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Res. 14596-2011 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/10/2011
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber annulled the municipal permit and SETENA resolution, immediately halted the condominium project, and conditioned its continuation on a new EIA and water-related studies approved by the competent authorities.La Sala anuló el permiso municipal y la resolución de SETENA, paralizó inmediatamente el condominio y condicionó su continuación a un nuevo EIA y a estudios hídricos aprobados por las autoridades competentes.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber granted the amparo against the Municipality of San Rafael de Heredia and SETENA for allowing the Brisas del Ciprés condominium project to continue without new environmental and hydrogeological studies ensuring protection of the aquifer. Although the developer changed the wastewater treatment system, SENARA found that the submitted documents failed to assess adequately aquifer recharge, soil sealing, porosity, and groundwater levels. The Chamber concluded that the municipal permit and SETENA’s decision closing the construction phase violated the in dubio pro natura and precautionary principles, as well as the constitutional right to a healthy environment. It also clarified that constitutional judgments must be complied with in their entirety, including their ratio decidendi. The Chamber annulled both administrative acts, ordered the project’s immediate suspension, and required a new environmental impact assessment and the necessary hydrological, hydraulic, and hydrogeological studies before development could resume, subject to a favorable determination by the competent administrative authorities.La Sala Constitucional declaró con lugar el amparo contra la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia y la SETENA por permitir la continuación del proyecto Condominio Brisas del Ciprés sin nuevos estudios ambientales e hidrogeológicos que garantizaran la protección del acuífero. Aunque el desarrollador modificó el sistema de tratamiento de aguas, el SENARA determinó que los documentos aportados no evaluaban adecuadamente la recarga acuífera, la impermeabilización del suelo, la porosidad ni el nivel de las aguas subterráneas. La Sala concluyó que el permiso municipal y el cierre de la etapa constructiva dispuesto por SETENA contrariaron los principios in dubio pro natura y precautorio, así como el derecho constitucional a un ambiente sano. Además, aclaró que las sentencias constitucionales deben cumplirse integralmente, incluida su ratio decidendi. Anuló ambos actos administrativos, ordenó paralizar inmediatamente el proyecto y exigió, antes de reanudarlo, un nuevo estudio de impacto ambiental y los estudios hidrológicos, hidráulicos e hidrogeológicos necesarios, sujetos al criterio conforme de las autoridades competentes.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It is therefore clear that the Council of the Municipality of San Rafael de Heredia acted unlawfully when, through Agreement No. 10 adopted on August 2, 2010, at Session No. 22-2010, it granted permits for completion of the works. It must be made clear that this judgment does not question the powers of the institutions involved or the validity of the studies conducted, nor does it seek to alter the distribution of functions and powers established by the legal system among its various entities and bodies. What is censured is that, in this specific case and in direct disregard of the in dubio pro natura principle, the authorities chose to proceed with the works despite knowing that, in the opinion of the National Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage Service (SENARA), the studies identified throughout this judgment had to be prepared. Accordingly, this Constitutional Chamber must intervene to restore the protected party to the full enjoyment and exercise of their fundamental rights.Resulta claro, entonces, que el Concejo de la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia, al otorgar mediante el acuerdo No. 10, tomado el 2 de agosto de 2010, en la sesión No. 22 – 2010, los permisos para la culminación de las obras, actuó de manera ilegítima. Debe quedar claro que en la presente sentencia no se cuestionan las facultades de las instituciones involucradas, ni la validez de los estudios realizados, tampoco se busca alterar la distribución de funciones y competencias que el ordenamiento jurídico establece en la materia, entre sus distintas entidades y órganos, lo que se reprocha es el hecho que, en el caso concreto, en frontal irrespeto al principio in dubio pro natura, se optara por ejecutar las obras, a sabiendas que en criterio del Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), era necesario la elaboración de los estudios apuntados a lo largo de estas líneas. Así las cosas, esta Sala Constitucional debe intervenir, con el propósito de restablecer al tutelado en el pleno goce y ejercicio de sus derechos fundamentales.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Las autoridades recurridas deben cumplir las sentencias de esta Sala en su integridad, es decir, incluyendo la ratio decidendi."
"The respondent authorities must comply with this Chamber’s judgments in their entirety, including the ratio decidendi."
