← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 34716-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 10/09/2026
OutcomeResultado
SINAC was ordered to finalize and communicate to the applicant, within two months after notification, the roadmap for addressing the Mata de Limón mangrove problem; the amparo was denied in all other respects.Se ordenó al SINAC definir y comunicar al recurrente, en un plazo máximo de dos meses desde la notificación, la hoja de ruta definitiva para atender la problemática del manglar de Mata de Limón; en lo demás, el amparo se declaró sin lugar.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) partially granted the amparo proceeding only as to SINAC. Although the National Wetlands Program and ACOPAC had held meetings and agreed on actions to assess sedimentation and the condition of the Mata de Limón mangrove, the roadmap submitted was preliminary, still required validation, and had not been communicated to the applicant. The Chamber found that this lack of a definitive plan and communication was incompatible with the principles of administrative effectiveness, continuity, and coordination. It ordered the officials responsible for the Program and ACOPAC to finalize, within two months after notification, the roadmap for addressing the reported problem and communicate it to the applicant. The application was denied in all other respects, including as to the Esparza Municipality and Ministry of Health. The State was ordered to pay costs, damages, and losses, to be quantified in enforcement proceedings before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. Justice Salazar Alvarado dissented and would have denied the application.La Sala Constitucional declaró parcialmente con lugar el recurso de amparo únicamente respecto del SINAC. Aunque el Programa Nacional de Humedales y ACOPAC habían realizado reuniones y acordado acciones para analizar la sedimentación y el estado del manglar de Mata de Limón, la hoja de ruta aportada era preliminar, estaba pendiente de validación y no se había comunicado al recurrente. La Sala concluyó que esa falta de definición y comunicación era incompatible con los principios de eficacia, continuidad y coordinación administrativa. Ordenó a los responsables del Programa y de ACOPAC determinar definitivamente, en un máximo de dos meses desde la notificación, la hoja de ruta para atender la problemática y comunicarla al recurrente. En lo demás, el recurso se declaró sin lugar, incluso respecto de la Municipalidad de Esparza y el Ministerio de Salud. El Estado fue condenado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios, liquidables en ejecución de sentencia ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado disintió y habría declarado sin lugar el recurso.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Accordingly, it is established that the authorities of the National Wetlands Program and the Central Pacific Conservation Area have held meetings and made decisions to address the problem reported by the applicant concerning the Mata de Limón mangrove; however, although the authorities submitted a proposed roadmap to resolve the sedimentation situation, they state that it is a preliminary document that still requires validation by the respondent authorities. In addition, it has not been established that these actions were duly communicated to the applicant, even though he reported the problem on 19 November 2025. Consequently, the applicant’s claim concerns an environmental problem reported months ago that has not been addressed, an omission incompatible with the principles of administrative effectiveness, continuity, and coordination. Therefore, the application is granted as to the SINAC authorities, so that they definitively determine the roadmap for addressing the applicant’s report and communicate the relevant information to him, as set out in the operative part of this judgment.Así las cosas, consta que las autoridades del Programa Nacional de Humedales y del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central sí han realizado reuniones y han tomado decisiones para atender la problemática denunciada por el recurrente en relación con el manglar de Mata de Limón; sin embargo, aun cuando las autoridades aportan una propuesta de hoja de ruta para solucionar la situación de sedimentación presentada, afirman que se trata de un documento de carácter preliminar que aún debe ser validado por las autoridades recurridas. Aunado a lo anterior, no logra acreditarse que estas actuaciones hayan sido debidamente comunicadas al recurrente, a pesar de que fue él quien denunció el problema desde el 19 de noviembre de 2025. En consecuencia, se constata que el reclamo del recurrente obedece a una problemática denunciada desde hace meses atrás y vinculada con cuestiones ambientales que no ha sido atendida, omisión que resulta incompatible con los principios de eficacia, continuidad y coordinación administrativa. Ergo, se declara con lugar el recurso en lo que refiere a las autoridades del SINAC, a fin de que determinen de forma definitiva la hoja de ruta para atender la denuncia planteada por el accionante y se le comunique lo correspondiente, según se indicará en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En consecuencia, se constata que el reclamo del recurrente obedece a una problemática denunciada desde hace meses atrás y vinculada con cuestiones ambientales que no ha sido atendida, omisión que resulta incompatible con los principios de eficacia, continuidad y coordinación administrativa."
"Consequently, the applicant’s claim concerns an environmental problem reported months ago that has not been addressed, an omission incompatible with the principles of administrative effectiveness, continuity, and coordination."
Considerando III
"En consecuencia, se constata que el reclamo del recurrente obedece a una problemática denunciada desde hace meses atrás y vinculada con cuestiones ambientales que no ha sido atendida, omisión que resulta incompatible con los principios de eficacia, continuidad y coordinación administrativa."
Considerando III
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al SINAC."
"The application is partially granted, solely as to SINAC."
Por tanto
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al SINAC."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Review of the Document CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at 9:20 a.m. on 10 September 2026.
Amparo proceeding filed in case no. 26-019163-0007-CO by [Nombre 001], identity card [Valor 001], against the MUNICIPALITY OF ESPARZA, the MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, and the MINISTRY OF HEALTH.
Background:
“FIRST: An amparo proceeding is a judicial proceeding heard by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) and constitutes what is known as the constitutional jurisdiction of liberty. Its existence guarantees the effectiveness of the fundamental rights established in the Political Constitution and in the international human rights treaties in force in the country. Article 29 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Act provides that an amparo proceeding guarantees the fundamental rights and freedoms referred to in that Act, except those protected by habeas corpus. It further provides that an amparo proceeding lies against any provision, agreement, or resolution and, in general, against any action, omission, or mere material conduct not founded on an effective administrative act, by public servants and public bodies, that has violated, violates, or threatens to violate any of those rights. It lies not only against arbitrary acts, but also against actions or omissions founded on rules that have been erroneously interpreted or improperly applied.
SECOND: Under Costa Rican law, the amparo proceeding derives from Articles 10 and 48 of the Political Constitution, which provide that everyone has the right to an amparo application to maintain or restore the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the Constitution, as well as fundamental rights established in international human rights instruments applicable in the Republic. An entire title of that legal instrument sets out a series of individual rights and guarantees, such as the right to life in Article 21; the right to privacy and to the freedom and secrecy of communications in Article 24; the right to equality enshrined in Article 33; the right of consumers and users of public services to environmental protection in Article 46; and many others set out among social rights and guarantees, such as the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and the corresponding State duty to protect it in Article 50, and the State duty to protect natural beauty, which entails at least indirect or partial protection of the environment insofar as it concerns one of its constituent aspects—natural landscapes—in Article 89.
THIRD: The Constitutional Chamber is subject only to the Constitution and the law, and its jurisprudence and precedents are binding erga omnes, except on itself. This provision is important because the Chamber’s rulings are binding on other public bodies, both administrative and judicial, as well as on all private persons.
