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Res. 38617-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 08/10/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered Conavi to resolve the culvert-capacity problem within four months and to pay costs, damages, and losses, but denied the amparo as to the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz and in all other respects.La Sala ordenó al Conavi solucionar en un máximo de cuatro meses el problema de capacidad de la alcantarilla y lo condenó al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios, pero declaró sin lugar el recurso respecto de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz y en todo lo demás.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) partially granted the amparo proceeding, solely against the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad (Conavi). Since January 2026, the protected person had reported that a culvert on National Route No. 160 caused flooding, erosion, damage to her home, and unhealthy conditions. Although Conavi conducted inspections and maintained that it had not redirected the water, it acknowledged that the previous culvert had been replaced because of insufficient capacity and that a topographic survey was still needed to assess an additional culvert. The Chamber concluded that those actions had not resolved the reported capacity problem and ordered Conavi, within its statutory authority, to take the necessary measures to solve it within four months after notification. It also ordered Conavi to pay costs, damages, and losses, with the amounts to be determined during enforcement of the judgment before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. The amparo was denied as to the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz.La Sala Constitucional declaró parcialmente con lugar el recurso de amparo únicamente contra el Consejo Nacional de Vialidad (Conavi). La amparada había denunciado desde enero de 2026 que una alcantarilla de la ruta nacional nro. 160 ocasionaba inundaciones, erosión, daños en su vivienda y condiciones insalubres. Aunque el Conavi realizó inspecciones y sostuvo que no había redireccionado las aguas, reconoció que la alcantarilla anterior fue sustituida por falta de capacidad y que todavía debía efectuarse un levantamiento topográfico para valorar otro paso de alcantarilla. La Sala concluyó que esas actuaciones no habían solucionado el problema de capacidad denunciado y ordenó al Conavi adoptar, dentro de sus competencias, las medidas necesarias para resolverlo en un máximo de cuatro meses desde la notificación. Además, condenó al Conavi al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios, por liquidar en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso-administrativo. El recurso fue declarado sin lugar respecto de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In view of the foregoing, the Court finds that Conavi violated the fundamental rights of the protected person. Since January 2026, that Council had been informed that the culvert located near the applicant's property caused flooding that affected the premises. Although Conavi maintains that the problem was not caused by a diversion of the water, because the culvert had existed for many years and was merely replaced in 2020 due to insufficient capacity, it also acknowledges that the capacity of that culvert is insufficient. In this regard, the email sent to the protected person on 26 June 2026 stated that the possibility of installing another culvert was being considered so that part of the water could be conveyed toward the cantonal road and managed by the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz through a ditch; this would require a topographic survey that has not been conducted. In sum, although Conavi has taken actions related to the complaints submitted by the protected person, it has not been shown that the reported problem concerning the capacity of the culvert located near her property has been resolved. The amparo must therefore be granted as to Conavi. The amparo proceeding is partially granted, solely as to the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad. Mauricio Sojo Quesada, in his capacity as executive director of the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, or whoever holds that office, is ordered to make the necessary arrangements, take appropriate measures, and issue the corresponding instructions within the scope of the institution's authority so that, within no more than FOUR MONTHS after notification of this judgment, the reported problem concerning the capacity of the culvert located near the protected person's property is resolved.En virtud de lo expuesto, el Tribunal verifica la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la tutelada por parte del Conavi. Véase que desde enero de 2026 se denunció ante ese Consejo que la alcantarilla ubicada cerca de la propiedad de la accionante ocasiona inundaciones que afectan el inmueble. Al respecto, si bien el Conavi sostiene que la problemática no se produce por un desvío de las aguas, sino que la alcantarilla en cuestión ha existido desde hace muchos años y que en 2020 lo que se hizo fue sustituirla por un tema de falta de capacidad, no menos cierto es que también reconoce que la capacidad de la mencionada alcantarilla es insuficiente. En ese sentido, véase que en el correo electrónico remitido a la amparada el 26 de junio de 2026 se le indicó que se estaba analizando la posibilidad de colocar otro paso de alcantarilla que permita llevar una parte de las aguas hacia la ruta cantonal y que la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz haga el manejo de estas mediante una cuneta, para lo cual es necesario efectuar un levantamiento topográfico que no se ha llevado a cabo. En suma, si bien el Conavi ha efectuado actuaciones relacionadas con las denuncias plantadas por la amparada, no menos cierto es que no se verifica que se haya solventado la problemática denunciada en cuanto a la capacidad del paso de alcantarilla ubicada cerca de la propiedad de la tutelada. De ahí que proceda acoger el recurso en lo que al Conavi refiere. Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, solo en cuanto al Consejo Nacional de Vialidad. Se le ordena a Mauricio Sojo Quesada, en su condición de director ejecutivo del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, o a quien en ese lugar ocupe ese cargo, coordinar lo necesario, tomar las medidas adecuadas y girar las órdenes que correspondan dentro del ámbito de sus competencias respectivas, a fin de que, en el plazo máximo de CUATRO MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se solucione la problemática denunciada en cuanto a la capacidad del paso de alcantarilla ubicada cerca de la propiedad de la tutelada.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Precisamente, en el sub lite se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante denuncias planteadas por el riesgo causado a la integridad física y vida de las personas ante inundaciones, las cuales presuntamente no han sido atendidas."
"This case presents an exception because it concerns complaints about risks that flooding poses to people's physical integrity and lives, which allegedly had not been addressed."
Considerando I
"Precisamente, en el sub lite se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante denuncias planteadas por el riesgo causado a la integridad física y vida de las personas ante inundaciones, las cuales presuntamente no han sido atendidas."
Considerando I
"Una inspección o una comunicación administrativa no puede considerarse equivalente a una solución efectiva cuando la situación material permanece."
"An inspection or administrative communication cannot be considered equivalent to an effective solution when the underlying situation persists."
Manifestación de la recurrente
"Una inspección o una comunicación administrativa no puede considerarse equivalente a una solución efectiva cuando la situación material permanece."
Manifestación de la recurrente
"La atención administrativa debe ser efectiva y suficiente frente a una afectación que continúa, especialmente cuando la propia Administración reconoce la necesidad de realizar actuaciones técnicas adicionales."
"Administrative attention must be effective and sufficient in response to an ongoing harm, especially when the Administration itself acknowledges the need for additional technical action."
Manifestación de la recurrente
"La atención administrativa debe ser efectiva y suficiente frente a una afectación que continúa, especialmente cuando la propia Administración reconoce la necesidad de realizar actuaciones técnicas adicionales."
Manifestación de la recurrente
"En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso."
"In all other respects, the amparo is denied."
Por tanto
"En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review Decision No. 2026038617 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL) OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at 9:30 a.m. on 8 October 2026.
Amparo proceeding being processed under case number 26-027548-0007-CO, filed by [Nombre 001], identity card number [Valor 001], against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA CRUZ AND THE CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD (CONAVI).
Background:
III.RESPONSE ON THE MERITS Once the administrative and technical background relevant to a proper understanding of this matter has been presented, it is appropriate to address the merits of the facts attributed to the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad (CONAVI) and, in particular, the amparo applicant’s assertion that certain work performed on National Route No. 160 allegedly altered the configuration of the stormwater drainage system, redirecting waters toward her property and causing the effects she describes in the application. The fundamental premise on which the amparo is based is precisely the assertion that, as a result of the work performed by the Administration, the discharge direction of a preexisting culvert was changed and that, following that change, a volume of water that previously did not reach Ms. ([Name 001])’s property began entering it. The amparo applicant expressly maintains this by asserting an alleged causal link between the work performed on the road and the flooding subsequently experienced. However, that assertion is inconsistent with the inspections conducted by the competent technical division of the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad.
