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Res. 28072-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 23/07/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied the amparo application because it found prior notice, an outstanding balance when the disconnection was carried out, and responses to complaints within reasonable time; it held that technical billing disputes must be pursued through the competent administrative or ordinary proceedings.La Sala declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo porque tuvo por acreditados el aviso previo, la deuda pendiente al ejecutarse el corte y la atención de los reclamos dentro de plazos razonables, y consideró que las discrepancias técnicas de facturación deben discutirse en la vía administrativa u ordinaria competente.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) denied the amparo application against AyA concerning the drinking-water disconnection, disputed charges, and responses to complaints. It found that the bill underlying the disconnection remained unpaid when the disconnection was carried out on 25 June 2026, that AyA had sent prior notice to the registered email address, and that the bill was paid after the cutoff while other obligations remained overdue. The Chamber considered that reviewing meter readings and billing accuracy requires technical analysis and falls first to the Administration and, if disagreement persists, to the competent ordinary jurisdiction. It also concluded that no excessive delay had elapsed in responding to a complaint filed four days before the amparo application. AyA installed a public water source about 40 meters from the home as a temporary access measure; the Chamber found insufficient evidence of an absolute deprivation or arbitrary conduct.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo presentado contra el AyA por la suspensión del servicio de agua potable, los cobros discutidos y la respuesta a los reclamos. Tuvo por acreditado que la factura que originó la desconexión seguía pendiente cuando esta se ejecutó el 25 de junio de 2026, que el AyA había enviado un aviso previo al correo registrado y que el pago de esa factura se hizo después del corte, mientras seguían pendientes otras obligaciones. Consideró que revisar las lecturas del hidrómetro y la exactitud de las facturas exige análisis técnico y corresponde primero a la Administración y, si persiste la disconformidad, a la jurisdicción ordinaria competente. También concluyó que no había transcurrido un plazo excesivo para responder al reclamo presentado cuatro días antes del amparo. El AyA instaló una fuente pública a unos 40 metros de la vivienda como medida temporal de acceso al agua; la Sala no encontró prueba suficiente de una privación absoluta ni de una actuación arbitraria.
Key excerptExtracto clave
First, it should be recalled that although access to drinking water is a fundamental right closely related to life and health, providing that service is not free. The respondent institution is therefore authorized to suspend it for nonpayment, provided it respects the minimum guarantees established by the legal system and constitutional case law. As to the alleged inconsistencies in the meter readings and billed amounts, this is a technical and ordinary-legality dispute that falls outside the summary scope of this jurisdiction. Determining whether recorded readings are correct, whether the measuring equipment operated improperly, whether adjustments are warranted, or whether bills are accurate requires technical and evidentiary analysis, to be carried out first by the Administration and, if disagreement persists, by the competent ordinary jurisdiction.En primer término, debe recordarse que, si bien el acceso al agua potable constituye un derecho fundamental estrechamente relacionado con la vida y la salud, la prestación de ese servicio no es gratuita. Por ello, la institución recurrida se encuentra facultada para suspenderlo por falta de pago, siempre que respete las garantías mínimas establecidas en el ordenamiento jurídico y en la jurisprudencia constitucional. En cuanto a las supuestas inconsistencias en las lecturas del hidrómetro y en los montos facturados, se trata de una controversia de naturaleza técnica y de legalidad ordinaria que excede el ámbito sumario de conocimiento de esta jurisdicción. Determinar la corrección de las lecturas registradas, la existencia de errores en el funcionamiento del equipo de medición, la procedencia de ajustes o la exactitud de las facturas requiere un análisis técnico y probatorio que corresponde efectuar, en primer término, a la propia Administración y en caso de persistir la disconformidad, a la jurisdicción ordinaria competente.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La prestación de ese servicio no es gratuita. Por ello, la institución recurrida se encuentra facultada para suspenderlo por falta de pago, siempre que respete las garantías mínimas establecidas en el ordenamiento jurídico y en la jurisprudencia constitucional."
"Providing that service is not free. The respondent institution is therefore authorized to suspend it for nonpayment, provided it respects the minimum guarantees established by the legal system and constitutional case law."
Considerando III
"La prestación de ese servicio no es gratuita. Por ello, la institución recurrida se encuentra facultada para suspenderlo por falta de pago, siempre que respete las garantías mínimas establecidas en el ordenamiento jurídico y en la jurisprudencia constitucional."
