← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 35252-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 16/09/2026
OutcomeResultado
The action by two companies was rejected on the merits, and the third was ordered to abide by an earlier judgment; the challenged provisions were not annulled.Se rechazó por el fondo la acción de dos sociedades y se ordenó a la tercera estarse a una sentencia anterior; las normas impugnadas no fueron anuladas.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) rejected on the merits two companies’ constitutional challenge to Article 111(c) of the Organic Environmental Law and Article 29 of the Environmental Administrative Tribunal’s Procedural Regulation, which they argued excluded hierarchical appeal and declared administrative proceedings exhausted. The Chamber reiterated its view that there is no constitutional right to two instances in administrative proceedings and that the absence of an administrative remedy does not, by itself, violate the right of defense, since the act may be challenged in the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. As to a third company, it ordered the parties to abide by an earlier ruling: that company had not signed the reconsideration request in the underlying proceeding, so the administrative route was already exhausted for it. The judgment did not annul the challenged provisions.La Sala Constitucional rechazó por el fondo la acción de inconstitucionalidad de dos sociedades contra el artículo 111.c) de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el artículo 29 del Reglamento de Procedimientos del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, que cuestionaban por excluir la apelación jerárquica y declarar agotada la vía administrativa. La Sala reiteró su criterio de que no existe un derecho constitucional a la doble instancia en sede administrativa y que la falta de un recurso administrativo no lesiona por sí sola el derecho de defensa, pues el acto puede impugnarse ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. Respecto de una tercera sociedad, ordenó estarse a lo resuelto en una acción anterior: no había firmado el recurso de revocatoria en el procedimiento base y, por tanto, la vía administrativa ya estaba agotada para ella. La sentencia no anuló las normas impugnadas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In light of the stated criterion, the argument of the applicants in this case must be rejected on the merits, as this Court finds no reason to depart from that criterion. V.—Accordingly, the applicant [Name 004] must abide by what this Court decided in judgment No. 2026-22173 of 9:40 a.m. on 17 June 2026; as to the applicant companies [Name 003] and [Name 005], the action is rejected on the merits. Therefore: The applicant [Name 004] shall abide by what this Court decided in judgment No. 2026-22173 of 9:40 a.m. on 17 June 2026. The action brought by the applicant companies [Name 003] and [Name 005] is rejected on the merits.En virtud del criterio expuesto, el alegato de la aquí parte accionante debe ser rechazado por el fondo, pues no encuentra este Tribunal motivo alguno para variar el criterio expuesto. V.- Por consiguiente, procede ordenar a la accionante [Nombre 004]., estarse a lo resuelto por este Tribunal mediante sentencia nro. 2026-22173 de las 9:40 horas del 17 de junio de 2026; y, respecto de las sociedades accionantes [Nombre 003]. y [Nombre 005]., rechazar por el fondo la acción. Por tanto: Estese la accionante [Nombre 004]., a lo resuelto por este Tribunal mediante sentencia nro. 2026-22173 de las 9:40 horas del 17 de junio de 2026. Respecto de las sociedades accionantes [Nombre 003]. y [Nombre 005]., se rechaza por el fondo la acción.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"No existe derecho a la doble instancia en vía administrativa."
"There is no right to two instances in administrative proceedings."
Criterio jurisprudencial citado en el Considerando IV
"No existe derecho a la doble instancia en vía administrativa."
Criterio jurisprudencial citado en el Considerando IV
"el hecho que una resolución administrativa no pueda ser recurrida en esa vía, no lesiona el derecho de defensa ni el derecho a la doble instancia, pues el afectado tiene la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa para discutir el tema"
"The fact that an administrative decision cannot be appealed through that route does not violate the right of defense or the right to two instances, since the affected person may raise the matter in the administrative-litigation jurisdiction."
Criterio jurisprudencial citado en el Considerando IV
"el hecho que una resolución administrativa no pueda ser recurrida en esa vía, no lesiona el derecho de defensa ni el derecho a la doble instancia, pues el afectado tiene la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa para discutir el tema"
Criterio jurisprudencial citado en el Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Review of the Document CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at 9:30 a.m. on 16 September 2026.
Action of unconstitutionality brought by [Nombre 001] and [Nombre 002], in their capacity as representatives of the companies [Nombre 003], with legal-entity identification number [Valor 001]; [Nombre 004], legal-entity identification number no. [Valor 002]; and [Nombre 005], with legal-entity identification number [Valor 003]; against Articles 111.c) of the Organic Law of the Environment and 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal.
Background:
As to the companies’ standing to bring proceedings, they state that, under expediente number 174-09-03-TAA, a complaint against these three companies has been before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal for 14 years, alleging environmental violations during construction of the Hotel Riu Guanacaste. By resolution number 1403-2025-TAA, notified on 17 December 2025, the Administrative Environmental Tribunal issued a resolution absolving the companies of many of the charges but finding them administratively liable for others. They could only file a request for supplementation and clarification, which has not been decided, and a motion for reconsideration, which likewise has not been decided. They indicate that, even when the motion for reconsideration is finally decided, the Tribunal will declare the administrative process exhausted, and they will have no opportunity to appeal to the highest-ranking authority, the Minister of the Environment, because Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente bars any further defense. Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal also bars an appeal to the Minister and prevents a motion for reconsideration of the final decision.
From the cited provisions, they conclude that there is only one instance in the administrative process, making the provisions manifestly unconstitutional because they seriously violate the constitutional principle and rule, as well as the human right to due process of law set out in Articles 39 and 41 of the Costa Rican Constitution; they establish a discriminatory limitation that does not apply under the Ley General de la Administración Pública to all other administrative cases, nor under other statutory and regulatory provisions governing administrative proceedings in decentralized institutions. To the contrary, Article 345 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, insofar as relevant, does permit an appeal to the highest-ranking authority, so there is an appeal throughout the public administration except in proceedings before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal. It is thus readily apparent that two extremely important defenses have been barred: (a) an appeal to the Minister; and (b) a motion for reconsideration of the Minister’s final decision.
In all other administrative proceedings in the country, the administrative process is not exhausted at this point. Instead, Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal strip the person under investigation of these two vital defenses. They consider this unjustified and unfounded discrimination, because in every other administrative proceeding before the public administration, these two additional avenues of defense are always available: an appeal to the highest-ranking authority and a motion for reconsideration of that authority’s decision.
Accordingly, annulment of the challenged statutory and regulatory provisions would allow them to appeal to the Minister of the Environment and subsequently file a motion for reconsideration of the Minister’s final decision. Annulment of the challenged provisions as unconstitutional would therefore restore their right of defense and their constitutional right to due process of law. It would allow the companies to defend their interests in this administrative proceeding on equal terms with all other administrative proceedings, both those involving the central government and those involving decentralized institutions.