1. The alleged alteration of the drainage system and redirection of stormwater According to technical report CARTA-CONAVI-CA-DIE-GCSV-DRCH-477-2026, the culvert crossing at issue was not recently built or added as a result of the improvement work performed in the area, but rather constitutes infrastructure that has existed for many years and is associated with the original construction of the road. What occurred in approximately 2020 was the replacement of the existing pipe because the former pipe had capacity problems that, on some occasions, caused stormwater to overtop the road and create damage and channels in the road surface. That replacement did not change the direction of the outflow. The technical assessment categorically states that the pipe has always discharged toward the area where the amparo applicant’s property is located and that, when the Dirección Regional Chorotega replaces existing culvert crossings, it maintains the historical direction of the outflows. Accordingly, from a technical standpoint, the essential premise raised in the amparo proceeding—namely, that CONAVI performed work that redirected stormwater flow toward Ms. ([Name 001])’s property—has not been established.
2. Topographic conditions and the natural behavior of stormwater The inspections conducted by CONAVI’s technical personnel established that the site has particular topographic characteristics that are decisive in understanding the behavior of stormwater. During the visit conducted on 17 March 2026, it was determined that the amparo applicant’s property is located at the lowest point of an approximately 150-to-200-meter section. In addition, opposite that property, across National Route No. 160, there is a mountainous area from which stormwater runoff naturally flows toward the location of the culvert crossing. This condition is likewise documented by the photographs included in the technical report. The images show the natural difference in elevation and the direction of the waters toward the culvert crossing, as well as various points from which water descends from the mountainous area. The report concludes that lining the ditches with concrete did not alter the natural condition of the site or introduce any additional flow other than that which naturally reaches the area. Consequently, from a technical standpoint, the conditions observed on the ground do not permit the behavior of the stormwater to be attributed to an alleged recent redirection by this Administration.
3. The actions taken by the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad Nor is it consistent with the administrative background to assert that the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad remained inactive in response to the situation reported by the amparo applicant. From the time direct assistance was first provided to Ms. ([Name 001]) on 9 March 2026, the Administration took various actions aimed at examining the conditions at the site and technically assessing the situation raised. Those actions included the technical inspection conducted on 17 March 2026, during which the location of the culvert crossing, the area’s topographic characteristics, and the natural origin of a significant portion of the waters reaching the area were verified. Moreover, although it was not technically determined that CONAVI had altered the historical direction of the outflow, this Administration coordinated with the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz to assess an alternative that might reduce a portion of the stormwater flow reaching the point at issue.
As a result of that coordination, a joint visit was conducted with engineer Víctor Obando of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, during which the possibility of conveying a portion of the waters toward a cantonal route was analyzed, with the Municipality, if the option proved technically viable, subsequently managing those waters through an earthen ditch. The amparo applicant was informed of these actions by email and telephone communication dated 26 June 2026; therefore, it likewise cannot be maintained that the matters she raised were simply ignored by the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad.
4. The potential technical mitigation alternative It must be clarified that the alternative analyzed jointly with the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz does not constitute any acknowledgment that the work performed by CONAVI caused the effects alleged by the amparo applicant. On the contrary, it is an additional measure whose potential implementation is intended to assess the possibility of reducing a portion of the volume of water that naturally converges in the area. Its feasibility necessarily depends on a topographic survey, since only that study can determine whether the existing elevations and conditions permit a portion of the waters to be conveyed toward the cantonal route. The technical report itself establishes that, if that study demonstrates the viability of the alternative, action will be taken in accordance with the coordination undertaken with the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz. It is therefore not technically possible to state in advance that the work can be performed or to establish its definitive characteristics without first obtaining the required studies.
In summary, the technical and documentary evidence submitted establishes that the culvert crossing was preexisting; that its discharge direction was not changed by the work performed by CONAVI; that the waters converge at that point because of the topographic conditions and natural runoff from the mountainous area; and that, despite this, the Administration has conducted inspections, coordination, and assessments aimed at determining a potential additional mitigation measure. Consequently, the substantiated actions do not reveal any act or omission by the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad that would support the amparo applicant’s contention that this Administration redirected stormwater toward her property or remained inactive in response to the situation brought to its attention.
In response to the facts presented by Ms. [Name 002] in the amparo proceeding being processed under case file No. 26-027548-0007-CO, this Administration responds as follows:
FIRST FACT: PARTIALLY TRUE. It is true that the property referred to by the amparo applicant is located near National Route No. 160, in the Río Seco sector of Santa Cruz, approximately 3.5 kilometers from the Río Seco intersection in the direction of Playa Lagarto, specifically at the intersection with the old road to Paraíso. This is stated in the technical report issued by the Dirección Regional Chorotega. This Administration has no knowledge of the matters concerning the property’s registered ownership, registration number, and cadastral plan, because they do not constitute CONAVI’s own technical information within the report issued; those matters must be established through the corresponding registry documentation. As to the assertion that the property was occupied and enjoyed without difficulties related to stormwater management until before certain work was performed, this Administration has no knowledge of the matter as stated, because it is an assertion by the amparo applicant regarding historical conditions on her property that are not established in CONAVI’s technical report.
SECOND FACT: PARTIALLY TRUE AND FALSE IN ITS FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT. It is true that road improvement work was performed in various sections of National Route No. 160. According to the technical report, during 2020 asphalt seals were applied on national routes whose surfaces consisted of gravel, including various points along this route. It is likewise true that, in approximately 2020, the pipe corresponding to the existing culvert crossing was replaced because the former pipe had capacity problems that, on certain occasions, caused stormwater to overtop the road and damage the road surface. It is not true, however, that this work changed the direction of the culvert’s discharge or redirected stormwater toward the amparo applicant’s property. The technical report expressly establishes that the pipe did not change direction and that the culvert crossing has always discharged toward that area, thus maintaining its historical configuration. Accordingly, the assertion that CONAVI’s work created a new direction of runoff toward Ms. ([Name 001])’s property is expressly denied.
THIRD FACT: THIS ADMINISTRATION HAS NO KNOWLEDGE OF THE MATTER AS STATED. The amparo applicant attributes progressive deterioration of her property, erosion, sediment transport, soil saturation, and damage to the dwelling, furniture, appliances, finishes, and other property to the alleged alteration of the drainage system. CONAVI’s technical report neither determines nor establishes the existence, extent, economic valuation, or cause of that damage, and this Administration therefore cannot deem it proven as stated by the amparo applicant. What was technically established is that the property is located at the topographically lowest point of an approximately 150-to-200-meter section and that, opposite it, there is a mountainous area that naturally generates substantial stormwater runoff toward the location of the culvert crossing. Accordingly, this Administration denies that all the alleged effects can be attributed, without the corresponding technical proof, to an alleged alteration of the drainage system by CONAVI.
FOURTH FACT: NOT TRUE. The existence of the causal link that the amparo applicant seeks to establish between an alleged alteration of the drainage system by CONAVI and the damage alleged on her property is denied. That conclusion rests on a premise that has been technically ruled out: CONAVI did not redirect the culvert crossing toward the amparo applicant’s property. On-site inspections show that the property is located at a low point in the terrain and that waters from the mountainous area opposite the property naturally converge toward the location of the culvert. In addition, the photographic records included in the technical report show the area’s natural difference in elevation and the direction of runoff, and it was technically established that the work to line the ditches did not alter that condition or introduce any waters other than those that naturally reach the site. Therefore, the report issued by CONAVI’s competent division provides no technical basis for asserting the causal link in the categorical terms stated by the amparo applicant.
