto 2016-018260 at 15:15 hours on 13 de diciembre de 2016, this Chamber held:
“I.- Subject matter of the proceeding. The petitioner expresses his disagreement with a series of situations occurring in his locality, such as the operation of modified, undocumented, and stolen motorcycles, which affect residents by causing noise pollution and harming their health. He requests the Chamber’s intervention so that the respondent authorities will address the situation he reports and organize enforcement operations to bring it under control.
II.Regarding the specific case. The purpose of the amparo proceeding is to provide timely protection against violations of or direct threats to fundamental rights and freedoms, not to serve as a general instrument for channeling other types of requests. Accordingly, it cannot be expected that, through an amparo proceeding, the Constitutional Chamber will act merely as an office for processing complaints, since doing so would require it to directly substitute its judgment for that of the administrative authorities and supplant public agencies in handling matters within their jurisdiction. Consequently, because the petitioner in this case does not allege having submitted any type of application to the respondent authorities, the appropriate course is for him, if he so chooses, to file his complaints directly with the competent administrative bodies. The proceeding is therefore inadmissible, as is hereby declared.” (Emphasis added).
Similarly, judgment 2016-016735 at 9:05 hours on 11 de noviembre de 2016 stated as follows:
“II.- REGARDING THE SPECIFIC CASE. Upon reviewing the elements contained in the record, it may be inferred that the petitioner has applied directly to this Court to report a pollution problem caused by the manner in which the respondent municipality collects garbage in the community of La Cruz, as well as omissions by the Ministry of Health in taking measures in that regard. However, such arguments cannot be accepted because the petitioner did not first apply to the public-health authorities, as has in fact occurred in this case. In this regard, it is important to explain to the petitioner that this Chamber is not an office for processing complaints, which is why he must apply to the respondent authorities to submit the relevant claims. Consequently, this proceeding is inadmissible, and it is so declared.” Indeed, judgment 2016-005854 at 14:30 hours on 3 de mayo de 2016 ruled as follows:
“II.- SPECIFIC CASE. With regard to the grievances set forth by the appellant, according to the appellant’s own account, the alleged problem has not been brought to the attention of the authorities of the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública or the Ministerio de Salud. This renders this constitutional relief proceeding (recurso de amparo) inadmissible, since the Chamber could not determine whether a fundamental right has been violated when, as of the date on which the amparo was filed, the respondent institutions had not even received a complaint or claim concerning the alleged public-health problem. Accordingly, it cannot be alleged that the respondent authorities refused to rule on the matter or that the complaint was decided adversely and to the detriment of the fundamental rights of those protected. Under these circumstances, and upon a more appropriate assessment of cases of this kind, the Chamber considers that it is not for it to hear such matters.
The petitioner must therefore resort to the corresponding administrative or judicial ordinary legal channels (vías de legalidad), in which the merits of the matter may be fully argued and the petitioner’s claims asserted. The purpose of the amparo is to provide timely protection against violations or threats to fundamental rights and freedoms, not to serve as a generic instrument for submitting petitions of every kind. Accordingly, this proceeding is inadmissible and must be summarily dismissed, pursuant to Article 9 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, as stated in the operative portion of this decision.” (Emphasis not in the original).
It is also appropriate to cite decision 2016-004572 of 14:30 hours on 5 de abril de 2016, in which the matter was decided in the same manner:
“II.- SPECIFIC CASE. Before this proceeding could be decided, the appellant was required to comply with the order to cure deficiencies (prevención) issued by this Court through the decision of 15:56 hours on 29 de marzo de 2016, whose purpose was to have the appellant clarify whether the problem described in the proceeding had been reported to the respondent authorities and to provide a copy, bearing proof of receipt, of the submissions made for that purpose. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the order was not complied with, since the petitioner did not submit the requested documents. In light of the foregoing, the order must be deemed not to have been complied with and, consequently, this proceeding must be dismissed. In this regard, it should be noted that, when deciding matters such as this one, this Chamber has held:
‘(...) it must not be overlooked that the petitioners provided no evidence whatsoever showing that they had first approached the aforementioned Área de Salud. It is important to explain to the appellants that this Sala Constitucional is not a forum for processing complaints; they must therefore approach the Ministerio de Salud to file the relevant claims (...)’ (Judgment No. 2012-18538 of 9:05 hrs. on 21 de diciembre de 2012).
By virtue of the foregoing, the proceeding must be dismissed pursuant to Article 42 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.” These considerations apply to the case under review, because this Court finds no reason to depart from the position expressed in that judgment or any grounds for assessing the situation presented differently.
In the case at hand (sub lite), as in the precedents cited, the appellant has come directly before this Court to report a pollution problem involving the establishment of illegal dumping sites in an area of Santo Domingo de Heredia. However, it follows from the petitioner’s own account that, to date, no written complaint has been filed with the respondent municipality. As stated in the case law transcribed above, this Court must not replace the active Administration (Administración activa) in the exercise of its powers, nor is it a forum for processing complaints. Consequently, in situations such as this, the appellant must approach the respondent authority to file the aforementioned claim so that it may take the appropriate measures to resolve the reported problem or, alternatively, pursue the claim through the ordinary legal channels. Accordingly, the proceeding is declared inadmissible.” Without prejudice to the foregoing, although no action attributable to the Ministerio de Salud has been alleged that could be reproached on constitutional grounds, that authority must take note that, now that it has ordered an inspection of the conservation areas (áreas de conservación), it will be required to ensure due compliance with the sanitary orders (órdenes sanitarias) it issued.
As for compelling the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía to allocate budgetary funds to repair the park rangers’ houses and construct others at important monitoring sites, that matter concerns ordinary legality and must be raised through the corresponding ordinary proceedings.
Regarding the right to drinking water, it should be noted that the appellants request that SINAC be ordered to conduct water potability tests in the conservation areas and, once the results have been obtained, to implement the systems necessary to guarantee it. In this regard, without prejudice to the fact that determining whether each protected wildlife area (área silvestre protegida) requires a drinking-water supply exceeds the summary nature of the amparo proceeding, the evidence provided by the appellants includes official letter SITRA-0023-16 of 9 de febrero de 2016, addressed to the Director of SINAC and submitted by SITRAMINAE on 11 febrero de 2016, in which that authority was informed of the list of protected wildlife areas that allegedly lacked a drinking-water supply system. Although that letter did not expressly and clearly request the service, the situation was nevertheless brought to the authority’s attention as of that date.
Accordingly, for purposes of assessing whether the persons present in or visiting those conservation areas require drinking-water service, SINAC must conduct a study of the need for such a supply so that, if appropriate, it may take the necessary steps before the competent authorities to determine whether providing the service is technically and materially feasible. Without prejudice to the foregoing, determining whether the supply must be provided in a particular manner or according to the methods proposed by the appellants for making the water potable is a matter of ordinary legality that must be raised through ordinary proceedings.
In this regard, in Judgment N° 2017004036 of 09:15 hours on 17 de marzo de 2017, this Court ruled as follows:
“This Chamber has held that, although there is a fundamental right to drinking water, its exercise is not indiscriminate, such that entities providing that service are not obligated to provide it under any conditions or at any time. Specifically, this Chamber has recognized that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, the municipalities, or the associations administering aqueducts and sewer systems may deny the availability of drinking water when technical reasons justify doing so. In Judgment number 2009-003825 of 16:49 hours on 10 de marzo de 2009, this Chamber ruled as follows:
‘(...) It is therefore understood that, although there is a fundamental right to water that may be asserted against the corresponding administration, provision of the service may be made subject to compliance with the requirements established for granting it and to the material possibility of providing it; that is, there must be no technical circumstances that prevent or counsel against the administration’s provision of drinking-water service. This means that the administration is under no obligation to provide drinking-water service when technical reasons counsel against or prevent it, although it must adequately inform the applicant of the reasons why the request cannot be granted....’” In light of the foregoing, this final claim should be granted on the terms to be set forth in the operative portion.
IX.Dissenting opinion (voto salvado) of Magistrada Hernández López regarding the claim alleging infringement of Article 50 of the Constitución Política.
1. The historical context that once prompted the Chamber’s extensive intervention in environmental matters has changed considerably, requiring this body to reconsider the conditions governing its participation in safeguarding the right of individuals to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, as protected under Article 50 of the Constitución Política. Indeed, the current situation—characterized by an extremely extensive body of statutory and regulatory law that includes substantive rules, procedures, and the creation of bodies responsible for ensuring compliance with the Fundamental Charter (Carta Fundamental)—differs radically from the prior situation, in which the absence of regulations and of state bodies with appropriate jurisdiction compelled the Chamber to assume a leading, almost exclusive, role in defending the aforementioned constitutional right.
2. Today, we are faced with a “dense framework” of environmental regulations—as Magistrado Jinesta Lobo aptly described it in his dissenting opinion on this issue—which has produced two significant phenomena. The first and most obvious is the emergence of comprehensive legal regulation governing activities whose environmental impact had previously been subject to little or no regulation, as well as the creation of state bodies vested with powers to monitor and control the effects of human activity on the environment. The second phenomenon is that this growing juridification—predominantly through statutes and regulations—necessarily brings both administrative justice and the ordinary courts into play, primarily the administrative-litigation jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso administrativa), but also the criminal jurisdiction. Consistent with the importance of environmental law, these forums have been provided with broad procedural avenues and inclusive standing mechanisms (medios de legitimación), enabling members of the public to enforce the provisions of the extensive body of law concerning environmental matters.
3. In that context, it is neither legally nor functionally appropriate for the Sala Constitucional to displace—or, worse still, replace—the ordinary judicial bodies in performing their task, which is likewise constitutional in rank, of ensuring effective compliance with statutes and regulations. It is legally improper because, in the vast majority of these cases, the Chamber is asked to interpret and enforce statutory and regulatory provisions, thereby risking an overlap between its jurisdiction and that of other judicial bodies that were specifically created to perform such tasks. It is also functionally inappropriate because the design of its proceedings is ill-suited to the complexity present in numerous environmental disputes, which involve series of technically and legally complex facts and acts. There are well-known examples concerning both issues in which the Chamber has issued a partial or technically incomplete decision, or in which unnecessary friction and harm to legal certainty have arisen.
4. As part of the technical considerations I have assessed, I would add that this jurisdiction does not have judgment-enforcement judges (jueces ejecutores de sentencia) who can provide adequate follow-up to judgments—which are generally complex—and which sometimes entail monitoring remedial plans (planes remediales), among other matters, with interinstitutional coordination and follow-up lasting months or even years.
5. From that perspective, this Court’s decision to step aside in environmental matters should not be viewed as abandoning environmental matters but, on the contrary, as ensuring their proper protection at the level best suited to the nature of their complexity and diversity. Nor should it be viewed as this Court’s relinquishment of its duty to protect the constitutional rights imposed upon it by the Constitución Política and its Ley Orgánica, which, in my view, remains reserved in this area for specific cases. Rather, this is an exercise in reallocating the responsibilities and duties incumbent upon the various State bodies, so that each may fully perform its work within the sphere assigned to it, as well as an exercise of its power to determine its own jurisdiction, as established in Article 7 of its Ley Orgánica.
6. It is clear that the Chamber does not intend to leave the protection of individuals’ rights in environmental matters to other jurisdictions. It is well known that, although any claim alleging a violation of statutory or regulatory provisions may be brought within the constitutional sphere, there are cases whose resolution requires nothing more than the application of constitutional law. The aim, therefore, is for the Chamber to become one of several leading actors so that—collectively, and each within its own sphere—the full range of situations involved in protecting the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment may be addressed within a society in which other equally pressing needs also exist. With this position, I firmly believe that citizens do not lose the slightest degree of protection, while substantial gains are made in breadth, perspective, and respect for the balance and distribution of powers, the latter being a principle that must necessarily be considered because it governs the constitutional dynamics of any liberal and democratic system such as ours.- 7.
Consistent with the foregoing, I maintain that this Chamber should refrain from hearing claims brought before it for alleged violations of Article 50 of the Constitución Política, leaving their adjudication to administrative justice and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso administrativa). The foregoing is stated as a general rule, without prejudice to acknowledging the existence of particular cases or categories of cases that, in my opinion, would still be better protected by this Chamber and should therefore be heard and decided by it.- Among such categories of cases, without this enumeration being regarded as a closed and definitive list, I would note that the Chamber should retain jurisdiction over situations such as claims concerning environmental violations that also directly endanger human health or access to or the quality of water; and cases involving gross and direct violations of the environment in which there is a manifest absence of protection by State authorities, provided also that the nature of the claim permits it to be addressed through the writ of amparo (amparo) as a summary and special procedural remedy, since I believe that amparo proceedings should not be converted into ordinary proceedings in order to address, even in the cited cases, matters that exceed their capacity to provide an adequate remedy.
8. In this particular case, according to the facts found proven, none of the aforementioned exceptions is present, and the situation falls within those cases in which recourse to the protective mechanisms of the Administration and the ordinary courts provides a broader and more comprehensive avenue for addressing the matter at issue. That matter involves a discussion of actions and omissions, advantages and disadvantages, and an assessment of benefits, requiring extensive evidence, follow-up, and studies that exceed the scope of amparo proceedings. Accordingly, Article 9 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional should have been applied and the action summarily dismissed; however, since that did not occur, the amparo action must now be denied.
X.Documentation submitted to the case file. The parties are advised that, if they submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device or produced using new technologies, they must retrieve them from the court within a maximum period of 30 business days following notice of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within that period shall be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena at session N° 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as pursuant to the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial at session N° 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The action is partially granted against the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, the Ministerio de Hacienda, and the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Helio Fallas Venegas, and Mario Coto Hidalgo, respectively Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, Ministro de Hacienda, and Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, or whoever may hold those offices in their stead, are ordered to coordinate the appropriate measures so that the current condition of the conservation areas (áreas de conservación) may be assessed and the measures necessary to protect the environment may be taken, thereby ensuring that the country’s protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) are effectively and reasonably managed. To that end, within SESENTA MESES, they must prepare and implement a plan for the oversight and protection of the protected wilderness areas that guarantees their effective surveillance in order to prevent and address environmental harm; for this purpose, the availability of the resources necessary for its implementation must be ensured.
Marta Eugenia Acosta Zúñiga, in her capacity as Contralora General de la República, or whoever may hold that office, is likewise ordered to issue such directives as she deems appropriate to update the status of compliance with report DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 and, using the means afforded to her by the legal system, to require SINAC to effectively address the recommendations issued. In response, Mario Coto Hidalgo, as Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, or whoever may hold that office, must arrange for compliance under the terms and within the time limits established in the oversight body’s requirement. Finally, the Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, or whoever may hold that office, is ordered to conduct a study regarding the need for a drinking-water supply in the conservation areas identified in official letter SITRA-0023-16 of February 9, 2016, addressed to the Director del SINAC and submitted by SITRAMINAE on February 11, 2016, in order to determine whether persons present in or visiting those conservation areas require drinking-water service and, if appropriate, to make the necessary arrangements with the competent authorities so that it may be determined whether providing the service is technically and materially feasible.
They are warned that failure to comply with these orders could constitute the offense of disobedience and that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, any person who receives an order issued in an amparo action that the person is required to comply with or enforce, and who fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for three months to two years or to a fine of twenty to sixty days, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State is ordered to pay the legal costs and the damages and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed in contentious-administrative judgment-enforcement proceedings (ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo). As to Parque Nacional Corcovado, the ruling in judgment 2017-641 rendered at 9:05 on January 20, 2017, shall govern. In all other respects, and as against the other respondent authorities, the action is denied.
The Ministerio de Salud shall take note of the matters stated in considerando VIII. Magistrada Hernández López dissents and would deny the action. Notice of this decision shall be personally served on Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Helio Fallas Venegas, Mario Coto Hidalgo, and Marta Eugenia Acosta Zúñiga, respectively Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, Ministro de Hacienda, Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, and Contralora General de la República, or whoever may hold those offices in their stead.
Fernando Cruz C.
Presidente a.i Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Enrique Ulate C.
Jose Paulino Hernández G.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del veintidos de setiembre de dos mil diecisiete .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por ADOLFO MAURICIO ÁLVAREZ MORA cédula de identidad 0108770217, en su condición de Presidente de la FEDERACIÓN COSTARRICENSE PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL AMBIENTE (FECON), cédula jurídica 3002116993; AMPARO GUISELLE MONGE ARIAS, cédula de identidad 0107850844; EDUARDO JOAQUÍN CARRILLO JIMÉNEZ, cédula de identidad 0105750493; LUIS DIEGO MARÍN SCHUMACHER, cédula de identidad 0107530303; MARIO ANDRÉS BOZA LORÍA, cédula de identidad 0102970932; OLGA MARTA GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ, cédula de identidad 0107060907, en su condición de Secretaria General a.i de la CONFEDERACIÓN DE TRABAJADORES RERUM NOVARUM (CTRN), cédula jurídica 3011117200 OLIVIER THIERRY CHASSOT LABASTROU, cédula de identidad 0800930792 y ROBERTO MIGUEL MOLINA UGALDE, cédula de identidad 0501950151, en su condición de Secretario General de la ASOCIACIÓN SINDICAL DE TRABAJADORES DEL MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA (SITRAMINAE), cédula jurídica 3011212127 ; y contra la CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA, el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, el MINISTERIO DE HACIENDA y el MINISTERIO DE SALUD.
Resultando:
El Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, mediante oficio SINAC-ACMC-DAF-177-2017 de 21 de marzo de 2017, indicó: “1. La permanencia constante de guarda parques en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (PNIC) y los esfuerzos del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) a través del Área de Conservación Marina Cocos (ACMC), ha sido una labor constante para la protección de los recursos naturales terrestres y marinos de esta área protegida. Por tal razón, desde el año 2014 y hasta la fecha, se ha logrado evidenciar una disminución de avistamientos de embarcaciones en las inmediaciones del Parque Nacional isla del Coco (PNIC), realizando actividades de pesca ilegal. Otra de las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno de Costa Rica, fue la creación de una nueva área marina, razón por la cual a partir de junio del 2011 se consolida vía Decreto Ejecutivo No. 36452-MINAE el área Marina de Manejo Montes Submarinos (AMM-MS) con una extensión de 9.640 km2, la cual viene a formar parte de un área buffer alrededor del PNIC y que soportaría la presión sobre los recursos marinos y diversidad biológica de esta Área Protegida.
Por otra parte, se realizan esfuerzos mediante alianzas entre empresas privadas, ONG's y Gobierno Central para la creación de estrategias país, que coadyuven al SINAC en la protección y monitoreo de las áreas protegidas. Por esta razón y como parte de la Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia Marítima, en el año 2015 se inició la implementación de la estrategia supra citada, con la construcción y puesta en operación de un radar en el PNIC, complementándose estas iniciativas con la campaña desarrollada por la alianza entre la Asociación Costa Rica por Siempre (ACRXS), la Fundación Amigos Isla del Coco (FAICO) y el Área de Conservación Marina Isla del Coco (para ese entonces ACMIC) para la realización de la campaña "Todos a Bordo" donde se logra con al apoyo de todos los costarricenses la recolección de fondos para le adquisición de una embarcación rápida tipo eduardoño, para intersección de embarcaciones que realicen actividades ilícitas dentro del área protegida.
