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Res. 10396-2004 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 22/09/2004

Flawless dismissal of unconstitutionality action against Article 58 of the Forestry LawRechazo de plano de acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el artículo 58 de la Ley Forestal

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OutcomeResultado

Flat dismissalRechazo de plano

The unconstitutionality action against Article 58 of the Forestry Law is declared inadmissible because the unconstitutionality was not invoked as a reasonable means of defense in the underlying criminal case.La acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el artículo 58 de la Ley Forestal se declara inadmisible por no haberse invocado la inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable de defensa en el proceso penal subyacente.

SummaryResumen

The Constitutional Chamber flatly dismisses, as inadmissible, the unconstitutionality action filed by the private attorney of two defendants in a criminal proceeding, against Article 58 of the Forestry Law. The plaintiff argued that the criminal offense of invasion of protected areas was open-ended and violated the principle of legality. Without addressing the merits, the Chamber determines that the admissibility requirement of Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law was not met, because the unconstitutionality was not invoked as a reasonable means of defense in the underlying criminal process. After reviewing the certified criminal file submitted by the plaintiff, the Chamber confirms that neither the attorney nor the defendants raised the unconstitutionality during the proceedings. Consequently, the action is dismissed outright based on Article 9 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.La Sala Constitucional rechaza de plano, por inadmisible, la acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por el defensor particular de dos imputados en un proceso penal, contra el artículo 58 de la Ley Forestal. El accionante alegaba que el tipo penal de invasión de áreas de protección era abierto y violaba el principio de legalidad. La Sala, sin entrar al fondo del asunto, determina que no se cumplió con el requisito de admisibilidad establecido en el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, pues la inconstitucionalidad no fue invocada como medio razonable de defensa en el proceso penal subyacente. Tras analizar la certificación del expediente penal aportada, la Sala constata que ni el defensor ni los imputados alegaron la inconstitucionalidad durante la tramitación del caso. En consecuencia, la acción es rechazada de plano con fundamento en el artículo 9 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.

Key excerptExtracto clave

For the reason set forth in the preceding recital, this action is inadmissible and, as Article 9 of the law governing this Chamber permits, must be dismissed outright. Indeed, the plaintiff merely states that criminal proceeding No. 03-005666-647-PE is pending against his clients before the Agrarian Environmental Prosecutor's Office, but neither he nor the defendants have raised the unconstitutionality they now seek from the Chamber in that proceeding. Not only is the petition silent on this point, but after reviewing the certified file provided by the plaintiff (pages 5-30), it is clear beyond any doubt that no unconstitutionality claim has been made.Por la razón expuesta en el considerando anterior, esta acción es inadmisible y, tal como lo permite a esta Sala el artículo 9 de la ley que la rige, debe rechazarse de plano. En efecto, el accionante se limita a afirmar que contra sus defendidos se sigue un proceso penal, el No. 03-005666-647-PE de la Fiscalía Agraria Ambiental, pero ni él ni los imputados han alegado en ese proceso la inconstitucionalidad que ahora solicitan a la Sala. No solo el escrito de interposición de la acción es omiso en cuanto al punto, sino que, analizado el expediente cuya certificación literal aporta el mismo accionante (folios 5-30), se desprende sin duda alguna que no se ha alegado la inconstitucionalidad.

Pull quotesCitas destacadas

  • "El artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional exige, como requisito de admisibilidad de una acción, que exista un caso pendiente de resolución donde se deba aplicar la norma impugnada. Pero no basta con que exista ese caso previo, sino que es además necesario que allí se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad de la norma como medio razonable de defensa."

    "Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law requires, as a prerequisite for admissibility of an action, that there be a pending case in which the challenged norm is to be applied. But it is not enough that there be such a prior case; it is also necessary that the unconstitutionality of the norm has been invoked there as a reasonable means of defense."

    Considerando II

  • "El artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional exige, como requisito de admisibilidad de una acción, que exista un caso pendiente de resolución donde se deba aplicar la norma impugnada. Pero no basta con que exista ese caso previo, sino que es además necesario que allí se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad de la norma como medio razonable de defensa."