FIFTH FACT: PARTIALLY TRUE. It is true that Ms. ([Name 001]) made submissions related to the situation at issue in this proceeding and that the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad became aware of them. It is not true, however, that CONAVI remained inactive or failed to address the situation raised. On 9 March 2026, direct assistance was provided to the amparo applicant through WhatsApp communication. Subsequently, on 17 March 2026, CONAVI technical personnel inspected the site and examined its topographic conditions, the location of the culvert crossing, and the characteristics of the existing runoff. In addition, CONAVI coordinated a joint visit with the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz to assess a potential alternative that might partially reduce the amount of water reaching the area. The results of those actions were communicated to the amparo applicant by email and telephone call dated 26 June 2026. Consequently, the documentary evidence contradicts any assertion that this Administration disregarded or ignored the matters raised.
SIXTH FACT: THIS ADMINISTRATION HAS NO KNOWLEDGE OF THE MATTER AS STATED. The amparo applicant asserts that there is a definite, current, and continuing risk to her property and that potential flooding could cause further damage during each rainy season. Determining the existence and extent of property damage and whether it may worsen in the future requires technical and evidentiary material beyond the findings contained in the report issued by CONAVI. What is established is that this Administration has assessed a possible complementary measure intended to reduce a portion of the flow reaching the area, the viability of which necessarily depends on conducting a topographic survey to determine whether it is technically possible to convey a portion of the waters toward the cantonal route. That preventive action does not constitute an acceptance of liability or an acknowledgment that CONAVI caused the alleged conditions.
SEVENTH FACT: THIS ADMINISTRATION HAS NO KNOWLEDGE OF THE MATTER AS STATED. The amparo applicant attributes to the alleged flooding a permanent unsanitary condition, proliferation of disease vectors, dampness, mold, fungi, and possible respiratory and other health effects. Those conditions and their potential medical consequences have not been determined by CONAVI’s technical division and are not established by the technical report supporting this response. Moreover, the allegations concerning an asserted effect on health again rest on the contention that CONAVI altered the drainage system and caused the reported flooding, a fact expressly ruled out by the technical assessment issued by the Dirección Regional Chorotega. Therefore, without prejudice to the assessment that this Honorable Chamber may make of the evidence submitted by the amparo applicant, CONAVI’s technical evidence contains no element establishing a causal relationship between any action of this Administration and the alleged health effects.
EIGHTH FACT: DENIED INSOFAR AS IT SEEKS TO ATTRIBUTE A CONTINUING VIOLATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS TO CONAVI. It is exclusively for this Honorable Chamber to determine what evidentiary proceedings it deems appropriate and to establish whether fundamental rights have been violated. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad has already conducted technical inspections of the site, documented the existing topographic and drainage characteristics through photographs, coordinated actions with the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, and identified a possible complementary alternative whose viability must be determined through a topographic survey. Accordingly, this is not a case in which an Administration failed to assess the reported situation. On the contrary, the technical report demonstrates that CONAVI has taken concrete actions within the scope of its authority, without any showing that this Administration changed the historical direction of the culvert crossing or, through any action of its own, caused the flooding that the amparo applicant seeks to attribute to it.
V.LEGAL BASIS Based on the background set forth above, the individual response to the facts, and the technical and documentary evidence submitted, this representative considers that there is no act or omission attributable to the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad that caused a violation of the fundamental rights invoked by the amparo applicant. On the contrary, the actions taken by this Administration are grounded in its legal authority over the National Road Network, the natural and topographic conditions technically verified at the site, and active administrative action aimed not only at investigating the reported situation but also at assessing additional alternatives that might reduce the amount of stormwater converging in the area.
1. THE AUTHORITY OF THE CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD OVER THE NATIONAL ROAD NETWORK Ley No. 7798, Ley de Creación del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, establishes that the purpose of that legislation is the construction and maintenance of the highways, through streets, and bridges comprising the National Road Network. Consequently, because the culvert crossing under analysis is located within National Route No. 160, CONAVI is responsible for exercising the powers conferred on it by the legal system regarding the preservation and maintenance of that road infrastructure. It is precisely in the exercise of those powers that this Administration has inspected the site, technically assessed the drainage conditions, documented the existing topographic characteristics, and undertaken the necessary coordination with the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz. However, the existence of general authority over the maintenance of the National Road Network does not mean that any runoff, flooding, or adverse effect occurring on an adjoining property may automatically be attributed to CONAVI.
Rather, it is essential to determine technically whether an institutional act or omission occurred and whether it is causally related to the alleged harm. In this matter, that causal relationship has not been established. On the contrary, the technical report concludes that the culvert crossing was preexisting, that its discharge direction was not changed, and that the site is naturally the lowest point in the area.
2. THE LEGAL OBLIGATION OF ADJOINING PROPERTIES TO RECEIVE WATERS WHEN REQUIRED BY THE NATURAL SLOPE OF THE LAND A legal provision particularly relevant to the resolution of this matter is contained in Article 20 of the Ley General de Caminos Públicos, Ley No. 5060. That provision expressly states: “All possessors of real property, under any form of title, are required to receive and allow road waters to flow through their properties when so required by the slope of the land and, when their properties are adjacent to a road drainage outlet, they must keep such outlets clean, in perfect working condition, and free of obstructions.” The provision is especially significant in light of the circumstances established in this case file. The inspection conducted by CONAVI technical personnel determined that the amparo applicant’s property is located at the topographically lowest point of an approximately 150-to-200-meter section and that, opposite it, there is a mountainous area from which stormwater naturally flows toward the point where the culvert crossing is installed.
Therefore, the legislature itself recognizes that the flow of waters from a road may be determined by the natural slope of the land, a circumstance that cannot, by itself, be equated with unlawful conduct by the Administration. Moreover, Article 20 imposes a specific obligation on possessors of adjoining real property whose properties are located beside public-road drainage outlets: to keep such outlets clean, in perfect working condition, and free of obstructions. This statutory provision coincides precisely with the technical characteristics observed at the site and requires a distinction between the natural flow of water determined by the land’s topography and an alleged artificial redirection caused by administrative action. In this matter, there is no technical evidence that CONAVI caused such a redirection.
3. NONEXISTENCE OF THE CAUSATIVE EVENT UNDERLYING THE CONSTITUTIONAL CLAIM The amparo applicant’s entire argument rests on a fundamental premise: that, as a result of work performed on National Route No. 160, the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad altered the discharge direction of the culvert and began conveying toward her property waters that had not previously reached it. However, that assertion has been technically ruled out. The report issued by the Dirección Regional Chorotega establishes that the culvert crossing has existed for many years; that, in approximately 2020, only the existing pipe was replaced because of capacity problems; and that the replacement did not change the direction of the outflow. Therefore, the existence of adverse effects on the property is not by itself sufficient to establish CONAVI’s constitutional liability. It was necessary to demonstrate that those effects arose from an action attributable to this Administration—specifically, the alteration of the drainage identified by the amparo applicant. That causal element not only lacks support in the technical report submitted, but is expressly contradicted by that specialized assessment.
4. THE NEED TO DISTINGUISH CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION FROM TECHNICAL DISPUTES AND DISPUTES OVER FINANCIAL LIABILITY It must be recalled that the amparo proceeding is a summary mechanism intended to protect fundamental rights against manifestly unlawful acts or omissions, but it is not the appropriate avenue to replace proceedings in which a broad evidentiary debate is necessary to determine liability, technical causation, the valuation of damages, or disputes concerning ordinary legality. The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has reiterated this limitation in its case law. In particular, in Resolution No. 08040-2026, issued at 9:25 a.m. on 6 March 2026 in case file No. 25-036544-0007-CO, the Court addressed the inherent limitations of an amparo proceeding when a dispute requires an extensive evidentiary debate and technical assessment. That reasoning applies to this matter insofar as the amparo applicant seeks, on the basis of photographs, videos, and her own chronological reconstruction, to establish a causal link between certain public works and damage she attributes to her property.