II.Regarding the facts alleged by the applicant, we state the following:
First fact and related facts: These are denied insofar as they attribute an unlawful omission or a legal obligation to directly address the reported case to the National Wetlands Program. Those facts are denied to the extent that they rest on an incorrect premise regarding jurisdiction. The National Wetlands Program, established within SINAC, performs coordination, monitoring, and technical-support functions for the Conservation Areas, as well as coordination with other institutions; it is not the primary territorial body responsible for directly addressing, conducting field investigations into, and initially resolving every specific case arising in particular wetlands. Under SINAC’s institutional structure, that work falls to the Conservation Areas with territorial jurisdiction.
For the better resolution of the matter, we request that official letter SINAC-ACOPAC ZPT-094-2025, dated 02 August 2025, issued under the subject “Response SITADA 51525 2024,” be deemed incorporated into this report, as it is a relevant administrative and technical antecedent for properly understanding the facts alleged in this amparo proceeding. That letter is relevant because it documents institutional actions taken by the Central Pacific Conservation Area (ACOPAC) concerning the site of interest mentioned by the applicant and provides context for the inspection, technical assessment, and administrative monitoring conducted in connection with the reported situation. Its incorporation gives the Chamber objective information about the steps taken by the Administration in relation to the Estero de Mata de Limón sector, as well as the technical factors considered at that time by the competent authority. Accordingly, the document is submitted as useful and relevant documentary evidence because it helps refute the alleged administrative inaction and shows that the case was considered and addressed by SINAC’s technical bodies.
“To respond to the complaint, a site visit was conducted on 22 September 2025. The property is a wheat storage and dispatch plant. The land belongs to [Nombre 003] S.A. The site is surrounded by a series of ditches and perimeter channels that direct rainwater. The land borders, to the northeast, a property without forest cover, used as pasture. The property has a considerable slope in relation to its proximity to national route 622. The pasture has a natural channel that directs water from surface runoff; the water collected is discharged into the perimeter channel of [Nombre 003] S.A., which directs the water to its final discharge point toward the Matalimón mangrove. It should be noted that the perimeter channels of [Nombre 003] S.A. direct rainwater to a single outlet, causing waste or sediment to accumulate at a single point in the mangrove. Rapid sedimentation can have negative effects, such as suffocating mangrove roots, changing pH, altering water and soil chemistry, and compacting the ground when finer sediments such as clay accumulate.
The relevant studies must be conducted to determine the actual impact. Both properties are outside the boundary of Zona Protectora Tivives under decree 17023-MAG.” For the better resolution of the matter, we request that CARTA-SINAC ACOPAC-DR-ASP-ZPT-107-2025, dated 18 August 2025 and issued by the Central Pacific Conservation Area, be deemed incorporated into this report:
“On 18 October 2025, employees of Zona Protectora Tivives conducted an ocular inspection, record ACOPAC-ZPT PPC-295, on the property bordering the [Nombre 003] S.A. plant in Salinas, Esparza, Puntarenas. The inspection began at the point where water enters the perimeter ditch of [Nombre 003] S.A. The channel was followed across the property to determine the origin of the water. During the ocular inspection, it was observed that rainwater from the property enters the channel at several points, because the lack of forest cover prevents water from infiltrating the soil and causes surface runoff. The slope of the property causes rainwater to flow into the road’s drainage channel, which also collects rainwater from the land on the other side of the road. Along the road, two locations were observed where infrastructure serving as road drainage discharges onto the property visited, carrying organic material and sediment into the channel running across the property.
During the route along the channel, the width at the top, the channel’s side slope, and the width of its bottom were measured. The channel has a similar width at the top and bottom, averaging 3.5m. The observed heights of the channel’s side slope ranged from 1.80m to 3.78m. This indicates that the channel carries a considerable amount of rainwater, which transports sediment. It is important to note that the channel can carry rainwater produced on the property, but the water discharged into it by road infrastructure and neighboring properties causes the amount of sediment deposited in the mangrove to increase exponentially over short periods, affecting the mangrove’s natural dynamics. The perimeter channel of [Nombre 003] S.A. serves to collect and direct rainwater, depositing waste or sediment from neighboring properties at a single point that discharges into the mangrove. Both properties are outside the boundary of Zona Protectora Tivives under decree 17023-MAG.” Second fact: The assertion that there was absolute silence or a complete lack of response is denied.
The applicant’s own account shows that on 24 November 2025 he received a response from the Coordinator of the National Wetlands Program, expressly identifying the applicable division of responsibilities and the intention to support analysis of the matter with the Central Pacific Conservation Area. Accordingly, there was no complete absence of response; at most, the applicant disagrees with the content, scope, or sufficiency of the response received, which is distinct from the harmful silence that permits an amparo proceeding.
The facts presented by the applicant are denied insofar as they assert or suggest that, after the communication of 24 November 2025, there was no concrete action, actual meeting, technical course of action, or interinstitutional coordination by the National Wetlands Program and the Central Pacific Conservation Area. This is refuted by the minutes of the meeting held on Monday, 2 February 2026, from 8:30 a.m. to 9:50 a.m., between ACOPAC and National Wetlands Program employees, with [Nombre 006], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 010], [Nombre 009], and Rotney Piedra participating. The case of the Mata de Limón wetland and the applicant’s request were specifically discussed. The minutes show that the coordination offered by the National Wetlands Program did take place and that the session addressed the reported problem, including sedimentation in the mangrove, possible hydrological alteration of the site, the need for sufficient technical evidence, the advisability of conducting sampling and retrospective studies, and the need to issue a technical report based on the information available.
The same minutes also record specific agreements: employee [Nombre 008] would prepare a technical report on the Mata de Limón case using the information available and identifying actions to be considered; [Nombre 010] would coordinate with the company so that it would not clean the channel in a way that could affect the mangrove; and ACOPAC would request a retrospective study and satellite images from IGN to determine the direction of the former channel. Accordingly, it is untrue that the promised coordination never took place or that the case remained entirely abandoned or without a technical course of analysis, as the applicant maintains. Rather, the institutional records show that the matter was monitored, analyzed, and coordinated technically between the national wetlands body and the Conservation Area with territorial jurisdiction, in keeping with the National Wetlands Program’s role within SINAC in providing support, coordination, and monitoring.
Third fact: It is denied that the National Wetlands Program was directly and immediately required to form an interdisciplinary team, issue a comprehensive report, or order specific operational measures at the site. The PNH’s official functions are planning, coordination, support, and facilitation, while territorial and operational management is carried out through SINAC’s Conservation Areas. To maintain otherwise would disregard the applicable legal and institutional framework.
Fourth fact: The theory of generalized institutional inaction is denied. Although this representative does not address in this submission the full technical merits of every document cited by the applicant, the applicant’s own account shows that various public authorities took action, including inspections and administrative responses. This rules out the alleged absolute absence of State attention. Administrative activity is coordinated according to distinct areas of responsibility and the principles of continuity and efficiency; those principles do not require all functions to be concentrated in a single office.