Considerando VI
"Las autoridades recurridas deben cumplir las sentencias de esta Sala en su integridad, es decir, incluyendo la ratio decidendi."
Considerando VI
"La Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, aprobara el estudio de impacto ambiental, sin contar con los estudios exigidos por el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), a lo cual se hizo caso omiso."
"The National Environmental Technical Secretariat approved the environmental impact study without having the studies required by the National Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage Service (SENARA), a requirement that was disregarded."
Considerando VI
"La Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, aprobara el estudio de impacto ambiental, sin contar con los estudios exigidos por el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), a lo cual se hizo caso omiso."
Considerando VI
"Se declara con lugar el recurso."
"The amparo is granted."
Por tanto
"Se declara con lugar el recurso."
Por tanto
"Finalmente, se ordena la INMEDIATA paralización del proyecto Condominio Brisas del Ciprés, así como la construcción de cualquier obra de infraestructura, hasta tanto se cumpla a cabalidad con los estudios requeridos, previo criterio conforme de las autoridades administrativas."
"Finally, the IMMEDIATE suspension of the Brisas del Ciprés Condominium project and the construction of any infrastructure works is ordered until the required studies have been fully completed and the administrative authorities have issued a favorable determination."
Por tanto
"Finalmente, se ordena la INMEDIATA paralización del proyecto Condominio Brisas del Ciprés, así como la construcción de cualquier obra de infraestructura, hasta tanto se cumpla a cabalidad con los estudios requeridos, previo criterio conforme de las autoridades administrativas."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
*100156530007CO* *100156530007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at fifteen hours and twenty-two minutes on veintiséis de octubre del dos mil once.
Amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) filed by XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, identity card No. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, identity card No. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE SAN RAFAEL DE HEREDIA AND THE SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA NACIONAL AMBIENTAL (SETENA).
RESULTING:
Justice Araya Garcia drafted the opinion; and,
WHEREAS:
The appellants challenged the fact that the authorities of the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia granted a construction permit for the Condominio XXXXXXXXXX development project without requiring the comprehensive hydrogeological and hydraulic assessments demanded by the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), or an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental). Based on the foregoing, they considered their right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, enshrined in Article 50 of the Constitución Política, to have been violated.
In previous judgments, this Court has stated that intervention in support of a party (coadyuvancia) is a form of participation that occurs when a person takes part in proceedings by joining in the claims of one of the principal parties. Accordingly, anyone with a direct interest in the outcome of the appeal has standing to participate as a supporting intervenor (coadyuvante); however, because the supporting intervenor is not a principal party, that person will not be directly affected by the judgment—that is, its effect cannot extend to that person directly and immediately, nor will the ruling’s status as res judicata (cosa juzgada) affect that person (See, among others, judgment number 3235, issued at 9:20 horas on 30 de octubre de 1992). In this particular case, this Chamber grants the applications to intervene in support of a party submitted by XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX in their capacities as council members of the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia (visible at folios 37 and 314), and by XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, members of the Comité Patriótico de San Rafael de Heredia (visible at folio 131), and takes note of their statements.
The following facts are deemed duly proven and relevant to the decision in this matter:
Therefore, it is not possible for any contaminant at the project site to affect it.” Por tanto: The statements made in document ASUB-385-08 concerning the deficiencies in the contaminant travel study submitted by the developers are upheld. The statements made in document DIGH-136-2010 are also upheld, because travel-time studies are not used solely to exempt a treatment plant based on the use of a septic-tank system. Lastly, in document DIGH – 829-2010, all the information was reviewed again, and the previously cited criteria is (sic) upheld. With respect to the treatment plant and its operation, it should be noted that responsibility for the disposal of water from the treatment process (quality and quantity) rests with the water operator for the area or another competent entity. The certification concerning the operation of the treatment plant for the XXXXXXXXXXX project, signed by the M.Sc. (sic) in Hydrogeology XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, does not incorporate new analyses of travel times, impermeabilization of recharge areas, capture zones for wells and springs (manantiales), or aquifer contamination (…)” (visible at folio 257).