    Considerando II

  • "En efecto, el accionante se limita a afirmar que contra sus defendidos se sigue un proceso penal, el No. 03-005666-647-PE de la Fiscalía Agraria Ambiental, pero ni él ni los imputados han alegado en ese proceso la inconstitucionalidad que ahora solicitan a la Sala."

    "Indeed, the plaintiff merely states that criminal proceeding No. 03-005666-647-PE is pending against his clients before the Agrarian Environmental Prosecutor's Office, but neither he nor the defendants have raised the unconstitutionality they now seek from the Chamber in that proceeding."

    Considerando III

  • "En efecto, el accionante se limita a afirmar que contra sus defendidos se sigue un proceso penal, el No. 03-005666-647-PE de la Fiscalía Agraria Ambiental, pero ni él ni los imputados han alegado en ese proceso la inconstitucionalidad que ahora solicitan a la Sala."

    Considerando III

Full documentDocumento completo

Procedural marks

Res: 2004-10396 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at fourteen hours and forty-nine minutes on the twenty-second of September, two thousand four.- Action of unconstitutionality brought by Milton Ramírez Jiménez, married, resident of San José, attorney, identity card 5-158-426, acting as private defense counsel for Juan Pablo and José Rogelio both Vega Carvajal, against Article 58 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal).

Resultando:

1.- On March 22, 2004, at 14:00 hours, this action was filed in order for the Chamber to annul the part of Article 58 of the Forest Law that penalizes anyone who invades a protection area, in relation to what is defined in subsection b of Article 33 of the same law. The claimant alleges that this is an open criminal offense as far as the invasion of a protection area is concerned. On the one hand, the same law defines in Article 33 that a protection area shall be understood as the strip of 15 meters in a rural zone and 10 meters in an urban zone on both sides of the banks of rivers, streams (quebradas), and brooks (arroyos). However, on the other hand, it is not clear what is meant by invasion, since such a thing could mean casual pedestrian traffic, cattle crossing the river, usurpation, etc. Furthermore, watercourses are variable, which adds indeterminacy to the criminal offense. For this reason, Article 58 is contrary to Article 39 of the Political Constitution, as well as the principle of legality, in relation to Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (folios 2-4).

2.- In order to substantiate standing, the claimant alleges that criminal case No. 03-005666-647-PE is being pursued against his clients for an infraction of said Article 58 (folio 2).

Drafted by Magistrate Solano Carrera; and,

Considerando:

I.- Claim of the claimant. The claimant seeks for the Chamber to annul the reference made by Article 58 of the Forest Law to the invasion of protection zones. That norm, which imposes a penalty on anyone who invades a protection zone, is—according to the claimant—too open, because the word "invasion" can have several meanings. He states that there is a pending criminal proceeding against his clients in which the application of that norm is being sought.

II.- Unconstitutionality as a reasonable means of defense. Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction requires, as a prerequisite for the admissibility of an action, that there be a case pending resolution in which the challenged norm must be applied. But it is not enough that this prior case exists; it is also necessary that the unconstitutionality of the norm have been invoked therein as a reasonable means of defense. From the first judgments issued by this Chamber, this requirement has been established very clearly (and later reiterated). In judgment No. 178-89, of December 15, 1989, the Chamber set forth this point as follows:

«I.- Both in the provisions that served as support for the present appeal—now repealed—and in the current law, it is established as a necessary requirement that the possible unconstitutionality of the norms be invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right that is considered infringed; that is, the unconstitutionality of the law that empowers the application of a specific conduct, which in the actor's judgment injures his interests—whether by mere application or by erroneous interpretation—must be alleged, expressly, in the matter pending resolution as the basis for the claim of incorrect application.