The fact alleged by the applicant is denied insofar as it asserts that, after the request was made, there was no institutional technical course of action, documented monitoring, or adoption of concrete measures concerning the Estero de Mata de Limón case. This is refuted by the minutes of the ACOPAC–PNH meeting dated 28 April 2026, held from 11:00 a.m. to 12:26 p.m., with Carlos Vinicio Cordero, [Nombre 006], [Nombre 015], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 010], [Nombre 016], [Nombre 009], and Rotney Piedra participating. The Mata de Limón case was expressly discussed. The minutes show that the case underwent technical analysis and interinstitutional monitoring, including consideration of implementing the Protocol for Ecological Monitoring of Mangroves at the site, incorporating input for an action plan, institutional support, ecological and water monitoring, and surveying the area’s boundaries.
Specific agreements were also adopted at that meeting, including preparing an action plan that includes ecological monitoring of mangroves at least once during the current year, measuring the chemical condition of the water, especially at channel outlets, scheduling a survey of the area’s boundaries, and surveying the current channels. Accordingly, it is untrue that the Administration remained inactive or that there was no documented institutional technical course of action; the minutes demonstrate coordination, analysis, and definition of concrete steps to address the case.
The applicant’s grievance, insofar as it maintains that the National Wetlands Program and SINAC remained silent, left institutional responsibility undefined, or materially omitted action in response to the reported situation at Mata de Limón, is unsupported. In addition to responding in a timely manner to the person who submitted the request, the Administration held coordination and technical-monitoring meetings—including the meeting held on 28 April 2026 between ACOPAC and the National Wetlands Program—in which it analyzed the specific case and defined concrete institutional actions, such as preparing an action plan, conducting ecological monitoring of mangroves, measuring the chemical condition of the water, and surveying boundaries and channels. The case was therefore not abandoned, but was under analysis and technical monitoring by the competent bodies. What exists, in any event, is the applicant’s disagreement with the pace, scope, or degree to which those actions were formally communicated externally, which does not by itself amount to a constitutionally actionable omission.
The minutes of 28 April 2026 also confirm that the National Wetlands Program acted within its proper functions: coordinating, monitoring, and providing technical support to SINAC’s Conservation Areas on wetlands, rather than replacing them in directly addressing every specific territorial case. SINAC’s own institutional information states that the National Wetlands Program coordinates, monitors, and supports the Conservation Areas, while SINAC is organized territorially into those areas to carry out field management.
Fifth fact: It is denied that the mere fact that the National Wetlands Program did not directly take up the matter caused an independent violation of the right to a healthy environment attributable to that Program. Environmental protection is a permanent State duty, implemented through MINAE and SINAC, with specific responsibilities and functions allocated among them. The right to a healthy environment does not require every request to be resolved by the National Wetlands Program’s national coordination; it requires that the request be routed to and addressed by the competent bodies within the institutional system.
In response to the request from that Legal Advisory Directorate, it is recorded that, by official letter CARTA-SINAC-SE-DE-PNH-0026-2026, dated 17 June 2026 and signed in connection with the ruling issued by the Constitutional Chamber in case file No. 26-019163-0007-CO, the National Wetlands Program formally reported the actions taken in coordination with the Central Pacific Conservation Area (ACOPAC) concerning the case reported in the Estero de Mata de Limón sector. The letter records that, within its coordination, monitoring, and technical-support responsibilities, the National Wetlands Program coordinated with ACOPAC to analyze the situation raised by the applicant. As part of those actions, interinstitutional working meetings were held, including those of 2 February 2026 and 28 April 2026, at which the Mata de Limón case was specifically addressed, the available background was analyzed, the need for additional technical support was considered, and concrete monitoring actions were defined.
The letter also reports that those meetings agreed on measures to technically address the case, including preparing material for a technical report, considering ecological monitoring in the mangrove, measuring the chemical condition of the water at points of interest, collecting information on channels and the area’s boundaries, and taking other institutional coordination steps needed to monitor the ecosystem. Accordingly, it cannot be maintained that the National Wetlands Program engaged in an absolute omission or material inactivity in response to the applicant’s request, since the institutional documentation submitted by official letter CARTA-SINAC-SE-DE-PNH-0026-2026 demonstrates concrete, verifiable, and successive coordination and monitoring actions undertaken with ACOPAC:
“In response to the ruling of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice issued at sixteen hours and fifty-four minutes on 11 June 2026, in case file No. 26-019163-0007-CO, in an amparo proceeding brought by Mr. [Nombre 001] against the Municipality of Esparza, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Ministry of Health, I hereby report on the actions of the National Wetlands Program concerning the request for an investigation, technical opinion, and possible actions in the Estero de Mata de Limón sector, Salinas, Esparza, submitted on 19 November 2025 by Mr. [Nombre 001].
It is clarified that the PNH National Coordination exercises technical, programmatic, and coordination responsibilities concerning national wetlands policy. The initial responsibility for addressing specific cases in particular territories rests with the Conservation Areas, as provided in Articles 20, 23, and 25 of the Regulations to the Biodiversity Act (Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34433). In this case, the competent territorial body is the Central Pacific Conservation Area (ACOPAC). However, given the ecological importance of the ecosystem involved and the commitment to provide support made in the response of 24 November 2025, the PNH Coordination acted to accompany and facilitate the interinstitutional process carried out with ACOPAC.
The following chronological summary and proposed course of action document the steps taken and serve as the basis for the report that would be submitted to the Chamber:
Agreements adopted: [Nombre 008] will prepare a technical report on the case, including available information and actions to be considered, and will set a delivery date. [Nombre 010] will coordinate with company [Nombre 003] to suspend channel-cleaning activities that directly affect the mangrove. ACOPAC will request a retrospective study and satellite images from the National Geographic Institute (IGN) to determine the area’s original channel direction. Note: This was an internal meeting between PNH and ACOPAC employees. GeoIuris was not notified that it took place or of its results. Supporting document: Minutes of the ACOPAC-PNH Meeting of 2 February 2026, Matalimón/[Nombre 003] Case (Archivo 6).
Actions defined for the Action Plan:
. . channels. . Conduct ecological monitoring of mangroves at least once during the current year. Measure the chemical condition of the water, especially at channel outlets. Schedule a survey of the area’s boundaries. The final Action Plan must be ready by July 2026, and its implementation will depend on the resources available to ACOPAC. Supporting document: Minutes of the ACOPAC-PNH Meeting of 28 April 2026, Matalimón/[Nombre 003] Case (Archivo 7).
Based on the agreements adopted at the meetings of 2 February and 28 April 2026, and taking into account the outstanding actions identified, the following course of action was proposed for July–December 2026. This proposal is preliminary, and its implementation will depend on the availability of ACOPAC and PNH resources.
JULY 2026 — Delivery of the Action Plan and technical report Actions: Formal presentation and approval of the Action Plan (commitment made on 28 April 2026). Delivery of the technical report on the case by employee [Nombre 008] (agreement of 2 February 2026). Formal communication to GeoIuris regarding the status of the case, the agreements adopted at internal meetings, and the resulting Action Plan.