Del mismo modo y en seguimiento a todo el proceso anteriormente citado, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, en el 2015 mediante recursos institucionales, logra la presupuestare invertir la suma de ¢194.998.625,00 (…), para la construcción de un Centro de Control y Vigilancia (CCVM) en bahía Chatharn, con el objeto de reforzar los procesos del área protegida en el componente de Control y Protección. 2 En el año 2011, se logra la creación de la Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia Marítima (ENCVM), cuyo fin es de contribuir con el seguimiento y monitoreo de las actividades que tienen efectos sobre la conservación, aprovechamiento de los recursos y espacios marinos de Costa Rica. Para su ejecución e implementación, se procedió con la construcción y puesta en operación del primer radar en el PNIC, de un total de 17 radares en todo el territorio nacional. En el año 2013 el gobierno de Costa Rica apoya el proceso y declara esta Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia Marítima, de interés público y nacional, como un paso para brindar supone a los procesos desarrollados en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Control y Vigilancia.
En este mismo sentido de apoyo y colaboración el Gobierno procede a la firma del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38329-MAG "Establecimiento de zonificación y ordenamiento para el aprovechamiento de túnidos y especies afines por pesca comercial en la ZEE del océano pacífico” para la conformación de los polígonos de atún, buscando ordenar la pesquería, en los mares territoriales de estado costarricense. Por su parte, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación por aprobación del Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (CONAC) según acuerdo No.6 de fecha 29 de agosto de 2016, procede a la gestión para la creación de dos nuevas plazas y su futura contratación, de tal forma que estos nuevos puestos permitan reforzar los procesos de control y vigilancia en el PNIC. 3. Es importante rescatar que el PNIC cuenta con personal insuficiente de acuerdo con lo planteado en el plan de manejo de esta Área Protegida, sin embargo, es imposible asegurar que esta falta de personal en el PNIC propicie la actividad de narcotráfico.
Es claro, que nuestras actividades para el control y protección de los recursos naturales y culturales se circunscriben directamente al área protegida y relacionado con la temática ambiental. Es pertinente recalcar en este punto, que el control de actividades ilícitas relacionadas al narcotráfico y de seguridad nacional es una competencia directa del Ministerio de Seguridad Pública. 4. Para el 2016 con la adjudicación de presupuesto ordinario se realizó la compra de tres embarcaciones y seis motores fuera de borda para la gestión del área protegida y del mismo modo se adquirió a través de la campaña todos a bordo una embarcación tipo eduardoño de 32" pies de eslora la cual funciona para realizar intersecciones en mar como un refuerzo a las actividades de control y protección. Además se realizó el mantenimiento preventivo de la embarcación Cocos Patrol y se está gestionando la donación de un motor nuevo para esta embarcación.
Aunado a lo anterior para el año 2017 se tiene estimado una inversión aproximada a los 80 millones de colones para mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo de embarcaciones. 5. Actualmente el Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, cuenta con un total de 31 funcionarios de los cuales diez funcionarios laboran en la oficina regional del Área de Conservación y veinte y un (sic) funcionarios laboran en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, que laboran con roles de 30 días por 22 libres. Según el Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco se requiere de un total de 34 funcionarios, motivo por el cual aún se tiene con un faltante de 16 funcionarios para la adecuada gestión del Área Protegida. Es relevante mencionar; que con la creación del AMM-MS a partir del año 2011 y posterior a la creación del plan de manejo de esta nueva área, se abre una brecha importante en relación con el déficit de recurso humano (32 funcionarios), necesaria para la protección los Montes Submarinos. 6.
Se considera que el PNIC cuenta al menos con el equipo para desarrollar la mayor parte de las actividades para la gestión del área protegida y en cada uno de sus componentes (Administrativo, control y protección, recursos naturales, turismo), no obstante, se hace la observación de que siempre son bastantes las necesidades existentes. De igual forma, se cuenta con un complejo habitacional para albergar a los funcionarios, voluntarios y colaboradores que ejercen sus funciones en esta área protegida. Por otra parte se hacen inherentes esfuerzos por brindar capacitación, enfocada principalmente al tema marino, a todos nuestros funcionarios del Parque Nacional. 7. Actualmente el patrimonio cultural del PNIC, es un activo de todos los costarricenses que se encuentra parcialmente protegido, por la ya dada la categoría de manejo con que cuenta el Parque Nacional de este área protegida, incorporándose como un Elemento Focal de Manejo (EFM) en la actualización del plan de manejo del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, en el cual se han de establecer las estrategias y planes de acción para el manejo de este recurso".
El Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central indicó: “a ) Señalan la falta de plan de manejo del Parque Nacional: Durante el 2016 se trabajó en la actualización del Plan de Manejo del Parque, con la participación de funcionarios del ASP y actores de la sociedad civil, se facilitó el proceso por medio de Onca Natural; y a principios de este año se le hizo revisión final y la aprobación del mismo, dicho Plan está diseñado para 10 años. En este Plan se incorporaron 5 acciones estratégicas: Programa de Administración, Programa de Investigación y Monitoreo, Programa de Prevención, Protección y Control, Programa de Turismo Sostenible y Programa de Gestión Comunitaria, Educación Ambiental y Voluntariado. También se indica en dicho Plan la cantidad idónea de personal para cumplir con la misión y visión propuestas en el Plan de Manejo, el cual establece 37 funcionarios. En la actualidad se cuenta con 16 funcionarios y se está a la espera del nombramiento de dos funcionarios más con el grado de técnico 1 de acuerdo con el manual de clases del Servicio Civil. b) Acusan escasez de embarcaciones y vehículos necesarias para cumplir funciones: Para el caso del PNBC, se cuenta con dos cuadraciclos, un vehículo para cada sector (3), los mismos son utilizados para las diferentes actividades de Control y Protección, traslado de funcionarios, trámites administrativos. etc También se cuenta con un vehículo para el componente Administrativo.
En las ocasiones en que no se ha contado con algún vehículo en alguno de los sectores ha sido por problemas mecánicos y este tiempo ha sido mientras el mismo es reparado en el taller autorizado. c) Acusan de presencia de cacería ilegal dentro del Parque Nacional: En cuanto a este punto si bien es un hecho que se da, para el caso del Braulio Carrillo si se revisan las estadísticas de denuncias interpuestas durante los últimos años en su mayoría son en las zonas de amortiguamiento del PNBC y muy pocas dentro del ASP. d) Refieren que existe falta de protección y deterioro del patrimonio cultural: Para el año 2016 se realizó reparación de la casta (sic) que se utiliza como paso sobre el río Peje (convenio OET-PNBC), así como el cambio de la tubería de agua potable (a través del Fondo de Concesiones), ambos en el Sector del Ceibo. También es imponente indicar que durante el año 2015 se realizaron varias mejoras tanto en el Sector del Volcán Barva (con presupuesto de SINAC), como fue la instalación de un portón en la entrada principal colocación de cerámica en la cocina del puesto de Guardaparques y mejoras en los servicios de uso público; y en el Sector del Ceibo (con presupuesto del Convenio entre OET-PNBC) se hizo el cambio del techo de la casa de funcionarios, confección de un nuevo tanque séptico y pintura exterior del Puesto.
Para el caso del Sector de Quebrada González Se pintaron los techos de la casa de funcionarios y del centro de visitantes, así como la pintura exterior de dicho puesto y para este año y el otro se están asignando recursos para mejorar infraestructura en este Sector (cambio de tecno, remodelación de bodega, construcción de aula de Educación Ambiental y electrificación del Sector)". El Departamento de Gestión Institucional de Recurso Humano, mediante oficio SINAC-DDGIRH-329 de 22 de marzo de 2017, indicó: “1. Con respecto al escaso personal de protección con que cuenta la Institución se puede indicar: Para atender lo indicado en el 4.5 del Informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, se elaboró el Plan de Acción que se adjunta. Se pretende con la definición de criterios señalados por el ente Contralor, identificar la asignación de personal en las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, determinar el faltante de personal y llevar a cabo los ajustes que se estimen necesarios.
Se debe tomar en consideración que, a partir del año anterior, la institución cambió su enfoque de competencias por un enfoque en procesos, en virtud de lo cual, el CONAC ha instruido una Comisión que se encuentra realizando una propuesta de cargos institucionales, a partir de lo cual identificará al personal en el desempeño de cada uno de los cargos definidos y con ello determinar el faltante de personal para el desempeño de actividades de procesos identificados. Tiene este Departamento información procedente de las Áreas de Conservación en la cual se indica que aproximadamente 350 puestos del Sistema realizan funciones en materia de control y protección, lo que les haría acreedores del reconocimiento del incentivo de disponibilidad laboral para atender actividades imprevistas en este campo. Es efectivamente cierto que el número de funcionarios destacados en las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas no es congruente con extensiones de territorio que deben proteger. 2.
En relación con la manifestación de que los guardaparques no cuentan con el entrenamiento necesario para ejecutar sus labores podemos señalar: Que durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 2011 y hasta lo transcurrido del año en curso se ha impartido al personal de la institución las capacitaciones que se detallan en el adjunto. Adicionalmente, por un convenio con la Universidad Nacional, 22 funcionarios de la institución llevaron a cabo estudios para optar por el Diplomado de Conservación y Manejo de Áreas Protegidas para Guardaparques y en el este semestre una nueva generación de funcionarios (20) inició estudios de ese nivel. 3. Sobre el señalamiento de que la falta de guardaparques se debe a política adoptada por el Poder Ejecutivo de congelar plazas y no restituir vacantes de funcionarios que renuncian o se pensionan, acorde con lo señalado en la Directriz No. 023-H, debemos señalar que la citada disposición fue modificada con la Directriz No. 053-H del 26 de agosto del 2016, la cual modificó los artículos 12 y 15 de la No. 023-H y señala en como parte de las excepciones de la disposición que entre los puestos que se puede utilizar se encuentran los que queden vacantes por pensión o defunción de su titular.
Al respecto, debemos señalar que efectivamente, la institución ha estado llevando a cabo las acciones administrativas correspondientes para hacer uso de las vacantes que se generen por alguna de esas dos causas. A la fecha, los puestos que no se han podido ocupar han sido los que han quedado vacantes por despido o renuncia del funcionario titular. 4. Sobre la cita de que desde 1998 se encuentra congelada la dotación de guardaparques, se puede hacer referencia al hecho de que entre el año 2007 y el 2008 se llevó a cabo la inclusión en el Régimen de Servicio Civil de 367 puestos que vinieron a brindar apoyo a la labor institucional. De los citados puestos, 174 pertenecían al Fondo de Parques Nacionales y 203 correspondieron a plazas cubiertas con recursos de otras fuentes de financiamiento que brindaban apoyo en las labores del SINAC.”
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Sobre las solicitudes de coadyuvancia. En sentencias anteriores, este Tribunal ha indicado que la coadyuvancia es una forma de intervención adhesiva que se da cuando una persona actúa en un proceso, adhiriéndose a las pretensiones de algunas de las partes principales. En consecuencia, está legitimado para actuar como coadyuvante quien ostente un interés directo en el resultado del recurso; sin embargo, al no ser actor principal, el coadyuvante no resultará directamente afectado por la sentencia, es decir, la eficacia de esta no podrá alcanzarle de manera directa e inmediata, ni le afecta la condición de cosa juzgada del pronunciamiento (Véanse, entre otras, las sentencias número 3235 de las 9:20 horas del 30 de octubre de 1992 y la sentencia 2010-000254 de las 11:28 horas el 08 de enero de 2010). En el caso concreto, al ser un asunto de naturaleza ambiental en los cuales existe una amplia legitimación para accionar en razón de los intereses que se tutelan, esta Sala admite las coadyuvancias activas de Marino Marozzi Rojas; Luis Diego Marín Schumacher, en su condición de Presidente de Preserve Planet; Rolando Portilla Pastor; Carolina Chavarría Pozuelo; Randall Zamora Castro; Luis Villa; Johnny Enrique Rosales Córdoba. Por lo anterior, tiene por hechas sus manifestaciones e incorporadas al expediente.
II.Objeto del recurso. Los recurrentes acuden a esta jurisdicción, toda vez que, según su criterio, el sistema de áreas protegidas se encuentra en crisis, ya que presenta problemas de deforestación, incendios, tráfico ilegal de especies, pesca ilegal, robo de huevos de tortugas, extracción ilegal de oro y narcotráfico, entre otros; lo anterior, debido a la falta de personal tanto administrativo como de protección, carencia de equipo e instalaciones y falta de fondos. Acusan que el patrimonio natural y cultural de las áreas protegidas se encuentra en estado de abandono y que los guardaparques no son suficientes ni tampoco cuentan con los medios necesarios para resguardarlos. Reclaman que los fondos producidos en las áreas de conservación no son invertidos en ellos directamente ni de forma proporcional a su visitación. Consideran vulnerados los derechos fundamentales de los guardaparques, toda vez que estiman que su puesto merece otra categorización en el Régimen del Servicio Civil, no se les pagan pluses salariales propios de su cargo, no se les suministra el equipo ni los materiales necesarios para ejercer sus funciones, no tienen implementos para proteger su salud y no viven ni trabajan en condiciones adecuadas dentro de las zonas protegidas.
Piden que, a efectos de garantizar el derecho fundamental de acceso al agua, tanto de los visitantes como de los guardaparques, se ordene realizar pruebas de potabilidad en las áreas de conservación y, según los resultados, se garantice que el agua sea potable.
III.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
I.Relacionados con el informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 de 15 de diciembre de 2014, elaborado por la Contraloría General de la República.
a. El informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 sobre la “ EFICACIA DEL SINAC EN LA CONSERVACIÓN Y EL USO SOSTENIBLE DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD DENTRO DE LAS ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS CONTINENTALES” tuvo por objetivo analizar si el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación había proporcionado los recursos necesarios para el funcionamiento y consolidación de las áreas silvestres protegidas y si la articulación entre los actores vinculados en su gestión, aseguraban los resultados esperados en la conservación y el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad (informe de la Contraloría General de la República).
b. El informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 analizó un total de 128 áreas silvestres protegidas continentales, en las categorías de manejo de Parque Nacional, Reserva Biológica, Refugio de Vida Silvestre, Reserva Forestal, Zona Protectora y Humedal (informe de la Contraloría General de la República).
c. El informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 determinó la existencia de una gestión apenas moderada por parte del SINAC, en cuanto a la dotación de los recursos necesarios para el funcionamiento y consolidación de las áreas silvestres protegidas, lo cual pone en riesgo el logro de los objetivos de conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad (informe de la Contraloría General de la República).
d. Los resultados del informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, en cuanto a las debilidades relativas a los insumos para el funcionamiento y consolidación de las áreas silvestres protegidas continentales, se resumen en: insuficiencia de recursos financieros disponibles para ejecutar actividades esenciales de las áreas protegidas; carencia de personal para atender las actividades esenciales; sedes administrativas inadecuadas a las necesidades de las áreas protegidas; áreas protegidas sin planes de manejo para orientar su gestión; poco avance en la consolidación territorial de las áreas protegidas; insuficiente control y protección en las áreas silvestres protegidas; oportunidades de mejora en la atención a desastres y emergencias ambientales (informe de la Contraloría General de la República).
e. Los resultados del informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, en cuanto a las amenazas a la biodiversidad en las áreas silvestres protegidas continentales, se resumen en: insuficiente gestión de las amenazas a la biodiversidad en las áreas protegidas continentales; débil gestión del SINAC para el logro de objetivos relevantes en conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad; falta de integración, de investigación y monitoreo de la biodiversidad a la gestión de las áreas protegidas; necesidad de potenciar el uso público acorde con la capacidad de las diferentes categorías de manejo; y débil implementación de instrumentos para asegurar el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad por parte de las comunidades locales y pueblos indígenas (informe de autoridad recurrida).
f. El informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 contiene las siguientes conclusiones:
“3.1 El resguardo de la biodiversidad mediante el establecimiento de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, abarca la gestión de 50 años del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, principalmente por medio del SINAC desde hace 16 años. Ello, ha permitido establecer aproximadamente el 25% del territorio21 nacional en diferentes categorías de manejo de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas.
3.2 Sin embargo, el crecimiento de los territorios protegidos no se ha acompañado de las condiciones necesarias para asegurar razonablemente los objetivos de conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad. Los Parques Nacionales, Reservas Biológicas y Refugios Nacionales de Vida Silvestre son las categorías de manejo más fortalecidas, al haber sido históricamente priorizadas, pero aún se presentan brechas para su funcionamiento, lo cual, se constata en la dependencia de recursos no permanentes para mantener su gestión. Por su parte, las Reservas Forestales, las Zonas Protectoras y sobre todo los Humedales, son categorías de manejo que han recibido mucho menos apoyo, lo cual, limita el logro de sus objetivos de creación y manejo.
3.3 Al respecto, se percibe un débil posicionamiento de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas a pesar de generar divisas significativas al país producto del turismo; y enfrentan presiones que atentan contra su sostenibilidad por debilidades en el control y protección, agravado por escenarios de ilícitos asociados a la criminalidad organizada y a la interacción de comunidades vulnerables a la pobreza, que han visto los recursos naturales como alternativa de manutención.
3.4 Dada la carencia de recursos, es incipiente la coordinación de acciones con los diferentes actores involucrados en la gestión de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, dando lugar a actuaciones desarticuladas, y a barreras entre quienes administran los territorios y quienes se ven directamente influenciados por ellos, tal como las comunidades locales y los pueblos indígenas.
3.5 Además, el modelo de gestión actual del SINAC no ha incorporado razonablemente buenas prácticas en investigación y monitoreo de la biodiversidad, que permitan tomar decisiones sustentadas en evidencia técnica y científica, lo cual, puede comprometer la integridad funcional y estructural de estas Áreas, con consecuentes costos significativos para las acciones de restauración del estado de la conservación de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas.
3.6 Costa Rica se ha propuesto conservar elementos focales de manejo de amplia relevancia para el mantenimiento de los procesos ecológicos, como grupos de mamíferos de la cúspide de la cadena alimenticia como el jaguar y el puma; pero la falta de consolidación de estos territorios, las amenazas a las que están sujetas y las debilidades en el accionar del SINAC para gestionarlas puede conllevar el significativo deterioro de estas especies. Ello, denota la imperante necesidad de posicionar en la agenda del Gobierno la seguridad ambiental y la biodiversidad como una de sus principales vertientes fuente de servicios económicos, sociales y ambientales” (prueba aportada) g. El informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 contiene las siguientes disposiciones:
“4.1 De conformidad con las competencias asignadas en los artículos 183 y 184 de la Constitución Política, los artículos 12 y 21 de la Ley Orgánica de la Contraloría General de la República, Nro. 7428, y el artículo 12 inciso c) de la Ley General de Control Interno, se emiten las siguientes disposiciones, las cuales son de acatamiento obligatorio y deberán ser cumplidas dentro del plazo (o en el término) conferido para ello, por lo que su incumplimiento no justificado constituye causal de responsabilidad.