They consider the unconstitutionality action admissible because it protects the companies’ direct interests, as asserted in the administrative proceeding brought against them under expediente number 174-09-03-TAA before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal. The requirement to show an individual and direct injury is also met: the companies and their partners suffer, or would suffer, direct harm or injury to a direct interest from application of the challenged provisions to this specific case. The constitutionality of Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal is at issue here; those provisions will be applied by the Tribunal in this specific case, which gives rise to the direct interest in having them annulled.
They assert that, in this case, applying the challenged provisions does cause direct and individual injury to the three companies because it bars them from appealing to the Minister and also from moving for reconsideration of the Minister’s final decision. There is therefore a causal relationship between the underlying administrative proceeding and the outcome of this unconstitutionality action. They further point out that the certification of the administrative file submitted shows that the company [Nombre 004]. is listed as one of the parties against whom the administrative proceeding was brought and was sanctioned by the resolution issued in that proceeding, which means it has standing to act in the present proceeding. Those provisions cause direct and undeniable harm to the companies’ interests; the underlying case is therefore expediente number 174-09-03-TAA, pending before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal.
The purpose of this unconstitutionality action, which seeks annulment of the challenged provisions, is to prevent the Administrative Environmental Tribunal from applying them and thereby barring the companies from appealing to the Minister and then moving for reconsideration of the Minister’s final decision. This seriously strips away the constitutional right to due process of law. Thus, once the challenged provisions are annulled as unconstitutional, the objective will be achieved of preventing the Administrative Environmental Tribunal from relying on them to issue its final resolution and declare that no further remedy is available, that its administrative resolution is final and definitive, and that the administrative process is exhausted. They consider it proven that removing the challenged provisions will prevent the Tribunal from applying them and thereby harming the companies’ constitutional rights to due process of law.
From the challenged provisions, it follows that there is only one instance in the administrative process, making the legislation manifestly unconstitutional because it seriously violates the constitutional principle and rule, as well as the human right to due process of law set out in Articles 39 and 41 of the Costa Rican Constitution; it establishes a limitation found neither in the Constitution nor in the Ley General de la Administración Pública for all other administrative cases, nor in other statutory and regulatory provisions governing administrative proceedings in decentralized institutions. To the contrary, Article 345 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, insofar as relevant, does permit an appeal to the highest-ranking authority. Thus, there is an appeal throughout the public administration in all administrative proceedings in Costa Rica, except in proceedings before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal. In addition, the provisions bar a motion for reconsideration of the Minister’s final decision.
The core constitutional issue is the assertion that the legislature cannot exclude a specific group of persons subject to administrative proceedings from the general system of two-instance administrative review, because doing so seriously violates the constitutional principle of equality before the law in Article 33 of the Constitution and Article 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights, as well as the constitutional right to due process of law in Articles 39 and 41 of the Constitution and Article 8 of the American Convention. They reiterate that the Ley General de la Administración Pública provides for ordinary remedies in ordinary proceedings, so that provision does provide for two instances. By referring to ordinary remedies, it means reconsideration or replacement and appeal, in accordance with Article 345 of the same statute. For this compelling reason, Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente is unconstitutional, as it violates the right to due process enshrined in Article 39 of the Constitution.
Article 3 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional provides that the Constitution is deemed to have been violated when the text of the challenged provision is compared with constitutional rules and principles, as in this case. Article 33 of the Constitution enshrines the principle of equality before the law, providing that all persons are equal before the law and that no discrimination contrary to human dignity may be practiced. Consistently, Article 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights provides that all persons are equal before the law and are entitled, without discrimination, to equal protection of the law. This principle imposes a duty of consistency on the legislature: substantially similar situations must receive the same legal treatment, unless there is an objective, reasonable, and proportionate justification.
They state that the constitutional principle of reasonableness, or proportionality in the broad sense, as understood in German doctrine and adopted in the case law of the German Constitutional Court, requires the State to ensure that any rule or act restricting fundamental rights must be suitable, necessary, and proportionate at the same time in order to be constitutionally valid. In keeping with the most authoritative scholarship on constitutional law and the case law of constitutional courts, the Constitutional Chamber has specified in its decisions the content of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality. It has repeatedly stated, with regard to the former, that a law cannot and must not be irrational, since the means selected must bear a real and substantial relationship to the objective pursued. From this perspective, technical rationality means proportionality between means and ends; legal rationality means conformity with the Constitution generally and, in particular, with the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed therein and in the international human rights instruments in force in our country; and, finally, reasonableness as to personal effects means that no limitations or burdens may be imposed on those rights beyond what reasonably follows from their nature, nor any greater than what is indispensable for their reasonable functioning in society.
Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal impose a clear limitation on the constitutional right to two-instance review, so it is necessary to reiterate the principles mentioned. As to proportionality, it calls for a comparison between the purpose pursued by the act and the type of restriction imposed; in this case, the limitation exceeds the benefit sought for the community. These challenged provisions also fail the suitability principle, since they limit the right to two-instance review and directly conflict with the Constitution by declaring the resolutions of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal unchallengeable; this is wholly discriminatory.
They state that the constitutional principle of reasonableness, or proportionality in the broad sense, as understood in German doctrine and adopted in the case law of the German Constitutional Court, requires the State to ensure that any rule or act restricting fundamental rights must be suitable, necessary, and proportionate at the same time in order to be constitutionally valid. The Constitutional Chamber has developed an equality test, requiring every regulatory distinction to serve a legitimate purpose and pass a reasonableness and proportionality review. Constitutional case law has repeatedly held that equality does not mean identical treatment, but rather justified treatment. The absolute exclusion of hierarchical appeal in this administrative proceeding is a discriminatory procedural distinction that has no sufficient objective basis. Nothing justifies eliminating an appeal to the Minister or a motion for reconsideration of the Minister’s final decision, because the rule does not prevent the Tribunal from exercising its assigned powers. The Administrative Environmental Tribunal retains full authority to investigate and sanction conduct affecting the environment, but there is no connection between that procedural rule and the Tribunal’s substantive subject-matter jurisdiction.
Article 39 of the Constitution guarantees due process of law. In administrative proceedings, this guarantee includes the right of defense, the right to be heard, the right to submit evidence, and the right to challenge the decision before a higher body. Eliminating hierarchical appeal directly affects the essential content of the right of defense. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has held that the right to appeal a judgment is part of the minimum judicial guarantees in Article 8 of the American Convention. In Herrera Ulloa v. Costa Rica (2004), the Court held that the remedy must permit a comprehensive review of the decision. In Mohamed v. Argentina (2012), it stated that the remedy must be effective and accessible. The Court has also indicated that due process guarantees apply not only to judicial proceedings but also to administrative proceedings in which rights or obligations are determined. Inter-American case law has recognized that Article 8 of the American Convention applies to administrative sanctioning proceedings and to any State proceeding that determines rights or obligations of a civil, labor, tax, or other nature. In that context, the right to challenge a decision means that administrative decisions must also be reviewable by a higher authority when they affect individual rights.