Note: This course of action is preliminary and must be validated by the responsible bodies of ACOPAC and the National Wetlands Program. Its implementation will depend on the availability of human and budgetary resources.
1. The technical report of ACOPAC employee [Nombre 008] (SINAC ACOPAC-PNMA-RBS-TT-071-2026) is attached; it lists certain conclusions and recommendations.” To objectively and technically illustrate the administrative and environmental background concerning the Estero de Mata de Limón sector, official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACOPAC-PNMA-RBS-TT-071-2026 is incorporated into this report. It was sent by employee [Nombre 013], Wetlands Program-ACOPAC, PNE-PNMA, and organizes and assesses the technical and institutional information gathered concerning the sedimentation problem alleged by the applicant. That letter is particularly relevant to the proper resolution of this matter because it refers not only to the various administrative opinions and reports mentioned in the application—including actions by the Esparza Health Area, the Municipality of Esparza, and the National System of Conservation Areas—but also provides an integrated technical assessment of the historical development of the affected area, the site’s geomorphological and hydrological behavior, the effects of topography and surface runoff, and changes in mangrove cover based on maps and satellite images.
The letter also helps put the scope of the institutional actions in context: it collects and analyzes inspection records, findings concerning sediment transport, the location of channels and culverts, the movement of rainwater into the wetland, and the progressive recovery of vegetation cover observed between 2005 and 2023. It also includes technical conclusions and recommendations aimed at protecting the ecosystem. Accordingly, the document submitted is objective, relevant, and useful evidence that refutes any characterization of the Administration as inactive or as having failed to conduct a technical assessment. It gives the Chamber a specialized documentary basis for evaluating the actual context of the reported situation:
Regarding the reports detailed in that application:
• Complaints were filed with the Esparza Health Area concerning the site of interest, including complaints nos. 25248, 25249, and 25250, relating to wastewater or sewage, rainwater, vector control, and possible effects in the area near [Nombre 003] S.A., Salinas de Esparza. It states that, on 09 October 2025, the Esparza Health Area issued responses to the complaints filed. It asserts that those responses indicated that, at the time of inspection, the matters alleged could not be verified in some respects.
• The Municipality argues that, on 17 October 2025, the Municipality of Esparza inspected the site related to the complaint about sedimentation in the Mata Limón mangrove, under inspection report no. 0014-2025. It argues that the inspection confirmed lateral erosion of the watercourse, sediment transport, and sediment accumulation at the railway water crossing.
• As to SINAC, it is stated that, under the various reports ACOPAC-ZPT-PPC-29 295, an inspection took place on the property bordering the [Nombre 003] S.A. plant. It alleges that the channel was followed during that inspection to determine the origin of the water and sediment reaching the mangrove. Rainwater from the property was observed entering the channel at several points due to the lack of forest cover and the slope of the land. It states that, during this second inspection, ACOPAC identified drainage systems on national route 622, under the administration of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, that collected rainwater from neighboring land and discharged it onto the property visited, carrying organic material and sediment toward the channel. It explains that the report stated that, over short periods, this water caused the sediment deposited in the mangrove to increase exponentially, affecting its natural dynamics.
By letter SINAC-ACOPAC-DR-ASP-ZPT-107-2025, digitally signed on 21 October 2025, ACOPAC recorded the second ocular inspection, the route along the channel, the drainage systems associated with national route 622, and the sediment entering the mangrove. It alleges that, by letter SINAC-ACOPAC DR-ASP-ZPT-114-2025, dated 03 November 2025, ACOPAC concluded that sediment accumulation over short periods affected the mangrove’s natural dynamics. It also adds that ACOPAC recommended refraining from cleaning or removing sediment accumulated at the mouth of the culvert located between the railway line and the mangrove, to prevent that sediment from being carried into the ecosystem and to support its natural recovery.
It recounts that, in inspection report no. 0014-2025 from the Municipality of Esparza, digitally signed on 10 November 2025, it was stated that no direct action by [Nombre 003] S.A. causing the sedimentation had been observed. However, the report recommended not continuing to clean the water crossing over the railway line, considering that the accumulation… construction of a retention pond.
• As to the National Wetlands Program, Mr. Rotney Piedra Chacón was to provide the user with information regarding the course of action and the meetings held to address the case.
The technical information on the sector’s sedimentation problem will now be assessed. In the discussion supporting the assessment, it can be stated that an affected area of 4.1 hectares has been visible since 2005. As to the cause of that impact, the site’s topography shows that the mangrove forming part of the Mata de Limón estuary, within Zona Protectora Tivives, lies on land between the 0 and 7.5 masl contour lines. The 7 masl line is essentially where the railway line lies, separating the wetland from land with slopes exceeding 10% that rises toward the 50 masl contour and is partly without vegetation. Maps and images show channels and watercourses originating on higher ground and crossing the railway line at bridge or culvert locations (…) The preceding maps show, as noted, that erosive processes causing sedimentation in the mangrove are initially directed by the natural terrain and slope between the railway line and the contour lines above 8 masl located north of that line. The erosion is then directed by human activity and concentrated at bridges and culverts that carry water to the mangrove. The map sheet also shows that part of the affected area had no mangrove, at the location where an intermittent watercourse enters, marked BM8 on sheet E762, edition 2, IGNCR-1969.
Using the available satellite images, the visible affected area in 2005 was compared with its appearance in a 2023 Google satellite image, as shown in the following map (…) The preceding map indicates that there has been substantial recovery of cover, including areas where cover extends beyond the boundary of the affected area. It can therefore be stated that conditions along the mangrove edge have improved in a way that supports regeneration and colonization of vegetation cover.
To locate the point of improvement in cover within the affected area, the following chronology uses Google Earth images from 2003 through the most recent image, from 2023 (…) The preceding image shows areas of the affected area without cover, and the existing cover appears to be possible pasture (…) In contrast to 2003, the preceding image appears to show a path along the edge of the mangrove and affected area in 2008 (…) The 2012 image shows substantial recovery of some of the cover in the affected area. In the sequence of images from 2013, the important point is that the perimeter marker for the location of [Nombre 003] begins to appear (…) In 2016, an impact on the recovered cover can be seen; however, the image shown is from April 2016, which is the transition from the dry season to the rainy season (…) The image shown for 2018 is from August and shows cover with greater biomass (…) The December 2021 image shows a further improvement in the condition of cover in the affected area; it also shows locations where recovered cover lies outside the affected area (…) In the latest image, from May 2023, we identify impact points derived from the 2023 image and can compare them with the area affected in 2005.
In the western sector of the image, a small area without cover was observed, outlined by a yellow polyline. At the northernmost point, also outlined by a yellow polyline, the affected area can be seen extending toward the railway line, with a strip of recovery between that polyline and the 2005 boundary. The polygon east of that polygon is the next affected area; in this case, it is not without cover, but only appears to show possible wilting. It lies where the channel from [Nombre 003] discharges.