4.2 El Órgano Contralor se reserva la posibilidad de verificar, por los medios que considere pertinentes, la efectiva implementación de las disposiciones emitidas, así como de valorar el establecimiento de las responsabilidades que correspondan, en caso de incumplimiento injustificado de tales disposiciones.
AL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN 4.3 Resolver acerca de la propuesta que le remita el Director Ejecutivo del SINAC relativa a los mecanismos de financiamiento, los criterios y ajustes de distribución de personal, el plan de desarrollo y mantenimiento de las sedes administrativas, el mecanismo para determinar el estatus legal de los terrenos dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas y acciones de integración al Patrimonio Natural del Estado, el mecanismo de control y protección, y el de asignación y ejecución de recursos en la atención de desastres y emergencias ambientales. Remitir a la Contraloría General, en el transcurso de los dos meses calendario siguientes a recibir la propuesta de la Dirección Ejecutiva, copia de los acuerdos que resuelvan sobre cada asunto. Ver párrafos del 2.1 al 2.80 de este informe.
AL DR. JULIO JURADO FERNÁNDEZ, EN SU CALIDAD DE DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO DEL SINAC O A QUIEN EN SU LUGAR OCUPE EL CARGO 4.4 Establecer e implementar los mecanismos de financiamiento que aseguren la sostenibilidad de la gestión de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Remitir copia del oficio mediante el cual se someten tales mecanismos a la aprobación del Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, a más tardar el 31 de agosto de 2015, un primer informe de avance de la implementación de los mecanismos al 29 de enero de 2016 y un segundo informe al 30 de junio de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.4 al 2.12 de este informe.
4.5 Establecer los criterios de asignación de personal en las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, y con base en dichos criterios ajustar su distribución en lo procedente. Remitir a la Contraloría General copia del oficio mediante el cual se someten los criterios de distribución y los ajustes a la aprobación del Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, a más tardar el 30 de setiembre de 2015, un informe de avance en la implementación de los ajustes, a más tardar el 29 de febrero de 2016 y un segundo informe a más tardar el 31 de agosto de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.13 al 2.18 de este informe.
4.6 Establecer e implementar un plan de desarrollo y mantenimiento de las sedes administrativas prioritarias de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, considerando entre las variables técnicas al menos las necesidades de control y protección, investigación y monitoreo. Remitir a la Contraloría General, copia del oficio mediante el cual se somete el plan a la aprobación del Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, a más tardar el 30 de setiembre de 2015, un primer informe de implementación al 27 de abril de 2016 y un segundo informe al 31 de agosto de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.19 al 2.21 de este informe.
4.7 Priorizar las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas que requieren la elaboración o actualización del Plan General de Manejo. Remitir a la Contraloría General, un oficio en el cual conste esta priorización, a más tardar el 30 de junio de 2015. Ver párrafos del 2.22 al 2.27 de este informe.
4.8 Establecer e implementar el mecanismo de seguimiento a la implementación de los planes generales de manejo de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Remitir a la Contraloría General, copia del documento que evidencie la instauración del mecanismo, a más tardar el 31 de agosto de 2015; además, un primer informe de seguimiento al 30 de noviembre de 2015 y un segundo informe al 30 de junio de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.22 al 2.27 de este informe.
4.9 Establecer e implementar un mecanismo para determinar el estatus legal de los terrenos ubicados dentro de los límites de cada Área Silvestre Protegida y priorizar las acciones para su integración al Patrimonio Natural del Estado, su demarcación y señalización, según proceda. Remitir a la Contraloría General copia del oficio mediante el cual se somete esa estrategia a la aprobación del Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, a más tardar el 30 de noviembre de 2015; además, un primer informe de implementación a más tardar el 30 de junio de 2016, y un segundo informe a más tardar el 30 de noviembre de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.28 al 2.37 de este informe.
4.10 Establecer e implementar un mecanismo de control y protección aplicable a todas las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del país, la cual, deberá establecer al menos los objetivos y metas en la materia, la capacitación de los funcionarios destacados en esas labores, los mecanismos formales de coordinación con actores relevantes involucrados, de conformidad con las amenazas y presiones a la biodiversidad identificadas dentro de estos territorios. Remitir a la Contraloría General, copia del oficio mediante el cual se somete esta estrategia a la aprobación del Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, a más tardar el 30 de octubre de 2015, un primer informe de implementación a más tardar el 31 de marzo de 2016, y un segundo informe a más tardar el 31 de octubre de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.38 al 2.42 de este informe.
4.11 Establecer un mecanismo para asignar y ejecutar recursos con la oportunidad requerida en la prevención y atención de desastres y emergencias ambientales, aplicable a todas las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del país. Remitir a la Contraloría General copia del oficio mediante el cual se somete el mecanismo a la aprobación del Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, a más tardar el 30 de setiembre de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.43 al 2.45 de este informe.
4.12 Establecer los ámbitos de la gestión del SINAC en los que se deba fomentar la cooperación interinstitucional, con organizaciones no gubernamentales y con las comunidades locales y los pueblos indígenas; ello, de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico para la conservación y el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas continentales. Remitir a la Contraloría General, una certificación que haga constar lo actuado, a más tardar el 31 de julio de 2015. Ver párrafos del 2.46 al 2.53 de este informe.
4.13 Realizar un diagnóstico acerca de las actividades de uso público que se realizan dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, así como, sus efectos en la biodiversidad y oportunidades y recomendaciones para impulsar su potencial. Con base en ello, elaborar un plan de implementación de las mejoras. Remitir a la Contraloría General una certificación de la elaboración del diagnóstico, a más tardar el 16 de octubre de 2015; un primer informe de implementación de las recomendaciones a más tardar el 29 de julio y un segundo informe a más tardar el 18 de noviembre de 2016. Ver párrafos del 2.70 al 2.75 de este informe.
4.14 Realizar un diagnóstico acerca de las actividades de uso sostenible de la biodiversidad que se realizan dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, así como, sus efectos en la biodiversidad y oportunidades y recomendaciones para impulsar su potencial. Con base en ello, elaborar un plan de implementación de las mejoras” (prueba aportada).
h. Al 23 de agosto de 2016, el estado de cumplimiento de las disposiciones del informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 era el siguiente (informe de la Contraloría General de la República):
a. El SINAC contó en el 2015 con ¢16.594,1 millones para sus remuneraciones y otros gastos, incluidos los recursos que se le giran a la transferencia para el Fondo Forestal, el Fondo de Vida Silvestre y recursos adicionales para atención de resoluciones administrativas (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
b. En el proyecto de presupuesto para el ejercicio económico de 2016 se incorporaron ¢16.447,8 millones para los gastos operativos y de remuneraciones del SINAC. Posteriormente, la Asamblea Legislativa reconoció ¢1.510 millones adicionales para el pago de salarios de guardaparques, en aras de cumplir con el objetivo 1.8.1 planteado en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2015-2018 el cual propone “Mejorar la capacidad de recursos operativos para el control, la protección y vigilancia de los recursos de la biodiversidad conservados dentro y fuera de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas”. Es decir, el Poder Ejecutivo asumió el gasto por concepto de salarios de alrededor de 130 plazas que eran pagadas con fondos de parques nacionales para que el SINAC los invirtiera propiamente en mejoras de las áreas protegidas (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
c. Los anteproyectos de presupuesto del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía solicitaron recursos adicionales para el SINAC y expresaron el deseo de cumplir con la meta del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo que propone para el periodo 2015-2018 tener 450 plazas de funcionarios del SINAC que ejecuten labores de control, protección y vigilancia de la biodiversidad y de los recursos naturales incorporadas al presupuesto ordinario (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
d. El MINAE solicitó al Ministerio de Hacienda para el año 2017 un extra límite de ¢2.175,5 millones para el financiamiento de 153 plazas más para SINAC que, actualmente, son pagadas con el Fondo de Parques Nacionales con la finalidad de dar cumplimiento a la meta del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. También, requirió la creación de 400 plazas nuevas (250 oficiales de seguridad de Servicio Civil 2, 100 técnicos de Servicio Civil, 50 técnicos de Servicio Civil 2) que ascienden a la suma de ¢4.651,7 millones y, además, 75 plazas para los diferentes programas del Ministerio, por lo que la solicitud total de financiamiento de plazas para ese año ascendió a 628 plazas en total (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
e. El Ministro de Hacienda, mediante oficio DM-1527-2016 de 1º de agosto de 2016, le indicó al Ministro de Ambiente y Energía:
“Asunto: Solicitud de ajuste Anteproyecto de Presupuesto para el año 2017.
Estimado señor Ministro:
Los esfuerzos realizados por el Gobierno para solucionar el problema fiscal, resultan insuficientes de cara al proyecto de presupuesto para el 2017, sobre todo ante la insuficiencia de ingresos al no contar con la aprobación de las reformas legales presentadas a la Asamblea Legislativa, pese a que el Poder Ejecutivo ha venido haciendo la tarea con el compromiso de recaudar más y gastar mejor.
La suma de los anteproyectos de presupuesto recibidos llega a un déficit como porcentaje del PIB imposible de financiar, considerando los niveles de deuda que el país está alcanzando, requiriendo un esfuerzo adicional de todos los sectores del país para lograr una solución sostenible.
Realizando un gran esfuerzo en cuanto asignación de gasto y considerando la necesidad de personal manifestada mediante sus oficios de remisión del anteproyecto, se autoriza el financiamiento de 200 plazas en total, incluidos los solicitados para la transferencia a SINAC, sin embargo es importante indicar que su Ministerio no remitió las solicitudes para el respectivo estudio ante la Secretaria Técnica de la Autoridad Presupuestaria (STAP) que permitiera realizar una valoración para la aprobación de las plazas, según lo establecido en el oficio DM-853-2016.
Por todo lo anterior es urgente y necesario que el proyecto de su representada sea rebajado en ¢9.500,0 millones, por lo que se mantiene un extralímite de ¢4.234.5 millones, para ello debe considerar los porcentajes de ejecución observados en años anteriores así como, el comportamiento de remuneraciones y contribuciones sociales que respondan a las necesidades reales de la institución y del Gobierno.
El proceso de formulación se encuentra en su etapa final por lo que le solicito remitir a más tardar tres días hábiles a partir del recibo del presente oficio, la rebaja al proyecto de su ministerio, a la Dirección General de Presupuesto Nacional con el detalle tanto del gasto como de la relación de puestos si corresponde, incluidos los ajustes que se requieran en la programación presupuestaria que deriven de la rebaja efectuada.” (prueba aportada).
f. El Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, mediante oficio DM-707-2016 de 9 de agosto de 2016, le indicó al Ministro de Hacienda:
“En cumplimiento del oficio DM-1527-2016 como ampliación del Oficio DM-524- 2016; así como en el marco de la normativa vigente, sírvase encontrar adjunto el Anteproyecto de Presupuesto (EXTRALIMITE) del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía para el ejercicio económico del año 2017, por la suma de ¢4.234,5 millones de colones, información que ya ha sido ingresada al Sistema de Formulación Presupuestaria.
La presente solicitud se encuentra estructurada según el Programa Presupuestario asociado, como se detalla a continuación:
1.1) Para la inclusión de 21 plazas nuevas, para diversas dependencias del Programa 879: Actividades Centrales incluyendo OCDE; cuyo gasto estimado asciende a la suma de ¢ 408,5 millones. Dicha estimación incluye los gastos asociados de cargas sociales incapacidades y riesgos del trabajo.
1.2). Transporte al exterior por la suma de ¢42.9.millones.
1 .3) Viáticos al exterior por la suma de ¢36,2 millones, 1.4). Información por la suma de ¢1 ,1 millones.
1.5). Indemnizaciones por la suma de ¢31,8 millones para cubrir resoluciones por sentencias judiciales.
1.6) Transferencia corriente a la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE); por la suma de ¢5,9 millones.
1.7) Transferencias corrientes para el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, por la suma de. ¢1.503,2 millones, para cubrir el traslado de puestos del Fondo de Parques Nacionales a financiamiento por medio de la transferencia MINAE. Lo anterior en cumplimiento a las metas de Resultado 1.8.1.1 contenido en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, Alberto Cañas Escalante.
1.8) Transferencia al Parque Marino del Pacifico, por la suma de ¢50,0 millones, para hacer frente a la reparación del Módulo Didáctico, en el cual se ubican cuatro aulas para fines educativos, donde se imparten charlas, talleres y capacitaciones a diversidad de grupos sociales, dentro de los que se pueden citar estudiantes de kínder, primaria y secundaria, hasta grupos organizados de adulto mayor o bien grupos de personas como pescadores que solicitan espacios para reunirse y tratar diversidad de temas de interés. Comprende también mantenimiento al Módulo de Acuario, el cual que es la mayor atracción del Parque Marino, con una visitación de más de 40.000 visitantes anualmente, tanto extranjeros como nacionales. Lo anterior en virtud de que el paso del tiempo y las condiciones del clima los han deteriorado, haciéndose urgente el cambio de las piezas metálicas más deterioradas, la reparación de las cerchas, techo y pintar el edificio, dado que durante la época lluviosa se filtra el agua lo que puede provocar además de las goteras, el desprendimiento de láminas de gypsum en el interior del acuario y poner en riesgo al público y a los funcionarios del Parque.
2. Extralimite para el Programa 887, Dirección de Agua, por las suma de ¢ 1.645,5 millones, debido a las siguientes razones (Anexo 2):
2.1) Incorporación de la suma de ¢619,6 millones, que se financiaran con recursos sanos depositados en la cuenta de Captación de Ingresos MINAE en Caja Única. No.73911121900037970, que corresponden al superávit del 2015 y cierre de Hacienda Pública de la Cuenta Especial IMN - Dirección de Aguas, los cuales deben incorporarse al Presupuesto Ordinario según oficio DFOE-AE-038-013 y DE-0136-2014. Dichos recursos se destinaran a financiar la tercera etapa del Proyecto "Contratación para la Asistencia Técnica y Fortalecimiento institucional para la Implementación de un Monitoreo y Evaluación de Aguas Subterráneas y un Sistema de Información para la Gestión integrada de los Recursos Hídricos" el cual se está desarrollando con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo -PNUD-. Se pretende ampliar el ámbito de información que se compartirá con diversas instituciones involucradas con el sector Hídrico, adicionalmente de fortalecer tecnológicamente a las unidades hidrológicas de dicha Dirección.
2.2) .La suma de ¢967,3 millones en la subpartida 50201. Edificios, los cuales se solicitó mediante oficio DM-696-2016 trasladar la misma subpartida del Programa 879: Actividades Centrales.
2.3) La suma de ¢58,6 millones en la subpartida 10403. Servicios de Ingeniería para contratar consultoría para el mejoramiento y recuperación de la Cuenta Río Virilla (DM-696-2016).
3. Extralimite del Programa 889: Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, por la suma de ¢286,6 millones para financiar la creación de 18 plazas nuevas, (Anexo No.3). 4) Extralimite para el Programa 890: Dirección General de Hidrocarburos, Transporte y Comercialización de Combustibles, por la suma de ¢137,0 millones para la creación de 7 plazas por las siguientes razones (Anexo 4).
g. Para el año 2016, el SINAC tuvo 1.192 plazas autorizadas (1.173 de cargos fijos y 19 por servicios especiales), de conformidad con el acuerdo Nº 11337 tomado por la Autoridad Presupuestaria en la Sesión Ordinaria Nº 6-2016 de 30 de mayo de 2016 y comunicado con el oficio STAP-1 183-2016 de 13 de junio de 2016 (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
h. Para el 11 de agosto de 2016, el SINAC (del total de 1.173 plazas por cargos fijos) contaba con 237 plazas (367 plazas según certificación en oficio SINAC-SE-GDRH-832 de 10 de noviembre del 2014, menos 130 plazas trasladadas al Fondo SINAC, por medio del Presupuesto Extraordinario No. 01-2016) que eran financiadas por el Fondo de Parques Nacionales. Por lo anterior, al ser recursos propios de la entidad, no les aplica el artículo 12 de la Directriz Presidencial Nº 023-H que afecta únicamente a aquellos puestos que se financien con transferencia de Gobierno (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
i. Para el tercer trimestre de 2016, el SINAC reportó 27 plazas vacantes, de las cuales iba a utilizar 3 plazas por aplicación del artículo 12 (15%) de la Directriz Presidencial Nº 023-H (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
j. La Autoridad Presupuestaria, mediante el acuerdo No. 11488 tomado en la Sesión Ordinaria No. 08-2016 del 27 de julio de 2016, autorizó la utilización de 9 plazas vacantes a partir del 1º de agosto de 2016 (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
k. Durante el periodo de vigencia de las Directrices Presidenciales No. 009-H (derogada) y No. 023-H (III trimestre 2014-II trimestre 2016), el SINAC informó un total de 69 plazas vacantes (congeladas), de las cuales utilizó 19 por aplicación del 15% establecido en el artículo 12 de la directriz y la Autoridad Presupuestaria le autorizó la utilización de 35 plazas vacantes con fundamento en el artículo 13 de la misma normativa, con lo cual el SINAC ha podido utilizar un total de 54 plazas vacantes, lo que representa el 78,26% del total de plazas que le han quedado vacantes durante el periodo de análisis (informe del Ministerio de Hacienda).
l. En el 2017 se mantienen los recursos que provienen del Presupuesto Nacional dentro de la transferencia asignada al SINAC (¢1.510,00 millones otorgados para el financiamiento de las 130 plazas señaladas para guardaparques) (informe del Ministro de Hacienda).
a. El Director Regional del Área de Conservación Arenal Tempisque, mediante oficio SINAC-ACAT-D-100-2017 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
“(…)tanto el CORACAT como el CONAC han hecho notar las limitaciones que existen, y nuestros jerarcas también conocen y son conscientes de la falta de recursos, y han hecho gestiones para tratar de resolver la situación.
(…)Si se reconoce que actualmente pese a las gestiones indicadas en el punto anterior no se cuenta con el total de los recursos para la implementación de todas las actividades en el plan de manejo.
(…)Finalmente, esta dirección es consciente de la falta de recursos y personal que existe en todas las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del país, eso conlleva a tener poca capacidad de respuesta a toda la problemática ambiental que vive el país. Sin embargo, se ha hecho notar la preocupación y se han realizado acciones del más alto nivel con el fin de buscar mejorar las condiciones actuales" (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
b. El Director del Área de Conservación Arenal Guanacaste, mediante oficio ACG-SECT-11-2-17 de 21 de marzo del 2017, indicó:
"(…)
Es imponente señalar que la mayoría de estas reparaciones y/o remodelaciones, han sida posible gracias al esfuerzo directo del ACG, en conseguir fondos por medio de ONG, que apoyan la gestión y cooperan en las mejoras respectivas.