Determining whether each item of alleged damage—erosion, structural impact, deterioration of the land, furniture, appliances, and other economic losses—was caused directly and exclusively by a particular act of the Administration entails analyzing questions of hydrology, topography, runoff behavior, road engineering, causation, and property valuation, all of which require specialized technical evidence. Moreover, the evidence submitted by CONAVI demonstrates circumstances that contradict the causal relationship proposed by the amparo applicant: the historical preexistence of the culvert, the absence of any change in its direction, and the area’s natural slope conditions. Consequently, seeking a determination through the amparo proceeding that CONAVI bears financial liability for all the damage invoked would entail transferring to this summary jurisdiction a technical and evidentiary dispute that, insofar as it exceeds strictly constitutional protection, belongs in the legally established ordinary proceedings.
5. THE ABSENCE OF OMISSIVE CONDUCT BY CONAVI The amparo applicant also maintains that, despite her administrative submissions, she has not received an “effective solution” to the reported situation. A legal distinction must be drawn, however, between a complete absence of administrative action and the circumstance that the solution sought by an administered person has not been accepted or implemented on the particular terms requested by that person. There was no inaction by CONAVI in this matter. On 9 March 2026, assistance was provided to Ms. ([Name 001]); on 17 March, a technical inspection was conducted; a joint visit was subsequently coordinated with the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz; an additional alternative for managing a portion of the waters was assessed; and, on 26 June 2026, the amparo applicant was informed of the results of those actions and the need to conduct a topographic survey to determine the feasibility of that alternative.
Regarding the scope of the right enshrined in Article 27 of the Constitution, the Constitutional Chamber has established that the duty to issue a decision does not entail a right of the administered person to receive a response favorable to that person’s interests. Thus, in Resolution No. 16997-2005, issued at 2:51 p.m. on 13 December 2005, the Chamber reiterated, in substance, that “the duty to issue a decision does not entail obtaining a favorable response,” but rather the obligation to provide a response consistent with what was requested. Accordingly, the fact that CONAVI did not agree to remove or close the culvert crossing, as sought by the amparo applicant, does not in itself constitute a violation of the right of petition, especially when the technical assessment establishes that this infrastructure forms part of the road’s historical drainage system and that its removal is not appropriate.
6. DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE PRESENT CASE AND Voto No. 15422-2026 OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER Particularly relevant to the resolution of this matter is Resolution No. 15422- 2026, issued at 9:20 a.m. on 30 April 2026 by the Constitutional Chamber in case file No. 26-009791-0007-CO, in an amparo proceeding brought against the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad that likewise concerned stormwater from a national route and alleged adverse effects on an adjoining property. On that occasion, the Chamber granted the application after determining that, as early as 19 February 2024, the amparo applicant had filed a complaint concerning the undermining of her land caused by National Route No. 148 and that, despite the time elapsed, no comprehensive solution had been provided for the reported problem. The decisive reason for granting the application was expressly stated by the Court as follows: “a manifestly disproportionate period has elapsed since the infrastructure complaint was filed—19 February 2024—without the respondent institution taking further action to provide a comprehensive solution to the reported deficiencies.” The decision’s own case-law classification summarizes the reasoning by stating that the application was granted upon a finding of “prolonged inaction in response to the complaint.” Far from supporting the claim made in the present case file, this precedent makes it possible to establish clearly a substantial difference between the two matters.
In the case resolved through Voto No. 15422-2026, the Chamber treated it as a fact not proven that the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad had comprehensively addressed the complaint filed. In the present matter, by contrast, the documentary and technical evidence demonstrates that CONAVI has taken concrete and continuing actions since it became aware of the situation raised by Ms. [Name 002]. The record establishes that assistance was provided to the amparo applicant on 9 March 2026; that a technical visit to the site was conducted on 17 March 2026; that the topographic conditions and behavior of stormwater were examined; that a joint inspection was subsequently coordinated with the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz; that a potential additional alternative for partially conveying the waters was analyzed; and that, on 26 June 2026, the amparo applicant was informed of the results of those actions and the need to conduct a topographic survey to determine the viability of that alternative.
Consequently, the factual element that led to the granting of the application in Voto No. 15422-2026—namely, a prolonged absence of institutional action in response to a complaint related to road infrastructure—is not present in this case file. Instead, there is materially verifiable, technically supported, and progressive administrative action aimed both at examining the reported situation and at analyzing an additional mitigation alternative. Thus, the reasoning established by the Constitutional Chamber in Resolution No. 15422-2026 calls for distinguishing the two situations: while the constitutional violation in that case file arose from prolonged inaction and the failure to address the complaint comprehensively, CONAVI has actively exercised its powers in the present matter and has provided technical follow-up regarding the situation brought to its attention.
7. THE NATURE OF DISPUTES RELATED TO INFRASTRUCTURE WORK AND THE JURISDICTION HAVING AUTHORITY The same Resolution No. 15422-2026 contains additional considerations that are particularly relevant to defining the proper scope of constitutional jurisdiction. In its preliminary issue, the Chamber recalled that, beginning with Judgment No. 2008-02545, issued at 8:55 a.m. on 22 February 2008, it has referred to the administrative-litigation jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa), except in certain exceptional circumstances, disputes related to compliance with time limits and ordinary administrative action. In the same vein, Justice Luis Fernando Salazar Alvarado, in a separate note included in Resolution No. 15422-2026, stated: “As a matter of principle, I consider that cases related to action or inaction by the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed because such omission constitutes a matter of legality whose adjudication belongs to the ordinary jurisdiction.” The Justice adds that consideration of the merits by the constitutional jurisdiction is appropriate, on an exceptional basis, only when such administrative conduct results in a violation of other fundamental rights or affects particularly vulnerable groups.
This criterion is particularly pertinent to the present matter, since the amparo applicant does not merely allege a possible failure by the administrative authorities to act, but seeks a technical determination, through the amparo proceeding, that a roadwork project altered a drainage system, that this alteration caused certain flooding, that there is a causal link between those works and various property losses, and that, in addition, a specific engineering solution be ordered. Such matters necessarily involve questions of topography, hydrology, road engineering, runoff behavior, causation, and potential liability for property losses, the determination of which requires evidentiary and technical proceedings broader than those inherent in summary amparo proceedings. The exception recognized by the Chamber in Voto No. 15422-2026 arose because, in that matter, there had been a prolonged failure to respond to a complaint concerning a risk to the physical safety of the occupants of the dwelling.
That circumstance is not present in this case, where the evidence establishes that CONAVI undertook multiple technical and administrative actions. 8. ON THE TECHNICAL COMPLEXITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE MEASURES Resolución No. 15422-2026 contains a further element relevant to the present matter. In her partial dissent, Justice Anamari Garro Vargas expressly emphasized the existence of “technical aspects of some complexity” in implementing solutions relating to infrastructure and drainage, noting that the administrative-litigation jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa) has procedural mechanisms particularly well suited to overseeing such actions, including schedules, stages of compliance, and responsibilities. This consideration is fully consistent with the position maintained by CONAVI in the present case file. The additional alternative evaluated jointly with the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz cannot be implemented on an improvised basis, nor can it be deemed technically feasible before the corresponding topographic survey is conducted.
Precisely because this is an engineering decision, it must first be determined whether the terrain elevations would allow some of the water to be conveyed toward the cantonal road without causing adverse consequences in other areas. The need to conduct that study does not constitute arbitrary delay or an institutional refusal, but rather a logical consequence of the technical complexity inherent in modifying a road drainage system. Accordingly, ordering the immediate execution of a specific project without first obtaining the corresponding topographic studies would entail substituting the court’s judgment for the technical judgment of the Administration and dispensing with information essential to ensuring the safety and functionality of any solution that may ultimately be adopted. VI. CONCLUSIONS Based on the administrative and technical background set forth above, the response to the allegations of fact, the documentary evidence submitted, the applicable legislation, and the cited constitutional case law, this representative reaches the following conclusions: FIRST: It has not been established that the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad modified or redirected the discharge from the existing culvert on Ruta Nacional No. 160 toward the property of Ms. [Nombre 002].