II.- [...]. Since the inapplicability of the norm, whose unconstitutionality is alleged, was not expressly adduced there as a means of protecting the right which, in the appellant's judgment, was infringed, this requires that the appeal filed be rejected.» III.- Inadmissibility of the action. For the reason set forth in the preceding Considerando, this action is inadmissible and, as Article 9 of the law governing it permits this Chamber, it must be rejected outright. Indeed, the claimant merely states that a criminal proceeding is being pursued against his clients, No. 03-005666-647-PE of the Agrarian Environmental Prosecutor's Office (Fiscalía Agraria Ambiental), but neither he nor the accused have alleged in that proceeding the unconstitutionality they now request of the Chamber. Not only is the filing brief for the action silent on this point, but upon analysis of the case file, the literal certification of which is provided by the claimant himself (folios 5-30), it is clear beyond any doubt that the unconstitutionality has not been alleged.

Por tanto:

The action is rejected outright.

Luis Fernando Solano C.

Adrián Vargas B. Gilbert Armijo S.

Ernesto Jinesta L. Fernando Cruz C.

Susana Castro A.

ant to the provisions of Article 2, subparagraph 2.2.1 of Annex 2, of Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, and it was determined, in general, that the property is located outside of protected wild areas, wetlands, biological corridors, archaeological sites, etc. The area of the property is 287,941.52 m² (i.e., twenty-eight hectares, seventy-nine ares, forty-one point fifty-two centiares), and it is located at an approximate altitude of 150 to 250 meters above sea level, in the so-called "Pacific Coastal Mountain Range" or "Fila Brunqueña." The temperature is characteristic of a tropical humid climate with a defined dry season; the average annual rainfall is 4,706 mm; it possesses a great wealth of flora and fauna, with primary and secondary forest cover (cobertura boscosa). As singularities, it was determined, among others, that thirty-two springs (nacientes) feed Purires Creek, and it was verified that the topography is very irregular, with slopes ranging from 25% to 50% and even greater. In summary, the objectors, who are knowledgeable in environmental and forestry matters, consider that granting the requested environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) would potentially represent a very high-risk scenario for the environment and the area's inhabitants themselves.

IV.- On the other hand, the applicant's representative, Fabián Volio Echeverría, stated that in order to adequately visualize the objectors' arguments, some detail is necessary: The official preliminary draft of the corrective land-use plan (plan regulador) for Pérez Zeledón (and by that I mean what is currently being processed before INVU), determines, for the area where the property is located, a zonification of "Moderate to Low Density Residential": that is to say, the land is NOT in a forest area, nor of natural resources, nor of environmental protection. In fact, the Municipality has considered this area suitable for the construction of housing developments. The developer requested a land-use (uso del suelo) certification from the Municipality, which confirmed the above, i.e., that the land is located in an area intended for "Housing and Compatible Commerce." On the other hand, both the studies presented by the developer and the subsequent expert reports by SETENA, including those by SINAC and the Water Directorate, determined that with the mitigation measures proposed by the developer (in terms of design, construction, and operation of the project), the actual environmental impact that the project could generate is of a very low magnitude and is reversi position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l13:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l13:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l13:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; 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mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l30:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l30:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l30:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l31 {mso-list-id:532769663; mso-list-template-ids:30020949} CSS) of Ley 7575, the specific provisions contained in the Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber, the provisions of Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, the specific procedures emanating from the Reglamento de la Ley Forestal enacted through Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, and Art. 19 of the Ley Forestal. Consequently, SETENA must verify that the project has the respective permit for land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) and the corresponding environmental commitments issued by the competent authority, in this case SINAC and specifically the ACOSA Conservation Area. In this regard, it is important to note that in Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 of the D1 document, the developer lists a series of properties to be affected, but does not clearly indicate whether these have forest cover (cobertura boscosa) or are subject to the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) program. The same occurs with the identification of water springs (nacientes), as it only makes a generic list without specifying the exact location and the protection zones that, by law, are untouchable and constitute an lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) area.

Furthermore, regarding the subdivision (fraccionamiento) process, since it is a comprehensive project including residential, commercial, and tourism components, the requirements of INVU and the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento must be met. Specific studies from ICAA and the corresponding municipal permits are also required. The developer must coordinate technical aspects with ICE and MOPT regarding electricity and road infrastructure, respectively, and must have the necessary easements (servidumbres) duly registered. The present case also requires the opinion of institutions such as CONARE, JASEC, CNE, IMN, and IGN, as well as INDER if it is within their areas of competence.