Considerando III
"Esta Sala no puede sustituir a esos órganos ni actuar como instancia revisora de las decisiones adoptadas en materia de medición, consumo y facturación."
"This Chamber cannot replace those bodies or act as a reviewing instance for decisions concerning measurement, consumption, and billing."
Considerando III
"Esta Sala no puede sustituir a esos órganos ni actuar como instancia revisora de las decisiones adoptadas en materia de medición, consumo y facturación."
Considerando III
"Se declara sin lugar el recurso."
"The amparo application is denied."
Por tanto
"Se declara sin lugar el recurso."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE (Sala Constitucional). San José, at 9:25 a.m. on 23 July 2026.
Amparo proceeding filed in case No. 26-023573-0007-CO by [Nombre 001], identity card [Valor 001], against the COSTA RICAN INSTITUTE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS.
Background:
SECOND: ACTIONS TAKEN BY AYA. As determined, AyA’s actions complied with the institutional procedure and applicable legal framework. It was verified that notice of suspension was timely sent to the email address registered and validated by the user in the Institutional Commercial System (OPEN); that the service was suspended by the contractor engaged under Bid No. 2024LY-0000210021400001 because overdue payment obligations remained outstanding; that the bill that led to suspension was paid after the cutoff had been carried out; and that the service’s total debt remained unpaid, so reconnection was not warranted under the regulations in force. It was determined that on 23 June 2026 notice of suspension of service for nonpayment was sent to the email address [email protected], which the user had registered and validated (according to the records of the institutional commercial system OPEN SCI) as her official means of receiving institutional notices.
Subsequently, because the bill (NIR 08/06/2026) that gave rise to the collection process remained unpaid, Service Disconnection Order No. 54769278 was generated and executed by the company contracted by AyA under Bid No. 2024LY-000021-0021400001, and service was suspended on 25 June 2026 at approximately 9:40 a.m. That same day, 25 June 2026, the user paid the bill that had led to suspension of service. However, that payment was made after the suspension order had been carried out, and other overdue payment obligations also remained outstanding on the service account, so immediate reconnection was not warranted under the regulations in force. On 26 June 2026, Ms. [Nombre 001] submitted an administrative complaint to the service counter of the Liberia Cantonal Unit, stating her disagreement with the service suspension and the billing applied, and requesting immediate reconnection. The Administration reviewed the complaint and decided it by official letter GSP-RCH-CL-2026-00522, issued and notified on 08 July 2026, within the statutory period.
Therefore, before the cited complaint and this amparo proceeding were filed, AyA had addressed other requests submitted by the user concerning the same service. These included CRM Case No. 12345862, which was duly reviewed, decided, and notified on 16 February 2026 to the same email address registered and validated by the user, showing that the requests submitted had been addressed promptly by the Institution through official communication channels. As ordered by this constitutional court, an interim measure was issued to ensure the applicant’s access to drinking water. On 08 July 2026 at approximately 10:55 a.m., a public drinking water supply point was installed approximately 40 meters from the property where the service at issue in this proceeding is provided (130 meters east of the bridge at La Carreta, La Carreta neighborhood, Liberia, Guanacaste), immediately ensuring access to water while the constitutional proceeding is resolved. (See Figure No. 11, photographs of the public supply point installed, in section one.)
THIRD: AyA’s actions in this case fall strictly within the Principle of Legality (Article 11 of the Political Constitution and Article 11 of the General Law of Public Administration). The Public Administration acts subject to the regulatory rules and the powers of authority that allow it to collect payment for the public service actually provided. Service was suspended as a direct result of the user’s unilateral and manifest breach of a payment arrangement. The Constitutional Chamber has repeatedly held in abundant case law that an amparo proceeding is not the appropriate means to resolve disputes concerning billing, water meter readings, or disagreement with amounts charged for public services, which are matters for the ordinary courts or the administrative process (which is currently underway).
FOURTH: It has been demonstrated from the foregoing that the actions were carried out in accordance with the regulations in force. It is also important to note that, in carrying out its social function, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers has sought to ensure that its users have access to alternative means of payment when they cannot pay their obligations in the ordinary manner. Its regulations accordingly provide for the possibility of entering into Special Payment Arrangements under the Regulations for the Provision of AyA Services.”.
AyA’s report seeks to make this Chamber believe that the suspension was a regular and lawful act on Thursday 25 June. The respondent authority maliciously failed to include the official payment receipt dated Thursday 25 June and the screenshots of the institution’s own WhatsApp chat, which I submitted from the outset. In those official chats, AyA staff expressly admit that ‘the system did not reflect the payment in time, and that is why the crews came back on Friday.’ AyA misled this High Court by concealing that I paid on time through the usual official commercial channels and that the physical removal of the meter on Friday resulted from poor coordination among its own outdated computer systems.