The technical report establishes that this infrastructure has existed for many years and that, in approximately 2020, the existing pipe was replaced solely for capacity reasons, without altering the historical direction of the outflow. SECOND: The inspections conducted by CONAVI technical personnel determined that the property is located at the topographically lowest point of an approximately 150- to 200-meter stretch and that, across from it, there is a mountainous area from which rainwater naturally flows toward the site where the culvert is installed. THIRD: The technical evidence included in the case file does not establish the causal link alleged by the amparo applicant between certain works performed on Ruta Nacional No. 160 and all of the flooding, property damage, erosion, structural impacts, and other economic consequences that she attributes to this Administration. FOURTH: Article 20 of the Ley General de Caminos Públicos, Ley No. 5060, expressly provides that possessors of real property are required to receive and allow water from roads to flow through their properties when the slope of the terrain so dictates, as well as to keep drainage channels from roads adjacent to their properties clean, fully serviceable, and free of obstructions.
This provision is particularly relevant in light of the topographic conditions verified at the site. FIFTH: There has been no failure to act attributable to the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad. Since March 2026, the Administration has undertaken specific response, inspection, and technical assessment measures, including the site visit conducted on 17 March 2026, coordination with the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, a joint inspection, and the evaluation of a possible additional mitigation alternative. SIXTH: The potential alternative consisting of partially conveying rainwater toward a cantonal road is conditional upon the prior completion of a topographic survey, which is essential to determine its technical feasibility. Accordingly, the fact that this alternative has not yet been implemented does not constitute an arbitrary refusal or institutional failure to act, but is instead a consequence of the need first to obtain the corresponding technical studies.
SEVENTH: The precedent established in Resolución No. 15422-2026, issued at 9:20 a.m. on 30 April 2026, expediente No. 26-009791-0007-CO, is clearly distinguishable from the present matter. On that occasion, the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) granted the amparo application upon finding prolonged inaction by CONAVI in response to a complaint filed in February 2024, a situation that is not present in this case file. EIGHTH: In the present matter, by contrast, multiple institutional actions aimed at verifying, addressing, and technically assessing the reported situation have been established; consequently, the decisive factual circumstance that justified granting the amparo resolved through Voto No. 15422-2026 is not present. NINTH: Constitutional case law itself recognizes that disputes concerning the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of infrastructure works involve, as a general rule, matters of ordinary legality and technical questions that may fall within the administrative-litigation jurisdiction, particularly when extensive evidentiary proceedings concerning causation, engineering, and liability for property losses are necessary.
This is also apparent from the considerations contained in Resolución No. 15422-2026. TENTH: The allegations concerning structural damage, economic losses, erosion, damage to furnishings, unsanitary conditions, the presence of disease vectors, mold, fungi, and potential health consequences are not, by themselves, sufficient to attribute constitutional liability to CONAVI, particularly when the triggering act underlying the amparo applicant’s claim—namely, the alleged redirection of water by this Administration—has not been established. ELEVENTH: CONAVI’s evaluation of an additional mitigation measure does not constitute an acknowledgment of liability or acceptance that this Administration caused the alleged impacts; on the contrary, it represents a preventive interinstitutional coordination measure aimed at exploring technically feasible alternatives. TWELFTH: Consequently, the existence of any arbitrary, unlawful, or manifestly unreasonable act or omission attributable to the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad that violated or threatened the fundamental rights invoked by Ms. [Nombre 002] has not been established.
THIRTEENTH: In light of the foregoing, it is legally appropriate to request that the Honorable Constitutional Chamber declare the present amparo application DENIED with respect to the CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD (CONAVI), without prejudice to any determination concerning the actions and specific powers of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz. VII. RELIEF REQUESTED Based on the facts set forth, the administrative and technical background submitted, the accompanying documentary evidence, the powers conferred upon the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad by Ley No. 7798, Ley de Creación del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, the Ley General de Caminos Públicos, Ley No. 5060, the Constitución Política, the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, and the cited constitutional case law, I respectfully request that the Honorable Constitutional Chamber: FIRST: Deem the report requested from the Executive Director of the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad in expediente No. 26-027548-0007-CO to have been duly submitted in a timely manner.
SECOND: Deem the documentary and technical evidence submitted by this Administration to have been incorporated and considered, particularly report CARTA-CONAVI-CA-DIE-GCSV-DRCH-477-2026, dated 13 August 2026, together with its annexes, photographic records, and communications relating to the assistance provided to Ms. [Nombre 002]. THIRD: Find it established that the culvert at issue is preexisting infrastructure of Ruta Nacional No. 160 and that its replacement did not modify or redirect the historical direction of the outflow toward the amparo applicant’s property. FOURTH: Find it established that the topographic conditions verified at the site demonstrate that the amparo applicant’s property is located at a lower elevation and that a significant portion of the rainwater naturally flows toward that area. FIFTH: Find it established that the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad has undertaken specific administrative and technical actions to address the situation presented, including field inspections, communications with the amparo applicant, coordination with the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, and evaluation of a potential additional mitigation alternative, and that there has therefore been no failure to act attributable to this Administration.
SIXTH: Determine that the existence of any arbitrary, unlawful, or manifestly unreasonable act or omission attributable to the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad that violated or threatened the fundamental rights invoked by the amparo applicant has not been demonstrated. SEVENTH: Consequently, declare the present amparo application DENIED with respect to the CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD (CONAVI). EIGHTH: In the alternative, should the Honorable Chamber deem it appropriate to order any additional action, it is requested that any such order be limited to the scope of the powers legally conferred upon CONAVI and respect the need first to obtain the technical, topographic, and hydraulic studies essential to determining the feasibility, safety, and scope of any potential intervention in the existing drainage system. NINTH: Rule without prejudice to the powers and potential responsibilities of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz or any other authority found to have jurisdiction over actions falling outside the substantive scope of authority of the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad.”
Justice Hess Herrera writes the opinion; and, Reasons:
Before analyzing the merits, it must be clarified that, since judgment nro. 2008002545 at 8:55 on 22 February 2008, this Chamber has referred to the administrative-litigation jurisdiction—with certain exceptions—those matters in which it is disputed whether the public administration complied with the time limits established by the Ley General de la Administración Pública (Articles 261 and 325) or by sector-specific laws for special administrative procedures, either to conclude, by final act, an administrative procedure initiated on the Administration’s own motion or at the request of a party, or to hear the applicable administrative challenges. This sub lite presents precisely such an exception, as it involves complaints concerning the risk to people’s physical integrity and lives caused by flooding, which allegedly have not been addressed. Having clarified that point, the Chamber will decide the specific situation raised in this amparo proceeding.
Furthermore, because the mayor of Santa Cruz failed to respond to the request for a report within the period established by this Court in the order admitting the sub lite for proceedings, pursuant to Article 45 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, the proceeding will be decided on the basis of the other submissions and evidence entered into the record.
The amparo applicant states that she owns real property located along national route nro. 160. She states that road-infrastructure renovation and improvement work was undertaken on a section of that route. She asserts that, although a culvert system previously existed in the sector, the configuration of the drainage system was modified during the work, particularly the discharge direction of the existing culvert, altering the natural behavior of surface runoff, which began to be directed toward her property. She maintains that this situation has caused flooding on her property, affecting both the structure of the dwelling and the topographic configuration of the land as a result of erosion, sediment transport, and permanent soil saturation. She states that she submitted requests to the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz and Conavi seeking the adoption of the corresponding corrective measures. She alleges that the problem persists and that no effective solution eliminating the cause of the reported damage has been provided. She explains that the constant flooding and accumulation of stormwater on the property have created a permanent unsanitary condition that directly affects its occupants’ quality of life.