Para lo que resta de este año 2017 se espera seguir realizando, mejoras importantes en diferentes puestos operativos ubicados en el ASP, gracias a la ayuda de estas donaciones de ONG amigas.
(…)” (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
c. El Director Regional a.i. del Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte indicó lo siguiente:
"a) (…)
En cuanto a vehículos, hay deficiencia en un vehículo todo terreno, para hacerle frente a los distintos procesos que nos compiten, y que en estos momentos no podemos cumplir con varios de las obligaciones del RNVSMM.
Aunque bien sabemos que es un problema del ACAHN, en general y no específico de Maquenque.
En el caso del Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal :
El Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal con una extensión de 12.080 ha y una zona de amortiguamiento de 42.653,31 ha, cuenta en la actualidad con 6 funcionarios para atención de todos las programas que en el Plan de Manejo dispone para gestionar, manejar y conservar el PNVA asegurando el uso sostenible de los servicios ecosistémicos.
En el plan de manejo del PNVA 2012-2020, el personal requerido para cumplir con una óptima gestión con el objetivo de creación del área silvestre protegida es para un total de 20 funcionarios, siendo la realidad menos de la mitad con los que se cuenta.
A ello algunas unidades de los programas que contiene el plan de manejo no se han implementado (investigación, tenencia de la tierra, producción sostenible), otras están a medias (educación ambiental gestión de riesgo) y la que actualmente se le da más tiempo absorbiendo las anteriores (unidad administrativa y la de turismo) ya que el personal que tiene actualmente el PNVA apenas alcanza para realizar labores de atención al turista en las dos zonas de uso público que tiene el ASP. Las labores de control y protección que se realizan son mínimas y esto se debe a que la labor de cobro de entradas a visitantes consume al personal la mayor parte del tiempo.
(…)
En el caso del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixta Caño Negro.
El Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Caño Negro con una extensión de 9969 ha, cuenta en la actualidad con 7 funcionarias para atención de todos los programas que en el Plan de Manejo dispone para gestionar, manejar y conservar el RNVSMCN asegurando el uso sostenible de los servicios eco sistémicas.
En el plan de manejo del RNVSMCN 2012-2020, el personal requerido para cumplir con una óptima gestión con el objetivo de creación del área silvestre protegida es para un total de 27 funcionarios.
En el caso del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque.
El Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque con una extensión de más 58.000 ha, cuenta en la actualidad can 3 funcionarios para atención de todos los programas. En cuanto a la Gestión del ASP es difícil con tres funcionarios articular actividades extra, a las que cotidianamente realizamos, en Control y Protección, llámese Gestión Comunitaria, aunado a que este año estamos enfocados en terminar el proceso del nuevo Plan de Manejo.
En el caso del Parque Nacional del Agua Juan Castro Blanco.
Cuenta con una extensión de 14500 ha, cuenta en la actualidad con 3 funcionarios para atención de todos los programas y para dar una atención básica a los diferentes procesos se requiere al menos 8 funcionarios.
(…)” (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
d. La Directora Regional del Área de Conservación Tortuguero, mediante oficio SINAC-ACTO-DIR-109-2017 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
“(…) Es evidente, que existen necesidades o situaciones por mejorar, similar a todas las instituciones públicas del Estado y como la gran mayoría, adolecemos de personal para cumplir al cien por ciento con las obligaciones de protección a las Áreas Protegidas.
(…) No es responsabilidad del SINAC o bien de los Directores de las Áreas de Conservación, pues constantemente se externa la urgencia de contar con mayor personal para cubrir nuestras áreas de trabajo.
Nuestra Área de Conservación (institución y funcionarios), a pesar de las diferentes necesidades y escases (sic) de personal, durante la última década (2010 a 2017), ha venido realizando un gran esfuerzo en la protección del Patrimonio Natural del Estado, donde se han presentado más de 80 denuncias penales por usurpación de terrenos del Estado, en donde aproximadamente unas 50 denuncias están en trámite en los diferentes despachos judiciales y en la mayoría que han concluido, se ha dispuesto que los bienes regresen a su estado natural, ordenando demoliciones de las obras construidas ilegalmente.
Si bien es cierto, existe una gran necesidad de personal, se han tomado decisiones administrativas para mejorar las condiciones laborales de los funcionarios actuales en aspectos tales como: infraestructura, vehículos, equipo acuático, equipo de patrullaje en montaña, viáticos, computadoras, uniformes, capas, sombreros protectores solares, repelentes; entre otros.
(…)
Es cierto que la cantidad de guardaparques para cuidar la totalidad de las áreas protegidas es insuficiente y que el porcentaje que debe cuidar cada guardaparque es desproporcional. Sin embargo, a la fecha no se han tenido que cerrar centros operativos (…) (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
e. La Directora a.i del Área de Conservación Osa, mediante oficio SINAC-ACOSA-D-132-2017 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
"(…)
El Parque Nacional Corcovado cuenta con plan de manejo bajo la resolución R-SlNAC-CONAC-12-2012. Plan de manejo del Parque Nacional Corcovado. Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. LG No. 144, 26-07-12, además cuenta con un plan de control y protección del 2013, donde se identifican la amenazas del Parque Nacional Corcovado (Ver la Gaceta y el plan de control 2013).
Con respecto a todos los problemas que tiene el parque nacional corcovado (sic) debo indicar que desde el 2013 se han venido realizando acciones de control y protección en forma permanente como operativos de control y protección en todo el Parque Nacional. Que para fortalecer las acciones de control y protección en forma permanente como operativos de control y protección en todo el Parque Nacional Corcovado y la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce y protección en al Parque Nacional Corcovado y la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, se ha venido realizado (sic) operativos especiales de control para contrarrestar los ilícitos y daños ambientales por las actividades de extracción de oro ilegal, cacería ilegal y corta de árboles en forma ilegal, se han realizado 7 operativos de control con funcionarios guardaparques y fuerza pública; como son los operativos oro verde I y ll en el 2013, Montaña Amarilla l y ll, operativo especial con la Escuela Nacional de Policía en el 2014 y Operativo Águila Arpía y Semana Santa en el 2015. (…)
En los últimos cuatros años el Parque Nacional Corcovado realizo (sic) acciones de prevención y control contra la tala ilegal de 625 patrullajes terrestres, 34 patrullajes marinos, atendió 34 quejas ciudadanas (Parque es un área protegida del Estado y no hay ocupantes ni propietarios) presento (sic) 54 denuncias y 14 hallazgos, más de 100 personas detenidas y pasadas a juicios penales, administrativos y flagrancia como también se han presentado 30 casos de flagrancia en la fiscalía de corredores. (Ver Ayuda de Memoria del informe de Gestión del Programa de Control).
Debo aclarar que para el año 2017 se han realizado varios operativos de control en el Parque Nacional Corcovado con fuerza pública de Corredores, Policía de Fronteras y el Grupo de Apoyo Operacional la GAO para prevención de delitos de narcotráfico y se viene trabajo en conjunto Ministerio de Seguridad Pública y Área de Conservación Osa.
En la actualidad el Parque Nacional Corcovado esta (sic) presentado (sic) una propuesta de plan de control y protección entre el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Ministerio de Seguridad Publica para fortalecer las acciones del Parque en los próximos 5 años, estamos en un proceso de fortalecimiento de presupuesto, equipo, plazas y apoyo de diversas instituciones del Ministerio de Seguridad Publica como Fuerza Pública, Policía de Fronteras, Servicio Nacional de Guarda Costas, Servicio de Vigilancia aérea para los próximos 5 años. (…).
Alegan los recurrentes la presencia de caza ilegal en los Parques nacional Corcovado y Humedal Nacional Térraba.
En lo que al Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe se refiere indica esta oficina mediante oficio SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017, que se ha atendido llamadas telefónicas de vecinos del HNTs en las cuales denuncian la cacería furtiva de animales silvestres así como la pesca con artes no autorizadas dentro del HNTS, más no se han realizado patrullajes ni atención de denuncias que impliquen movilidad acuática.
Con el tema de cacería ilegal en el Parque Nacional Corcovado sí se presenta cacería principalmente en el sector de la bajura, desde el 2013 el parque nacional Corcovado ha venido realizando acciones de control de esa Cacería con la instalación de un campamento llamado la bajura en el verano también existen centros operativos como los Planes y los Patos el personal realizan patrullajes para prevenir la cacería en esa zona principalmente evitar la cacería de chanchos de monte y felinos.
Obviamente el Parque Nacional Corcovado tiene denuncias de cacerías todos los años y la administración del Parque realizan acciones de control y prevención en este tema y como puede observarse en el mapa se identifican más de 100 acciones de control se realizan y están debidamente documentadas, georreferenciadas y archivadas en una base de datos Oficializadas que tiene el Área de Conservación Osa. La cacería es un fenómeno cultural de la sociedad costarricense y los delitos se presentan todos los años, no existen ninguna área protegida de este país que no tenga delitos de caza ilegal (…) y pero la administración ha tomado las medidas necesarias para su prevención. Por lo menos el Área de Conservación demuestra con datos técnicos y científicos de las acciones que realizan para atender esta problemática y parte de esa información se recopila y se resumen en los últimos 4 años en este mapa pero hay una base de datos que tiene registrados todos los informes de los funcionarias de corcovado que realizan estas acciones.
(…)
Reclaman los recurrentes inacción Estatal con respecto a la pesca ilegal que se da en los Parque Nacionales Marino Ballena, Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño, Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, RNVS Rio Oro y Peje Perro.
· Según el Informe SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017 indica que la base de datos del programa PPPC del ACOSA, en el Oficio ACOSA-PPCP-IG-UEM-006-14-O1-2016, se menciona un patrullaje al sector estuarino del HNTS con fecha de 14/01/2016, a partir de este momento y hasta la fecha no se han realizado patrullajes de control y protección al sector estuarino del HNTS. Sin embargo se realizaron dos inspecciones, la primera al sector palustrino en los alrededores de la laguna de sierpe, estero olla y estero azul y otra al sector lacustrino laguna sierpe con el fin de verificar la existencia de daños por quemas. Cabe resaltar que el hecho de que en este lapso de tiempo no se hayan realizado patrullajes acuáticos responde a la falta de equipo acuático en buen estado, la carencia de la documentación reglamentaria completa y vigente de las embarcaciones y la falta del curso de Zafarrancho de tres funcionarios de la patrulla de control y protección. (…).
· Según el Informe SINAC-ACOSA-PNMB-AD-00037-2017, el PNMB cuenta con lancha y motor pero hace falta la documentación legal para poder navegar, sí se han reportado indicios de pesca ilegal y en más de una ocasión se ha coordinado con guardacostas del sector Quepos, los cuales han prestado colaboración y se ha patrullado en conjunto.
· Según informe SINAC-ACOSA-RBIC-031-2017, la Isla cuenta con 5 funcionarios desde octubre del 2016, antes tenía 3 funcionarios, para abarcar 5600 hectáreas marinas y 320 hectáreas terrestres. Los oficios correspondientes de traslado de personal a la RBIC los tiene Recursos Humanos de ACOSA.
· Según el informe SINAC-ACOSA-FRVS-013-17 los Refugios Río Oro y Peje Perro.
Refugios Río Oro.
Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Pejeperro:
(…)
Refieren falta de protección y deterioro del patrimonio cultural en el HN Térraba Sierpe.
Informa el Administrador a.i del HNTS que actualmente existen personas no autorizadas habitando y haciendo uso del Patrimonio Natural del Estado. Se tiene conocimiento de personas que habitan las islas Garza y Violines, Boca Guarumal, sector (sic) que comprender (sic) esteros en el sitio llamado finca 20, en coordenadas planas Norte 315812 y 516828 Este Sistema Lambert Sur, no se descarta que existan más personas habitando y haciendo usos no autorizados del PNE en otros sectores del HNTS. Sin embargo el no contar con los medios de transporte acuático y el no contar con los 15 guardaparques requeridos imposibilita las acciones necesarias para atender estos problemas. En este momento se está trabajando en la formulación de tres denuncias por la afectación del PNE y una denuncia ya se encuentra en la Fiscalía Ambiental de Golfito. (ver informe SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017) (…)” (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
f. El Director Regional del Área de Conservación Tempisque, mediante oficio ACT-OR-DR-368-17 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
"En cuanto al personal del Área de Conservación Tempisque, el 80% de las plazas corresponde a personal destacado en oficinas subregionales o áreas silvestres protegidas, la cual es muy razonable en términos de la concentración del personal en actividades sustantivas, dentro y fuera de áreas protegidas. Por otra parte, la demanda de servicios por parte de la sociedad y como consecuencia de cambios en la legislación, tal como las modificaciones a la Ley de Vida Silvestre, Ley de Ostional, así coma el traspaso de 26 fincas por parte del INDER entre otras, así como el contar con un áreas protegidas relativamente pequeñas y dispersas, genera una mayor demanda de trabajo y por tanto, de personal. Otro detalle que se debe considerar es que el personal del ACT presenta una edad promedio de 50 años, lo cual lo coloca por arriba de la edad más productiva en cuanto a trabajo de campo se refiere. Al respecto, el ACT ha manifestado la necesidad de más personal para atender procesos sustantivos en diversos oficios y comunicaciones. Tan solo en la presente administración, se solicitó el disponer de más personal mediante los oficios ACT-OR-DR-1722-14, del 15 de diciembre de 2014 y ACT-OR-DR-0699-16, del 29 de junio de 2016.
En cuanto a la serie de amenazas que afectan las áreas protegidas y que se mencionan en el documento todas afectan en diferente medida distintas áreas protegidas, según su ubicación geográfica, extensión, puntos de acceso, cercanía a sitios turísticos, entre otros. En el caso del ÁCT muchas de ellas son abordadas en los planes de control y protección de las diferentes áreas protegidas. Así mismo, la atención de estos ilícitos son parte del trabajo cotidiano en nuestras áreas protegidas, de manera que algunas de ellas no es posible erradicar del todo, por lo que se pretende controladas o mitigarlas. Así mismo, el ACT ha participado activamente en la construcción de la estrategia de prevención, control y protección que ha venido desarrollando el SINAC en los últimos meses y de la cual se espera que se derive la compra de equipo tecnológico que permita una mejor prevención y atención de los delitos ambientales.
(…) De esta forma, el ACT dispone de tres embarcaciones entre 19 y 26 pies y otras pangas pequeñas, para operaciones marinas las cuales permiten la atención parcial en el sector marino de la Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, los refugios de vida silvestre Caletas-Arlo, Camaronal, Ostional, Cipancí y el Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas. Estos patrullajes son muy complejos por la cantidad y capacitación del personal que se requiere, el gasto en combustible, el costo de mantenimiento de las embarcaciones, la disponibilidad de sitios para un zarpe seguro y por el riesgo que implica el abordaje de embarcaciones en el mar, algunas de las que pueden estar vinculadas con el narcotráfico.(…) De esta manera el ACT cuenta con al menos 15 funcionarios los cuales poseen capacitación que les permite participar de operaciones de control y protección marina. Sin embargo, es necesario recordar que este personal también participa en actividades de Control y protección terrestre, distribuido en roles de un dos días de trabajo por uno de descanso, por lo que el personal efectivo en todo momento para control y protección se reduce sensiblemente.
Se debe reconocer que las necesidades de equipo tales como infraestructura como muelles, rampas para ascenso y descenso de embarcaciones, radares, equipos de visión nocturna, drones, GPS, teléfonos celulares, accesorios para la operación marina, mantenimiento preventivo de equipos y embarcaciones, entre otros, superan en mucho los recursos disponibles por parte del Estado.
(…)
En cuanto a la ocupación ilegítima, el ACT ha venido realizando importantes esfuerzos para regularizar las tierras patrimonio natural del Estado (PNE), al punto de que en sitios como el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Ostional, Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Cipancí, Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mata Redonda, Parque Nacional Diriá y el Humedal Palustrino Corral de Piedra se dispone de mapas catastrales razonablemente actualizados, que permiten conocer el estado de tenencia de la tierra e implementar medidas para resolver los casos de tenencia ilegítima de la tierra, tal como se está haciendo en este momento.” (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
g. La Directora de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe, mediante oficio SINAC-ACLA-P-D-089-2017 de 21 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
“... El Área de Conservación Amistad Caribe (ACLAC), cuenta con 12 ASP, de las cuales solo cinco ASP se atienden con presencia institucional y de estás las que cuentan con PGM se encuentran en procesos de actualización y desarrollo específicamente en cuatro áreas silvestres y un PGM que esta oficializado: Parque Internacional La Amistad (PILA vigente y oficializado); Parque Nacional Barbilla, Parque Nacional Cahuita, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo y la Reserva Biológica Hotoy Cerere, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca- Manzanillo (en actualización y revisión).
Las otras ASP en donde no tenemos presencia de personal son: Zona Protectora Río Banano, Zona Protectora Rio Siquírres, Reserva Forestal Pacuare, Reserva Forestal Pacuare-Matina y Humedal Cariari.
Problemas en ASP. Se evidencia la problemática en la atención y protección de los recursos naturales, por el escaso o nulo personal para las ASP-ACLAC, donde diariamente se ve amenazado por diversas causa tales como: la cacería, la pesca, turismo no regulado, crimen organizado, narcotráfico, tráfico ilegal de animales silvestres, contaminación de ríos de nuevos tortugas y tortugas marinas, asalto a visitantes, deforestación, invasión, presión de frontera agrícola, entre otros.
Problemática en los puestos de las ASP : Condiciones deficientes de las Instalaciones y equipo-materiales, vehículos, embarcaciones, botes, entre otros para el trabajo que debe desarrollar y que por ley están en la obligatoriedad el personal de ASE, poco o nulo personal en los puestos, para la atención de visitantes y las instalaciones se encuentran en deficientes condiciones. Se tiene órdenes sanitarias en todos los puestos por parte del Ministerio de Salud.
Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere: Existe escaso o nulo personal y existe invasión e (sic) ocupación ilegítima en los terrenos de la Reserva, y se tienen instalaciones en deficientes condiciones. Parque Nacional Barbilla: Cuenta con instalaciones de uso público deficiente, invasión, problemas serios de agua potable, poco personal o nulo y no tiene condiciones para la atención de visitantes en los senderos identificados.
(…)
De lo anterior el ACLAC, ha realizado esfuerzos para la atención de algunas de las necesidades, pero existen innumerables procedimientos que cada vez son más complicados y que limitan o paralizan cualquier gestión de mejora de las condiciones en general de las ASP, aunado a que lo poco que se ha desarrollado, ha sido por medio de alianzas estratégicas nacionales y locales o bien por el apoyo de préstamos.
No omito manifestar que a pesar que se genera todo un ejercicio para solventar las necesidades, los recursos, equipo y materiales, llegan en momentos totalmente inadecuados y a destiempo y no se logra de manera inmediata la atención y la mejora de las condiciones en las ASP y de los guardaparques” (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
h. El Director a.i de la Dirección Regional del Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico, mediante oficio SINAC-ACLACP-D-089-2017 de 21 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
"(…) el Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico a nivel del Comité Científico Técnico se dio a la tarea de realizar la actualización del Diagnóstico situacional del recurso humano y propuesta de necesidad de personal para el AGLA-P, esto a solicitud del Consejo Regional de dicha AC.