In strict adherence to honesty and procedural good faith, I inform this Court that, after carefully reviewing my email account in light of AyA’s report, I was able to confirm that the institution did in fact send an electronic communication on 08/07/2025. I clarify that AyA’s usual communications arrive normally in my primary inbox because it is a known sender on my email server; however, this specific notice regarding the installation of a public water source went into a hidden folder (junk mail/spam), which is why I had no actual knowledge of its installation until today, when I proceeded to read the technical report included in this judicial case file. This confirms that, in practical terms, my family remained in a state of absolute water deprivation for 22 days because there was no effective communication at the site of the cutoff.
1. Deception in the charge on Thursday 25: On Thursday 25 June, in response to the crew member’s warning that there was an order to suspend service, he told me that I had to bring that bill up to date immediately to stop the procedure. In good faith, I promptly complied and paid the accumulated bill through the official commercial channels I usually use, generating the official payment receipt dated that same Thursday 25 June. Despite having fulfilled my obligations as a user and paid the money, AyA’s internal disorder caused my payment to be ignored.
2. Illegal removal carried out on Friday 26: Disregarding the fact that the account already showed the payment made the previous day, the AyA crew returned again on Friday 26 June to physically remove the meter from my property, violating Article 78, subsection d), of ARESEP’s Regulations, which expressly prohibits cutoffs on the eve of a weekend. My sister-in-law, Yeraldín Martínez, witnessed this; the same crew carried out the same arbitrary action against her that same day. My immediate in-person visit to complain at the Liberia offices on Friday 26 June itself—a fact AyA admits in its report—confirms by simple logic that this was the day my family was deprived of water, since no one with an 8-month-old baby would voluntarily wait until the following day to complain.
3. Road danger and vehicle access easement to the public water source: I appreciate the technical effort to install the temporary source within the linear distance set by law (40 meters); however, in the actual conditions of the street, the location chosen by the Liberia management is negligent and dangerous. To reach it, I am forced to pass in front of a neighbor’s property, at a point where vehicles constantly enter and exit; the source was placed on a highly dangerous curve in Liberia with a recurring history of traffic accidents. Requiring a mother to walk carrying heavy containers with an 8-month-old baby in her arms, while avoiding cars entering and exiting in front of the neighbor’s house and exposing herself to an area with a high rate of traffic accidents, poses a direct and imminent threat to the right to life and physical integrity of me and my minor children. AyA had an immediate and 100% safe technical location next to my property—the same service connection where the traditional meter for my house is located—where it could have placed the temporary source, and it chose not to use it in bad faith.
4. Mathematically Illogical Billing Pattern: The meter reading reports for No. 3124020967 submitted by AyA show that its billing formulas are arbitrary and lack quality control. In April 2026, with consumption of 32 m³, the bill was set at ₡28.167,00; however, in March 2026, with consumption of 41 m³, the charge rose disproportionately to ₡40.761,00. A deficient commercial system that changes rates in this way and does not reflect official payments in real time cannot be considered technically reliable enough to support an alleged accumulated debt of ₡689.878,85. For that reason, I state that I do NOT wish to enter into a new payment agreement concerning amounts that are tainted.”.
Justice Hess Herrera drafts the decision; and, Reasons:
The petitioner alleges that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados suspended the drinking-water service to her home even though she had made the payment required to avoid the cutoff and the suspension took place on a Friday. She also challenges the lack of prior notice, inconsistencies in readings and billing, the absence of a satisfactory response to her complaints, and the impact on her family, which includes minors in a vulnerable situation.
The following facts are considered duly established and relevant to deciding this matter, either because they have been proven or because the respondent failed to address them, as required in the initial order:
Based on the analysis of the established facts and the report submitted under oath by the respondent authority, this Chamber concludes that the amparo must be dismissed.
First, it should be recalled that although access to drinking water is a fundamental right closely related to life and health, provision of the service is not free of charge. Accordingly, the respondent institution is authorized to suspend it for nonpayment, provided it observes the minimum safeguards established in the legal system and in constitutional jurisprudence.