The exclusion of hierarchical appeal must be subjected to the proportionality test developed in constitutional and comparative case law. The analysis requires verification of: (a) legitimacy of the purpose: there is no social purpose that would be protected by eliminating these means of defense; (b) suitability of the means: since the purpose is not legitimate, the means is also unconstitutional, as it consists of denying a defense; (c) necessity: in this case, it appears to be a matter of administrative convenience, removing from the Minister’s office appeals to which citizens are entitled; and (d) proportionality in the strict sense. If less restrictive alternatives exist that would achieve the purpose, the measure is unconstitutional as disproportionate. No less restrictive measures exist. Either the right to appeal to the Minister is permitted or it is not. The challenged provisions violate Articles 8 and 24 of the American Convention. The absence of an effective remedy against final administrative acts is a structural violation of the right to due process of law. If these provisions violate the American Convention, they violate Article 7 of the Constitution and are therefore void as unconstitutional.
They assert that Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal are unconstitutional because they prevent challenges to the Tribunal’s resolutions. They also create an absolute exception to the general system of administrative protection without any constitutionally valid justification. The right to challenge a decision is understood as one of the guarantees that must remain part of proceedings, in order to ensure two instances, as reflected in the right to appeal a judicial ruling to a higher judge or court. The challenged provisions state that the resolutions of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal may not be challenged and exhaust the administrative process. The direct legal effect of this provision is to prevent a person subject to the administrative proceeding from going before the hierarchical superior to seek a comprehensive review of the decision adopted by that body, thereby clearly violating the principles of due process, equality, and two-instance review, as well as the human right to appeal.
This is not a simple procedural regulation or a minor change to the system of remedies. The practical consequence of the provision is to eliminate completely the possibility of a different administrative body reviewing questions of fact, law, evidentiary assessment, or procedure contained in the Administrative Environmental Tribunal’s final resolution. The right to due process of law recognized in Articles 39 and 41 of the Constitution is not exhausted by the opportunity to participate in the proceeding, submit evidence, and take other procedural steps; it also includes a real opportunity to challenge the legality and correctness of the decision that concludes the proceeding when it affects a person’s rights or legitimate interests. Administrative remedies exist precisely for that purpose. Their function is to allow any errors in legal interpretation, evidentiary assessment, or evaluation of the facts to be corrected by a higher authority before the decision becomes final. However, Article 111(c) and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal eliminate this guarantee entirely for those subject to proceedings before the Tribunal.
The arbitrary violation of the human and constitutional right is thus apparent from the fact that the legislators chose to exclude only this group of persons subject to administrative proceedings before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal from the ordinary system of remedies provided for in the Ley General de la Administración Pública, without offering an objective reason to justify that difference in treatment. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man does expand, insofar as relevant, the human right to challenge resolutions. In this regard, see Article 18 of that instrument: “Article XVIII. Every person may resort to the courts to assert his rights. He should also have recourse to a simple and brief procedure whereby the courts will protect him from acts of authority that, to his prejudice, violate any fundamental constitutional rights.” Likewise, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, like the instrument cited above, addresses the right to challenge a decision in Article 8, which provides: “Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.” We are obligated to apply rules concerning fundamental rights in the manner most favorable to the person, always seeking the greatest possible protection of those rights and avoiding restrictive applications that unjustifiably limit their exercise. Under this approach, international human rights protection instruments are a relevant source for identifying how the content of rights and the State’s corresponding obligations have evolved. The Constitutional Chamber has recognized that international human rights instruments may serve as guiding standards for constitutional interpretation, particularly when they expand or strengthen the protection afforded to people. In that regard, in Resolution no. 14917-2026, that Court reiterated the importance of turning to international human rights rules as an interpretive criterion to ensure the interpretation most favorable to and protective of fundamental rights, as follows: “In accordance with these rules, the State assumes the obligation to progressively increase, to the extent of its possibilities and development, the levels of protection of human rights…” As to the human rights rules recognized by the Costa Rican legal system, they argue that Article 48 of the Constitution itself must be considered, as it clearly states: “ARTICLE 48.— Every person has the right to habeas corpus to guarantee personal liberty and integrity, and to amparo to maintain or restore the enjoyment of the other rights enshrined in this Constitution, as well as those of a fundamental nature established in the international human rights instruments applicable to the Republic.
Both remedies fall within the jurisdiction of the Chamber referred to in Article 10.” Although the provision refers to habeas corpus and amparo, they state that the significance of the cited article lies in its call to protect human rights established in the international human rights instruments applicable to the Republic. For that reason, this unconstitutionality claim should be considered in connection with Article 8.2(h) of the American Convention on Human Rights, concerning the right to appeal decisions:
“Article 8 Judicial Guarantees 1. Every person has the right to be heard, with due guarantees and within a reasonable time, by a competent, independent, and impartial judge or tribunal, previously established by law, in the determination of any criminal charge against him or in the determination of his rights and obligations of a civil, labor, tax, or any other nature.
2. Every person accused of a criminal offense has the right to be presumed innocent so long as his guilt has not been legally established. During the proceedings, every person is entitled, on a basis of full equality, to the following minimum guarantees: (…) h) the right to appeal the judgment to a higher judge or court.” They point out that, although this provision appears in the list of minimum guarantees applicable to criminal proceedings, a systematic interpretation of the Convention precludes the conclusion that the right to appeal is protected exclusively in that area. On the contrary, Article 8.1 of the Convention itself establishes that every person has the right to be heard with due guarantees in the determination of his civil, labor, tax, or other rights and obligations. Accordingly, the procedural guarantees recognized by that international instrument must be applied in keeping with its object and purpose, which is the effective protection of human rights against the exercise of State power.
The unconstitutionality of the challenged provision is especially clear when analyzing the different treatment the legislature chose to give people subject to proceedings before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal. In fact, while most persons participating in administrative proceedings can seek review of a decision by a higher body through the ordinary remedies provided for in the Ley General de la Administración Pública, Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal completely exclude those subject to environmental administrative jurisdiction from that fundamental guarantee. This exclusion is not a mere procedural peculiarity or a distinction of little significance. Rather, it amounts to an absolute deprivation of one of the principal guarantees that form part of the right of defense and due process of law, by preventing an administrative decision that may significantly affect a person’s legal sphere from being reviewed by a different, hierarchically superior authority.