Regarding the PSAH, the developer must clarify whether any of the selected properties are currently enrolled in the program or have been in the past, and whether there are contracts in force that could be affected by the works. In Considerando III, it is stated that the project is located on properties registered under the folio real system numbers 455216-000 and others, adjacent to the Río Savegre, and it is likely that areas of protection for water springs and riverbanks established by law are being affected, so a field verification is necessary to determine the exact impact.

Por tanto, this environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) document is incomplete and must be supplemented with the technical and legal aspects described, before continuing with the evaluation by SETENA.

@list l77:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; These are internal Microsoft Word list formatting directives, not content to be translated. There is no Spanish legal text provided in the chunk.

Res: 2004-10396 **CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE.** San José, at fourteen hours and forty-nine minutes on the twenty-second of September, two thousand four.- An action of unconstitutionality filed by Milton Ramírez Jiménez, married, resident of San José, attorney, ID 5-158-426, acting as private defense counsel for Juan Pablo and José Rogelio, both Vega Carvajal, against Article 58 of the Ley Forestal.

**Considering:** **1.-** On March 22, 2004, at 14:00 hours, this action was filed with the purpose of having the Chamber annul the part of Article 58 of the Ley Forestal that penalizes whoever invades a protection area, in relation to what is defined in subsection b of Article 33 of the same law.

The claimant alleges that this constitutes an open criminal offense with regard to the invasion of a protection area (área de protección). On one hand, the law itself defines in Article 33 that a protection area shall be understood as the strip of 15 meters in rural areas and 10 in urban areas on both sides of the banks of rivers, streams (quebradas), and creeks (arroyos). However, on the other hand, it is not clear what is meant by invasion, since such a thing could mean casual pedestrian traffic, cattle crossing the river, usurpation, etc. Furthermore, watercourses are variable, which adds indeterminacy to the criminal offense. For this reason, Article 58 is contrary to Article 39 of the Political Constitution, as well as the principle of legality, in relation to Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (folios 2-4).

**2.-** To support standing, the claimant alleges that criminal case No. 03-005666-647-PE is proceeding against his defendants for a violation of that Article 58 (folio 2).

Drafted by Magistrate **Solano Carrera**; and, **Considering:** **I.- <u>Claimant's Petition</u>** The claimant seeks that the Chamber annul the reference made by Article 58 of the Ley Forestal to the invasion of protection areas. That provision, which imposes a penalty on anyone who invades a protection area, is—according to the claimant—too open, because the word "invasion" can have several meanings. He affirms that a criminal proceeding is pending against his defendants in which that provision is intended to be applied to them.

**II.- <u>Unconstitutionality as a Reasonable Means of Defense</u>** Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional requires, as a prerequisite for the admissibility of an action, that there be a pending case to be resolved where the challenged provision must be applied. But it is not enough that such a prior case exists; it is also necessary that the unconstitutionality of the provision has been invoked there as a reasonable means of defense. From the very first judgments issued by this Chamber, this requirement has been established very clearly (and subsequently reiterated). In judgment No. 178-89, of December 15, 1989, the Chamber set forth this point as follows:

«I.- Both in the provisions that served as the basis for this appeal—now repealed—and in the current law, it is established as a necessary requirement that the possible unconstitutionality of the provisions be invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right considered to be infringed; that is, that the unconstitutionality of the law authorizing the application of a specific conduct, which in the plaintiff's opinion injures his interests—whether by mere application or by erroneous interpretation—must be expressly alleged in the pending matter as the basis for the claim of incorrect application.

II.- [...]. As the inapplicability of the provision, whose unconstitutionality is alleged, was not expressly adduced there as a means of protecting the right that, in the appellant's opinion, was infringed, this means that the filed appeal must be rejected.» **III.- <u>Inadmissibility of the Action</u>** For the reason set forth in the preceding recital (considerando), this action is inadmissible and, as permitted to this Chamber by Article 9 of the law governing it, must be dismissed outright (rechazarse de plano). Indeed, the claimant merely states that a criminal proceeding is underway against his defendants, No. 03-005666-647-PE of the Fiscalía Agraria Ambiental, but neither he nor the defendants have alleged in that proceeding the unconstitutionality they now request of the Chamber. Not only is the filing brief for the action silent on the point, but upon analysis of the certified case file provided by the claimant himself (folios 5-30), it is evident beyond any doubt that unconstitutionality has not been alleged.