In this case, it has not been established that the suspension carried out on 25 June 2026 lacked cause or was ordered without prior notice. On the contrary, it has been shown that the bill issued for payment on 08 June 2026 remained unpaid and gave rise to the suspension procedure for nonpayment. In addition, on the following 23 June, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados sent the corresponding notice to the email address that the petitioner herself had registered and validated as the official means for receiving institutional communications. Accordingly, the allegation that no prior notice was given is unsupported.
Nor has it been shown that, before the disconnection order was carried out, the petitioner had paid the bill that gave rise to the suspension and that the respondent institution nevertheless proceeded arbitrarily to interrupt the service. The record shows that the amount was paid on 25 June 2026, the same day the disconnection had already been carried out. Moreover, other past-due obligations remained unpaid, which prevented immediate reconnection of the service.
As to the alleged inconsistencies in water-meter readings and billed amounts, this is a technical and ordinary-legality dispute that falls outside the summary scope of this jurisdiction. Determining whether the recorded readings were correct, whether there were errors in the measuring equipment, whether adjustments were warranted, or whether the bills were accurate requires technical and evidentiary analysis, which must first be carried out by the Administration and, if disagreement persists, by the competent ordinary jurisdiction. This Chamber cannot substitute itself for those bodies or act as a reviewing instance for decisions concerning measurement, consumption, and billing.
It is also established that the respondent institution addressed the petitioner’s earlier requests. In particular, the complaint concerning billing period NIR 02/10/2024 was processed under case CRM No. 12084776 and resulted in an adjustment, while case CRM No. 12345862 was decided and notice given on 16 February 2026. Consequently, no general failure to respond to those requests has been established.
Regarding the administrative complaint filed on 26 June 2026, the amparo was filed on the following 30 June, when only four days had passed since that request was made. That period is manifestly insufficient to attribute an unjustified delay or an infringement of the right to petition and to a prompt response to the Administration.
The request was decided and notice given by letter No. GSP-RCH-CL-2026-00522 dated 08 July 2026, that is, twelve days after it was filed. This period is not unreasonable given the nature of the complaint, which involved review of the billing, the account statement, and the circumstances concerning suspension and possible reconnection of the service. The fact that the response was issued on the same day the order initiating the amparo was served does not, by itself, support a conclusion that there was a constitutional violation, since no excessive delay had arisen when the amparo was filed.
With respect to the public water supply point installed on 08 July 2026, approximately forty meters from the property, no arbitrary conduct by the respondent authority has been established either. The institution adopted a temporary measure to ensure access to water while the service remained suspended because of outstanding obligations. Further, the record does not show that the petitioner had previously formally requested installation of a public water supply point and that the request was denied or unjustifiably ignored, nor was sufficient evidence submitted to establish an absolute deprivation of drinking water or a specific harm attributable to the Administration.
Accordingly, it is established that the service suspension resulted from outstanding obligations, was preceded by the corresponding notice, the administrative complaints were addressed within reasonable periods, and the institution adopted a temporary measure to facilitate access to drinking water. Therefore, no current violation or threat to the fundamental rights invoked is found, and the amparo must be dismissed, as is hereby ordered.
The parties are advised that if they have submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device, these must be collected from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from service of this judgment. Otherwise, any such material not collected within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the “Regulations on Electronic Case Files before the Judiciary,” approved by the Corte Plena at session No. 27-11 of 22 August 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session No. 43-12 held on 3 May 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore:
The amparo is dismissed. - Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE No. 26-023573-0007-CO Telephone: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Email address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. south of the Iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinticinco minutos del veintitres de julio de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente No. 26-023573-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
La parte recurrente reclama que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados suspendió el servicio de agua potable de su vivienda, pese a haber efectuado el pago requerido para evitar el corte y a que este se realizó un viernes. Asimismo, cuestiona la falta de notificación previa, las inconsistencias en las lecturas y facturaciones, la ausencia de respuesta satisfactoria a sus reclamos y la afectación ocasionada a su núcleo familiar, integrado por personas menores de edad en condición de vulnerabilidad.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
Del análisis de los hechos acreditados y del informe rendido bajo juramento por la autoridad recurrida, esta Sala concluye que el recurso debe ser declarado sin lugar.
En primer término, debe recordarse que, si bien el acceso al agua potable constituye un derecho fundamental estrechamente relacionado con la vida y la salud, la prestación de ese servicio no es gratuita. Por ello, la institución recurrida se encuentra facultada para suspenderlo por falta de pago, siempre que respete las garantías mínimas establecidas en el ordenamiento jurídico y en la jurisprudencia constitucional.