The following facts are deemed duly established and relevant to the decision in this matter:
“(…) the first inspection was conducted on 17 March of this year. On that date, Ms. ([Name 001]) was informed by telephone that the culvert crossing could not be blocked or closed because it had been designed for the construction of the road and installed during its construction. She was also informed that a technical inspection would be scheduled with the Department of the Road Management Technical Unit of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz to assess the possibility of diverting stormwater toward the Cantonal Route, which could provide relief and reduce the amount of stormwater on the property in question, provided that the topography of the sector permits it and that the Road Management Department of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz agrees to take responsibility for managing that stormwater. On 26 June of this year, Ms. Mora was informed by email that the inspection of the sector had already been conducted with Engineer Víctor Obando of the Road Management Technical Unit of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, and that Engineer Obando had stated that, if the topography permits some of the stormwater to be transferred to the Cantonal Route, the Municipalidad would construct an earthen ditch to carry the water toward the river located along the Cantonal Route (email attached).
On that same date, Ms. ([Name 001]) was contacted by telephone and the information contained in the email was explained to her. She was also informed that the maintenance contract for the National Road Network in Zone 2-3 (Santa Cruz) would expire in mid-July of this year and that the new multiyear maintenance contract must begin before the topographic survey can be scheduled. The Administration expects the new contract to be active beginning next September (…) coordination with Engineer Víctor Obando of the Road Management Technical Unit of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz was conducted by telephone. The email sent to Ms. Mora on 26 June of this year shows that Engineer Víctor Obando was copied.” (See documentary evidence).
In the sub lite, the amparo applicant states that she owns real property located along national route nro. 160. She states that road-infrastructure renovation and improvement work was undertaken on a section of that route. She asserts that, although a culvert system previously existed in the sector, the configuration of the drainage system was modified during the work, particularly the discharge direction of the existing culvert, altering the natural behavior of surface runoff, which began to be directed toward her property. She maintains that this situation has caused flooding on her property, affecting both the structure of the dwelling and the topographic configuration of the land as a result of erosion, sediment transport, and permanent soil saturation. She states that she submitted requests to the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz and Conavi seeking the adoption of the corresponding corrective measures. She alleges that the problem persists and that no effective solution eliminating the cause of the reported damage has been provided. She explains that the constant flooding and accumulation of stormwater on the property have created a permanent unsanitary condition that directly affects its occupants’ quality of life.
The Court finds that the property of the person whose rights are protected is located 3.5 Km from the Río Seco turnoff toward Playa Lagarto, at the turnoff onto the old road toward Paraíso. In approximately 2020, Conavi replaced a culvert located on national route nro. 160 near the applicant’s property because the previous one lacked sufficient capacity, which sometimes caused stormwater to flow over the road. On 14 January 2026, the protected person sent an email to contraloria.servicios@conavi.go.cr, alleging that, as a consequence of work undertaken on national route nro. 160, a culvert had been installed that causes all the water to enter and flood her property. On 3 March 2026, the applicant sent an email to contraloria.servicios@conavi.go.cr stating that her dwelling had been affected by the work undertaken on national route nro. 160, causing it to flood. She therefore requested a solution.
On 16 June 2026, the protected person sent an email to contraloria.servicios@conavi.go.cr reporting the problem affecting her property as a consequence of the modifications to the drainage system on national route nro. 160. On 26 June 2026, a Conavi official informed the protected person by email that the culvert crossing could not be removed because it had always existed and had merely been replaced due to capacity problems. The official also explained that the water reaching that point comes from a mountain located across from her property. The official therefore stated that the possibility of installing another culvert crossing was being analyzed so that some of the water could be conveyed toward the cantonal road and managed by the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz through a ditch. The official also stated that a topographic survey would be conducted to determine whether the elevations permit the installation of a new culvert crossing.
In submission CARTA-CONAVI-CA-DIE-GCSV-DRCH-477-2026 of 13 August 2026, Conavi states: “(…) the first inspection was conducted on 17 March of this year. On that date, Ms. ([Name 001]) was informed by telephone that the culvert crossing could not be blocked or closed because it had been designed for the construction of the road and installed during its construction. She was also informed that a technical inspection would be scheduled with the Department of the Road Management Technical Unit of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz to assess the possibility of diverting stormwater toward the Cantonal Route, which could provide relief and reduce the amount of stormwater on the property in question, provided that the topography of the sector permits it and that the Road Management Department of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz agrees to take responsibility for managing that stormwater. On 26 June of this year, Ms.
Mora was informed by email that the inspection of the sector had already been conducted with Engineer Víctor Obando of the Road Management Technical Unit of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, and that Engineer Obando had stated that, if the topography permits some of the stormwater to be transferred to the Cantonal Route, the Municipalidad would construct an earthen ditch to carry the water toward the river located along the Cantonal Route (email attached). On that same date, Ms. ([Name 001]) was contacted by telephone and the information contained in the email was explained to her. She was also informed that the maintenance contract for the National Road Network in Zone 2-3 (Santa Cruz) would expire in mid-July of this year and that the new multiyear maintenance contract must begin before the topographic survey can be scheduled. The Administration expects the new contract to be active beginning next September (…) coordination with Engineer Víctor Obando of the Road Management Technical Unit of the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz was conducted by telephone.
The email sent to Ms. Mora on 26 June of this year shows that Engineer Víctor Obando was copied.” In view of the foregoing, the Court finds that Conavi violated the fundamental rights of the protected person. It should be noted that, since January 2026, that Council had been notified that the culvert located near the applicant’s property causes flooding that affects the property. In this regard, although Conavi maintains that the problem is not caused by a diversion of the water, but instead that the culvert in question has existed for many years and was merely replaced in 2020 because it lacked sufficient capacity, it is no less true that Conavi also acknowledges that the capacity of that culvert is insufficient. In this respect, the email sent to the protected person on 26 June 2026 stated that the possibility of installing another culvert crossing was being considered so that some of the water could be conveyed toward the cantonal road and managed by the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz through a ditch, for which purpose a topographic survey that has not yet been conducted is necessary.
In sum, although Conavi has taken actions related to the complaints submitted by the protected person, it is no less true that the record does not establish that the reported problem concerning the capacity of the culvert crossing located near her property has been remedied. The proceeding must therefore be granted with respect to Conavi.
V.Finally, the Chamber does not find any action or omission by the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz that violated the fundamental rights of the protected party in the terms in which the proceeding was brought. In this regard, neither the amparo applicant’s statements nor the evidence indicate that any specific request was submitted to that local government and left unaddressed. Furthermore, although the record establishes that Conavi coordinated an inspection with the municipal corporation, it is no less true that the inspection occurred in June 2026; therefore, when this matter was filed—31 July 2026—no manifestly arbitrary period had elapsed. Accordingly, the proceeding is denied with respect to the Municipalidad de Santa Cruz.
I have supported this Court’s position that, when a litigant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and effective justice in administrative proceedings, the legal dispute must be heard by the Administrative-Litigation Courts rather than by this Chamber. However, the recent enactment of Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, established that this right is eligible for judicial protection through the amparo proceeding established by Article 32 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, in relation to Article 27 of the Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, in cases in which the petitioner considers that the Administration’s physical acts, administrative acts, or response are affecting the petitioner’s fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted legislation does not require this Court to modify its line of precedent, because under Article 7 of its Law, this Court has exclusive authority to define its own jurisdiction.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional disputes that this Chamber itself has recognized as exceptions and that may indeed be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional guarantee provided by amparo proceedings, in all other cases, and for the reasons given by this Court (judgment N° 2008-02545 at 8:55 on 22 February 2008), jurisdiction lies with the judges of the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. This is consistent with Article 25 of the Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, the Law of the Constitution—its values, principles, and rules—and the corresponding statutory provisions, based on a logical, systemic, and purposive interpretation of the legal system.