**Therefore:** The action is dismissed outright (Se rechaza de plano la acción).

Luis Fernando Solano C.

Adrián Vargas B. Gilbert Armijo S.

Ernesto Jinesta L. Fernando Cruz C.

Susana Castro A. Fabián Volio E.

Not only is the brief filing the action silent on this point, but an examination of the case file (expediente), the literal certification of which is provided by the plaintiff himself (folios 5-30), clearly shows that the unconstitutionality was not alleged.

Furthermore, in the request it was stated that the objective of the project was not for the purpose of subdivision (fraccionamiento), but rather to establish the rules for a future condominium, and that MINAE regulations do not provide a basis for requiring the collection of fees for timber felling at the cadastral plan (plano catastrado) processing stage. As additional documentation, a copy of the administrative file of the Processing Unit for D1-2004-127 was provided.

IV.- That this Unit, after analyzing the documentation filed, issues the following technical criteria, based on the following:

  • a)That Resolution 2005-04126 of 13:30 hours on 4 April 2005, of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo), in section 3) of the operative part, resolved: “3) To partially uphold the appeal, ordering the setting aside of resolutions of the Osa Conservation Area.” This resolution ordered that the administrative file be forwarded for processing to the Tempisque Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Tempisque, ACT).
  • b)That through official letter SM-458-2005, the Osa Conservation Area referred the file to the Tempisque Conservation Area. By means of official letter ACT-D-261-05 of 7 September 2005, the ACT referred the file to the Tempisque Sub-Regional Office of the Tempisque Conservation Area, in accordance with the provisions of the aforementioned ruling, and the Sub-Regional Office acknowledged receipt of the administrative file on 29 September 2005.
  • c)That after studying the administrative file, on 9 August 2006, at 09:00 hours, Official Note ACT-SRT-212-2006 was issued, by means of which the resolution ordering the collection of fees for timber felling was set aside, and the company addressed was informed of the environmental viability procedure that must be exhausted by the interested parties as a requirement prior to the issuance of the location certificate (certificado de ubicación) for the aforementioned cadastral plan, in view of the fact that a review of the file shows that:

- There are no environmental viability studies, nor technical studies to determine protected areas, biological corridors, wetlands, aquifer recharge zones, among others. - There is no forest inventory. - There is no Management Plan that establishes the forest management to be implemented in the tree cover. - There is no availability of water, nor a report from the Water Directorate (Dirección de Agua) on concessions for springs (nacientes) or drinking water sources available for the project. - There are no wastewater treatment plans or designs, nor the corresponding availability of the receiving body. - The property is suitable for forest activity, according to the land-use capacity map of the Soil Conservation Study of the Pacífico Seco (E037), 4-5-85.

  • d)That through official note ACT-SRT-212-06, the company requested that a resolution be issued setting aside the collection of fees for timber felling, a request that was set aside by means of the resolution contained in official note ACT-SRT-212-06.
  • e)That since no one appeared during the term granted in the previous resolution to assert their rights with respect to the administrative file, this Processing Unit proceeded to issue the resolution that by law corresponds, taking into account the documentation that appears in the file.
  • f)That this Processing Unit, after careful study of the documentation provided, observes that:

- The request for approval of the cadastral plan is for an area comprising mangrove swamp (mangle), vegetation associated with the temporary flooding of the Río Bebedero, two hills located within the boundaries of the property, which represent different ecosystems, as well as sandy soils and marine soils. - The documentation provided lacks the environmental viability study, a basic and fundamental requirement for its respective processing, proceeding with the corresponding environmental evaluation, in accordance with the provisions of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal).