The seriousness of this restriction is even more apparent given the nature of the powers assigned to the Administrative Environmental Tribunal. Although it is formally an administrative body, the powers it exercises are materially sanctioning in nature, since its resolutions may impose obligations, restrictions, corrective measures, orders to halt work, closures, environmental restoration duties, and other consequences capable of significantly affecting the property rights, legitimate economic activities, and legally protected interests of persons subject to administrative proceedings.
In its own case law, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has held that human rights treaties must be interpreted broadly, as discussed in the work of Héctor Gros Espiell, former President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in “The Methods of Interpretation Used by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in Its Contentious Case Law,” which clearly states: “Thus, in interpreting the Convention, the Human Being is not pitted against the State through the application of restrictive or expansive criteria. This is so when one lives and acts in a Democratic State governed by the rule of law and when the situation submitted for the Court’s judgment arose during the full existence of that Democratic State, in which a legitimate government acts in accordance with its principles. By contrast, in an opposite situation, during the existence of a nondemocratic and illegitimate government, born of the obliteration of the Constitution, in which the necessary balance between Liberty, Order, Justice, and the Common Good is absent, it is natural that an expansive interpretation, always favorable to the violated rights, may be used (9).” For precisely this reason, due process guarantees take on heightened importance in this area.
When the State exercises powers that may restrict rights or impose adverse consequences on private parties, procedural guarantees must be interpreted broadly and in a manner favorable to protecting the person, rather than through restrictions that unjustifiably reduce the person’s opportunities to defend themselves. From this perspective, it is particularly troubling that the legislature chose to eliminate entirely the possibility of hierarchical review of resolutions issued by the Administrative Environmental Tribunal. The challenged provision makes that body the sole administrative authority empowered to make a final assessment of the facts, interpret the applicable rules, evaluate the evidence in the file, and determine the corresponding legal consequences, without any ordinary mechanism allowing a higher authority to verify the correctness of its decision.
This means that the same body that hears the proceeding and issues the final resolution also becomes the final administrative instance in the dispute. In other words, the Administrative Environmental Tribunal’s decision is removed from the ordinary internal controls characteristic of Costa Rica’s administrative system, eliminating any possibility of correcting errors of fact or law, evidentiary assessment, or statutory interpretation. This situation not only affects the rights of the person subject to the proceeding but also weakens the institutional oversight mechanisms that form part of the principle of legality. Administrative remedies serve a dual function: they are a guarantee for the person subject to administrative proceedings and they also allow the Administration itself to review the legality of its actions, correct errors, and ensure consistency in its criteria. The challenged provision eliminates both purposes without offering a constitutionally sufficient justification.
Moreover, the legislature included no objective, reasonable, or proportionate explanation in the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente or the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal as to why only people subject to proceedings before the Tribunal should be deprived of the ordinary system of remedies recognized for the generality of persons subject to administrative proceedings. The body’s technical specialization is not a valid reason to suppress fundamental guarantees, since there are many specialized administrative bodies whose resolutions remain subject to hierarchical review without compromising the effectiveness of their powers. Nor can the pursuit of administrative speed justify a restriction of this magnitude. If the goal was to expedite environmental proceedings, the legislature had many less harmful alternatives available, such as setting shorter deadlines for deciding appeals, establishing summary procedures, or limiting certain extraordinary remedies. By contrast, eliminating appeal altogether is the most restrictive measure possible and therefore the most difficult to justify from a constitutional perspective.
The practical consequence of this regulation is the creation of an exceptional category of persons subject to administrative proceedings who receive less procedural protection than the legal system grants to the generality of persons. While people involved in other administrative proceedings retain the right to seek review of a decision by a higher authority, those appearing before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal are subject to a single, final, unchallengeable administrative decision. This difference in treatment lacks an objective and reasonable justification, violates the principle of equality before the law, and imposes a disproportionate restriction on the right of defense and due process.
In Herrera Ulloa v. Costa Rica, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights itself developed the scope and content of the right to appeal, stating:
“157. Article 8.2.h of the American Convention provides that during the proceedings, every person is entitled, on a basis of full equality, ‘to appeal the judgment to a higher judge or court.’ 158. The Court considers that the right to appeal a judgment is a fundamental guarantee that must be respected as part of due process of law, in order to allow an adverse judgment to be reviewed by a different judge or court of higher institutional rank. The right to lodge an appeal against a judgment must be guaranteed before the judgment becomes res judicata. The purpose is to protect the right of defense by providing, during the proceedings, an opportunity to lodge an appeal so that a decision adopted with defects and containing errors that would cause undue harm to a person’s interests does not become final.
159. The Court has indicated that the right to appeal a judgment, as enshrined in the Convention, is not satisfied by the mere existence of a higher-level body than the one that tried and convicted the accused, before which the accused has or may have access. For there to be a genuine review of the judgment, as required by the Convention, the higher court must have the judicial characteristics that empower it to hear the specific case.” (…) “160. Article 31.1 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties states that [… a] treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose.
161. In accordance with the object and purpose of the American Convention, namely the effective protection of human rights115, the remedy contemplated in Article 8.2.h of that treaty must be understood to be an effective ordinary remedy through which a higher judge or court seeks to correct judicial decisions contrary to law. Although States have a margin of appreciation in regulating the exercise of that remedy, they may not establish restrictions or requirements that infringe the very essence of the right to appeal a judgment. In that regard, the Court has held that ‘the mere formal existence of remedies is not sufficient; they must be effective,’ that is, they must produce results or responses for the purpose for which they were created.” They assert that the judgment cited makes clear that the purpose of being able to appeal a tribunal’s decision is to correct errors of fact, law, and assessment that may have occurred in the challenged decision, and to prevent a potentially defective resolution from becoming final without review.
That is precisely the possibility that Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal eliminate entirely. The challenged provisions do not regulate how the remedy is exercised, establish requirements for filing it, or limit particular issues that may be reviewed; instead, they completely eliminate any possibility of hierarchical review of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal’s resolutions.
They consider the restriction especially serious given that the Tribunal’s resolutions may have particularly severe consequences for the legal sphere of persons subject to administrative proceedings, including the imposition of obligations, corrective measures, restrictions on economic activities, closures, stoppages of works, and other consequences that are materially sanctioning in nature. In this context, the absence of an ordinary review mechanism prevents a higher authority from examining the legal correctness of the decision adopted, depriving the person subject to the proceeding of a guarantee that the Inter-American Court itself has characterized as fundamental to due process.