Lastly, to the east of the image there is a small area without cover (…) Around that affected area, enclosed by the red circle in the preceding figure, one of the satellite images shows discoloration of the vegetation. This may be interpreted as wilting caused by a change in site conditions. In this case, it may be due to cleaning the drainage channel or stormwater outlet, which can lead to the death of vegetation, as happened in two cases in other sectors of the country where, due to an emergency, the CNE authorized (sic) cleaning a channel in mangrove areas, causing the death of some trees. This example can be seen on the following map (…)
The above shows the recovery of the area without vegetation over the 2005-2023 period. There may be localized impacts from historical access through culvert crossings and bridges beneath the railway line, but according to the images these have diminished.
Conclusion
Generally speaking, it can be said that the 4.1 hectares of mangrove impact recorded in 2005 have been recovering:
• This recovery begins in the 2012 image.
• It is determined that the channels where [Nombre 003] is located began to become marked starting in 2013. However, their delineation by the terrain’s relief already existed.
• This cover has continued to recover through the latest available satellite image.
• From the above, it can be determined that stormwater runoff management has improved and, as a result, sediment input to the mangrove has decreased.
• It can be determined that the wilting in a small portion of the vegetation is due to cleaning the channel that comes from [Nombre 003].
The following actions are recommended:
• Do not clean the channel within the ASP in the sector where the vegetation is wilting.
• Consider deepening the perimeter channel of [Nombre 003] so that it performs the function specified for the retention pond, allowing heavy particles to settle and then be removed.” In view of the foregoing, it is clear that the actions taken by the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, through the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, the Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, and the Programa Nacional de Humedales, complied with the applicable legal and jurisdictional framework, with an institutional response, interagency coordination, technical follow-up, and the definition of response measures. Accordingly, there is no constitutional violation as alleged by the appellant, nor can these offices be charged with an absolute or arbitrary omission susceptible to an amparo proceeding.
III.Prayer for relief: 1.- That, upon submission of this report and in light of the foregoing, the amparo application filed by [Nombre 001] in expediente 26-019163-0007-CO against the Municipalidad de Esparza and others be dismissed, rejecting the appellant’s claim in its entirety, since the actions of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía did not violate any constitutional provision.”
REQUEST: I respectfully ask the Honorable Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), based on the foregoing, to dismiss this amparo application as unfounded, because the Municipality of Esparza has taken no action, carried out no work, and built nothing that harms the mangrove, estuary, or other body of water in the district of Caldera. As Articles N° 11 and 50 of our Constitution rightly indicate, we cannot act outside the Principle of Legality, much less invest public funds in private property or act unlawfully on the State’s natural heritage, which would be a flagrant violation of the precautionary principle in environmental matters and of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.”
Prepared by Justice Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
I.Subject of the application. The Applicant alleges that, in his work as a geologist, he identified possible environmental impacts in the estuary sector of Mata de Limón, Salinas de Esparza, Puntarenas. He therefore filed complaints with the Ministry of Health and the Municipality of Esparza. He states that on 9 October 2025, the Esparza Health Area determined that SINAC and MINAE had competence regarding damage to the mangrove, and that the complaint was closed within the health authority without prejudice to referring the matter to, or recognizing the competence of, the environmental authorities. Further, in visual inspection report nro. 0014-2025 of 10 November 2025, the Municipality of Esparza determined that it had observed no direct action by [Nombre 003] S.A. causing sedimentation and issued a series of recommendations. He states that, after receiving the municipality’s and Ministry of Health’s responses, he prepared a formal request addressed to Rotney Piedra Chacón, director of the National Wetlands Program and National Ramsar Focal Point of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, with the subject line “Request for investigation, technical opinion, and possible action in the Mata de Limón Estuary sector, Esparza, in front of [Nombre 003].” It was sent to [email protected].
He alleges that on 24 November 2025 he was told that handling specific cases in particular territories did not fall directly within the competence of the National Coordination of the National Wetlands Program, but rather that of the Conservation Areas. A meeting with officials of the Central Pacific Conservation Area was therefore being arranged to support their analysis of the case, help determine the way forward, and provide the technical support needed to ensure timely and effective handling. He alleges that he has asked on several occasions whether the meeting took place and what agreements were reached, but has received no formal response regarding the reported environmental problem. He considers his fundamental rights to have been violated.
II.Facts found. The following facts, relevant to deciding this matter, are considered duly established:
“Based on the agreements reached at the meetings of 2 February and 28 April 2026, and taking into account the outstanding actions identified, the following roadmap has been proposed for July–December 2026. This proposal is preliminary, and its implementation will depend on the resources available to ACOPAC and the NWP.
JULY 2026 — Submission of the Action Plan and technical report Actions: Formal presentation and approval of the Action Plan (commitment of 28 April 2026). Submission of the case technical report by official [Nombre 008] (agreement of 2 February 2026). Formal communication to GeoIuris on the status of the case, the agreements reached at internal meetings, and the resulting Action Plan.
AUGUST–SEPTEMBER 2026 — Fieldwork Actions: Begin delineating the State’s Natural Heritage in the mangrove area (agreement of 2 February 2026). Conduct a topographic survey and monitor erosion conditions. Conduct the first ecological monitoring campaign for the Mata de Limón Mangrove (agreement of 28 April 2026). Measure the chemical condition of the water at watercourse outlets.
OCTOBER–NOVEMBER 2026 — Analysis, follow-up, and interinstitutional coordination Actions: Process and analyze the ecological monitoring and water-quality data. Hold a third interinstitutional follow-up meeting to assess progress and, if necessary, adjust the plan. Coordinate with the Municipality of Esparza and other institutions connected with the case. Identify and obtain additional resources for actions subject to ACOPAC’s budget availability.
DECEMBER 2026 — Close of the annual cycle and results report Actions: Prepare an annual report on the case’s results and progress. Formally communicate the results to all interested parties: GeoIuris, the Municipality of Esparza, and other relevant parties. Define commitments and follow-up actions for the first quarter of 2027.
Note: This roadmap is preliminary and must be validated by the responsible bodies of ACOPAC and the National Wetlands Program. Its implementation will depend on the availability of human and budgetary resources. 1. Attached is a technical report by ACOPAC official [Nombre 008] (SINAC ACOPAC-PNMA-RBS-TT-071-2026), listing some conclusions and recommendations” (see report submitted under oath).
III.The case at hand. In this case, the Applicant alleges that, in his work as a geologist, he identified possible environmental impacts in the estuary sector of Mata de Limón, Salinas de Esparza, Puntarenas. He therefore filed complaints with the Ministry of Health and the Municipality of Esparza. He states that on 9 October 2025, the Esparza Health Area determined that SINAC and MINAE had competence regarding damage to the mangrove, and that the complaint was closed within the health authority without prejudice to referring the matter to, or recognizing the competence of, the environmental authorities. Further, in visual inspection report nro. 0014-2025 of 10 November 2025, the Municipality of Esparza determined that it had observed no direct action by [Nombre 003] S.A. causing sedimentation and issued a series of recommendations. He states that, after receiving the municipality’s and Ministry of Health’s responses, he prepared a formal request addressed to Rotney Piedra Chacón, director of the National Wetlands Program and National Ramsar Focal Point of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, with the subject line “Request for investigation, technical opinion, and possible action in the Mata de Limón Estuary sector, Esparza, in front of [Nombre 003].” It was sent to [email protected].