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mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l83:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l83:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l83:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l83:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l83:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l83:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l83:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l84 {mso-list-id:1511492431; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:-1087605820;} @list l84:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-text:"%1\.-"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:14.15pt; mso-level-legacy-space:8.5pt; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l85 {mso-list-id:1523141834; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:-745409342;} @list l85:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-text:"%1\.-"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:14.15pt; mso-level-legacy-space:8.5pt; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l86 {mso-list-id:1542864128; mso-list-template-ids:-506669090;} @list l86:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l86:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l87 {mso-list-id:1554779694; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:-1087605820;} @list l87:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-text:"%1\.-"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:14.15pt; mso-level-legacy-space:8.5pt; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l88 {mso-list-id:1560732212; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:2085416330;} @list l88:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-text:"%1\.-"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:14.15pt; mso-level-legacy-space:8.5pt; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l89 {mso-list-id:1563797408; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:142627244;} @list l89:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%1\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:21.25pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l90 {mso-list-id:1609622907; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:-1087605820;} @list l90:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-text:"%1\.-"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:14.15pt; mso-level-legacy-space:8.5pt; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l91 {mso-list-id:1615639543; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:848216810;} @list l91:level1 {mso-level-text:"%1\.-"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:14.15pt; mso-level-legacy-space:8.5pt; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l92 {mso-list-id:1616807566; mso-list-template-ids:-1874045654;} @list l92:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l92:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93 {mso-list-id:1629068682; mso-list-template-ids:-506669090;} @list l93:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l93:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94 {mso-list-id:1635257318; mso-list-template-ids:-506669090;} @list l94:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l94:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95 {mso-list-id:1641147732; mso-list-template-ids:-1544811232;} @list l95:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l95:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; 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text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l96:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l96:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l96:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l96:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l96:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l96:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97 {mso-list-id:1648872711; mso-list-template-ids:-1874045654;} @list l97:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l97:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98 {mso-list-id:1656072699; mso-list-template-ids:300209492;} @list l98:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l98:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99 {mso-list-id:1657513140; mso-list-template-ids:300209492;} @list l99:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l99:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100 {mso-list-id:1688298955; mso-list-template-ids:-506669090;} @list l100:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l100:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l101 {mso-list-id:1701555976; mso-list-type:simple; mso-list-template-ids:848216810;} @list l101:level1 {mso-level-text:"%1\.-"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:14.15pt; mso-level-legacy-space:8.5pt; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:0cm;} @list l102 {mso-list-id:1706474881; mso-list-template-ids:2074776992;} @list l102:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l102:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103 {mso-list-id:1726421437; mso-list-template-ids:300209492;} @list l103:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level5 {mso-level-text:"\(%5\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level6 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%6\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level7 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%7\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level8 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%8\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l103:level9 {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; mso-level-text:"\(%9\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l104 {mso-list-id:1740526068; mso-list-template-ids:-1874045654;} @list l104:level1 {mso-level-number-format:roman-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l104:level2 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l104:level3 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; text-indent:-36.0pt;} @list l104:level4 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; mso-level-text:"%4\)"; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; mso-level-legacy:yes; mso-level-legacy-indent:36.0pt; mso-level-legacy-space:0cm; 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1. Watersheds 2. Declared protection zones (zonas protectoras) 3. Areas of recreational use, whether public or private 4. National parks, biological reserves, forest reserves, national monuments, wildlife refuges, wetlands, and natural heritage sites of the State 5. National border strip 6. Areas of absolute protection established around springs (nacientes), whether permanent or intermittent, defined in article 33 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) 7. Areas of restricted protection for the infiltration of aquifers and the recharge of springs, defined in article 34 bis of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) 8. Both banks of the permanent watercourses defined in article 33 of the Forest Law, in their respective easement (servidumbre) zones 9. Areas under the Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) regime, except those PSAH (Pago de Servicios Ambientales for Hydrological Protection) contracts authorized in forest management plans limiting their use for forest management purposes, which are assigned the category of Forest and Forestry Exploitation 10. Areas described in article 43 of the Forest Law Res: 2004-10396 **CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE.** San José, at fourteen hours and forty-nine minutes on the twenty-second of September, two thousand four.- Action of unconstitutionality filed by Milton Ramírez Jiménez, married, resident of San José, attorney, ID 5-158-426, in his capacity as private defense counsel for Juan Pablo and José Rogelio both Vega Carvajal, against Article 58 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal).