This Constitutional Chamber, in judgment No. 2008-004790 at 12:39 hrs. on 27 de marzo de 2008, ruled on the failure to conduct hydrological and hydrogeological studies prior to granting the relevant permits and environmental approval (viabilidad ambiental) for the Condominio Brisas del Ciprés project. On that occasion, the following was stated:
“(…) I.- Proven facts (hechos probados). Of importance to the disposition of this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven:
Nor has account been taken of the input that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueducto y Alcantarillado might provide, despite its being the institution competent to assess and issue a technical opinion on the matter. Indeed, as is apparent from the record, its opinion was not even requested, since it reported under oath that it had not granted permits for any housing development or condominium project named XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, nor had it received plans for approval (visado) within its area of competence, even though this is a requirement for projects of this type. The record shows that this institution approved only the plans for the wastewater treatment plant project, but not those for the remainder of the project. Neither the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental nor the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia took into account that, according to the recommendation of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, comprehensive hydrogeological, hydraulic, and hydrological assessments and environmental impact studies (estudios de impacto ambiental) had to be conducted to demonstrate that the project would not affect water resources, considering not only the area of direct influence but the entire micro-watershed (microcuenca) concerned.
Notwithstanding all of the foregoing, both the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental and the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia authorized the project to proceed without objectively and conscientiously measuring the consequences that might result for the environment in general and for water resources in particular. VIII.- The foregoing raises serious doubt in this Court as to the impact that a construction project such as the proposed one would have on the quality and purity of surface water and groundwater resources, as well as the potential for contamination in the area of San Rafael de Heredia where the project would be located, because it is an area of high and moderate hydrogeological vulnerability in which, as has been demonstrated, there is an imminent risk of groundwater contamination. For these reasons, the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) must be applied in order to prevent or suspend any activity that could adversely affect the sustainable management of the area’s water resources and, consequently, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment enshrined in the fundamental norm.
Finally, the precautionary principle, or in dubio pro natura principle (principio de indubio pro natura), is particularly applicable to the case at hand (sub-lite) when it is taken into consideration that, according to hydrogeology, when an aquifer, watershed, or water resource becomes contaminated, its regeneration is extraordinarily slow and sometimes irreversible because of the extremely high cost of the means and instruments required to accomplish it. This has already occurred in the area of Barreal de Heredia and is therefore not a new phenomenon. Accordingly, this Chamber considers that, before granting environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental), the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, as well as the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia before granting construction permits, had a corresponding duty first to summon both the petitioners and the other affected residents, as well as the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados and all institutions such as the Ministerio de Salud and the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterréaneas, Riego y Avenamiento, and, in general, all persons affected by or interested in the project, so that they could submit the corresponding arguments and technical opinions, thereby ensuring the effective participation of the agencies competent in the matter for the purpose of protecting and preserving the environment and water resources.
IX.- Consequently, there is no alternative but to uphold the present action, warning the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental that it may not disregard warnings concerning the danger of contamination posed by the construction of the XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX condominium and the threat that this could present to the public interest when those warnings are issued by an institution legally empowered to protect water resources. Based on this Chamber’s analysis, that responsibility is considered shared; however, in the case under review, it falls primarily upon the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental and the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia, since both were aware of the studies conducted and the particular characteristics of the area where the XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX condominium project would be located and, despite that knowledge, granted environmental feasibility and construction permits allowing the project to proceed.
Finally, the representative of the company developing the project, “consorcio XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,” is also implicated because, despite being aware that the site where the project would be established is subject to land-use restrictions (restricciones de uso del suelo) concerning housing developments, agricultural crops, tanks, chemical pipelines, the discharge of liquid effluents onto the land, sanitary landfills, and quarries, due to the risk of groundwater contamination and the protective measures applicable because it is an area of high and moderate hydrogeological vulnerability, high-density housing developments are not permitted there, nor are subdivision (fraccionamiento), lot divisions (lotificaciones), or agricultural segregations (segregaciones agropecuarias) that endanger water resources.