He alleges that on 24 November 2025 he was told that handling specific cases in particular territories did not fall directly within the competence of the National Coordination of the National Wetlands Program, but rather that of the Conservation Areas. A meeting with officials of the Central Pacific Conservation Area was therefore being arranged to support their analysis of the case, help determine the way forward, and provide the technical support needed to ensure timely and effective handling. He alleges that he has asked on several occasions whether the meeting took place and what agreements were reached, but has received no formal response regarding the reported environmental problem. He considers his fundamental rights to have been violated.
In this regard, it follows from the account of the proven facts that on 19 November 2025, the applicant sent an email from the account [...] to [email protected], copying Zayda Elizondo Morún, in which he requested: “(…) In view of all the foregoing, I respectfully request that the National Wetlands Program of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), in its capacity as the competent technical body in this matter, do the following: 1. Formal technical intervention: In exercise of the powers established in Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 36427-MINAET (2011) and in accordance with the commitments undertaken by the Costa Rican State under the Ramsar Convention (Ley N.º 7224, 1991), arrange for a comprehensive technical intervention in the Mata de Limón Wetland, located in the canton of Esparza, province of Puntarenas, with the aim of determining the ecosystem’s current conservation status and possible impacts arising from human activities in its immediate surroundings. 2.
Formation of an interdisciplinary team: The Program should appoint a specialized technical team made up of professionals in hydrology, biology, environmental engineering, geography, and environmental law to conduct: ○ A physical and chemical assessment of the water and soil. ○ Identification of sources contributing water and sediment to the mangrove. ○ Analysis of vegetation cover and the degree of impact on mangrove species. ○ Determination of changes in salinity, substrate compaction, and the wetland’s natural flow. ○ Assessment of possible risks of biodiversity loss or loss of ecosystem services. 3. Preparation of an official technical report: Based on the inspection and analysis results, an official technical report should be prepared, issued by the National Wetlands Program and endorsed by the National Wetlands Committee (CONAHU), including: ○ Conclusions on whether ecological damage exists. ○ Determination of possible causes and actors involved. ○ Recommendations for environmental management, restoration, or mitigation. ○ Suggestions for institutional monitoring and follow-up. 4.
Interinstitutional coordination: The National Wetlands Program should promote coordination among MINAE, SINAC, the Ministry of Health, the Municipality of Esparza, and other competent entities, to ensure implementation of the corrective or restoration measures arising from the technical report. 5. Possible communication to the Ramsar Secretariat: If the wetland is found to have undergone a significant change in its ecological character, as provided in article 3.2 of the Ramsar Convention, consideration should be given to referring the case to the Montreux Record, in order to activate international technical cooperation for its recovery. The Mata de Limón ecosystem is one of the most representative wetlands of Costa Rica’s Central Pacific and a key habitat for migratory waterbirds, as well as a natural buffer against flooding and an essential blue-carbon reservoir. The absence of a rigorous technical assessment by the competent institutions makes it impossible to establish with certainty the causes and extent of the observed deterioration.
Accordingly, this request seeks to activate the State’s specialized technical capacity in order to ensure compliance with the constitutional mandate to protect the environment and with Costa Rica’s international commitments concerning wetland conservation.” On 24 November 2025, Rotney Piedra Chacón, in his capacity as coordinator of the Minae National Wetlands Program, replied to the applicant: “Warm greetings, and I hope all is well. It is important to clarify that addressing specific cases in particular territories is not a direct responsibility of the PNH National Coordination; that responsibility lies with the Conservation Areas, as established in articles 20, 23, and 25 of the Regulations to the Biodiversity Law (Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34433). As you rightly point out, the PNH’s powers are defined in Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 36427-MINAET. That said, and sharing your concern about the case you have brought to our attention, since the National Wetlands Program is part of an institutional structure, we are arranging a meeting with our colleagues from the Central Pacific Conservation Area to support them in analyzing the case, help determine the way forward, and provide whatever technical support may be needed so that this matter is addressed promptly and effectively.” On 19 January 2026, Zayda Elizondo Morún emailed the coordinator of the Minae National Wetlands Program and stated: “Good morning, Mr.
Rotney. I hope you are well. I am writing to follow up on the meeting you undertook to coordinate with the ACOPAC staff, to revisit the matter of the Mata Limón Mangrove in Salinas de Esparza. As I mentioned in my previous email, Mr. Roy Sosa is very interested in participating, as are staff from the Municipality of Esparza. Last December, before going on vacation, you told me you would get back to me about this, but I realize you may not have been able to. Thank you very much for your attention.” On 27 January 2026, the coordinator of the Minae National Wetlands Program replied: “It is a pleasure to greet you. I have only just returned to work this week and have been catching up on pending matters, including this one. We will again proceed to coordinate the meeting, which could not be finalized at the time because of my colleagues’ schedules (sic), and also check with our ACOPAC colleagues whether they have made progress with the field visit.” That same day, Zayda Elizondo Morún replied by email to the coordinator of the Minae National Wetlands Program and stated: “Good afternoon, Mr.
Rotney. I am glad you are back at work. Regarding the field visit by Acopac, I remind you that Mr. Roy attached to his letter the reports of three visits conducted by Acopac’s environmental inspectors. A report from the Municipality of Esparza was also attached (sic), which is why we contacted your office, since neither report sets out a way forward regarding measures and responsibilities to restore the Mata Limón Mangrove and thereby prevent further damage. Mr. Roy is also very interested in being invited to that meeting and participating, and he would be glad to help in any way he can.” On 27 January 2026, the coordinator of the Minae National Wetlands Program replied: “Thank you very much for the reminder. I am already coordinating to schedule the meeting, with the aim of defining ACOPAC’s way forward and, as far as possible, supporting them through the PNH.” On 2 February 2026, a coordination meeting was held between officials of the National Mangrove Program and ACOPAC: [Nombre 006], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 009], [Nombre 010], and Rotney Piedra Chacón.
The case of the Mata de Limón mangrove was discussed, with emphasis on the possible environmental impact of the company [Nombre 003] on the wetland. The meeting addressed sedimentation problems in the mangrove, changes in foliage color observed in satellite images, and the possible impact of canalization on the ecosystem’s salinity. The need for technical data to support claims about ecosystem degradation was highlighted, as was the importance of distinguishing areas of State-owned natural heritage from private properties within the mangrove. The following agreements were adopted: “[Nombre 008] will prepare a technical report on the case, including the available information and actions to be considered, and will determine the delivery date. [Nombre 010] will coordinate with the company [Nombre 003] to have it suspend canal-cleaning activities that directly affect the mangrove. ACOPAC will request that the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) conduct a retrospective study and provide satellite images to determine the original direction of the watercourse in the area.”