**Whereas:** **1.-** On March 22, 2004, at 14:00 hours, this action was filed so that the Chamber annuls the part of Article 58 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) that penalizes anyone who invades a protection area (área de protección), in relation to what is defined in subsection b of Article 33 of the same law.

The petitioner alleges that it involves an open-ended criminal offense with respect to the invasion of a protected area. On the one hand, the law itself defines in Article 33 that the protected area is understood to be the strip of 15 meters in rural zones and 10 meters in urban zones on both banks of rivers, streams, and creeks. However, on the other hand, it is not clear what is meant by invasion, since this could mean casual pedestrian traffic, livestock crossing through the river, usurpation, etc. Furthermore, watercourses are variable, which adds indeterminacy to the criminal offense. For this reason, Article 58 is contrary to Article 39 of the Political Constitution, as well as the principle of legality, in relation to Articles 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (folios 2-4).

**2.-** To support standing, the petitioner alleges that criminal case No. 03-005666-647-PE is pending against his clients for violation of that Article 58 (folio 2).

Drafted by Magistrate **Solano Carrera**; and, **Considering:** **I.- <u>Petitioner's claim</u>** The petitioner seeks to have the Chamber annul the reference made by Article 58 of the Ley Forestal to the invasion of protected areas. That provision, which imposes a penalty on anyone who invades a protected area, is—according to the petitioner—too open-ended, since the word "invasion" can have several meanings. He states that there is a pending criminal proceeding against his clients in which this provision is intended to be applied to them.

**II.- <u>Unconstitutionality as a reasonable means of defense</u>** Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional requires, as a requisite for the admissibility of an action, that there be a pending case in which the challenged provision must be applied. But it is not enough for that prior case to exist; it is also necessary that the unconstitutionality of the provision has been invoked there as a reasonable means of defense. From the first judgments issued by this Chamber, this requirement has been established very clearly (and later reiterated). In Judgment No. 178-89, of December 15, 1989, the Chamber set out this point as follows:

«I.- Both in the provisions that served as the basis for the present appeal—now repealed—and in the current law, it is established as a necessary requirement that the possible unconstitutionality of the rules be invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right considered to be infringed; that is, that the unconstitutionality of the law that authorizes the application of a specific conduct, which in the petitioner's opinion harms his interests—whether by mere application or by erroneous interpretation—must be expressly alleged in the pending matter as the basis for the claim of incorrect application.

II.- [...] Since the inapplicability of the provision, whose unconstitutionality is alleged, was not expressly argued there as a means of protecting the right that, in the appellant's opinion, was infringed, this means that the appeal filed must be rejected.» **III.- <u>Inadmissibility of the action</u>** For the reason stated in the preceding recital, this action is inadmissible and, as permitted to this Chamber by Article 9 of the law governing it, must be rejected outright. Indeed, the petitioner merely states that a criminal proceeding is pending against his clients, No. 03-005666-647-PE of the Fiscalía Agraria Ambiental, but neither he nor the accused have alleged in that proceeding the unconstitutionality that they now request from the Chamber. Not only is the filing brief for the action silent on the point, but also, having analyzed the file whose literal certification is provided by the petitioner himself (folios 5-30), it is unequivocally clear that the unconstitutionality has not been alleged.

**Therefore:** The action is rejected outright.

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Luis Fernando Solano C.

&nbsp; &nbsp; Adrián Vargas B. Gilbert Armijo S.

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ernesto Jinesta L. Fernando Cruz C.

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Susana Castro A. Fabián Volio E.

Marcadores

Res: 2004-10396 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las catorce horas con cuarenta y nueve minutos del veintidós de setiembre del dos mil cuatro.- Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por Milton Ramírez Jiménez, casado, vecino de San José, abogado, cédula 5-158-426, en calidad de defensor particular de Juan Pablo y José Rogelio ambos Vega Carvajal, contra el artículo 58 de la Ley Forestal.