Therefore:
The application for relief is granted and, consequently: (a) all permits granted to the developer of the “XXXXXXXXXXXXXX” Condominium Project are annulled, particularly the approval of the urban development plans issued by the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo on dieciocho de octubre del dos mil cinco; the sanitary approval of the plans issued by the Ministerio de Salud on dieciséis de enero del dos mil seis; and the construction permits issued by the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia in abril del dos mil seis; (b) all respondents are ordered to take the necessary and sufficient measures to protect the area’s aquifer (manto acuífero). The heads of the bodies and entities against which judgment has been entered, or whoever holds their respective offices—XXXXXXXXXX, in his capacity as Municipal Mayor of San Rafael de Heredia; XXXXXXXXXXXXX, in her capacity as President of the Concejo Municipal de San Rafael de Heredia; XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, in her capacity as Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental; or whoever may hold those offices—and XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, in the capacity of legal representative of Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica Sociedad Anónima, are hereby warned that failure to comply with the orders issued in this judgment would constitute the offense of disobedience (delito de desobediencia), which, pursuant to Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, is punishable by imprisonment for three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty day-fines for any person who receives an order that must be obeyed or enforced, issued in an amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo), and fails to obey or enforce it, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty.
The State, the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia, and the company Consorcio XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the acts forming the basis of this ruling, which shall be determined during enforcement of the judgment before the administrative and civil courts, as applicable. This decision shall be served personally on XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, in his capacity as Municipal Mayor of San Rafael de Heredia; XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, in her capacity as President of the Concejo Municipal de San Rafael de Heredia; XXXXXXXXXXXXX, in her capacity as Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental, or whoever may hold those offices; and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, in the capacity of legal representative of Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica Sociedad Anónima (…)”
The petitioner claimed that the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia allowed construction of the Condominio Brisas del Ciprés project to continue without the hydrogeological and hydraulic studies required by the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA). In this regard, the Mayor and the Acting President of the Concejo, both of the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia, argued that, in their view, the changes made by the developer, Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica—with respect to the use of a treatment plant instead of septic tanks, as well as the project’s density and coverage—rendered those studies unnecessary. Furthermore, those authorities also asserted that the company had submitted reports based on technical parameters of the Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia that, in their view, were far more advanced than those available to SENARA.
This was reaffirmed by the representatives of Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica S.A. in their written responses to the hearing granted by this Court through the order issued at 13:41 hrs. on 27 de enero de 2011. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the established facts show with absolute clarity that, through official letter No. ASUB-385-08 of 10 de setiembre de 2008, the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento concluded that the document entitled “Study of Contaminant Travel on the Property of Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica S.A. (Brisas del Ciprés),” prepared by geologist Edurdo Hernández García, contained deficiencies. Moreover, in official letter No. DIGH – 136-2010 of 3 de marzo de 2010, the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas Riego y Avenamiento, in response to an inquiry submitted by representatives of the Proyecto Brisas del Ciprés, stated unequivocally that “(…) travel-time studies (estudios de tiempos de tránsito) are conducted to measure the hydrogeological vulnerability (vulnerabilidad hidrogeológica) of the first geological strata, where contamination occurs in most cases (…) Travel times take into account the thickness of the unsaturated zone, porosity, and the calculation of hydraulic conductivity; they are also calculated for the saturated zone, incorporating the distance to a water-withdrawal point (well, spring, stream, or river), the hydraulic gradient, the aquifer’s porosity, and the aquifer’s hydraulic-conductivity data, which in most cases are calculated through pumping tests.
Once travel times have been calculated, they may be used to assess bacteriological contamination, define immediate protection zones for wells and springs, recharge zones, and intrinsic vulnerability. Most methods using water travel times are based on the premise that contaminants travel with the water through advection (…) Travel times may be used to characterize the saturated and unsaturated zones and may have many applications in hydrogeology (bacteriological contamination, well and spring protection zones, hydrogeological vulnerability, preferential infiltration zones, and aquifer-recharge studies). For example, if an aquifer is found to have short travel times and high vulnerability, SENARA recommends that no system or effluent be used through which a contaminant is discharged into the soil, subsoil, aquifer, river, stream, or artificial drainage system. Depending on travel times, restrictions must also be imposed concerning population density, the sealing of recharge areas, increases in nitrates, and the analysis of other contaminants discharged into the aquifer (…) It should be noted that contamination and travel-time studies are not necessarily used to recommend a septic tank or another treatment system; rather, they are used to assess contaminants, define recharge and discharge zones, and establish immediate protection areas for wells and springs (…)” (emphasis not in the original).