En la actualidad se está actualizando dicho análisis, a solicitud del mismo órgano colegiado, incluyendo un análisis de riesgo de la gestión institucional debido a la limitada cantidad de personal que dispone al ACLAP para poder cumplir con sus responsabilidades.
Lamentablemente es cierto que existen problemas de cacería, turismo ilegal ocupación humana irregular y crimen organizado dentro de las ASP liderado por las personas que cultivan y trasiegan marihuana dentro del ASP, tal es el caso de los Parques Nacionales Chirripó e Internacional La Amistad.
Es necesario evidenciar en otra orden de cosas, que en los últimos tres años el SINAC con el apoyo del Programa Costa Rica por Siempre ha realizado un gran esfuerzo para elaborar los planes de manejo de la mayoría de los parques nacionales del país.
Es cierto que la cantidad de guardaparques es insuficiente para proteger el vasto territorio de las ASP que administra el ACLAP, y también es cierto que se han debido cerrar algunos puestos como el Humo en Pejibaye de Jiménez, Tres Colinas en Tres Colinas de Potrero Grande de Buenos Aires y recientemente, nos quemaron el Puesto El Progreso, en la Zona Protectora Las Tablas, debido a la escases de personal para su custodia.
Es cierto que las principales infraestructuras ubicas en las ASP del ACLAP se realizaron por un proyecto de donantes en el año 1997, con recursos de GEF.
(…)
Es cierto que se requiere más equipamiento para los guardaparques para el desempeño de sus funciones, principalmente en lo que se refiere a equipos de seguridad personal como chalecos antibalas y armas modernas, adecuadas a las exigencias de seguridad actuales.
(…)” (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
i. El Director Regional a.i del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, mediante oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-D-164-2017 de 21 de marzo del 2017, indicó:
“ (…)
En cuanto a embarcaciones debido al tipo de operativos que se realizan sí es necesario contar con al menos una en cada una de estas áreas silvestres dado que cada una tiene un componente acuático y/o marino. En la referente a vehículos, se requieren al menos 2 vehículos doble tracción en el Parque Nacional Carara, 2 vehículos eléctricos en Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio y uno para el estero Humedal Estero Puntarenas.
En el caso del Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio.
En esta Área Silvestre laboran hoy 18 personas, por la carga de trabajo y la atención de al menos 400 000 turistas al año, se requieren al menos 20 personas más atinentes para desarrollar cada una de las tareas que se realizan. El plan de manejo existente prevé que para el 2018 se cuenta con 62 personas.
En lo dicho por los recurrentes hablan de tala en esta área silvestre situación que no es cierto, lo que sí hay son terrenos que cuando se amplió el Parque en el 2003 estaban sembrados de palma y en estas momentos el área de conservación realiza gestiones para liberar estas áreas. (…)
Parque Nacional Carara.
Esta área silvestre protegida, cuenta con un plan de manejo en el cual se determina que la cantidad de funcionarios que deben haber son 43 en la actualidad se cuenta con 10. El personal requerido debe al menos duplicarse en un corto plazo dado que en esta área silvestre existe mucho problema de casería (sic) y extracción ilegal de productos del bosque, además poco se interactúa con la sociedad civil (…).
Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala.
En esta área silvestre laboran 5 funcionarios, está en proceso de aprobación un plan de manejo. En el plan de manejo del RNVSMCN 2016-2020, el personal requerido para cumplir con una óptima gestión con el objetivo de creación del área silvestre protegida es para un total de 27 funcionarios. En este momento es urgente la asignación de al menos 3 personas más. (…)
Humedal Estero Puntarenas.
Esta área silvestre es la que mayores problemas tiene, dado que ha sido y sigue siendo invadida por personas que van eliminando el mangle para introducir cultivos agrícolas e infraestructura. Esta área silvestre no tiene a la fecha una estructura administrativa que se dedique a la atención de este importante ecosistema. Además no tiene plan de manejo, no cuenta con equipo ni personal que se dedique a tiempo completo a labores de control y protección. Para por lo menos atender el programa de control y protección se requieren al menos 5 personas un vehículo y una embarcación.
Existen otras áreas silvestres protegidas en esta área de conservación que de igual manera requieren ser atendidas integralmente dado que los daños que ocasionan en algunos casos son irreparables.
En el siguiente cuadro se muestran las áreas silvestres inmersas en ACOPAC, su área total y el nivel de gestión que se realiza a través de esta de conservación. (…)
j. El Director a.i de la Dirección Administrativa Financiera del Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, mediante oficio SINAC-ACMC-DAF-177-2017 de 21 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
“(…)
3. Es importante rescatar que el PNIC cuenta con personal insuficiente de acuerdo con lo planteado en el plan de manejo de esta Área Protegida, sin embargo, es imposible asegurar que esta falta de personal en el PNIC propicie la actividad de narcotráfico. Es claro, que nuestras actividades para el control y protección de los recursos naturales y culturales se circunscriben directamente al área protegida y relacionado con la temática ambiental. Es pertinente recalcar en este punto, que el control de actividades ilícitas relacionadas al narcotráfico y de seguridad nacional es una competencia directa del Ministerio de Seguridad Pública.
4. Para el 2016 con la adjudicación de presupuesto ordinario se realizó la compra de tres embarcaciones y seis motores fuera de borda para la gestión del área protegida y del mismo modo se adquirió a través de la campaña todos a bordo una embarcación tipo eduardoño de 32" pies de eslora la cual funciona para realizar intersecciones en mar como un refuerzo a las actividades de control y protección. Además se realizó el mantenimiento preventivo de la embarcación Cocos Patrol y se está gestionando la donación de un motor nuevo para esta embarcación. Aunado a lo anterior para el año 2017 se tiene estimado una inversión aproximada a los 80 millones de colones para mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo de embarcaciones.
5. Actualmente el Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, cuenta con un total de 31 funcionarios de los cuales diez funcionarios laboran en la oficina regional del Área de Conservación y veinte y un (sic) funcionarios laboran en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, que laboran con roles de 30 días por 22 libres. Según el Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco se requiere de un total de 34 funcionarios, motivo por el cual aún se tiene con un faltante de 16 funcionarios para la adecuada gestión del Área Protegida.
(…)
6. Se considera que el PNIC cuenta al menos con el equipo para desarrollar la mayor parte de las actividades para la gestión del área protegida y en cada uno de sus componentes (Administrativo, control y protección, recursos naturales, turismo), no obstante, se hace la observación de que siempre son bastantes las necesidades existentes.
(…)
7. Actualmente el patrimonio cultural del PNIC, es un activo de todos los costarricenses que se encuentra parcialmente protegido, por la ya dada la categoría de manejo con que cuenta el Parque Nacional de este área protegida, incorporándose como un Elemento Focal de Manejo (EFM) en la actualización del plan de manejo del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, en el cual se han de establecer las estrategias y planes de acción para el manejo de este recurso" (informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
k. El Administrador del Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo del Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central indicó lo siguiente:
“ a) Señalan la falta de plan de manejo del Parque Nacional: Durante el 2016 se trabajó en la actualización del Plan de Maneja del Parque, con la participación de funcionarios del ASP y actores de la sociedad civil, se facilitó el proceso por medio de Onca Natural; y a principios de este año se le hizo revisión final y la aprobación del mismo, dicho Plan está diseñado para 10 años.
En este Plan se incorporaron 5 acciones estratégicas: Programa de Administración, Programa de Investigación y Monitoreo, Programa de Prevención, Protección y Control, Programa de Turismo Sostenible y Programa de Gestión Comunitaria, Educación Ambiental y Voluntariado.
También se indica en dicho Plan la cantidad idónea de personal para cumplir con la misión y visión propuestas en el Plan de Manejo, el cual establece 37 funcionarios. En la actualidad se cuenta con 16 funcionarios y se está a la espera del nombramiento de dos funcionarios más con el grado de técnico 1 de acuerdo con el manual de clases del Servicio Civil.
(…)
En cuanto a este punto si bien es un hecho que se da, para el caso del Braulio Carrillo si se revisan las estadísticas de denuncias interpuestas durante los últimos años en su mayoría son en las zonas de amortiguamiento del PNBC y muy pocas dentro del ASP.
Para el año 2016 se realizó reparación de la casta que se utiliza como paso sobre el río Peje (convenio OET-PNBC), así como el cambio de la tubería de agua potable (a través del Fondo de Concesiones), ambos en el Sector del Ceibo. También es imponente indicar que durante el año 2015 se realizaron varias mejoras tanto en el Sector del Volcán Barva (con presupuesto de SINAC), como fue la instalación de un portón en la entrada principal colocación de cerámica en la cocina del puesto de Guardaparques y mejoras en los servicios de uso público; y en el Sector del Ceibo (con presupuesto del Convenio entre OET-PNBC) se hizo el cambio del techo de la casa de funcionarios, confección de un nuevo tanque séptico y pintura exterior del Puesto. Para el caso del Sector de Quebrada González Se pintaron los techos de la casa de funcionarios y del centro de visitantes, así como la pintura exterior de dicho puesto y para este año y el otro se están asignando recursos para mejorar infraestructura en este Sector (cambio de tecno, remodelación de bodega, construcción de aula de Educación Ambiental y electrificación del Sector)" (Informe del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación).
l. El Departamento de Gestión Institucional de Recurso Humano, mediante oficio SINAC-DDGIRH-329 de 22 de marzo de 2017, indicó:
“1. Con respecto al escaso personal de protección con que cuenta la Institución se puede indicar:
Para atender lo indicado en el 4.5 del Informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, se elaboró el Plan de Acción que se adjunta.
Se pretende con la definición de criterios señalados por el ente Contralor, identificar la asignación de personal en las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, determinar el faltante de personal y llevar a cabo los ajustes que se estimen necesarios.
Se debe tomar en consideración que, a partir del año anterior, la institución cambió su enfoque de competencias por un enfoque en procesos, en virtud de lo cual, el CONAC ha instruido una Comisión que se encuentra realizando una propuesta de cargos institucionales, a partir de lo cual identificará al personal en el desempeño de cada uno de los cargos definidos y con ello determinar el faltante de personal para el desempeño de actividades de procesos identificados.
(…)
Es efectivamente cierto que el número de funcionarios destacados en las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas no es congruente con extensiones de territorio que deben proteger.
(…)
4. Sobre la cita de que desde 1998 se encuentra congelada la dotación de guardaparques, se puede hacer referencia al hecho de que entre el año 2007 y el 2008 se llevó a cabo la inclusión en el Régimen de Servicio Civil de 367 puestos que vinieron a brindar apoyo a la labor institucional. De los citados puestos, 174 pertenecían al Fondo de Parques Nacionales y 203 correspondieron a plazas cubiertas con recursos de otras fuentes de financiamiento que brindaban apoyo en las labores del SINAC.”
IV.Jurisprudencial sobre el derecho a un ambiente santo y ecológicamente equilibrado. Este Tribunal, en el voto Nº2011-3114 de las 9:03 horas de 11 de marzo de 2011 indicó:
“ II.- El derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El artículo cincuenta de la Constitución Política establece como fundamental el derecho de toda persona a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. De previo a la modificación de este artículo 50 para considerar de manera expresa lo relativo al ambiente, ya la Sala, a través de su labor jurisprudencial, había derivado este derecho a partir de las disposiciones constitucionales de los artículos 21 -derecho a la vida y a la salud-, 69 -explotación racional de la tierra- y 89 -protección de las bellezas naturales-. La Sala ha optado por una consideración abierta o macro del concepto ambiente y de la protección que se brinda al mismo, trascendiendo de la protección básica o primaria del suelo, el aire, el agua, los recursos marinos y costeros, minerales, bosques, diversidad de flora y fauna, y paisaje, para considerar también elementos referentes a la economía, a la generación de divisas a través del turismo, la explotación agrícola y otros. Así, mediante sentencia número 5893-095, de las nueve horas cuarenta y ocho minutos del 27 de octubre de 1993, la Sala estableció que:
“[E]l Derecho Ambiental no debe asociarse sólo con la naturaleza, pues ésta es ú nicamente parte del ambiente. La política de protección a la naturaleza se vierte también sobre otros aspectos como la protección de la caza, de los bosques, de los parques naturales y de los recursos naturales. Se trata, entonces, de un concepto macro-ambiental, para no dejar conceptos importantes por fuera y así lograr unificar el conjunto jurídico que denominamos Derecho Ambiental"
III.El deber del Estado en la tutela del ambiente. A partir de la reforma del artículo 50 constitucional, en la cual se consagró expresamente el derecho ambiental como un derecho fundamental, se estableció también -en forma terminante- la obligación del Estado de garantizar, defender y tutelar este derecho, con lo cual, el Estado se constituye en el garante en la protección y tutela del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. Es a tenor de esta disposición, en relación con los artículos 20, 69 y 89 de la Constitución Política, que se derivó la responsabilidad del Estado de ejercer una función tutelar y rectora en esta materia, según lo dispone la propia norma constitucional en comentario, función que desarrolla la legislación ambiental. Es así como el mandato constitucional establece el deber para el Estado de garantizar, defender y preservar ese derecho. En este orden de ideas, debe considerarse que la normativa establece al Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía como el órgano rector del sector de los recursos naturales, energía y minas, seg ún lo dispuesto en el artículo 2 de la Ley Orgánica de este ministerio, número 7152, de 4 de junio de 1990.
Esta función de rectoría en la materia ambiental, a criterio de la Sala, comprende no solo el establecimiento de regulaciones adecuadas para el aprovechamiento del recurso forestal y los recursos naturales, según lo dispone también el artículo 56 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, sino que le confiere la importante función de ejercer la rectoría en la materia ambiental, consistente en mantener un papel preponderante en esta materia. En este sentido, el control y fiscalización de la materia y actividad ambiental se constituye en una función esencial del Estado según lo dispuesto en el artículo 50 de la Constitución, en tanto dispone en lo que interesa en el párrafo tercero: "El Estado garantizará, defenderá y preservará ese derecho"; lo cual resulta concordante con el principio constitucional establecido en el párrafo segundo del artículo 9 de la Constitución Política, que expresamente prohíbe a los Poderes del Estado la delegación del ejercicio de funciones que le son propias, máxime cuando se constituyen en esenciales.
De esta manera, tratándose de la protección ambiental, las funciones de rectoría, control y fiscalización de la materia ambiental, corresponden al Estado, a cargo de las diversas dependencias administrativas.
(…)
V.La coordinación de las instituciones públicas en la protección integral al ambiente . Existe una obligación para el Estado -como un todo- de tomar las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente, a fin de evitar grados de contaminación, deforestación, extinción de flora y fauna, uso desmedido o inadecuado de los recursos naturales, que pongan en peligro la salud de los administrados. En esta tarea, por institución pública se entiende tanto a la Administración Central -Ministerios, como el Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía y el Ministerio de Salud, que en razón de la materia, tienen una amplia participación y responsabilidad en lo que respecta a la conservación y preservación del ambiente; los cuales actúan, la mayoría de las veces, a través de sus dependencias especializadas en la materia, como por ejemplo, la Dirección General de Vida Silvestre, la Dirección Forestal, y la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA)-, así como también las instituciones descentralizadas como el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, el SENARA, el Instituto Costarricense de Turismo o el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
Del mismo modo, en esta tarea tienen gran responsabilidad las municipalidades en lo que respecta a su jurisdicción territorial. Debido a la diversidad de actores que pueden intervenir, podría pensarse que esta múltiple responsabilidad provocaría un caos en la gestión administrativa. Por ello, a fin de evitar la coexistencia simultánea de esferas de poder de diferente origen y esencia, la duplicación de los esfuerzos nacionales y locales, así como la confusión de derechos y obligaciones entre las diversas partes involucradas, se hace necesario establecer una serie de relaciones de coordinación entre las diversas dependencias del Poder Ejecutivo y las instituciones descentralizadas, y entre éstas con las municipalidades, a fin de poder llevar a cabo las funciones que les han sido encomendadas. Esta Sala se ha referido ya al principio de coordinación de las dependencias públicas con las municipalidades en la realización de fines comunes, al señalar mediante sentencia número 5445-99, de las catorce horas treinta minutos del 14 de julio de 1999, que:
"[L]a coordinación es la ordenación de las relaciones entre estas diversas actividades independientes, que se hace cargo de esa concurrencia en un mismo objeto o entidad, para hacerla útil a un plan público global, sin suprimir la independencia recíproca de los sujetos agentes. Como no hay una relación de jerarquía de las instituciones descentralizadas, ni del Estado mismo en relación con las municipalidades, no es posible la imposición a éstas de determinadas conductas, con lo cual surge el imprescindible «concierto» interinstitucional, en sentido estricto, en cuanto los centros autónomos e independientes de acción se ponen de acuerdo sobre ese esquema preventivo y global, en el que cada uno cumple un papel con vista en una misión confiada a los otros. Así, las relaciones de las municipalidades con los otros entes públicos, sólo pueden llevarse a cabo en un plano de igualdad, que den como resultado formas pactadas de coordinación, con exclusión de cualquier forma imperativa en detrimento de su autonomía, que permita sujetar a los entes corporativos a un esquema de coordinación sin su voluntad o contra ella; pero que sí admite la necesaria subordinación de estos entes al Estado y en interés de éste (a través de la «tutela administrativa» del Estado, y específicamente, en la función de control la legalidad que a éste compete, con potestades de vigilancia general sobre todo el sector).” Por otro lado, las omisiones al deber de protección del ambiente y de cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental son de relevancia constitucional, por cuanto como consecuencia de la inercia de la Administración en esta materia, se puede producir un daño al ambiente y a los recursos naturales, a veces, de similares o mayores consecuencias que de las derivadas de las actuaciones de la Administración; como lo es la autorización de planes reguladores, o construcciones sin la aprobación del estudio de impacto ambiental por parte de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, o la falta de control y fiscalización en la ejecución de los planes de manejo de las áreas protegidas por parte de la Dirección General de Vida Silvestre del Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, el permitir el funcionamiento de empresas sin los permisos de salud en lo que respecta al tratamiento de aguas residuales -Acueductos y Alcantarillados y Ministerio de Salud-, o no verificar los controles sónicos en bares, restaurantes o centros de fiestas -municipalidades y Ministerio de Salud-. (…)” (énfasis agregado)”.
V.Sobre la acusada crisis en las áreas silvestres protegidas. En el sub lite, los recurrentes acuden a esta jurisdicción, toda vez que, según su criterio, el sistema de áreas protegidas se encuentra en crisis, ya que presenta problemas de deforestación, incendios, tráfico ilegal de especies, pesca ilegal, robo de huevos de tortugas, extracción ilegal de oro y narcotr áfico, entre otros; lo anterior ocurre debido a la falta de personal tanto administrativo como de protección, carencia de equipo e instalaciones y escasez de fondos. Acusan que el patrimonio natural y cultural de las áreas protegidas se encuentra en estado de abandono, y que los guardaparques son insuficientes y no cuentan con los medios necesarios para resguardarlos.