As a matter of principle, I consider that cases relating to the action or inaction of the Public Administration in repairing, constructing, modifying, or demolishing any infrastructure work should be denied because such an omission is a matter of statutory legality whose resolution belongs to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested person may litigate objections more fully. However, when such administrative conduct—whether an omission or otherwise—results in a violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction, or affects groups regarded as vulnerable, I do address the merits because that situation constitutes an exception to my position on this subject, as occurs in this case, in which the applicant alleges that she owns real property located along national route nro. 160. She states that road-infrastructure renovation and improvement work was undertaken on a section of that route.
She asserts that, although a culvert system previously existed in the sector, the configuration of the drainage system was modified during the work, particularly the discharge direction of the existing culvert, altering the natural behavior of surface runoff, which began to be directed toward her property. She maintains that this situation has caused flooding on her property, affecting both the structure of the dwelling and the topographic configuration of the land as a result of erosion, sediment transport, and permanent soil saturation.
The parties are advised that, if they submitted any paper document, as well as any objects or evidence contained on an electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device or produced through new technologies, they must retrieve them from the Court within no more than 30 business days from service of this judgment. They are advised that any material not retrieved within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial,” approved by the Corte Plena in Article XXVI of session nro. 27-11 of 22 August 2011 and published in Boletín Judicial nro. 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as the resolution of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial approved in Article LXXXI of session nro. 43-12 held on 3 May 2012.
Therefore:
The amparo proceeding is partially granted, solely with respect to the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad. Mauricio Sojo Quesada, in his capacity as executive director of the Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, or whoever holds that position in his stead, is ordered to undertake the necessary coordination, adopt the appropriate measures, and issue the corresponding orders within the scope of the respective authority, so that, within no more than FOUR MONTHS from service of this judgment, the reported problem concerning the capacity of the culvert crossing located near the property of the protected person is resolved. This order is issued with the warning that, under Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, imprisonment for three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty day-fines, will be imposed on anyone who receives an order issued in an amparo proceeding that the person must comply with or cause to be complied with, and who fails to comply with it or cause it to be complied with, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty.
The Consejo Nacional de Vialidad is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts on which this ruling is based, to be assessed during enforcement of the judgment in the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. In all other respects, the proceeding is denied. Justice Castillo Víquez issues a note. Justice Salazar Alvarado issues a note. Notice shall be given.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE N° 26-027548-0007-CO Telephone numbers: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. south of the Perpetuo Socorro church).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del ocho de octubre de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 26-027548-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA CRUZ Y EL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD (CONAVI).
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
Antes de analizar el fondo del asunto debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia nro. 2008002545 de las 8:55 horas del 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en el sub lite se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante denuncias planteadas por el riesgo causado a la integridad física y vida de las personas ante inundaciones, las cuales presuntamente no han sido atendidas. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver, la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
De otro lado, en vista de que el alcalde de Santa Cruz omitió contestar la audiencia dentro del plazo fijado por este Tribunal en la resolución de curso del sub lite, de acuerdo con el artículo 45 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se procede a resolver el recurso con base en los demás escritos y pruebas aportados a los autos.
La recurrente expone que es propietaria de un inmueble ubicado sobre la ruta nacional nro. 160. Señala que en un tramo de esa ruta se ejecutaron obras de remodelación y mejoramiento de la infraestructura vial. Afirma que, si bien en el sector existía previamente un sistema de alcantarillado, durante la ejecución de las obras se modificó la configuración del sistema de drenaje, particularmente la dirección de descarga de la alcantarilla existente, alterando el comportamiento natural de las escorrentías superficiales, las que comenzaron a ser dirigidas directamente hacia su propiedad. Sostiene que esa situación ha generado inundaciones en su inmueble, lo que ha ocasionado afectaciones tanto en la estructura de la vivienda como en la conformación topográfica del terreno, producto de la erosión, el arrastre de sedimentos y la saturación permanente del suelo. Refiere que planteó gestiones ante Municipalidad de Santa Cruz y el Conavi, mediante las cuales solicitó la adopción de las medidas correctivas correspondientes.
Acusa que la problemática persiste sin que se haya brindado una solución efectiva que elimine la causa de los daños denunciados. Detalla que como consecuencia de las constantes inundaciones y de la acumulación de aguas pluviales dentro de la propiedad, se ha generado una condición permanente de insalubridad que afecta de manera directa la calidad de vida de sus ocupantes.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
“(…) la primera visita realizada fue el día 17 de marzo del presente año, ese día mediante llamada telefónica se le informó a la señora ([Nombre 001]) que el paso de alcantarilla no podía condenarse o clausurarse, pues el mismo había sido diseñado para la construcción de la carretera y colocado durante la construcción de la misma. Además, se le informó que se programaría una visita técnica con el Departamento de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz para valorar una posibilidad de desvío de aguas pluviales (que pueda servir de alivio y disminuir la cantidad de agua pluvial en la propiedad de interés) sobre la Ruta Cantonal, siempre y cuando la topografía del sector lo permita y que el Departamento de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz estuviera de acuerdo en hacerse cargo del manejo de dichas aguas pluviales. El día 26 de junio del presente año, se le informó vía correo electrónico a la señora Mora, que ya se había realizado la visita con el Ing. Víctor Obando de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz al sector, y que; el Ing. Obando indicó que si la topografía permite trasladar parte de las aguas pluviales a la Ruta Cantonal; la Municipalidad se encarga de conformar una cuneta en tierra para llevar las aguas hacia el Río que se encuentra sobre la Ruta Cantonal (se adjunta correo).
Ese mismo día, mediante llamada telefónica se conversó con la señora ([Nombre 001]) y se le explicó lo indicado en el correo; también se le informó que el contrato de mantenimiento de la Red Vial Nacional de la Zona 2-3 (Santa Cruz) concluía a mediados del mes de julio del presente año y que; para realizar el levantamiento topográfico se debe esperar a que se inicie el nuevo contrato de mantenimiento plurianual para programar el estudio topográfico. La Administración espera que se pueda tener activo el nuevo contrato a partir del próximo mes de setiembre (…) en cuanto a la coordinación con el Ing. Víctor Obando de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, la misma se realizó mediante llamadas telefónicas. En el correo electrónico enviado a la señora Mora el día 26 de junio del presente año, se puede observar que se copió al Ing. Víctor Obando”. (Ver prueba documental).
En el sub lite, la recurrente expone que es propietaria de un inmueble ubicado sobre la ruta nacional nro. 160. Señala que en un tramo de esa ruta se ejecutaron obras de remodelación y mejoramiento de la infraestructura vial. Afirma que, si bien en el sector existía previamente un sistema de alcantarillado, durante la ejecución de las obras se modificó la configuración del sistema de drenaje, particularmente la dirección de descarga de la alcantarilla existente, alterando el comportamiento natural de las escorrentías superficiales, las que comenzaron a ser dirigidas directamente hacia su propiedad. Sostiene que esa situación ha generado inundaciones en su inmueble, lo que ha ocasionado afectaciones tanto en la estructura de la vivienda como en la conformación topográfica del terreno, producto de la erosión, el arrastre de sedimentos y la saturación permanente del suelo. Refiere que planteó gestiones ante Municipalidad de Santa Cruz y el Conavi, mediante las cuales solicitó la adopción de las medidas correctivas correspondientes.
Acusa que la problemática persiste sin que se haya brindado una solución efectiva que elimine la causa de los daños denunciados. Detalla que como consecuencia de las constantes inundaciones y de la acumulación de aguas pluviales dentro de la propiedad, se ha generado una condición permanente de insalubridad que afecta de manera directa la calidad de vida de sus ocupantes.