In addition, they emphasize that Costa Rica’s administrative legal system generally recognizes the possibility of challenging administrative acts. Article 343 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública expressly provides for the ordinary remedies of reconsideration and appeal, while Article 345 permits a challenge to the final act issued in an administrative proceeding. The logic behind that system is precisely to ensure that administrative decisions capable of affecting the rights or legitimate interests of persons subject to administrative proceedings may be reviewed by the corresponding hierarchical superior. However, Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal unjustifiably break with that system of safeguards and create an exceptional regime under which only people subject to proceedings before the Tribunal are deprived of access to the ordinary remedies recognized for the generality of persons subject to administrative proceedings.
The challenged provisions contain no objective, reasonable, and proportionate justification explaining why these people should receive less procedural protection than the general administrative regime provides. The difference in treatment introduced by the legislature is therefore incompatible with the principle of equality, the right of defense, and the due process guarantees recognized both by the Constitution and by the American Convention on Human Rights.
Moreover, the provision also fails the proportionality review developed in constitutional case law. It fails the necessity requirement because the legislature could have achieved any objective relating to administrative speed through mechanisms less harmful to fundamental rights, such as setting short deadlines for deciding appeals or limiting certain extraordinary remedies. It also fails the proportionality review in the strict sense because the sacrifice imposed on the right of defense is considerably greater than any potential administrative benefit that could result from eliminating the remedy. The practical consequence is that a person investigated by the Administrative Environmental Tribunal is subject to a single final administrative decision with no possibility of hierarchical review, while people involved in the generality of administrative proceedings do have that guarantee. This difference in treatment lacks a sufficient objective basis and imposes a disproportionate restriction on the right of defense.
For these reasons, Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal are incompatible with Articles 33, 39, and 41 of the Constitution; Articles 8 and 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights; Article 18 of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man; and Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, because they establish an unreasonable and discriminatory limitation on the right to appeal in administrative proceedings.
Accordingly, in their view, the unconstitutionality of Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Reglamento de Procedimiento del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo is evident because they prevent the right to challenge a decision that affects the rights and legitimate interests of the parties bringing the constitutional challenge. This affects their legitimate interests, since the right to appeal is an essential guarantee of due process and the right of defense. The fact that the cited articles arbitrarily deprive a particular group of persons subject to administrative authority of the ability to challenge decisions through the ordinary mechanisms of challenge that the legal system itself recognizes for people generally shows that, if a ruling is issued against the parties, the authority may impose financial sanctions that directly affect the assets of persons subject to its jurisdiction.
All possibility of hierarchical review of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo’s decisions is thereby eliminated, making this body the first and last administrative instance. Accordingly, they request: a) That this constitutional challenge be admitted because it is a reasonable means of defending the constitutional right to due process of law, which the challenged provisions impair. b) That it be declared that Article 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 29 of the Reglamento de Procedimientos ante el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo prevent an appeal to the minister and prevent reconsideration of the minister’s final decision. c) That this constitutional challenge be upheld and Articles 111(c) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and 29 of the Reglamento de Procedimientos ante el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo be annulled as unconstitutional.
Drafted by Justice Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
I.Formal requirements for the admissibility of the action. An action of unconstitutionality is a proceeding subject to certain formalities, which must be satisfied for the Chamber to validly hear the merits of the challenge. In that regard, Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Act establishes the admissibility requirements for an action of unconstitutionality. First, there must be a pending matter to be resolved, either before a court or in the procedure for exhausting the administrative process, in which unconstitutionality has been invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest considered to have been infringed. In the second and third paragraphs, the Act establishes exceptional circumstances in which no prior matter is required: where, by the nature of the matter, there is no direct and individual injury; where the matter concerns the defense of diffuse or collective interests; or where the action is filed directly by the Comptroller General of the Republic, the Procurador General de la República, the Fiscal General de la República, or the Ombudsman.
II.As to the requirement of a pending matter to be resolved, this Chamber stated the following in judgment no. 1995-4190, issued at 11:33 on 28 July 1995:
“First, this is an incidental proceeding in nature, not a direct or popular action. That means there must be a pending matter to be resolved—either before the courts or in the procedure for exhausting the administrative process—in order to access the constitutional process. The action must, however, constitute a reasonable means of protecting the right considered to have been infringed in the principal matter, such that the Constitutional Court’s decision has a positive or negative effect on that pending proceeding because it addresses the constitutionality of the rules to be applied in that matter. Direct access to this process is permitted by law only by way of exception, in the circumstances set out in the second and third paragraphs of Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Act.” Accordingly, the requirement of a prior pending matter to be resolved is not merely a formal requirement.
The mere existence of a principal matter, or the simple invocation of unconstitutionality, is not enough; the action must also be a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest considered to have been infringed. This means that there must be a matter in which individuals’ fundamental rights are at stake and in which the challenged provisions directly affect the resolution of the case (see, to the same effect, judgments nos. 1668-90, 4085-93, 798-94, 3615-94, 409-I-95, 851-95, 4190-95, and 791-96). Other formalities must also be satisfied: explicit identification of the challenged provisions, with adequate grounds and specific citation of the constitutional rules and principles considered to have been infringed; authentication by an attorney of the filing in which the action is brought; proof of standing (powers of attorney and certifications); and a verbatim copy of the filing in which unconstitutionality of the provisions was invoked in the principal matter. If the applicant fails to satisfy any of these requirements, the action is inadmissible.
III.Partial failure to meet the admissibility requirements for this action of unconstitutionality. After reviewing the filing that initiated this proceeding and the order issued by the President of this Chamber, at 13:33 on 13 August 2026, directing the applicants to remedy an initially missing requirement, the Court concludes that this proceeding still fails to meet certain requirements and should therefore be partially dismissed summarily.
The applicants state that [Nombre 004]. is listed as one of the defendants in administrative proceeding number 174-09-03-TAA before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, which is the principal matter for this action, and that it was sanctioned by the decision issued in that proceeding. They consider this to mean that it has standing to act in this proceeding because the challenged provisions cause it direct and undeniable harm. However, when this Court heard another action of unconstitutionality brought by the same applicants on the same subject and concerning the same principal matter, in case file no. 26-016626-0007-CO, it dismissed the action summarily in judgment no. 2026-22173, issued at 9:40 on 17 June 2026, stating the following in relation to that applicant company:
“Three corporations have brought this action as applicants: [Nombre 003]., [Nombre 004]., and [Nombre 005]. However, as explained in the preceding section, unconstitutionality was invoked only by [Nombre 003] and [Nombre 008]., and not by [Nombre 004] (folio 3934 of the certified copy of the attached administrative case file). In fact, the latter company also does not appear as a signatory to the motion for reconsideration filed against the final administrative decision in the principal matter, which is an administrative proceeding conducted under case file 174-09-03-TAA. In that proceeding, decision no. 1403-2025-TAA was issued at 8:00 on 25 November 2025 by the Administrative Environmental Tribunal and was submitted to this case file (see folio 3929 of the certified copy of the attached administrative case file). Accordingly, [Nombre 004]. could not be treated as an applicant in this proceeding either, since it failed to demonstrate compliance with those admissibility requirements.” The Court observes that, for the purpose of bringing this new proceeding, the applicants again invoked the unconstitutionality of the provisions challenged in the principal matter on 7 July 2026.