Del estudio de los autos, se colige que los recurrentes acusan una serie de problemáticas generalizadas en las áreas de conservación. Si bien en el memorial de interposición se enumera cantidad de afectaciones en los parques nacionales y zonas protegidas, resulta contrario a la naturaleza sumaria del amparo entrar a verificar en este proceso el estado actual de cada una de ellas, toda vez que, además de su numerosa cantidad, ello requiere de abundante prueba técnica y un contradictorio amplio, que no se puede dar en esta jurisdicción. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, se observa que los recurrentes plantean sus petitorias de manera integral, salvo en 2 casos específicos que se resolverán por aparte más adelante.
En el caso concreto, aunque no se pueda conocer con certeza el estado de cada área de conservación y sus distintas necesidades, no menos cierto es que consta en el expediente suficiente prueba para entrar a resolver por el fondo el asunto en los términos que de seguido se expondrán. En ese sentido, en los informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas (Ministro de Ambiente y Energía y Director Ejecutivo del SINAC) y en el informe DFOE-AE-IF-2014 de la Contraloría General de la República (respecto del cual al 23 de agosto de 2016 todavía no se hab ían cumplido sus disposiciones) se constató una serie de falencias en la atención efectiva de la áreas de conservación, lo que resulta de relevancia constitucional.
a. Sobre el Informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 de 15 de diciembre de 2014 de la Contraloría General de la República.
Al respecto, se tuvo por demostrado que la Contraloría General de la República, en el informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 de 15 de diciembre de 2014 sobre la “EFICACIA DEL SINAC EN LA CONSERVACIÓN Y EL USO SOSTENIBLE DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD DENTRO DE LAS ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS CONTINENTALES”, tuvo por objetivo analizar si el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación había proporcionado los recursos necesarios para el funcionamiento y consolidación de las áreas silvestres protegidas y si la articulación entre los actores vinculados en su gestión, aseguraban los resultados esperados en la conservación y el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad. Dicho informe analizó un total de 128 áreas silvestres protegidas continentales (incluidos parques naciones, reservas biológicas, refugios de vida silvestre, reservas forestales, zonas protectoras, humedales) y determinó la existencia de una gestión apenas moderada por parte del SINAC, en cuanto a la dotación de los recursos necesarios para el funcionamiento y consolidación de las áreas silvestres protegidas, lo cual pone en riesgo el logro de los objetivos de conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad.
En detalle, en el informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, según lo indicado bajo juramento por la autoridad recurrida, se constataron debilidades en cuanto a los insumos para el funcionamiento y consolidación de las áreas silvestres protegidas continentales, tales como: insuficiencia de recursos financieros disponibles para ejecutar actividades esenciales de las áreas protegidas; carencia de personal para atender las actividades esenciales; sedes administrativas inadecuadas a las necesidades de las áreas protegidas; áreas protegidas sin planes de manejo para orientar su gestión; poco avance en la consolidación territorial de las áreas protegidas; insuficiente control y protección en las áreas silvestres protegidas; y oportunidades de mejora en la atención a desastres y emergencias ambientales. Asimismo, se establecieron amenazas a la biodiversidad en las áreas silvestres protegidas continentales, como: insuficiente gestión de las amenazas a la biodiversidad en las áreas protegidas continentales; débil gestión del SINAC para el logro de objetivos relevantes en conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad; falta de integración de investigación y monitoreo de la biodiversidad a la gestión de las áreas protegidas; necesidad de potenciar el uso público acorde con la capacidad de las diferentes categorías de manejo; y débil implementación de instrumentos para asegurar el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad por parte de las comunidades locales y pueblos indígenas.
A pesar de que, en principio, no competería a la Sala verificar la ejecución y cumplimiento de un informe de la Contraloría General de la República, para los efectos de este proceso el informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 toma relevancia constitucional por las implicaciones ambientales que conllevarían las debilidades expuestas en él. Ahora, si bien para el momento en que la Contraloría General de la República rindió el informe (23 de agosto de 2016) todavía existían aspectos pendientes de cumplimiento, no menos cierto es que no consta en el expediente que el SINAC los haya atendido a cabalidad.
Por lo antes dicho, tal y como se ordenará en la parte dispositiva, la Contraloría General de la República deberá actualizar el estado de cumplimiento del informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 y, de acuerdo con los medios que le otorga el ordenamiento jurídico, requerir al SINAC la efectiva atención de las recomendaciones formuladas. Ante lo cual, el SINAC deberá, en los términos y plazos que disponga la Contraloría General de la República, cumplir con lo requerido.
b. Sobre la situación y las necesidades de las áreas silvestres protegidas, de acuerdo con el Sistema Nacional del Áreas de Conservación.
El Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, en el informe rendido ante esta Sala, refirió a los oficios suscritos por los directores de las distintas áreas de conservación.
Sobre el particular, se tuvo por demostrado que el Director Regional del Área de Conservación Arenal Tempisque, mediante oficio SINAC-ACAT-D-100-2017 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó: “(…) tanto el CORACAT como el CONAC han hecho notar las limitaciones que existen, y nuestros jerarcas también conocen y son conscientes de la falta de recursos, y han hecho gestiones para tratar de resolver la situación. (…)Si se reconoce que actualmente pese a las gestiones indicadas en el punto anterior no se cuenta con el total de los recursos para la implementación de todas las actividades en el plan de manejo. (…)Finalmente, esta dirección es consciente de la falta de recursos y personal que existe en todas las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del país, eso conlleva a tener poca capacidad de respuesta a toda la problemática ambiental que vive el país . Sin embargo, se ha hecho notar la preocupación y se han realizado acciones del más alto nivel con el fin de buscar mejorar las condiciones actuales " (El destacado no es original).
El Director Regional a.i. del Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte indicó: " a) (…) En cuanto a vehículos, hay deficiencia en un vehículo todo terreno, para hacerle frente a los distintos procesos que nos compiten, y que en estos momentos no podemos cumplir con varios de las obligaciones del RNVSMM. Aunque bien sabemos que es un problema del ACAHN, en general y no específico de Maquenque. b) (…) En el caso del Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal : (…) En el plan de manejo del PNVA 2012-2020, el personal requerido para cumplir con una óptima gestión con el objetivo de creación del área silvestre protegida es para un total de 20 funcionarios, siendo la realidad menos de la mitad con los que se cuenta. (…) el personal que tiene actualmente el PNVA apenas alcanza para realizar labores de atención al turista en las dos zonas de uso público que tiene el ASP. Las labores de control y protección que se realizan son mínimas y esto se debe a que la labor de cobro de entradas a visitantes consume al personal la mayor parte del tiempo.
(…) En el caso del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixta Caño Negro. En el plan de manejo del RNVSMCN 2012-2020, el personal requerido para cumplir con una óptima gestión con el objetivo de creación del área silvestre protegida es para un total de 27 funcionarios. En el caso del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque. En cuanto a la Gestión del ASP es difícil con tres funcionarios articular actividades extra, a las que cotidianamente realizamos, en Control y Protección, llámese Gestión Comunitaria, aunado a que este año estamos enfocados en terminar el proceso del nuevo Plan de Manejo. En el caso del Parque Nacional del Agua Juan Castro Blanco . Cuenta con una extensión de 14500 ha, cuenta en la actualidad con 3 funcionarios para atención de todos los programas y para dar una atención básica a los diferentes procesos se requiere al menos 8 funcionarios (…)” (parte del destacado no es original).
La Directora Regional del Área de Conservación Tortuguero, mediante oficio SINAC-ACTO-DIR-109-2017 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó:“(…) Es evidente, que existen necesidades o situaciones por mejorar, (…) adolecemos de personal para cumplir al cien por ciento con las obligaciones de protección a las Áreas Protegidas. (…) No es responsabilidad del SINAC o bien de los Directores de las Áreas de Conservación, pues constantemente se externa la urgencia de contar con mayor personal para cubrir nuestras áreas de trabajo. (…) Es cierto que la cantidad de guardaparques para cuidar la totalidad de las áreas protegidas es insuficiente y que el porcentaje que debe cuidar cada guardaparque es desproporcional. (…)” (parte del destacado no es original). La Directora a.i del Área de Conservación Osa, mediante oficio SINAC-ACOSA-D-132-2017 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó: " (…). En lo que al Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe se refiere indica esta oficina mediante oficio SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017, que se ha atendido llamadas telefónicas de vecinos del HNTs en las cuales denuncian la cacería furtiva de animales silvestres así como la pesca con artes no autorizadas dentro del HNTS, más no se han realizado patrullajes ni atención de denuncias que impliquen movilidad acuática.
(…) Parques Nacionales Marino Ballena, Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño, Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe, RNVS Rio Oro y Peje Perro. -Según el Informe SINAC-ACOSA-HNTS-066-2017 indica que la base de datos del programa PPPC del ACOSA, en el Oficio ACOSA-PPCP-IG-UEM-006-14-O1-2016, se menciona un patrullaje al sector estuarino del HNTS con fecha de 14/01/2016, a partir de este momento y hasta la fecha no se han realizado patrullajes de control y protección al sector estuarino del HNTS. (…) Cabe resaltar que el hecho de que en este lapso de tiempo no se hayan realizado patrullajes acuáticos responde a la falta de equipo acuático en buen estado, la carencia de la documentación reglamentaria completa y vigente de las embarcaciones y la falta del curso de Zafarrancho de tres funcionarios de la patrulla de control y protección. (…)- Según el Informe SINAC-ACOSA-PNMB-AD-00037-2017, el PNMB cuenta con lancha y motor pero hace falta la documentación legal para poder navegar, sí se han reportado indicios de pesca ilegal y en más de una ocasión se ha coordinado con guardacostas del sector Quepos, los cuales han prestado colaboración y se ha patrullado en conjunto.
(…) Refugios Río Oro. 1) Dicho RVS presenta una serie de amenazas como lo es la extracción de huevos de tortuga para la anidación de éstas es muy serio el problema, además de la pesca ilegal que es incontrolable por las limitantes descritas (…). 2) Ahora se tiene una amenaza muy peligrosa que es la presencia del narcotráfico en todo el entorno del RVS. Alrededor existen pistas clandestinas en propiedades privadas, que en los últimos años han servido para trasiego de drogas, además de la presencia embarcaciones con droga que hacen desembarco en cualquier punta, lo cual vuelve sumamente peligroso para atender las acciones y actividades en horas nocturnas sin personal del Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas o Fuerza Pública. (…) Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Pejeperro: 1) Este RVS tiene su mayor problemática respecto a la pesca ilegal utilizando equipo como atarrayas y otros que incumplen lo establecido en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre. 2) También es lugar de anidación de tortugas en una cantidad mucho menor al de Rio Oro, existiendo el saqueo de los nidos.
(…) Refieren falta de protección y deterioro del patrimonio cultural en el HN Térraba Sierpe. Informa el Administrador a.i del HNTS que actualmente existen personas no autorizadas habitando y haciendo uso del Patrimonio Natural del Estado. Se tiene conocimiento de personas que habitan las islas Garza y Violines, Boca Guarumal, sector (sic) que comprender esteros en el sitio llamado finca 20, en coordenadas planas Norte 315812 y 516828 Este Sistema Lambert Sur, no se descarta que existan más personas habitando y haciendo usos no autorizados del PNE en otros sectores del HNTS. Sin embargo el no contar con los medios de transporte acuático y el no contar con los 15 guardaparques requeridos imposibilita las acciones necesarias para atender estos problemas. En este momento se está trabajando en la formulación de tres denuncias por la afectación del PNE y una denuncia ya se encuentra en la Fiscalía Ambiental de Golfito (…)” (parte del destacado no es original) .
El Director Regional del Área de Conservación Tempisque, mediante oficio ACT-OR-DR-368-17 de 20 de marzo de 2017, indicó: “(…) En cuanto al personal del Área de Conservación Tempisque, el 80% de las plazas corresponde a personal destacado en oficinas subregionales o áreas silvestres protegidas, la cual es muy razonable en términos de la concentración del personal en actividades sustantivas, dentro y fuera de áreas protegidas. (…) Otro detalle que se debe considerar es que el personal del ACT presenta una edad promedio de 50 años, lo cual lo coloca por arriba de la edad más productiva en cuanto a trabajo de campo se refiere. Al respecto, el ACT ha manifestado la necesidad de más personal para atender procesos sustantivos en diversos oficios y comunicaciones. Tan solo en la presente administración, se solicitó el disponer de más personal mediante los oficios ACT-OR-DR-1722-14, del 15 de diciembre de 2014 y ACT-OR-DR-0699-16, del 29 de junio de 2016.
(…) Se debe reconocer que las necesidades de equipo tales como infraestructura como muelles, rampas para ascenso y descenso de embarcaciones, radares, equipos de visión nocturna, drones, GPS, teléfonos celulares, accesorios para la operación marina, mantenimiento preventivo de equipos y embarcaciones, entre otros, superan en mucho los recursos disponibles por parte del Estado. (…)” (parte del destacado no es original). La Directora de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe, mediante oficio SINAC-ACLA-P-D-089-2017 de 21 de marzo de 2017, indicó: “(…) Problemas en ASP . Se evidencia la problemática en la atención y protección de los recursos naturales, por el escaso o nulo personal para las ASP-ACLAC, donde diariamente se ve amenazado por diversas causa tales como: la cacería, la pesca, turismo no regulado, crimen organizado, narcotráfico, tráfico ilegal de animales silvestres, contaminación de ríos de nuevos tortugas y tortugas marinas, asalto a visitantes, deforestación, invasión, presión de frontera agrícola, entre otros.
Problemática en los puestos de las ASP: (…) Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere: Existe escaso o nulo personal y existe invasión e (sic) ocupación ilegítima en los terrenos de la Reserva, y se tienen instalaciones en deficientes condiciones. Parque Nacional Barbilla: Cuenta con instalaciones de uso público deficiente, invasión, problemas serios de agua potable, poco personal o nulo y no tiene condiciones para la atención de visitantes en los senderos identificados . (…)” (parte del destacado no es original). El Director a.i de la Dirección Regional del Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico, mediante oficio SINAC-ACLACP-D-089-2017 de 21 de marzo de 2017, indicó: " Respecto al supuesto abandono que sufren los parques nacionales y otras reservas equivalentes, tienen razón los amparados respecto a los escases (sic) de personal con que cuenta el SINAC por lo menos a nivel de ACLAP para atender todas las competencias que la ley establece respecto al manejo de las ASP.
En razón de lo anterior el Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico a nivel del Comité Científico Técnico se dio a la tarea de realizar la actualización del Diagnóstico situacional del recurso humano y propuesta de necesidad de personal para el AGLA-P, esto a solicitud del Consejo Regional de dicha AC. En la actualidad se está actualizando dicho análisis, a solicitud del mismo órgano colegiado, incluyendo un análisis de riesgo de la gestión institucional debido a la limitada cantidad de personal que dispone al ACLAP para poder cumplir con sus responsabilidades. Lamentablemente es cierto que existen problemas de cacería, turismo ilegal ocupación humana irregular y crimen organizado dentro de las ASP liderado por las personas que cultivan y trasiegan marihuana dentro del ASP, tal es el caso de los Parques Nacionales Chirripó e Internacional La Amistad . (…) Es cierto que la cantidad de guardaparques es insuficiente para proteger el vasto territorio de las ASP que administra el ACLAP.
(…). Es cierto que se requiere más equipamiento para los guardaparques para el desempeño de sus funciones, principalmente en lo que se refiere a equipos de seguridad personal como chalecos antibalas y armas modernas, adecuadas a las exigencias de seguridad actuales.” (parte del destacado no es original). El Director Regional a.i del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, mediante oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-D-164-2017 de 21 de marzo del 2017, indicó: “(…) En cuanto a embarcaciones debido al tipo de operativos que se realizan si es necesario contar con al menos una en cada una de estas áreas silvestres dado que cada una tiene un componente acuático y/o marino. En la referente a vehículos, se requieren al menos 2 vehículos doble tracción en el Parque Nacional Carara, 2 vehículos eléctricos en Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio y uno para el estero Humedal Estero Puntarenas. En el caso del Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio.
En esta Área Silvestre laboran hoy 18 personas, por la carga de trabajo y la atención de al menos 400 000 turistas al año, se requieren al menos 20 personas más atinentes para desarrollar cada una de las tareas que se realizan. El plan de manejo existente prevé que para el 2018 se cuenta con 62 personas. (…). Parque Nacional Carara. Esta área silvestre protegida, cuenta con un plan de manejo en el cual se determina que la cantidad de funcionarios que deben haber son 43 en la actualidad se cuenta con 10. El personal requerido debe al menos duplicarse en un corto plazo dado que en esta área silvestre existe mucho problema de casería (sic) y extracción ilegal de productos del bosque, además poco se interactúa con la sociedad civil (…). Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. En esta área silvestre laboran 5 funcionarios, está en proceso de aprobación un plan de manejo. En el plan de manejo del RNVSMCN 2016-2020, el personal requerido para cumplir con una óptima gestión con el objetivo de creación del área silvestre protegida es para un total de 27 funcionarios.
En este momento es urgente la asignación de al menos 3 personas más. (…) Humedal Estero Puntarenas. Esta área silvestre es la que mayores problemas tiene, dado que ha sido y sigue siendo invadida por personas que van eliminando el mangle para introducir cultivos agrícolas e infraestructura. Esta área silvestre no tiene a la fecha una estructura administrativa que se dedique a la atención de este importante ecosistema. Además no tiene plan de manejo, no cuenta con equipo ni personal que se dedique a tiempo completo a labores de control y protección. Para por lo menos atender el programa de control y protección se requieren al menos 5 personas un vehículo y una embarcación. (…)” (parte del destacado no es original). El Director a.i de la Dirección Administrativa Financiera del Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, mediante oficio SINAC-ACMC-DAF-177-2017 de 21 de marzo de 2017, señaló: “(…) 3.
Es importante rescatar que el PNIC cuenta con personal insuficiente de acuerdo con lo planteado en el plan de manejo de esta Área Protegida , sin embargo, es imposible asegurar que esta falta de personal en el PNIC propicie la actividad de narcotráfico. (…) 5. Actualmente el Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, cuenta con un total de 31 funcionarios de los cuales diez funcionarios laboran en la oficina regional del Área de Conservación y veinte y un (sic) funcionarios laboran en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, que laboran con roles de 30 días por 22 libres. Según el Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco se requiere de un total de 34 funcionarios, motivo por el cual aún se tiene con un faltante de 16 funcionarios para la adecuada gestión del Área Protegida (…). El Administrador del Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo del Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central indicó lo siguiente: “ a) (…) Durante el 2016 se trabajó en la actualización del Plan de Maneja del Parque (…)y a principios de este año se le hizo revisión final y la aprobación del mismo, dicho Plan está diseñado para 10 años.