On 10 March 2026, Zayda Elizondo Morún emailed the coordinator of the Minae National Wetlands Program and stated: “Good morning, dear Rotney. It is a pleasure to greet you. I am sorry to bother you, but on 24 November, you replied to a letter sent to your office by my boss, Mr. ([Nombre 004]), and very kindly offered to help us restore the Mata Limón Mangrove, even though it is not included in the wetlands inventory under your responsibility. However, to date, we have made no progress. We want to make clear that our team of professionals will continue our efforts, since we have found no support from the institution responsible for protecting our natural resources. We will knock on doors at other institutions in the country until we succeed in having the restoration of the Mata Limón Mangrove in Salinas de Esparza ordered. We believe we have been patient, and we remain available to contribute in any way we can (sic).”
On 28 April 2026, a second follow-up meeting was held, attended by Carlos Vinicio Cordero, [Nombre 015], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 016], [Nombre 010], [Nombre 006], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 018], and Rotney Piedra Chacón. The following action plan was defined: “.-Conduct ecological monitoring of mangroves at least once during the current year. -Measure the chemical condition of the water, especially at the mouths of watercourses. -Schedule a survey of the area’s boundaries. The final Action Plan must be ready by July 2026, and its implementation will depend on the resources available to ACOPAC.” The respondent authorities prepared the following draft preliminary roadmap:
“Based on the agreements adopted at the meetings of 2 February and 28 April 2026, and considering the outstanding actions identified, the following roadmap has been proposed for the period July–December 2026. This proposal is preliminary, and its implementation will depend on the availability of resources from ACOPAC and the PNH.
JULY 2026 — Delivery of the Action Plan and technical report. Actions: Formal presentation and approval of the Action Plan (commitment of 28 April 2026). Delivery of the technical report on the case by official [Nombre 008] (agreement of 2 February 2026). Formal communication to GeoIuris regarding the status of the case, the agreements adopted at internal meetings, and the resulting Action Plan.
AUGUST–SEPTEMBER 2026 — Fieldwork. Actions: Start of the process to delineate the State’s Natural Heritage in the mangrove area (agreement of 2 February 2026). Topographic survey and monitoring of erosion conditions. First ecological monitoring campaign for the Mata de Limón Mangrove (agreement of 28 April 2026). Measurement of the chemical condition of the water at the mouths of watercourses.
OCTOBER–NOVEMBER 2026 — Analysis, follow-up, and interinstitutional coordination. Actions: Processing and analysis of the ecological-monitoring and water-quality measurement data. Holding a third interinstitutional follow-up meeting to assess progress and, if necessary, adjust the plan. Coordination with the Municipality of Esparza and other institutions involved in the case. Identification and management of additional resources for actions contingent on ACOPAC’s budget availability.
DECEMBER 2026 — Conclusion of the annual cycle and results report. Actions: Preparation of an annual report on the results and progress of the case. Formal communication of results to all interested parties: GeoIuris, the Municipality of Esparza, and other actors involved. Definition of commitments and follow-up actions for the first quarter of 2027. Note: This roadmap is preliminary and must be validated by the responsible ACOPAC bodies and the National Wetlands Program. Its execution will depend on the availability of human and budgetary resources. 1. The technical report of ACOPAC official [Nombre 008] (SINAC ACOPAC-PNMA-RBS-TT-071-2026) is attached; it sets out certain conclusions and recommendations.” Thus, the record shows that the authorities of the National Wetlands Program and the Central Pacific Conservation Area have held meetings and made decisions to address the problem reported by the applicant concerning the Mata Limón mangrove. However, although the authorities have provided a proposed roadmap for resolving the sedimentation problem, they state that it is a preliminary document that still requires validation by the respondent authorities. Moreover, it has not been established that these actions were duly communicated to the applicant, even though he was the one who reported the problem on 19 November 2025.
Accordingly, it is established that the applicant’s claim concerns a problem reported months ago and related to environmental matters that has not been addressed, an omission that is incompatible with the principles of administrative effectiveness, continuity, and coordination.
Therefore, the amparo application is granted with respect to the SINAC authorities, so that they may definitively determine the roadmap for addressing the complaint filed by the applicant and communicate the relevant information to him, as will be indicated in the operative part of this judgment.
IV.On the other hand, although the order admitting the application was also directed against the health area and the municipality, both of Esparza, it is apparent from the application that the applicant brought the amparo “against the National Wetlands Program of MINAE, the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), and the Central Pacific Conservation Area, ACOPAC (ACOPAC).” Furthermore, the applicant himself states that those authorities had already resolved and notified the protected person’s complaints, since the applicant himself states that on 9 October 2025, the Esparza health area determined that responsibility for matters concerning damage to the mangrove lay with SINAC and MINAE, and that the complaint was closed in the health authority’s proceedings, without prejudice to referring the matter to or recognizing the jurisdiction of the environmental authorities; and that the municipality determined, by inspection report no. 0014-2025 of 10 November 2025, that it had not observed any direct action by the company [Nombre 003] S.A. causing the sedimentation, and issued a series of recommendations.
Accordingly, on the terms in which the application was brought, no violation of constitutional dimensions warranting the Chamber’s intervention at this time is established with respect to the Ministry of Health and the Municipality of Esparza. The amparo application is therefore dismissed as to those authorities.
V.Dissenting opinion of Justice Salazar Alvarado. With due respect, I dissent from the majority vote granting the application in part, for the following reasons:
The right to protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment in the Costa Rican legal system is safeguarded not only by article 50 of the Constitution, but also by a series of laws and executive decrees (regulations) in force, such as the Organic Environmental Law, Ley N° 7554 of 4 October 1995; the Biodiversity Law, Ley N° 7788 of 30 April 1998; the Wildlife Conservation Law, Ley N° 7317 of 21 October 1992; and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 of 24 May 2004, General Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures, to name just a few. This makes it necessary, in environmental matters, to distinguish constitutional review from review of legality. In this regard, it is my view that this Chamber should hear a matter alleging violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment by way of amparo only if the Administration has not yet intervened and the violation of that right is manifest and evident, readily ascertainable, of some importance or gravity, and directly affects a particular person or community.
Otherwise, the matter should be raised and debated through the legality process. Thus, mere noncompliance with obligations and duties imposed by law on the various public administrations in environmental matters is properly addressed through the legality process—administrative or judicial—where alleged noncompliance or omissions can be reviewed much more fully. It must be borne in mind that the amparo proceeding is a summary, informal, simple, and speedy process; accordingly, once the Administration intervenes in an environmental matter in the exercise of its powers and conducts proceedings resulting in administrative acts, review of the matter falls outside the scope of this specialized jurisdiction. Therefore, review of administrative actions taken in relation to an environmental matter that requires full proceedings on the merits for proper assessment is possible only in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the design of the amparo proceeding is incompatible with comparing or reviewing technical or legal criteria developed under the applicable laws and regulations, or with gathering further evidence needed to compare or review the criteria already in the administrative case file.