Resultando:

1.- El 22 de marzo del 2004, a las 14:00 horas, se interpuso esta acción con el fin de que la Sala anule la parte del artículo 58 de la Ley Forestal que penaliza a quien invada un área de protección, en relación con lo definido en el inciso b del artículo 33 de la misma ley. El accionante alega que se trata de un tipo penal abierto en lo que se refiere a la invasión de un área de protección. Por una lado, la misma ley define en el artículo 33 que se entenderá por área de protección la franja de 15 metros en zona rural y de 10 en zona urbana a ambos lados de la ribera de los ríos, quebradas y arroyos. Ahora bien, por otra parte, no está claro qué se entiende por invasión, ya que tal cosa podría significar un tránsito peatonal casual, el paso del ganado por el río, la usurpación, etc. Además, los cauces son variable, lo que añade indeterminación al tipo penal. Por esta razón el artículo 58 es contrario al artículo 39 de la Constitución Política, así como el principio de legalidad, en relación con los artículos 8, 9, 10 y 11 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (folios 2-4).

2.- A efecto de fundamentar la legitimación, el accionante alega que contra sus defendidos se sigue la causa penal No. 03-005666-647-PE por infracción a ese artículo 58 (folio 2).

Redacta el Magistrado Solano Carrera; y,

Considerando:

I.- Pretensión del accionante El accionante pretende que la Sala anule la referencia que hace el artículo 58 de la Ley Forestal a la invasión de zonas de protección. Esa norma, que impone una pena a quien invada una zona de protección, es —según el accionante— demasiado abierta, pues la palabra “invasión” puede tener varios significados. Afirma que contra sus defendidos hay un proceso penal pendiente donde se pretende aplicarles esa norma.

II.- La inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable de defensa El artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional exige, como requisito de admisibilidad de una acción, que exista un caso pendiente de resolución donde se deba aplicar la norma impugnada. Pero no basta con que exista ese caso previo, sino que es además necesario que allí se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad de la norma como medio razonable de defensa. Desde las primeras sentencias dictadas por esta Sala ha quedado sentado de manera muy clara (y luego además reiterada) este requisito. En sentencia No. 178-89, del 15 de diciembre de 1989, la Sala expuso así este punto:

«I.- Tanto en las disposiciones, que sirvieron de sustento al presente recurso -hoy derogadas- como en la ley vigente, se establece como requisito necesario, que la posible inconstitucionalidad de las normas se invoque como medio razonable de amparar el derecho que se considera lesionado; esto es, que la inconstitucionalidad de la ley que faculta la aplicación de una conducta determinada, que a juicio del actor lesione sus intereses -ya sea por mera aplicación o por errada interpretación- debe ser alegada, expresamente, en el asunto pendiente de resolución como fundamento del reclamo de la aplicación incorrecta.

II.- [...]. Como la inaplicabilidad de la norma, cuya inconstitucionalidad se alega, no fue expresamente aducida allí como medio de amparar el derecho que, a juicio del recurrente, fue lesionado, ello hace que debe rechazarse el recurso interpuesto.» III.- Inadmisibilidad de la acción Por la razón expuesta en el considerando anterior, esta acción es inadmisible y, tal como lo permite a esta Sala el artículo 9 de la ley que la rige, debe rechazarse de plano. En efecto, el accionante se limita a afirmar que contra sus defendidos se sigue un proceso penal, el No. 03-005666-647-PE de la Fiscalía Agraria Ambiental, pero ni él ni los imputados han alegado en ese proceso la inconstitucionalidad que ahora solicitan a la Sala. No solo el escrito de interposición de la acción es omiso en cuanto al punto, sino que, analizado el expediente cuya certificación literal aporta el mismo accionante (folios 5-30), se desprende sin duda alguna que no se ha alegado la inconstitucionalidad.

Por tanto:

Se rechaza de plano la acción.

Luis Fernando Solano C.

Adrián Vargas B. Gilbert Armijo S.

Ernesto Jinesta L. Fernando Cruz C.

Susana Castro A. Fabián Volio E.

Document not found. Documento no encontrado.

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