(…) También se indica en dicho Plan la cantidad idónea de personal para cumplir con la misión y visión propuestas en el Plan de Manejo, el cual establece 37 funcionarios. En la actualidad se cuenta con 16 funcionarios y se está a la espera del nombramiento de dos funcionarios más con el grado de técnico 1 de acuerdo con el manual de clases del Servicio Civil. (…) (parte del destacado no es original) . Finalmente, el Departamento de Gestión Institucional de Recurso Humano, mediante oficio SINAC-DDGIRH-329 de 22 de marzo de 2017, afirmó: “1. Con respecto al escaso personal de protección con que cuenta la Institución se puede indicar: Para atender lo indicado en el 4.5 del Informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014, se elaboró el Plan de Acción que se adjunta. Se pretende con la definición de criterios señalados por el ente Contralor, identificar la asignación de personal en las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, determinar el faltante de personal y llevar a cabo los ajustes que se estimen necesarios.
Se debe tomar en consideración que, a partir del año anterior, la institución cambió su enfoque de competencias por un enfoque en procesos, en virtud de lo cual, el CONAC ha instruido una Comisión que se encuentra realizando una propuesta de cargos institucionales, a partir de lo cual identificará al personal en el desempeño de cada uno de los cargos definidos y con ello determinar el faltante de personal para el desempeño de actividades de procesos identificados. (…) Es efectivamente cierto que el número de funcionarios destacados en las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas no es congruente con extensiones de territorio que deben proteger (…)”.
Desde este panorama, se observa que los directores de las áreas de conservación han manifestado recurrentemente, que el personal con el que cuentan, es insuficiente. Si bien esta no es la vía para determinar con exactitud la cantidad de personal, equipo e instalaciones que requiere el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación para tutelar de manera adecuada el ambiente, sí se observa una problemática general expuesta por los directores y encargados, que evidencia falta de control y vigilancia sobre las áreas silvestres protegidas del país.
Al respecto, en la mayoría de las zonas protegidas se reconoció la existencia de ilícitos ambientales e incapacidad para prevenirlos o, eventualmente, atenderlos. Además, se hizo evidente que en razón de la carencia de personal no existe un debido control en las áreas silvestres protegidas. Todo lo cual resulta de relevancia constitucional, por cuanto este Tribunal ha considerado, tal y como se extrae de la jurisprudencia citada en el considerando anterior, que la política de protección a la naturaleza debe abordarse desde una perspectiva macro-ambiental.
Por lo cual, sí se ha optado por una tutela abierta del ambiente, la Sala no puede desconocer los elementos que muestran afectaciones constantes (aceptadas por las autoridades recurridas correspondientes) en las áreas de conservación.
Debe recordarse que de los numerales 20, 69, 50 y 89 de la Constitución Política se extrae, además de la consideración del derecho ambiental como un derecho fundamental, la obligación del Estado de garantizar, defender y tutelarlo, con lo cual el Estado se constituye en garante de la protección del ambiente y los recursos naturales.
Ahora, aunque la normativa legal establezca que el MINAE y el SINAC son las dependencias públicas encargadas de tutelar el ambiente, lo cierto es que consta en autos que el Ministro de Hacienda, cuando se le solicitaron plazas, indicó que en razón de la difícil situación fiscal del país no podía atender los requerimientos en su totalidad.
Si bien este Tribunal es consciente de las limitaciones de recursos que pueden existir para dotar al país de una protección ambiental óptima , no puede consentir que exista una omisión al deber de protección del ambiente, ya que pese a que se constatan problemas en las áreas de conservación, no se plantea una solución concreta para mitigarlos ni el periodo en el que se atenderán.
c. Conclusión en cuanto a la situación de las áreas silvestres protegidas.
Se concluye que existen suficientes elementos para tener por probado en esta vía, que las áreas silvestres protegidas requieren una intervención por parte de las autoridades competentes.
En razón de ello, lo procedente es que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, el Ministerio de Hacienda y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, como parte de la obligación estatal antes actual de las áreas de conservación y se tomen las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente, de tal forma que se puedan atender de manera efectiva y razonable las áreas protegidas que tiene el país. Se aclara que determinar la cantidad de personal o equipo necesario no se puede evacuar en esta vía, por lo que será responsabilidad de las autoridades competentes analizar si las necesidades que expusieron los directores de las áreas de conservación, se ajustan a la realidad de cada una de ellas.
Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva a las áreas de conservación en el país. En ese sentido, deben las autoridades condenadas, según lo que se dispondrá en la parte dispositiva, coordinar lo necesario a fin de que se elabore y ejecute, en el plazo de SESENTA MESES, un plan de control y protección de las áreas silvestres protegidas que garantice su vigilancia efectiva, de tal manera que se puedan prevenir y atender ilícitos ambientales en cada una, para la cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento.
d. Sobre los alegatos que se desestiman relacionados la situación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación.
Sin perjuicio de lo antes expuesto y de que se tomen en consideración en la estrategia que deben definir e implementar las autoridades recurridas, esta Sala no puede ordenar al MINAE en esta vía que se inicie la demarcación de los límites terrestres y marinos de todas las áreas protegidas, ya que para ello tendría que haber certeza de la condición de cada área, lo cual excede de la sumariedad del amparo.
En adición, es un extremo de legalidad, ordenar que todos los parques y reservas del país cuenten con su plan de manejo y desarrollo, lo cual además ya fue abarcado por el informe de la Contraloría General de la República antes mencionado.
Asimismo, no compete a este Tribunal intervenir para que se construya en las áreas de conservación la infraestructura adecuada para la atención de visitantes e investigadores en los parques y reservas con mayor potencial de visitación e investigación científica, ya que ello no es un asunto de constitucionalidad.
En adición, no corresponde a la Sala ordenar al Ministerio de Hacienda se hagan excepciones directrices ejecutivas ni tampoco que se autoricen nombramientos de plazas vacantes. Además, excede las competencias de este Tribunal ordenar que se incluyan en el presupuesto ordinario a determinada categoría de empleados en los términos que pretenden los recurrentes.
Finalmente, los recurrentes acusan que el SITRAMINAE le entregó un oficio al Presidente de la República y al MINAE desde octubre de 2015, pero no han recibido respuesta. Al respecto, del estudio del oficio no se desprende con claridad la existencia de alguna solicitud específica, sino que, más bien, se trata de una propuesta y, por tal razón, no se considera violentado algún derecho fundamental.
e. En cuanto a las peticiones que plantean los recurrentes sobre áreas de conservación específicas.
Los recurrentes solicitan se ordene al SINAC:
“(…) f) Lleve a cabo con el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública las gestiones que correspondan para que las y los guardaparques del P.N. Isla del Coco cuenten con los servicios de una patrullera para alta mar, que sea capaz de trasladarlos a la Isla y al Hospital de Puntarenas o Golfito, en caso de enfermedad o accidente, además de transportar alimentos, equipos y materiales, y sacar de la Isla las artes de pesca ilegales decomisadas. Alternativamente, que el Minae adquiera una embarcación de gran tamaño para este propósito y nombre al personal requerido para manejarla y mantenerla”.
Según lo anterior, se pretende que la Sala ordene al SINAC coordinar con el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública poner a su disposición una patrullera de altamar para los fines que indican y que, posteriormente, adquiera una embarcaci ón de gran tamaño.
Al respecto, cabe mencionar que es un asunto de legalidad determinar si se requiere o no comprar una embarcación con esas características para transportar alimentos, equipos o materiales y artes de pesca ilegales.
Asimismo, esta no es la vía para analizar si la embarcación que pretenden es la solución ideal para trasladar guardaparques ante una eventual enfermedad o accidente, por cuanto incluso, según la magnitud y naturaleza de los mismos, podría llevarse la atención médica al lugar o incluso coordinar la utilización de algún medio de transporte aéreo, ya que el recorrido en el mar es muy prolongado. Por tal razón, solicitudes de esta naturaleza con un requerimiento tan específico deberán plantearse en la vía ordinaria a fin de que se determine desde el punto de vista técnico su idoneidad.
Asimismo, requieren se ordene al SINAC:
“l) Gire las instrucciones que correspondan para eliminar la impunidad que existe actualmente con los pescadores ilegales del P.N. Isla del Coco, muchos de los cuales siguen pescando a pesar de haber sido denunciados previamente por pesca ilegal y por narcotráfico. Igualmente, para acelerar los procesos pendientes y evitar la impunidad de los delitos en tierra, que supera el 90% de las denuncias” .
Al respecto, se observa que lo pretendido por los recurrentes, si bien se refiere a un área de conservación en específico, fue planteado de manera abstracta, lo cual impide a este Tribunal entrar a valorar de forma concreta la transgresión de algún derecho fundamental. En todo caso, que un hecho denunciado quede impune o no es un aspecto que excede las competencias de la Sala, toda vez que ello tiene como consecuencia someter a un contradictorio las posiciones de las partes y evacuar prueba de forma amplia, situaciones que exceden la sumariedad del amparo.
Además, peticionan se ordene al SINAC:
“m) Lleve a cabo la coordinación que corresponda con el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, para expulsar del P.N. Corcovado y de la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, a los oreros, cazadores furtivos y deforestadores, que están devastando ambas áreas protegidas”.
Al respecto, este Tribunal, ante un recurso de amparo planteado por 5 recurrentes (los cuales también interpusieron el presente proceso), mediante sentencia 2017-641 de las 9:05 horas de 20 de enero de 2017, resolvió:
“Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a JULIO JURADO FERNÁNDEZ, en su condición de Director Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Área de Conservación (SINAC) del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, a ÓLGER MÉNDEZ FALLAS, en su condición de Director del Área de Conservación de Osa del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), a ÉDGAR E. GUTIÉRREZ ESPELETA , en su condición de Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, a HELIO FALLAS, en su condición de Ministro de Hacienda y a LUIS GUSTAVO MATA VEGA, en su condición de Ministro de Seguridad Pública; o a quienes ocupen sus cargos, que dentro del plazo de dos meses contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, coordinen lo pertinente para que se elabore y ejecute un plan que garantice la vigilancia y protección permanente del Parque Nacional de Corcovado y la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, contra las actividades ilegales de orería, caza, tala y robo de madera.
Asimismo, el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública deberá proceder de inmediato a realizar las actuaciones necesarias dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, para proveer la continuación del proceso de desalojo instaurado mediante expediente No. 3330-14, así como cualquier otro nuevo necesario para desalojar a los invasores dedicados a la orería, caza y tala ilegal.” Por lo anterior, deberán los recurrentes estarse a lo resuelto en esa sentencia y, en caso de que exista alguna inconformidad, deberán plantearla en ese expediente.
VI.Sobre los fondos que generan las áreas de conservación. Los recurrentes reclaman que los fondos producidos en las áreas de conservación no son invertidos en ellos directamente ni de forma proporcional a su visitación.
En cuanto a este aspecto, la Sala en sentencia Nº 2015-12955 de las 9:20 horas de 21 de agosto de 2015, determinó:
“ VI.- Sobre la administración de los ingresos y la inversión de fondos en el parque. El accionante manifiesta que la Administración no invierte en el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio los fondos que este produce. La Sala declara sin lugar este extremo, pues el correcto manejo de los fondos generados por dicho parque es un tema de legalidad. La parte puede plantear la cuestión en la vía ordinaria, si a bien lo tiene. ” Tomando en consideración el precedente citado, se hace notar que esta no es la jurisdicción idónea para determinar si desde el punto de vista legal, técnico o económico el manejo del presupuesto asignado ha sido el adecuado, ya que son aspectos de legalidad que deben ser evacuados en una vía plena y no sumaria como la del amparo. Ahora bien, si lo que pretenden los recurrentes es que se realice una investigación para comprobar el uso correcto de los fondos, deberán plantearlo ante las autoridades correspondientes en la vía ordinaria.
Por lo cual, como no existen razones para variar de criterio, se declara sin lugar este extremo.
VII.Sobre la clasificación de puestos de los guardaparques y la falta de pago de pluses que reclaman. En el sub examine, los recurrentes consideran vulnerados los derechos fundamentales de los guardaparques, toda vez que estiman que su puesto merece otra categorización en el Servicio Civil y no se les pagan pluses salariales propios de su cargo.
Sobre la creación de la categoría de puesto guardaparques en el Régimen del Servicio Civil se advierte que dicho aspecto constituye un asunto de mera legalidad, que debe ser ventilado en la vía ordinaria.
En cuanto a los pagos de pluses que supuestamente no se les cancela a los guardaparques, tampoco compete a este Tribunal determinar la procedencia o no de los mismos. Al respecto, este Tribunal, mediante resolución Nº2010-10312 de las 12:19 horas de 11 de junio de 2010, indicó:
“(…) estima la Sala que determinar si corresponde o no el incentivo del pago de disponibilidad, riesgo policial y dedicación exclusiva excede las competencias de este Tribunal, ya que, lejos de constituir un problema de constitucionalidad, es un asunto de legalidad que debe discutirse en vía administrativa o, en su defecto, en la jurisdiccional ordinaria correspondiente. Es menester recordar que la procedencia del recurso de amparo está condicionada no sólo a que se acredite la existencia de una turbación –o amenaza de turbación– a uno o más de los derechos o garantías contemplados en la Carta Política o en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos por el país; sino, además, a que se trate de una amenaza o quebranto directo y grosero, que, por su carácter apremiante, no permita esperar a que surtan efecto los remedios jurisdiccionales ordinarios. Esta última circunstancia pone de relieve el carácter eminentemente sumario del proceso de amparo, cuya tramitación no se aviene bien con la práctica de diligencias probatorias lentas y complejas, o con la necesidad de entrar previamente a examinar –con carácter declarativo– si existen en realidad o no derechos de rango infra constitucional que las partes citen como parte del elenco fáctico del recurso de amparo o del informe de ley, según sea el caso. ” Además, sobre la petición para el otorgamiento de comidas y bebidas gratuitas para los funcionarios que trabajen en áreas protegidas lejanas a los centros de población, así como capacitaciones o pólizas de vida para los guardaparques en general, al ser aspectos laborales no se puede entrar a decidir en esta vía sobre su procedencia o no.
Asimismo, excede a los alcances de esta jurisdicción, ordenar que se redistribuya de una determinada manera al personal que labora en las áreas protegidas. Tampoco atañe a la Sala ordenar se otorgue a los guardaparques defensa jurídica en los casos en que se encuentren acusados con ocasión al desempeño de sus funciones.
Por lo expuesto, se declara sin lugar lo peticionado por los recurrentes.
VIII.Sobre las condiciones en las que se encuentran los guardaparques en las áreas de conservación y el acceso al agua potable.
Los recurrentes reclaman que a los guardaparques no se les suministra el equipo ni los materiales necesarios para ejercer sus funciones, no tienen implementos para proteger su salud, no viven ni trabajan en condiciones adecuadas dentro de las zonas protegidas, y algunos no tienen acceso a agua potable. Asimismo, piden que, a efectos de garantizar el derecho fundamental de acceso al agua tanto de los visitantes como de los guardaparques, se ordene realizar pruebas de potabilidad en las áreas de conservación y, según los resultados, se garantice que el agua sea potable.
Sobre el particular, no es factible entrar a conocer sobre los implementos o materiales que solicitan a favor de los guardaparques para el ejercicio de sus funciones, toda vez que esta no es la vía para determinar su procedencia. Si estiman que necesitan toldos, repelentes, revólveres, chalecos antibalas, uniformes, teléfonos celulares, bebidas hidratantes, casas con aire acondicionado en determinados sectores, entre otras, deben plantear las gestiones que estimen pertinentes en la vía ordinaria administrativa o judicial. Además, no consta en autos denegatoria expresa de algún medicamento o vacuna (no fue alegado siquiera que se haya presentado previamente la solicitud), por parte de las autoridades competentes.
Tampoco le corresponde a esta Sala determinar ni la cantidad ni el tipo de vehículos, implementos o instalaciones que se requieren en cada área protegida, ya que debe existir un fundamento técnico que no se puede dilucidar en esta vía.
En adición, los recurrentes pretenden que se ordene al Ministerio de Salud obligar al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía que se les entregue a los guardaparques vestimenta, bloqueadores solares, medicamentos y condiciones adecuadas para prevenir el cáncer de piel; sin embargo, lo anterior deberán peticionarlo ante las autoridades competentes en la vía administrativa o, eventualmente, reclamarlo en la jurisdicción ordinaria.
En cuanto al estado de las casas de los guardaparques, no fue alegado ni probado por parte de los recurrentes que se hubieran denunciado dichas situaciones ante el Ministerio de Salud previo a acudir a esta jurisdicción, lo cual tuvo que haber ocurrido al no ser hechos evidentes y manifiestos. Igual situación con los incumplimientos a la Ley Nº 7600, toda vez que, además de lo mencionado anteriormente que resulta plenamente aplicable a este supuesto, no se alegó ni planteó el recurso a favor de alguna persona con discapacidad en concreto.
Al respecto, este Tribunal, mediante sentencia Nº 2017-8744 de las 9:15 horas de 13 de junio de 2017, indicó:
“ II.- ATINENTE A LA INTERPOSICIÓN DE DENUNCIAS DE FORMA DIRECTA ANTE ESTA SALA POR PROBLEMAS DE CONTAMINACIÓN. Reiteradamente, este Tribunal ha rechazado los casos en los cuales se acusa lesión al derecho al ambiente debido a problemas de contaminación, en los cuales la parte recurrente acude directamente a esta Sala sin haber planteado formalmente la denuncia correspondiente ante las autoridades respectivas.
Así, por ejemplo, mediante sentencia 2017-002585 de las 9:45 horas del 17 de febrero de 2017, se dispuso lo siguiente:
“II. Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub examine, la recurrente reclama que presentó una denuncia ante las autoridades del Ministerio de Salud, sin que a la fecha de interposición de este recurso haya sido atendida. Sin embargo, de conformidad con la prueba aportada por la recurrente, consta que el escrito fue presentado el 31 de enero de 2017, es decir, que a la fecha de interposición de este recurso apenas han transcurrido dos semanas desde la presentación de la denuncia. Por esta razón, la Sala estima prematuro este recurso, pues en atención a lo dispuesto en el artículo 261 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, la Administración dispone -en términos generales- de dos meses para atender la denuncia en cuestión.
Dado lo anterior se impone rechazar el amparo, aunque en el entendido de que, si se demorara irrazonablemente la notificación o comunicación de la respuesta esperada por parte de las autoridades accionadas, nada obstaría que la parte accionante se apersonare de nuevo ante esta Sala a fin de reclamar sus derechos.
Adicionalmente, si bien la recurrente indica que la Municipalidad de Belén debe atender su denuncia también, lo cierto del caso es que no consta en la prueba aportada ni en el dicho de la recurrente, que haya realizado la gestión respectiva y haya presentado una denuncia ante ellos. Por esta razón, lo propio es que acuda la petente, si a bien lo tiene y siguiendo las formalidades establecidas al efecto, ante las autoridades municipales competentes, a fin de pedir de ellas la intervención y valoración del caso en particular, autoridades que podrán -dentro del ámbito de su competencia- tomar las medidas correspondientes. Por lo expuesto, el presente asunto es inadmisible y así se declara.” (Énfasis añadido).