Although that company is included in the filing this time, the action still does not constitute a reasonable means of protecting its rights. As already indicated, the company did not sign the motion for reconsideration filed against the final administrative decision in the principal matter, in which the Administrative Environmental Tribunal issued decision no. 1403-2025-TAA at 8:00 on 25 November 2025. Accordingly, the administrative process was exhausted as to that company because it did not challenge the final decision. Consequently, if the provisions were declared unconstitutional in this proceeding, the ruling would have retroactive effect only for the other two applicants, not for [Nombre 004]., since that company has no principal matter concerning its particular circumstances that remains at the stage of exhausting the administrative process. Accordingly, as to that company, the applicants must abide by this Court’s ruling in judgment no. 2026-22173, issued at 9:40 on 17 June 2026.
In view of all the foregoing, and because the failure to meet the legal requirement identified in judgment no. 2026-22173, issued at 9:40 on 17 June 2026, persists, [Nombre 004]. must abide by the ruling in that judgment.
IV.As to the other applicant companies, although they meet the admissibility requirements, the action should be dismissed on the merits. They allege that Article 111.c) of the Organic Environmental Act and Article 29 of the Regulations on Proceedings before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal are unconstitutional because they fail to guarantee a right to a second level of review in the administrative process: decisions of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal are not subject to appeal before a higher authority and exhaust the administrative process. They contend that this infringes the rights of defense and the principles of equality, reasonableness, and proportionality, as well as Articles 8 and 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights. However, this Court has repeatedly ruled as follows regarding the alleged lack of a second level of review in the administrative process:
“III.- CONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDS OF CHALLENGE. The applicant alleges that the challenged provision is unconstitutional because it infringes the rights of defense and due process by denying the person subject to the administrative process the possibility of challenging the administrative deportation decision. In the applicant’s view, this infringes human dignity.
The Constitutional Chamber’s consistent case law has held, beginning with Voto No. 1129-90, issued at 14:15 on 18 September 1990—and reiterated in Nos. 4088-93, issued at 14:45 on 11 August 1993; 7189-94, issued at 15:21 on 6 December 1994; 6662-95, issued at 19:03 on 5 December 1995; 5347-05, issued at 9:03 on 6 May 2005; 8497-06, issued at 14:47 on 14 June 2006; and 6136-07, issued at 17:40 on 8 May 2007—that the right to a second level of review in judicial matters, set out in paragraph 2, subparagraph h), of Article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights, applies only in criminal matters when the accused has been convicted of an offense in the judgment. That requirement therefore does not apply in administrative proceedings. Although the Constitutional Court has qualified this rule in certain specific circumstances (Voto No. 642-94, issued at 14:30 on 2 February 1994), the fact that an administrative decision cannot be challenged through the administrative process does not infringe the rights of defense or to a second level of review, because the affected person may bring the matter before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction, as this applicant did.
The applicant states that the provision infringes human dignity because the absence of an administrative appeal exposes a foreign national alleged to have violated the law to deportation and separation from their family for several years. However, this Court has held that, in relation to foreign nationals, the Costa Rican State may, in the exercise of its sovereignty, regulate their entry into and stay in the national territory, as well as establish the relevant migration policies, pursuant to Article 13 of the General Immigration and Aliens Act, No. 8764. Additionally, regarding foreign nationals married to Costa Ricans, the Court has stated that marriage does not affect the validity or enforceability of deportation orders, since it has repeatedly held that an amparo applicant’s marriage does not prevent the migration authorities from applying the provisions concerning foreign nationals in an unlawful situation (see, among others, Voto No. 2007-07494, issued at 17:03 on 29 May 2007). In this regard, in judgment No. 2012-008091, issued at 14:30 on 19 June 2012, this Court stated:
“On this point, it is important to clarify that, although the family is one of the highest-ranking social institutions in the Costa Rican legal system—being a natural element and the foundation of society, as provided in Article 51 of the Political Constitution—and marriage, pursuant to Article 52 of that supreme legal instrument, is the essential basis of the family, this does not excuse a foreign national married to a Costa Rican from complying with the requirements for lawful residence in the national territory. In other words, merely being married to a Costa Rican does not entitle a foreign national to demand an individual dispensation from the statutory rules governing the entry into and residence of foreign nationals in the national territory, compliance with which may properly be required in the exercise of national sovereignty.”
V.CONCLUSION.- There is no right to a second level of review in the administrative process. The absence of an appeal does not infringe the applicant’s rights, because the deportation decision may be challenged before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. As for the alleged infringement of human dignity due to the possible separation of the family that deportation may cause, that is not a consequence of the absence of an administrative appeal. Neither marriage nor family exempts a foreign national from complying with the migration laws in force in Costa Rica.” The emphasis is not in the original. (Judgment no. 2017-8303, issued at 9:15 on 2 June 2017.) The same substantive criterion has been reiterated in judgments nos. 2022-15626, issued at 11:50 on 6 July 2022; 2022-5049, issued at 9:20 on 2 March 2022; 2021-4441, issued at 9:15 on 3 March 2021; 2020-23255, issued at 9:10 on 2 December 2020; 2019-11673, issued at 12:15 on 26 June 2019; 2019-09210, issued at 09:30 on 22 May 2019; and 2018-014467, issued at 09:20 on 31 August 2018, among others.
In light of the criterion set out above, the argument of the applicants in this case must be dismissed on the merits, since this Court finds no reason to depart from that criterion.
V.Accordingly, [Nombre 004]. must abide by this Court’s ruling in judgment no. 2026-22173, issued at 9:40 on 17 June 2026; and the action brought by applicant companies [Nombre 003]. and [Nombre 005]. must be dismissed on the merits.
The parties are advised that any paper documents, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device that they may have submitted, must be retrieved from the Court’s offices within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any such material not retrieved within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the “Regulations on Electronic Case Files before the Judiciary,” approved by the Full Court at session No. 27-11 of 22 August 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session No. 43-12 held on 3 May 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore:
[Nombre 004]. must abide by this Court’s ruling in judgment no. 2026-22173, issued at 9:40 on 17 June 2026. As to applicant companies [Nombre 003]. and [Nombre 005]., the action is dismissed on the merits.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE NO. 26-028927-0007-CO Telephone: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. south of the Perpetual Help Church).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del dieciseis de setiembre de dos mil veintiseis .
Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por [Nombre 001] y [Nombre 002], en su condición de representantes de las empresas [Nombre 003]. con cédula de persona jurídica [Valor 001]; [Nombre 004]., cédula jurídica nro. [Valor 002]; y de [Nombre 005]., con cédula de persona jurídica [Valor 003]; contra los artículos 111.c) de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y 29 del Reglamento de Procedimientos del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
I.Sobre los presupuestos formales de admisibilidad de la acción. La acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que deben ser satisfechas a los efectos de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación. En ese sentido, el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, establece los presupuestos de admisibilidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad. En primer término, se exige la existencia de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver, sea en vía judicial, o bien, en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa, en que se haya invocado la inconstitucionalidad como medio razonable para amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado. En el párrafo segundo y tercero, la ley establece de manera excepcional, presupuestos en los que no se exige el asunto previo, cuando por la naturaleza del asunto, no exista una lesión individual y directa, o se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o colectivos, o bien cuando es formulada en forma directa por el Contralor General de la República, el Procurador General de la República, el Fiscal General de la República y el Defensor de los Habitantes.
II.Ahora bien, en cuanto a la exigencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, esta Sala por medio de la sentencia nro. 1995-4190, de las 11:33 horas del 28 de julio de 1995, señaló lo siguiente:
“En primer término, se trata de un proceso de naturaleza incidental, y no de una acción directa o popular, con lo que se quiere decir que se requiere de la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver -sea ante los tribunales de justicia o en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa- para poder acceder a la vía constitucional, pero de tal manera que, la acción constituya un medio razonable para amparar el derecho considerado lesionado en el asunto principal, de manera que lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional repercuta positiva o negativamente en dicho proceso pendiente de resolver, por cuanto se manifiesta sobre la constitucionalidad de las normas que deberán ser aplicadas en dicho asunto; y únicamente por excepción es que la legislación permite el acceso directo a esta vía -presupuestos de los párrafos segundo y tercero del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.” Así las cosas, la exigencia de un asunto previo pendiente de resolver, no constituye un requisito meramente formal, toda vez, que no basta con la sola existencia de un asunto base, ni con la simple invocación de la inconstitucionalidad, pues se requiere además, que la acción sea un medio razonable para amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado.
Esto quiere decir, que es necesario que se verifique la existencia de un asunto en el que estén de por medio los derechos fundamentales de las personas y en el cual las normas impugnadas tengan una incidencia directa para la resolución del caso (ver en igual sentido las sentencias números 1668-90, 4085-93, 798-94, 3615-94, 409-I-95, 851-95, 4190-95 y 791-96). Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser cumplidas, a saber, la determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de las normas y principios constitucionales que se consideren infringidos, la autenticación por abogado del escrito en el que se plantea la acción, la acreditación de las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), así como la certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas en el asunto base, requisitos todos que en caso de no ser cumplidos por el accionante, dan lugar a la inadmisión de la acción.
III.Sobre el incumplimiento parcial de los requisitos de admisibilidad en esta acción de inconstitucionalidad. Una vez analizado el escrito de interposición de este proceso y, luego de haberse realizado la prevención por parte de la Presidencia de esta Sala de un requisito faltante inicialmente por resolución de las 13:33 horas del 13 de agosto de 2026, se concluye que, este proceso sigue adoleciendo de algunos requisitos y lo procedente es su rechazo de plano parcial.
Refieren los accionantes que la sociedad [Nombre 004]. figura como parte de las demandadas dentro del procedimiento administrativo número 174-09-03-TAA que se tramita ante el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo y que es asunto base de esta acción, donde fue sancionada por la resolución dictada en ese procedimiento, lo que consideran implica que está legitimada para actuar en este proceso, pues las normas impugnadas le causan un daño directo e incuestionable. Sin embargo, este Tribunal, al conocer otra acción de inconstitucionalidad en el expediente nro. 26-016626-0007-CO, planteada por los mismos accionantes, respecto del mismo tema y ese asunto base, por sentencia nro. 2026-22173 de las 9:40 horas del 17 de junio de 2026, rechazó de plano la acción, indicando en relación con esa sociedad accionante lo siguiente:
“En este proceso acuden como accionantes tres sociedades anónimas: [Nombre 003]., [Nombre 004]. y de [Nombre 005]. Sin embargo, tal como quedó expuesto en el punto anterior, la invocatoria de inconstitucionalidad solo fue realizada por [Nombre 003], y [Nombre 008]., no así por [Nombre 004] (folio 3934 de la copia certificada del expediente administrativo adjunto). De hecho, esta última sociedad tampoco aparece signando el recurso de revocatoria interpuesto contra el acto final en el asunto base que es un procedimiento administrativo tramitado en el expediente 174-09-03-TAA, en el cual se emitió la resolución nro. 1403-2025-TAA, de las 8:00 horas del 25 de noviembre de 2025, ante el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, aportado a este expediente (ver folio 3929 de la copia certificada del expediente administrativo adjunto). En consecuencia, tampoco procedería tener como accionante de este proceso a la sociedad [Nombre 004]., al haber omitido demostrar el cumplimiento de tales requisitos de admisibilidad”.
Advierte este Tribunal que, a los efectos de interponer este nuevo proceso, los accionantes realizaron una nueva invocatoria de inconstitucionalidad de la normativa cuestionada en el asunto base el 7 de julio de 2026, y que, aunque en esta oportunidad, dicha sociedad sí está incorporada en ese escrito, lo cierto es que, igualmente, la acción no constituye medio razonable para amparar sus derechos, por cuanto tal y como ya se le indicó, esa sociedad no firmó el recurso de revocatoria interpuesto contra el acto final en el asunto base, en el cual se emitió la resolución nro. 1403-2025-TAA, de las 8:00 horas del 25 de noviembre de 2025 por parte del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo. De manera que, en lo que respecta a esa sociedad fue agotada la vía administrativa, al no haber impugnado el acto final. Por consiguiente, lo que, eventualmente se resolviera en este proceso, en caso de resultar declarada la inconstitucionalidad de las normas, únicamente tendría efectos retroactivos para las otras dos accionantes y no para [Nombre 004]., pues esta no cuenta con un asunto base que se encuentre en fase de agotamiento de la vía administrativa respecto de su situación particular. Así las cosas, respecto de esa sociedad, deberán estarse los accionantes a lo resuelto por este Tribunal en la sentencia nro. 2026-22173 de las 9:40 horas del 17 de junio de 2026.