El Tribunal verifica que la propiedad de la tutelada se ubica a 3.5 Km del cruce de Río Seco hacia Playa Lagarto, en el cruce del camino viejo hacia Paraíso. Aproximadamente en el año 2020, el Conavi sustituyó una alcantarilla ubicada en la ruta nacional nro. 160 cerca de la propiedad de la accionante, debido a la falta de capacidad de la anterior, lo que ocasionaba que, en ocasiones, el agua pluvial pasara por encima de la carretera. El 14 de enero de 2026, la amparada remitió un correo electrónico a contraloria.servicios@conavi.go.cr, por medio del que acusó que como consecuencias de obras realizadas en la ruta nacional nro. 160 se colocó una alcantarilla que hace que todas las aguas entren a su propiedad y se inunde. El 3 de marzo de 2026, la accionante envió un correo electrónico a contraloria.servicios@conavi.go.cr, mediante el cual indicó que su vivienda ha sido afectada por las obras ejecutadas sobre la ruta nacional nro. 160, lo que provoca que se inunde.
Por lo anterior, requirió una solución. El 16 de junio de 2026, la tutelada remitió un correo electrónico a contraloria.servicios@conavi.go.cr, mediante el cual acusó el problema que tiene su propiedad como consecuencia de las modificaciones en el sistema de drenaje de la ruta nacional nro. 160. El 26 de junio de 2026, una persona funcionaria del Conavi comunicó vía correo electrónico a la amparada que el paso de alcantarilla no puede eliminarse, pues ha existido siempre y lo que se hizo fue sustituirlo porque tenía problemas de capacidad. Además, explicó que las aguas que llegan a ese punto provienen de una montaña ubicada frente a su propiedad. Por ello, señaló que se analiza la posibilidad de colocar otro paso de alcantarilla que permita llevar una parte de las aguas hacia la ruta cantonal y que la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz haga el manejo de estas mediante una cuneta. Asimismo, indicó que se haría el levantamiento topográfico para verificar si los niveles permiten la colocación de un nuevo paso de alcantarilla.
Por memorial CARTA-CONAVI-CA-DIE-GCSV-DRCH-477-2026 del 13 de agosto de 2026, el Conavi indica: “(…) la primera visita realizada fue el día 17 de marzo del presente año, ese día mediante llamada telefónica se le informó a la señora ([Nombre 001]) que el paso de alcantarilla no podía condenarse o clausurarse, pues el mismo había sido diseñado para la construcción de la carretera y colocado durante la construcción de la misma. Además, se le informó que se programaría una visita técnica con el Departamento de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz para valorar una posibilidad de desvío de aguas pluviales (que pueda servir de alivio y disminuir la cantidad de agua pluvial en la propiedad de interés) sobre la Ruta Cantonal, siempre y cuando la topografía del sector lo permita y que el Departamento de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz estuviera de acuerdo en hacerse cargo del manejo de dichas aguas pluviales.
El día 26 de junio del presente año, se le informó vía correo electrónico a la señora Mora, que ya se había realizado la visita con el Ing. Víctor Obando de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz al sector, y que; el Ing. Obando indicó que si la topografía permite trasladar parte de las aguas pluviales a la Ruta Cantonal; la Municipalidad se encarga de conformar una cuneta en tierra para llevar las aguas hacia el Río que se encuentra sobre la Ruta Cantonal (se adjunta correo). Ese mismo día, mediante llamada telefónica se conversó con la señora ([Nombre 001]) y se le explicó lo indicado en el correo; también se le informó que el contrato de mantenimiento de la Red Vial Nacional de la Zona 2-3 (Santa Cruz) concluía a mediados del mes de julio del presente año y que; para realizar el levantamiento topográfico se debe esperar a que se inicie el nuevo contrato de mantenimiento plurianual para programar el estudio topográfico.
La Administración espera que se pueda tener activo el nuevo contrato a partir del próximo mes de setiembre (…) en cuanto a la coordinación con el Ing. Víctor Obando de la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz, la misma se realizó mediante llamadas telefónicas. En el correo electrónico enviado a la señora Mora el día 26 de junio del presente año, se puede observar que se copió al Ing. Víctor Obando”.
En virtud de lo expuesto, el Tribunal verifica la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la tutelada por parte del Conavi. Véase que desde enero de 2026 se denunció ante ese Consejo que la alcantarilla ubicada cerca de la propiedad de la accionante ocasiona inundaciones que afectan el inmueble. Al respecto, si bien el Conavi sostiene que la problemática no se produce por un desvío de las aguas, sino que la alcantarilla en cuestión ha existido desde hace muchos años y que en 2020 lo que se hizo fue sustituirla por un tema de falta de capacidad, no menos cierto es que también reconoce que la capacidad de la mencionada alcantarilla es insuficiente. En ese sentido, véase que en el correo electrónico remitido a la amparada el 26 de junio de 2026 se le indicó que se estaba analizando la posibilidad de colocar otro paso de alcantarilla que permita llevar una parte de las aguas hacia la ruta cantonal y que la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz haga el manejo de estas mediante una cuneta, para lo cual es necesario efectuar un levantamiento topográfico que no se ha llevado a cabo.
En suma, si bien el Conavi ha efectuado actuaciones relacionadas con las denuncias plantadas por la amparada, no menos cierto es que no se verifica que se haya solventado la problemática denunciada en cuanto a la capacidad del paso de alcantarilla ubicada cerca de la propiedad de la tutelada. De ahí que proceda acoger el recurso en lo que al Conavi refiere.
V.Finalmente, la Sala no observa alguna acción u omisión por parte de la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz que haya lesionado los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada en los términos en que se planteó el recurso. En ese sentido, de las manifestaciones de la recurrente y de la prueba no se desprende alguna gestión específica que se haya formulado ante ese gobierno local que no haya sido atendida. Además, si bien consta que el Conavi coordinó con la corporación municipal una inspección, no menos cierto es que esta data de junio de 2026, por lo que al momento en que se planteó este asunto -31 de julio de 2026- no había transcurrido un plazo abiertamente arbitrario. Por ello, no se estima el asunto en cuanto a la Municipalidad de Santa Cruz.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento.
En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la actividad o inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura, deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa (omisiva o no) se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, donde la parte recurrente alega que es propietaria de un inmueble ubicado sobre la ruta nacional nro. 160.
Señala que en un tramo de esa ruta se ejecutaron obras de remodelación y mejoramiento de la infraestructura vial. Afirma que, si bien en el sector existía previamente un sistema de alcantarillado, durante la ejecución de las obras se modificó la configuración del sistema de drenaje, particularmente la dirección de descarga de la alcantarilla existente, alterando el comportamiento natural de las escorrentías superficiales, las que comenzaron a ser dirigidas directamente hacia su propiedad. Sostiene que esa situación ha generado inundaciones en su inmueble, lo que ha ocasionado afectaciones tanto en la estructura de la vivienda como en la conformación topográfica del terreno, producto de la erosión, el arrastre de sedimentos y la saturación permanente del suelo.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en el plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo aquel material no retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo de Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, aprobado en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión nro. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, solo en cuanto al Consejo Nacional de Vialidad. Se le ordena a Mauricio Sojo Quesada, en su condición de director ejecutivo del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, o a quien en ese lugar ocupe ese cargo, coordinar lo necesario, tomar las medidas adecuadas y girar las órdenes que correspondan dentro del ámbito de sus competencias respectivas, a fin de que, en el plazo máximo de CUATRO MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se solucione la problemática denunciada en cuanto a la capacidad del paso de alcantarilla ubicada cerca de la propiedad de la tutelada. Lo anterior se dicta con el apercibimiento de que con base en lo establecido en el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quienes recibieren una orden que deban cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y que no la cumplieren o no la hicieren cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Consejo Nacional de Vialidad al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso-administrativo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. El magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 26-027548-0007-CO
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