Adicionalmente, por medio del voto 2016-018260 de las 15:15 horas del 13 de diciembre de 2016, esta Sala estableció:
“I.- Objeto del recurso. El recurrente manifiesta su disconformidad con una serie de situaciones que se presentan en su localidad, tales como circulación de motocicletas alteradas, sin papeles y robadas, las cuales afectan a los habitantes, provocando contaminación sónica y afectación en su estado de salud. Solicita la intervención de la Sala para que las autoridades recurridas atiendan la situación que denuncia y organicen operativos para controlarla.
II.Sobre el caso concreto. La finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna contra infracciones o amenazas directas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, no la de servir como un instrumento genérico para canalizar peticiones de otros tipos. En virtud de lo anterior, no puede pretenderse que, por la vía del amparo, la Sala Constitucional haga las veces de una mera instancia tramitadora de denuncias, puesto que ello haría necesario sustituir directamente la voluntad administrativa y suplantar a los despachos públicos en la gestión de los asuntos de su competencia. Por consiguiente, como en este caso la parte recurrente no alega haber presentado ningún tipo de gestión ante las autoridades recurridas, lo propio es que, si a bien lo tiene, presente sus denuncias directamente ante las instancias administrativas competentes. En consecuencia, el recurso es inadmisible, como en efecto se declara.” (Énfasis añadido).
Igualmente, a través de la sentencia 2016-016735 de las 9:05 horas del 11 de noviembre de 2016, se indicó lo siguiente:
“II.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. Visto los elementos contenidos en los autos, se colige que el recurrente ha acudido directamente ante este Tribunal a denunciar un problema de contaminación por la forma en que la municipalidad accionada recolecta la basura en la comunidad de La Cruz, así como omisiones por parte del Ministerio de Salud en cuanto a tomar medidas al respecto. Sin embargo, tales argumentos no son de recibo porque la parte recurrente no ha acudido de previo a las instancias de salud pública, como en efecto ha sucedido en este caso. Al respecto, es importante explicar al recurrente que esta Sala no es una instancia tramitadora de denuncias, razón por la cual deberá acudir ante las autoridades recurridas a plantear los reclamos pertinentes. Consecuentemente, este recurso deviene en inadmisible y así se declara.” Incluso, por sentencia 2016-005854 de las 14:30 horas del 3 de mayo de 2016, se resolvió de esta forma:
“II.- CASO CONCRETO. Sobre los agravios expuestos por la parte recurrente, segú n su propio dicho, la problemática acusada no ha sido puesta en conocimiento de las autoridades del Ministerio de Seguridad Pública y el Ministerio de Salud. Lo anterior, hace inadmisible este recurso, pues no podría la Sala entrar a determinar la existencia o no de una lesión a un derecho fundamental, si, a la fecha de interposición del amparo, las instituciones recurridas ni siquiera han recibido una denuncia o reclamo por el presunto problema sanitario acusado. Por tal motivo, no podría alegarse una denegatoria de parte de las autoridades accionadas en resolver la gestión, o bien, que la denuncia se haya resuelto de manera negativa y en menoscabo de los derechos fundamentales de los tutelados. Ante tales condiciones, bajo una mejor ponderación de este tipo de casos, estima la Sala, no le corresponde conocer sobre tales cuestiones, por lo cual, deberá el petente acudir ante las vías de legalidad respectivas, ya sean administrativas o jurisdiccionales, en las cuales podrá en forma amplia discutir el fondo del asunto y hacer valer sus pretensiones.
La finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, no la de servir como un instrumento genérico para canalizar peticiones de todo tipo. Así las cosas, el presente recurso es inadmisible y procede su rechazo de plano, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 9 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, tal y como se indica en la parte dispositiva de esta resolución.” (El destacado no es del original).
No sobra citar la resolución 2016-004572 de las 14:30 horas del 5 de abril de 2016, donde se resolvió de la misma manera:
“II.- CASO CONCRETO. Previo a la resolución de este recurso, la parte recurrente debía cumplir la prevención realizada por este Tribunal por medio de la resolución de las 15:56 horas de 29 de marzo de 2016, la cual tenía como fin que aclarara si había denunciado la problemática que constancia de recibido, de las gestiones planteadas en ese sentido. No obstante lo anterior, lo cierto es que no se cumplió la prevención efectuada, toda vez que el actor no presentó los documentos que se le solicitaron. A partir de lo anterior, se debe tener la prevención por no cumplida y, por consiguiente, lo que procede es ordenar el rechazo de este recurso. En este sentido, se debe indicar que, al resolver asuntos como el presente, esta Sala ha dispuesto que:
"(...) no debe perderse de vista que los promoventes no aportaron elemento probatorio alguno que demostrara haber acudido previamente ante la citada Área de Salud. Es importante explicar a los recurrentes que esta Sala Constitucional no es una instancia tramitadora de denuncias, razón por la cual deberán acudir ante el Ministerio de Salud, a plantear los reclamos pertinentes (...)" (Sentencia No. 2012-18538 de las 9:05 hrs. de 21 de diciembre de 2012).
En virtud de lo expuesto, lo procedente es rechazar el recurso de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 42 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.” Consideraciones que son aplicables al caso en estudio, pues este Tribunal no encuentra razones para variar el criterio vertido en dicha sentencia, ni motivos que lo hagan valorar de manera distinta la situación planteada
En el sub lite, al igual que en los precedentes citados, la parte recurrente acude directamente ante este Tribunal a denunciar un problema de contaminación con la instalación de botaderos clandestinos en un sector de Santo Domingo de Heredia. Sin embargo, del propio dicho de la parte promovente se colige que, a la fecha, no ha planteado por escrito denuncia alguna ante la municipalidad recurrida. Ahora bien, tal y como se indicó en la jurisprudencia transcrita, este Tribunal no debe sustituir a la Administración activa en sus competencias ni es una instancia tramitadora de denuncias. En consecuencia, en situaciones como esta, lo procedente es que el recurrente acuda ante la autoridad recurrida a efectos de plantear el reclamo aludido, a fin de que aquella tome las medidas pertinentes para solucionar el problema denunciado o, en su defecto, plantee su reclamo en la vía de legalidad ordinaria. Así las cosas, se declara inadmisible el recurso. ” Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, pese a que no existe ninguna actuación alegada en contra del Ministerio de Salud que se le deba reprochar desde el punto de vista constitucional, deberá tomar nota esta autoridad para que ahora que ordenó la inspección de las áreas de conservación, tendrá que velar por el respectivo cumplimiento de las órdenes sanitarias que emitió.
En cuanto a que se obligue al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía a incluir presupuesto para reparar las casas de los guardaparques y a construir otras en sitios importantes de vigilancia, dicho aspecto es de legalidad y deberá plantearse en la vía ordinaria correspondiente.
Sobre el derecho al agua potable, cabe destacar que los recurrentes peticionan que se ordene al SINAC realizar pruebas de potabilidad del agua en las áreas de conservación y, una vez obtenidos los resultados, se pongan en práctica los sistemas necesarios para garantizarla. En ese sentido, sin perjuicio de que entrar a determinar si cada una de las áreas silvestres protegidas requiere el suministro de agua potable excede la sumariedad del amparo, en la prueba aportada por los recurrentes consta el oficio SITRA-0023-16 de 9 de febrero de 2016 dirigido al Director del SINAC presentado por SITRAMINAE el 11 febrero de 2016, en el cual se puso en conocimiento de esa autoridad la lista de áreas silvestres protegidas que supuestamente no contaban con un sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable. Ahora bien, aunque en esa carta no plantean expresa y claramente la solicitud del servicio, lo cierto es que desde esa fecha se puso en conocimiento tal situación.
Por ello, a efectos de que se evalúe si las personas que se encuentran o visitan esas áreas de conservación requieren o no el servicio de agua potable deberá el SINAC realizar un estudio sobre la necesidad de su abastecimiento, para que si resulta procedente gestione ante las autoridades competentes lo necesario a fin de que se determine si desde el punto de vista técnico y material es posible proveer el servicio. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, determinar si el suministro debe darse de una forma determinada o según los métodos que proponen los recurrentes para potabilizar el agua, es un asunto de legalidad que debe plantearse en la vía ordinaria.
Al respecto, la Sala en sentencia N° 2017004036 de las 09:15 horas del 17 de marzo de 2017, este Tribunal resolvió lo siguiente:
"Esta Sala ha considerado que, si bien, existe un derecho fundamental al agua potable, su ejercicio no es indiscriminado, de forma que no existe una obligación de los entes que prestan ese servicio de brindarlo en cualquier condición y oportunidad. En concreto, esta Sala ha reconocido que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las municipalidades, o bien, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, pueden denegar la disponibilidad de agua potable si existen razones técnicas que así lo justifiquen. En sentencia número 2009-003825 de las 16:49 horas del 10 de marzo de 2009, esta Sala resolvió lo siguiente:
'(...) Se entiende entonces, que si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua que puede ser exigido a la administración correspondiente, la prestación del servicio bien puede sujetarse al cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos para su otorgamiento y a que exista posibilidad material de suministro, esto es, que no existan situaciones técnicas que imposibiliten o desaconsejen a la administración a brindar el servicio de agua potable, situación que determina que la administración carece de la obligación de prestar el servicio de agua potable en caso de existir razones técnicas que lo desaconsejen o imposibiliten, debiendo informar adecuadamente al gestionante las razones por las cuales no puede atenderse su solicitud…” Por lo expuesto, lo procedente acoger este último extremo en los términos que se dirá en la parte dispositiva.
IX.Voto salvado de la Magistrada Hernández López respecto del reclamo por infracción del artículo 50 de la Constitución Política.
1. El contexto histórico que motivó en su momento la amplia intervención de la Sala en materia ambiental, ha tenido una considerable variación que impone a este órgano reconsiderar las condiciones para su participación en el aseguramiento del derecho de las personas a un ambiente sano y equilibrado, tal y como ha sido tutelado en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. En efecto, la situación actual –caracterizada por una amplísima producción legal y reglamentaria que incluye reglas de fondo, procedimientos y creación de órganos para el cumplimiento de lo ordenado en la Carta Fundamental- es radicalmente diferente de la anterior, en la cual la ausencia de normativa y de instancias estatales con competencia apropiada, le impuso a la Sala un papel de protagonista , casi único, en la defensa del precitado derecho constitucional.
2. Hoy en día, nos encontramos frente a un “denso entramado” de normativa ambiental –tal y como acertadamente lo ha descrito el Magistrado Jinesta Lobo en su voto salvado sobre este tema- lo cual ha producido dos fenómenos relevantes: el primero y más obvio, es el surgimiento de una abarcadora regulación jurídica respecto de actividades cuya incidencia en el ambiente estaba poco o nada ordenada, así la creación de órganos estatales con potestades de vigilancia y control sobre los efectos de la actividad humana en el entorno. El segundo fenómeno consiste en que esa creciente juridificación –predominantemente legislativa y reglamentaria– trae aparejada una ineludible entrada en escena tanto de la justicia administrativa como de la jurisdicción ordinaria -prioritariamente la contencioso administrativa, pero también la penal. En ellas, acorde con la importancia del derecho ambiental, se han regulado de forma amplia vías procesales y medios de legitimación incluyentes, de manera que los administrados puedan hacer valer lo establecido en ese amplio orden jurídico que se relaciona con el tema ambiental.
3. En ese contexto, no resulta apropiado jurídicamente , ni desde el punto de vista funcional, que la Sala Constitucional desplace , o -peor aún- sustituya , a los órganos de justicia ordinarios en la realización de su tarea, también de rango constitucional, de velar por el efectivo cumplimiento de leyes y reglamentos. Es impropio jurídicamente porque en la inmensa mayoría de estos casos lo que se solicita es que interprete y haga valer normas legales y reglamentarias con lo que arriesga traslapar sus competencias con las de otros órganos jurisdiccionales que –ellos sí- han sido creados para ejecutar tales tareas; y resulta también funcionalmente incorrecto, porque el diseño de sus procesos se aviene mal con la complejidad que está presente en numerosos conflictos ambientales que se componen de series de hechos y actos técnica y jurídicamente complejos. Sobre ambas cuestiones existen conocidos ejemplos en los que la Sala ha arrojado una resolución a medias o técnicamente incompleta, o bien se han generado fricciones innecesarias y afectación de la seguridad jurídica.
4. Como parte de los aspectos técnicos que he valorado, añado que está el hecho de que esta jurisdicción no cuenta con jueces ejecutores de sentencia que permitan darle seguimiento adecuado a las mismas -generalmente complejas-, que implican en ocasiones el seguimiento de planes remediales, entre otros, con coordinación interinstitucional y seguimiento de meses y hasta años.
5. Desde esa perspectiva, la decisión de dar un paso al lado en la materia ambiental por parte de este Tribunal no debe ser vista como un abandono de la materia ambiental, sino al contrario, de su adecuada tutela en la instancia que mejor se aviene a la naturaleza de su complejidad y diversidad. Asimismo tampoco debe ser visto como la declinación de esta instancia en su tarea de protección de los derechos constitucionales que le imponen la Constitución Política y su Ley Orgánica, que desde mi punto de vista, queda reservada en esta materia para casos específicos. Se trata más bien, de un ejercicio de reacomodo de las cargas y tareas que corresponden a los distintos órganos estatales, de manera que cada uno de ellos, pueda desplegar plenamente su labor dentro del ámbito que se le ha asignado, así como del ejercicio de fijar su propia competencia, según lo establece el artículo 7 de su Ley Orgánica.
6. Queda claro que la Sala no se plantea abandonar a otras jurisdicciones la labor de protección de los derechos de las personas en materia ambiental. Es conocido que si bien todo reclamo por infracción de normas legales y reglamentarias puede ser reconducido hasta el ámbito constitucional, existen casos cuya resolución no exige más que la aplicación del derecho de la Constitución. Se trata entonces de lograr que la Sala se convierta en protagonista junto con otros, de manera que –entre todos y cada uno en su espacio- se pueda cubrir toda la variedad de situaciones que presenta una protección del derecho a un medio ambiente sano y equilibrado dentro de una sociedad en la que también existen otras necesidades igual de acuciantes. Con esta posición creo firmemente que el ciudadano no pierde un ápice de protección pero se gana sustancialmente en amplitud, en perspectiva y en respeto al equilibrio y distribución de poderes, principio este último de obligada consideración, puesto que rige la dinámica constitucional de cualquier sistema liberal y democrático como el nuestro.- 7.
En línea con lo anterior, sostengo que esta Sala debe abstenerse de conocer los reclamos que se le presenten por supuesta infracción al artículo 50 de la Constitución Política para dejar en manos de la justicia administrativa y la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa su conocimiento. Lo anterior se deja afirmado con carácter general, sin perjuicio de reconocer la existencia de casos particulares o grupos de casos que, según mi criterio, si resultarían aún mejor tutelados por esta Sala y por tanto deben ser conocidos y resueltos por ella.- Dentro de tales grupos de casos, y sin que esta enunciación pueda considerarse como una lista cerrada y definitiva, puedo señalar que la Sala debe reservarse el conocimiento de situaciones como por ejemplo los reclamos por infracciones ambientales que además pongan en riesgo directo la salud de las personas , o el acceso o calidad del agua; los casos de violaciones groseras y directas al ambiente y en los cuales se constate una palmaria ausencia de la protección por parte de las autoridades estatales, siempre y cuando además la naturaleza del reclamo permita ser abordado mediante el instrumento del amparo como instituto procesal sumario y especial, ya que estimo que tampoco se debe “ordinariar” el amparo para abordar, aún en estos casos citados, temas que rebasen la capacidad de ser atendidos adecuadamente en el mismo.
8. En el caso concreto, de conformidad con los hechos probados no se presenta ninguna de las excepciones que mencionan y la situación planteada se ubica dentro de aquellos casos en las que la intervención de los medios de protección de la Administración y la justicia ordinaria, resultan ser una vía más amplia y completa para el tema discutido, el cual involucra una discusión sobre acciones y omisiones, ventajas, desventajas y valoración de los beneficios, que requiere abundante prueba, seguimientos y estudios que exceden el ámbito del amparo. De tal modo, debió aplicarse el artículo 9 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional y rechazar de plano el recurso, no obstante, al no haber ocurrido así, procede ahora declarar sin lugar el amparo interpuesto.
X.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso en contra del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, el Ministerio de Hacienda y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. Se ordena a Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Helio Fallas Venegas y Mario Coto Hidalgo, por su orden Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, Ministro de Hacienda y Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, que coordinen lo pertinente a fin de que se evalúe la situación actual de las áreas de conservación y se tomen las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente, de tal forma que se atiendan de manera efectiva y razonable las áreas silvestres protegidas del país. Para lo anterior deberán elaborar y ejecutar, en el plazo de SESENTA MESES, un plan de control y protección de las áreas silvestres protegidas que garantice su vigilancia efectiva a fin de prevenir y atender daños ambientales; para lo cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento.
Asimismo, se ordena a Marta Eugenia Acosta Zúñiga, en su condición de Contralora General de la República, o a quien ocupe su cargo, girar las órdenes que estime pertinentes para que se actualice el estado de cumplimiento del informe DFOE-AE-IF-16-2014 y, de acuerdo con los medios que le otorga el ordenamiento jurídico, requiera al SINAC la efectiva atención a las recomendaciones brindadas, ante lo cual, Mario Coto Hidalgo, como Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, o quien ocupe su cargo, deberá gestionar su cumplimiento en los términos y plazos que disponga el requerimiento del órgano contralor. Finalmente se ordena al Director Ejecutivo del SINAC, o a quien ocupe su cargo, realizar un estudio sobre la necesidad de abastecimiento de agua potable en las áreas de conservación contenidas en el oficio SITRA-0023-16 de 9 de febrero de 2016 dirigido al Director del SINAC presentado por SITRAMINAE el 11 febrero de 2016, a efectos de que se evalúe si las personas que se encuentran o visitan esas áreas de conservación requieren o no el servicio de agua potable, y si resulta procedente, gestione ante las autoridades competentes lo necesario a fin de que se determine si desde el punto de vista técnico y material es posible proveer el servicio.
Se advierte que, de no acatar las órdenes dichas, podrían incurrir en el delito de desobediencia y que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En cuanto al Parque Nacional Corcovado, estése a lo resuelto en la sentencia 2017-641 de las 9:05 horas de 20 de enero de 2017. En lo demás, y contra las demás autoridades recurridas se declara sin lugar el recurso. Tome nota el Ministerio de Salud de lo consignado en el considerando VIII.
La Magistrada Hernández López salva el voto y declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese esta resolución a Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Helio Fallas Venegas, Mario Coto Hidalgo y Marta Eugenia Acosta Zúñiga, por su orden Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, Ministro de Hacienda, Director Ejecutivo del SINAC y Contralora General de la República, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, en forma personal.
Fernando Cruz C.
Presidente a.i Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Enrique Ulate C.
Jose Paulino Hernández G.
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