En razón de todo lo expuesto y dado que se mantiene el incumplimiento del requisito legal señalado en la sentencia nro. 2026-22173 de las 9:40 horas del 17 de junio de 2026, lo procedente es que la accionante [Nombre 004]. se esté a lo resuelto en dicho pronunciamiento.
IV.En cuanto a las demás sociedades accionantes, aun cuando cumplen los requisitos de admisibilidad, procede rechazar por el fondo la acción, pues se alega que el artículo 111.c) de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el ordinal 29 del Reglamento de Procedimientos del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, son inconstitucionales por no garantizar el derecho a la doble instancia en vía administrativa, al carecer de apelación ante el superior las resoluciones del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo y declarar agotada la vía administrativa. Señalan que ello lesiona el derecho de defensa, el principio de igualdad, razonabilidad, proporcionalidad y los artículos 8 y 24 de la CADH. No obstante, en relación con la acusada alegación de la falta de una doble instancia en vía administrativa, este Tribunal ha resuelto, de forma reiterada, lo siguiente:
“III.- AGRAVIOS DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD. El accionante alega que la norma impugnada resulta inconstitucional pues lesiona el derecho de defensa y debido proceso, al negar al administrado la posibilidad de impugnar el acto administrativo de deportación. En su criterio, esto provoca una lesión a la dignidad humana.
La jurisprudencia reiterada de la Sala Constitucional ha indicado, a partir del voto No. 1129-90 de las 14:15 hrs. de 18 de septiembre de 1990 -reiterado en los Nos. 4088-93 de las 14:45 hrs. de 11 de agosto de 1993, 7189-94 de las 15:21 hrs. de 6 de diciembre de 1994, 6662-95 de la 19:03 hrs. de 5 de diciembre de 1995, 5347-05 de las 9:03 hrs. de 6 de mayo de 2005, 8497-06 de las 14:47 hrs. de 14 de junio de 2006 y 6136-07 de las 17:40 hrs. de 8 de mayo de 2007- que el derecho de la doble instancia, en materia judicial, contemplado en el ordinal 8°, párrafo 2°, inciso h), de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos sólo opera en materia penal cuando el imputado ha sido condenado en la sentencia por la comisión de un delito, de modo que en los procedimientos administrativos no rige esa exigencia. Si bien esta regla establecida por el Tribunal Constitucional ha sido matizada frente a algunas situaciones específicas (voto No. 642-94 de las 14:30 hrs. de 2 de febrero de 1994), el hecho que una resolución administrativa no pueda ser recurrida en esa vía, no lesiona el derecho de defensa ni el derecho a la doble instancia, pues el afectado tiene la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa para discutir el tema, tal y como hizo el propio accionante.
El actor manifiesta que la norma lesiona la dignidad humana, pues la falta de recurso en vía administrativa expone al extranjero presunto infractor, a ser deportado y verse alejado de su núcleo familiar por varios años. No obstante, este Tribunal ha señalado que, tratándose de extranjeros, el Estado costarricense puede, en el ejercicio de su soberanía, regular su ingreso y permanencia al territorio nacional, así como dictar las políticas migratorias pertinentes, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 13, de la Ley General de Migración y Extranjería, Nº 8764. Adicionalmente, y en relación con la situación de los extranjeros casados con costarricenses, ha manifestado que el haber contraído nupcias no afecta la vigencia y ejecutividad de las órdenes de deportación puesto que, como ha resuelto reiteradamente, el matrimonio del amparado no es obstáculo para que las autoridades migratorias apliquen las disposiciones sobre extranjeros ilegales (ver en ese sentido, entre otras, voto N° 2007-07494 de las 17:03 hrs. del 29 de mayo del 2007). En este sentido, en la sentencia No. 2012-008091 de las 14-30 hrs. del 19 de junio de 2012, este Tribunal indicó:
“Sobre este particular, es importante aclarar que si bien es cierto la familia es una de las instituciones sociales de más alto rango en el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense elemento natural y fundamento de la sociedad, según lo dispuesto por el artículo 51 de la Constitución Política y el matrimonio, de conformidad con el artículo 52 del supremo cuerpo normativo, es la base esencial de la familia, esto no es excusa para que, un extranjero, casado con un costarricense se encuentre eximido de cumplir con los requisitos exigibles para permanecer válidamente en el territorio nacional. En otras palabras, por el solo hecho de estar casado con un costarricense, un extranjero no puede exigir la derogación singular de las normas de rango legal que rigen el ingreso y la permanencia de los foráneos en el territorio nacional, cuyo cumplimiento puede ser exigido, perfectamente, en ejercicio de la soberanía nacional.”
V.CONCLUSIÓN.- No existe derecho a la doble instancia en vía administrativa. La falta de recurso no lesiona los derechos del actor pues puede impugnar el acto de deportación ante la jurisdicción contencioso administrativo. En cuanto a la violación a la dignidad humana por la eventual separación de la familia que la deportación puede ocasionar, esto no es consecuencia de la falta de ese recurso administrativo. Ni el matrimonio, ni la familia, son elementos que exoneran al extranjero de cumplir la legislación migratoria vigente en Costa Rica.” El énfasis no es del original. (Sentencia nro. 2017-8303, de las 9:15 horas del 2 de junio de 2017) El criterio de fondo ha sido reiterado en similar sentido en las sentencias números 2022-15626, de las 11:50 horas del 6 de julio de 2022, 2022-5049, de las 9:20 horas del 2 de marzo de 2022, 2021-4441, de las 9:15 horas del 3 de marzo de 2021, 2020-23255, de las 9:10 horas del 2 de diciembre de 2020, 2019-11673, de las 12:15 horas del 26 de junio de 2019, 2019-09210 de las 09:30 horas del 22 de mayo de 2019 y 2018-014467 de las 09:20 horas del 31 de agosto de 2018, entre otras.
En virtud del criterio expuesto, el alegato de la aquí parte accionante debe ser rechazado por el fondo, pues no encuentra este Tribunal motivo alguno para variar el criterio expuesto.
V.Por consiguiente, procede ordenar a la accionante [Nombre 004]., estarse a lo resuelto por este Tribunal mediante sentencia nro. 2026-22173 de las 9:40 horas del 17 de junio de 2026; y, respecto de las sociedades accionantes [Nombre 003]. y [Nombre 005]., rechazar por el fondo la acción.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Estese la accionante [Nombre 004]., a lo resuelto por este Tribunal mediante sentencia nro. 2026-22173 de las 9:40 horas del 17 de junio de 2026. Respecto de las sociedades accionantes [Nombre 003]. y [Nombre 005]., se rechaza por el fondo la acción.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 26-028927-0007-CO
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.