This unquestionably refutes the contention of the municipal authorities and the developer that the indicated studies were unnecessary because the wastewater-disposal system had supposedly been changed. Likewise, regarding the reliability of the records of Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S.A., the Director of UEN Agua Potable of the Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia herself, through official letter No. UEN – AP- 146-11 of 16 de febrero de 2011, certified that: “(…) ESPH does not have specific regional maps of recharge zones showing the intrinsic vulnerability of the Barba and Colima aquifers to contamination; in that regard, the available information and maps held by the Área de Investigación y Gestión Hídrica of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento must be consulted (…)” (emphasis not in the original). This statement confirms that—precisely because the project is located in a zone of high-to-medium vulnerability and high recharge for the Barva and Los Colimas aquifers—the information that must be consulted is that of the aforementioned agency.
As for the new studies conducted, the case file (expediente) shows that, through official letter No. DIGH-213-2011 of 8 de marzo de 2011, the Unidad de Investigación de Dirección Investigación y Gestión Hídrica of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) specified: “(…) having reviewed the information submitted: a) Report by Sanitary Engineer XXXXXXXXXXXXXX concerning the operation of the Treatment Plant for the Proyecto Brisas de Ciprés. b) Certification by Master in Hydrogeology Guillermo Guzmán, stating: ‘According to the SENARA database, there is only one drilled well at a distance of 501 meters from the treatment plant. The number of this well is BA-736, and it is located upstream in relation to the direction of groundwater flow. It is therefore impossible for any contaminant at the project site to affect it.’ Por tanto: The findings stated in official letter ASUB-385-08 concerning the deficiencies in the contaminant travel study submitted by the developers remain unchanged.
The conclusions stated in official letter DIGH-136-2010 also remain unchanged because travel-time studies are not used solely to exempt the treatment plant from the septic-tank system. Finally, official letter DIGH – 829-2010 again reviews all the information, and the previously cited criteria remain (sic) unchanged. With respect to the treatment plant and its operation, it should be stated that responsibility for the disposal of the treated water, in terms of quality and quantity, lies with the area’s water operator or another competent entity. The certification concerning the operation of the treatment plant for project XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, signed by XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, M.Sc. (sic) in Hydrogeology, does not include new analyses of travel times, sealing of recharge areas, well and spring capture zones, or aquifer contamination (…)”. Likewise, in the report requested by this Court through the order issued at 07:15 hrs. on 26 de julio de 2011, the General Manager of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) stated that the documentation submitted by the developer, according to the technical opinion of geologist Roberto Ramírez in official letter No. DIGH-213-2011, does not satisfy the technical parameters required to guarantee protection of the aquifer, which is affected by the project’s development.
(…)”. Subsequently, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX submitted to the aforementioned agency a hydrogeological study, contaminant travel study, and vulnerability analysis prepared by XXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. However, through official letter No. DIGH -866-2011 of 18 de setiembre de 2011, geologist XXXXXXXXXXXXX, an official of the Unidad de Investigación de la Dirección de Investigación y Gestión Hídrica of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, issued an opinion on the new documents submitted by the project developer and conclusively stated: “(…) On 17 de agosto de 2011, Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica submitted to SENARA a ‘HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY (sic), Contaminant Travel and Vulnerability Analysis,’ prepared by Guillermo Guzmán Alpízar. That documentation was reviewed, and the following conclusions were reached: 1. The study does not consider the aquifer-recharge variable.
It does not analyze the area’s potential recharge or the soil sealing caused by construction of the condominium. 2. When determining travel time, porosity should have been measured in the field instead of relying on published literature. 3. In calculating vulnerability, the location of the groundwater level is uncertain, as the author himself acknowledges by stating that it ‘is estimated.’ The hydrogeological study, contaminant travel study, and vulnerability analysis prepared by Guillermo Guzmán Alpízar of Empresa Aquambiente Consultores do not satisfy SENARA’s technical requirements in the following respects: they do not address recharge and sealing; they do not include field porosity testing for the travel-time calculation; and the groundwater level at the project site has not been established with certainty. After analyzing the case based on the information submitted, implementation of the project is not recommended in view of the degree of hydrogeological vulnerability and the sealing of the recharge zone (…)” (emphasis not in the original).