En el caso concreto, no se acredita que la suspensión ejecutada el 25 de junio de 2026 haya carecido de causa o se hubiera dispuesto sin previo aviso. Por el contrario, se encuentra demostrado que la factura puesta al cobro el 08 de junio de 2026 permaneció pendiente de cancelación y dio origen al procedimiento de suspensión por morosidad. Asimismo, el 23 de junio siguiente, el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados remitió el aviso correspondiente al correo electrónico registrado y validado por la propia recurrente como medio oficial para recibir comunicaciones institucionales. En consecuencia, el alegato relativo a la ausencia de notificación previa carece de sustento.
Tampoco se demuestra que, antes de la ejecución de la orden de desconexión, la recurrente hubiera cancelado la factura que originó la suspensión y que, pese a ello, la institución recurrida hubiera procedido arbitrariamente a interrumpir el servicio. Lo que consta es que dicho importe fue pagado el mismo 25 de junio de 2026, cuando la desconexión ya había sido ejecutada. Además, permanecían otras obligaciones vencidas pendientes de cancelación, circunstancia que impedía la reconexión inmediata del servicio.
En cuanto a las supuestas inconsistencias en las lecturas del hidrómetro y en los montos facturados, se trata de una controversia de naturaleza técnica y de legalidad ordinaria que excede el ámbito sumario de conocimiento de esta jurisdicción. Determinar la corrección de las lecturas registradas, la existencia de errores en el funcionamiento del equipo de medición, la procedencia de ajustes o la exactitud de las facturas requiere un análisis técnico y probatorio que corresponde efectuar, en primer término, a la propia Administración y en caso de persistir la disconformidad, a la jurisdicción ordinaria competente. Esta Sala no puede sustituir a esos órganos ni actuar como instancia revisora de las decisiones adoptadas en materia de medición, consumo y facturación.
Asimismo, se constata que la institución recurrida atendió las gestiones anteriores formuladas por la recurrente. En particular, el reclamo relacionado con el período de facturación NIR 02/10/2024 fue tramitado bajo el caso CRM No. 12084776 y dio lugar a un ajuste, mientras que el caso CRM No. 12345862 fue resuelto y notificado el 16 de febrero de 2026. Por consiguiente, no se acredita una omisión generalizada de respuesta respecto de tales gestiones.
En relación con el reclamo administrativo presentado el 26 de junio de 2026, se advierte que el recurso de amparo fue interpuesto el 30 de junio siguiente, cuando apenas habían transcurrido cuatro días desde la formulación de esa gestión. Dicho lapso resulta manifiestamente insuficiente para atribuir a la Administración una demora injustificada o una omisión lesiva del derecho de petición y pronta respuesta.
La gestión fue resuelta y notificada mediante el oficio No. GSP-RCH-CL-2026-00522 del 08 de julio de 2026, es decir, doce días después de su presentación. Este plazo no resulta irrazonable, dadas las características del reclamo, que involucraba la revisión de la facturación, el estado de cuenta y las circunstancias relacionadas con la suspensión y eventual reconexión del servicio. El hecho de que la respuesta fuera emitida el mismo día en que se notificó la resolución de curso no permite, por sí solo, concluir que existiera una vulneración constitucional, pues al momento de interponerse el recurso no se había configurado una demora excesiva.
Respecto de la fuente pública de abastecimiento instalada el 08 de julio de 2026, a aproximadamente cuarenta metros del inmueble, tampoco se acredita una actuación arbitraria de la autoridad recurrida. La institución adoptó una medida temporal para garantizar el acceso al recurso hídrico mientras permaneciera suspendido el servicio por las obligaciones pendientes. Además, no consta que, con anterioridad, la recurrente hubiera solicitado formalmente la instalación de una fuente pública y que esa gestión hubiese sido denegada u omitida injustificadamente, ni se aportaron elementos suficientes que demostraran una privación absoluta de agua potable o una afectación concreta imputable a la Administración.
En consecuencia, se tiene por acreditado que la suspensión del servicio obedeció a la existencia de obligaciones pendientes, fue precedida del aviso correspondiente, los reclamos administrativos fueron atendidos dentro de plazos razonables y la institución adoptó una medida temporal para facilitar el acceso al agua potable. Por consiguiente, no se constata una lesión o amenaza actual a los derechos fundamentales invocados, razón por la cual el recurso debe declararse sin lugar, como en efecto se dispone.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión No. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 de 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. - Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 26-023573-0007-CO
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