It is therefore clear that, by granting permits for completion of the works through Agreement No. 10, adopted on 2 de agosto de 2010 at Session No. 22 – 2010, the Concejo of the Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia acted unlawfully. It must be made clear that this judgment does not question the powers of the institutions involved or the validity of the studies conducted, nor does it seek to alter the allocation of functions and authority established by the legal system among the various entities and bodies in this field. What is objectionable is that, in this particular case and in direct violation of the in dubio pro natura principle, the decision was made to carry out the works despite knowing that, in the opinion of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), the studies described throughout this section were required. Accordingly, this Sala Constitucional must intervene to restore the protected person’s full enjoyment and exercise of his fundamental rights.
The National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) justified its failure to require the preparation of a new environmental impact assessment (estudio de impacto ambiental) on the grounds that, purportedly, judgment No. 2008-004790 of 12:39 hrs. on March 27, 2008, is unclear in its operative part, since its wording does not support the conclusion that the previous environmental impact assessment had been annulled. In the opinion of this Constitutional Chamber, these arguments are without merit. In the aforementioned ruling, this Chamber clearly and unequivocally annulled—as follows from the third recital of this decision—all permits granted to the developer of the XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Condominium Project. Although this was followed by a non-exhaustive enumeration of those permits that did not include the environmental impact assessment, it is important to remind the Office of the Secretary General of SETENA that, as this Court has consistently held in its well-established case law, the respondent authorities must comply with this Chamber’s judgments in their entirety, including the ratio decidendi.
The interpretation offered by the aforementioned official is entirely unsupported because the recitals of the cited decision make it abundantly clear that this Constitutional Court deemed SETENA’s approval of the environmental impact assessment, without the studies required by the National Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage Service (SENARA), to violate the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. This requirement was disregarded, and through resolution No. 1434-2010-SETENA of 09:10 hrs. on June 29, 2010, SETENA of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications ordered the closure of the construction phase of Condominio Brisas del Ciprés. In light of the considerations set forth above, such conduct is contrary in every respect to the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) and, consequently, to the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
In view of the foregoing, the appeal must be granted.
POR TANTO:
The appeal is granted and, accordingly:
*100156530007CO* *100156530007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las quince horas y veintidós minutos del veintiséis de octubre del dos mil once.
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, cédula de identidad No. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX y XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, cédula de identidad No. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE SAN RAFAEL DE HEREDIA Y LA SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA NACIONAL AMBIENTAL (SETENA).
RESULTANDO:
Redacta el Magistrado Araya Garcia; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
Los recurrentes cuestionaron que las autoridades de la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia otorgaron un permiso de construcción para el proyecto urbanístico Condominio XXXXXXXXXX sin exigir evaluaciones exhaustivas hidrogeológicas e hidráulicas requeridas por el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), ni la evaluación de impacto ambiental. Por lo descrito, estimaron vulnerados su derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, consagrado por el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política.
En sentencias anteriores, este Tribunal ha indicado que la coadyuvancia es una forma de intervención que se da cuando una persona actúa en un proceso, adhiriéndose a las pretensiones de algunas de las partes principales. En consecuencia, está legitimado para actuar como coadyuvante quien ostente un interés directo en el resultado del recurso; sin embargo, al no ser actor principal, el coadyuvante no resultará directamente afectado por la sentencia, es decir, la eficacia de ésta no podrá alcanzarle de manera directa e inmediata, ni le afecta la condición de cosa juzgada del pronunciamiento (Véanse, entre otras, la sentencia número 3235 de las 9:20 horas del 30 de octubre de 1992). En el caso concreto, esta Sala admite las solicitudes de coadyuvancia presentadas por XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX en sus condiciones de regidores de la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia (visible a folios 37 y 314), XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX y XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX miembros del Comité Patriótico de San Rafael de Heredia (visible a folio 131) y, se tienen por hechas sus manifestaciones.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
Esta Sala Constitucional, mediante la sentencia No. 2008-004790 de las 12:39 hrs. de 27 de marzo de 2008, se pronunció sobre la falta de realización de estudios hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos de previo a otorgar los permisos pertinentes y la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto Condominio Brisas del Ciprés. En dicha oportunidad, se indicó lo siguiente:
“(…) I.- Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso y en consecuencia: a) se anulan todos los permisos otorgados al desarrollador del Proyecto de Condominios “XXXXXXXXXXXXXX particularmente el visado de planos urbanísticos dado por el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo el dieciocho de octubre del dos mil cinco; el visado sanitario de planos otorgado por el Ministerio de Salud el dieciséis de enero del dos mil seis; y los permisos de construcción otorgados por la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia en abril del dos mil seis; b) se ordena a todos los recurridos tomar las medidas necesarias y suficientes para proteger el manto acuífero de la zona. Se le advierte a los jerarcas de los órganos y entes condenados, o a quien ocupe su cargo, en su orden, XXXXXXXXXX en su condición de Alcalde Municipal de San Rafael de Heredia, XXXXXXXXXXXXX en su calidad de Presidenta del Concejo Municipal de San Rafael de Heredia, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, en su condición de Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental, o a quienes ocuparan esos cargos y a XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, en su condición de representante legal de Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica Sociedad Anónima, que de no acatar las órdenes impartidas en esta sentencia incurrirían en el delito de desobediencia el que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, sanciona con prisión de tres meses a dos años o de veinte a sesenta días multa a quien reciba una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpla o haga cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Estado, a la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia y a la empresa Consorcio XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidaran en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo y civil, según corresponda. Notifíquese esta resolución a XXXXXXXXXXXXXX en su condición de Alcalde Municipal de San Rafael de Heredia, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX en su calidad de Presidenta del Concejo Municipal de San Rafael de Heredia, a XXXXXXXXXXXXX, en su condición de Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental, o a quienes ocuparan esos cargos, y a XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, en su calidad de representante legal de Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica Sociedad Anónima, en forma personal (…)”
El recurrente reclamó que, la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia, permitió que se continuara con la construcción del proyecto Condominio Brisas del Ciprés, sin contar con los estudios hidrogeológicos e hidráulicos que exige el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA). Sobre el particular, el Alcalde y el Presidente a.i del Concejo, ambos de la Municipalidad de San Rafael de Heredia, argumentaron que, en su criterio, los cambios realizados por la empresa desarrolladora Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica – en lo que respecta a la utilización de una planta de tratamiento en lugar de tanques sépticos, así como en cuanto a la densidad y la cobertura del proyecto – hacen inncesario contar los referidos estudios. Además, dichas autoridades también aseguraron que la empresa presentó informes sustentados en parámetros técnicos de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia, desde su punto de vista, mucho más avanzados con con los que cuenta el SENARA.
Lo anterior, fue reafirmado por los representantes de Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica S.A., a través de los escritos de contestación de la audiencia conferida por este Tribunal, mediante el auto de las 13:41 hrs. de 27 de enero de 2011. Pese a lo descrito, de la relación de hechos probados se desprende con meridiana claridad que, mediante el oficio No. ASUB-385-08 de 10 de setiembre de 2008, el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, concluyó que el denominado “Estudio de Tránsito de Contaminantes en propiedad del Consorcio Técnico Veterinario de Costa Rica S.A (Brisas del Ciprés)”, elaborado por el geólogo Edurdo Hernández García presenta deficiencias. De otra parte, en el oficio No. DIGH – 136-2010 de 3 de marzo de 2010, el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas Riego y Avenamiento, al atender una consulta planteada por personeros del Proyecto Brisas del Ciprés, indicó de manera contundente que “(…) los estudios de tiempos de tránsito se realizan para medir la vulnerabilidad hidrogeológica de los primeros estratos geológicos, donde en la mayoría de casos ocurre la contaminación (…) Los tiempos de tránsito consideran el espesor de la zona no saturada, porosidad y cálculo de la conductibilidad hidráulica, como también se calculan para la zona saturada, donde se incorpora la distancia a un sitio de captación (pozo, manantial, quebrada o río), el gradiente hidráulico, la porosidad del acuífero y datos de conductibilidad hidráulica del acuífero, que en la mayoríse calcula con pruebas de bombeo.
Una vez calculado (sic) los tiempos de transito (sic) se pueden utilizar para evaluar contaminación bateriológica, definir las zonas de protección inmediatas de pozos y manantiales, zonas de recarga y vulnerabilidad intrínseca. La mayoría de métodos que utilizan los tiempos de tránsito de agua se basan que los contamianntes viajan con el agua (advectivo) (…) Los tiempos de tránsito pueden ser utilizados para caracterizar la zona saturada, la no saturada y pueden tener muchos usos en hidrogeología (contaminación bacteriológica, zonas de protección de pozos, manantiales, vulnerabilidad hidrogeológica, zonas preferenciales para la infiltración y estudios de recarga acuífera). Por ejemplo si para un acuífero se determina que los tiempos de tránsito son cortos y que la vulnerabilidad del mismo es alta, SENARA recomienda que no se utilice ningún sistema – efluente donde se deoposite el contaminante al suelo, subsuelo, acuífero, río, quebrada o drenaje artificial.
También dependiendo de los tiempos de tránsito se deben tomar restricciones de densidad de personas, impermeabilización de las áreas de recarga, aumento de nitratos y análisis de otros contaminantes depositados al acuífero (…) Se debe indicar que los estudios de contaminación y tiempos de tránsito no necesariamente se utilizan para recomendar tanque séptico u otro sistema de tratamiento, más bien contaminantes, definir zonas de recarga y descarga, áreas inmediatas de protección de pozos y manantiales (…)” (el énfasis no pertenece al original). Esto, sin lugar a dudas, desvirtúa el alegato de las autoridades municipales y de la empresa desarrolladora, en cuanto a que no es necesario llevar a cabo los estudios apuntados, por cuanto, supuestamente se había cambiado el sistema de evacuación de aguas residuales. Paralelamente, en lo que respecta a la confiabilidad de los registros de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S.A., la propia Directora UEN Agua Potable de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia, mediante el oficio No. UEN – AP- 146-11 de 16 de febrero de 2011, hizo constar que: “(…) la ESPH no tiene específicamente mapas regionales en zonas de recarga de vulnerabilidad intrínseca a la contaminación de los acuíferos Barba y Colima; al respecto se tiene que consultar la información y mapas disponibles del Área de Investigación y Gestión Hídrica del Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (…)” (el énfasis no pertenece al original).
Dicha manifestación confirma que – atendiendo precisamente a la ubicación del proyecto en una zona de vulnerabilidad alta a medida, de alta recarga para los acuíferos Barva y los Colimas – la información que debe ser consultada es la de la referidad dependencia. Ahora bien, en lo atinente a los nuevos estudios realizados, consta en el expediente que, mediante el oficio No. DIGH-213-2011 de 8 de marzo de 2011, la Unidad de Investigación de Dirección Investigación y Gestión Hídrica del Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), precisó: “(…) revisada la información aportada: a) Informe del Ing. Sanitario XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, relacionada con el funcionamiento de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Proyecto Brisas de Ciprés.
La Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), justificó el hecho de no haber requerido la confección de un nuevo estudio de impacto ambiental, en que, supuestamente, la sentencia No. 2008-004790 de las 12:39 hrs. de 27 de marzo de 2008, no es clara en su parte dispositiva, pues, de su lectura, no se puede concluir que el estudio de impacto ambiental anterior, hubiera sido anulado. En criterio de esta Sala Constitucional, estos alegatos no son de recibo. En el referido pronunciamiento, de manera clara y contundente esta Sala anuló – tal y como se desprende del considerado tercero de esta resolución – todos los permisos otorgados al desarrollador del Proyecto de Condominios XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Si bien, seguidamente, se hizo una enumeración enunciativa de los mismos, en la cual, no se incluyó el estudio de impacto ambiental, es importante recordar a la Secretaría General de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental que, según lo ha mantenido este Tribunal en su sólida línea jurisprudencial, las autoridades recurridas deben cumplir las sentencias de esta Sala en su integridad, es decir, incluyendo la ratio decidendi.
La interpretación que la funcionaria citada ofrece carece totalmente de sustento, ya que, de la lectura de la parte considerativa del voto aludido, se desprende con meridiana claridad, que este Tribunal Constitucional consideró como lesivo del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, aprobara el estudio de impacto ambiental, sin contar con los estudios exigidos por el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), a lo cual se hizo caso omiso y, por medio de la resolución No. 1434-2010-SETENA de las 09:10 hrs. de 29 de junio de 2010, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental del Ministerio de Ambiente, Energía y Telecomunicaciones, dispuso el cierre de la etapa constructiva del Condominio Brisas del Ciprés, proceder que, a la luz de las consideraciones expuestas, resulta, desde todo punto de vista, contrario al principio precautorio y, consecuentemente, al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
En mérito de lo expuesto, se impone declarar con lugar el recurso.
POR TANTO:
Se declara con lugar el recurso y en consecuencia:
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