The contrary would transform amparo into an ordinary full-merits proceeding, thereby distorting it and frustrating the purposes for which it was designed, and depriving it of its function as an instrument for effective protection of fundamental rights. Consequently, I consider that when a public entity or body has intervened in various ways or issued administrative acts concerning an environmental matter, its review and oversight fall within the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. It is precisely the determination that such administrative intervention has occurred that places the matter within the legality process. Accordingly, this application should have been summarily dismissed, since its subject is a matter properly debated, analyzed, and resolved through the legality process. However, since that was not done, the proper course is to deny the application without ruling on the merits of the matter raised, because it is for the ordinary jurisdiction—specifically, the administrative-litigation jurisdiction—to determine whether the challenged administrative actions and conduct substantively comply with the provisions of the laws and regulations concerning protection, safeguarding, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
VI.Documents submitted to the case file. The parties are advised that any paper documents, objects, or evidence contained on an additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device they may have submitted must be retrieved within a maximum period of 30 business days, counted from notification of this judgment. Any material not retrieved within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the “Regulations on Electronic Case Files before the Judiciary” (approved by the Full Court in article XXVI of session no. 27-11 of 22 August 2011 and published in Boletín Judicial no. 19 of 26 January 2012) and article LXXXI of session no. 43-12 of the Superior Council of the Judiciary of 3 May 2012.
Therefore:
The application is granted in part, solely with respect to SINAC. Rotney Piedra Chacón and Carlos Vinicio Cordero, each in his respective capacity as coordinator of the SINAC National Wetlands Program and regional director of the SINAC Central Pacific Conservation Area, both of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered to issue the pertinent orders and take the necessary measures within the scope of their respective powers to ensure that, within a maximum period of TWO MONTHS from notification of this judgment, the roadmap for addressing the problem reported by the applicant in the Mata de Limón mangrove in Esparza is definitively determined and the relevant information is communicated to him. The respondent authorities are advised that, pursuant to article 71 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo proceeding, and fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty daily units, provided the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty.
The State is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, which shall be quantified in enforcement of judgment before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. The application is denied in all other respects. The application is granted in part, solely with respect to SINAC. Rotney Piedra Chacón and Carlos Vinicio Cordero, each in his respective capacity as coordinator of the SINAC National Wetlands Program and regional director of the SINAC Central Pacific Conservation Area, both of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered to issue the pertinent orders and take the necessary measures within the scope of their respective powers to ensure that, within a maximum period of TWO MONTHS from notification of this judgment, the roadmap for addressing the problem reported by the applicant in the Mata de Limón mangrove in Esparza is definitively determined and the relevant information is communicated to him.
The respondent authorities are advised that, pursuant to article 71 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo proceeding, and fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty daily units, provided the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, which shall be quantified in enforcement of judgment before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. The application is denied in all other respects. Justice Salazar Alvarado dissents and would deny the application, since it is for the ordinary jurisdiction—specifically, the administrative-litigation jurisdiction—to determine whether the challenged administrative actions and conduct substantively comply with the provisions of the laws and regulations concerning protection, safeguarding, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Notify the parties.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 26-019163-0007-CO Telephone: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Email address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. south of the Church of Perpetual Help).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del diez de setiembre de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente nro. 26-019163-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE ESPARZA, el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA y el MINISTERIO DE SALUD.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente alega que en su trabajo como geólogo identificó posibles afectaciones ambientales en el sector del estero de Mata de Limón, Salinas de Esparza Puntarenas. Por ello, interpuso denuncias ante el Ministerio de Salud y la Municipalidad de Esparza. Menciona que el 9 de octubre de 2025, el área rectora de salud de Esparza determinó que en lo relativo a daño al manglar la competencia correspondía al SINAC y MINAE, y que la denuncia se cerraba en sede sanitaria sin perjuicio de remitir o reconocer la competencia de las autoridades ambientales. Además, mediante acta de inspección nro. 0014-2025 del 10 de noviembre de 2025, la Municipalidad de Esparza determinó que no observó una acción directa de la empresa [Nombre 003] S.A. que estuviera ocasionando la sedimentación y se emitieron una serie de recomendaciones. Afirma que, vistas las respuestas de la municipalidad y el Ministerio de Salud, elaboró solicitud formal dirigida a Rotney Piedra Chacón, director del Programa Nacional de Humedales y Punto Focal Nacional Ramsar del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, con el asunto: “Solicitud de investigación, criterio técnico y posibles acciones en el sector del Estero de Mata de Limón, Esparza, frente a [Nombre 003]”, la cual fue remitida al correo electrónico [email protected].
Aduce que el 24 de noviembre de 2025, se le contestó que la atención de casos concretos en territorios específicos no era competencia directa de la Coordinación Nacional del Programa Nacional de Humedales, sino de las Áreas de Conservación, por lo que se estaba acordando una reunión con los funcionarios del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, con el fin de apoyar el análisis del caso, colaborar en la determinación de la ruta a seguir y brindar el apoyo técnico necesario para que la situación fuera atendida de forma oportuna y efectiva. Aduce que en múltiples ocasiones ha preguntado si la reunión se ha realizado y cuáles han sido los acuerdos tomados; sin embargo, no ha obtenido una contestación formal sobre la problemática ambiental denunciada. Estima lesionados sus derechos fundamentales.
II.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
“Con base en los acuerdos adoptados en las reuniones del 2 de febrero y 28 de abril de 2026, y considerando las acciones pendientes identificadas, se ha propuesto la siguiente hoja de ruta para el período julio–diciembre 2026. Esta propuesta es de carácter preliminar y su implementación estará sujeta a la disponibilidad de recursos del ACOPAC y el PNH.
JULIO 2026 — Entrega del Plan de Acción e informe técnico Acciones: Presentación y aprobación formal del Plan de Acción (compromiso del 28 de abril de 2026). Entrega del informe técnico del caso a cargo del funcionario [Nombre 008] (acuerdo del 2 de febrero de 2026). Comunicación formal a GeoIuris del estado del caso, los acuerdos adoptados en las reuniones internas y el Plan de Acción resultante.
AGOSTO – SEPTIEMBRE 2026 — Trabajo de campo Acciones: Inicio del proceso de delimitación del Patrimonio Natural del Estado en la zona del manglar (acuerdo del 2 de febrero de 2026). Levantamiento topográfico y monitoreo de condiciones de erosión. Primera campaña de monitoreo ecológico del Manglar de Mata de Limón (acuerdo del 28 de abril de 2026). Medición de la condición química del agua en los sitios de desembocadura de los cauces.
OCTUBRE – NOVIEMBRE 2026 — Análisis, seguimiento y coordinación interinstitucional Acciones: Procesamiento y análisis de los datos del monitoreo ecológico y la medición de calidad del agua. Realización de una tercera reunión de seguimiento interinstitucional para valorar avances y, de ser necesario, ajustar el plan. Coordinación con la Municipalidad de Esparza y otras instituciones vinculadas al caso. Identificación y gestión de recursos adicionales para acciones condicionadas a disponibilidad presupuestaria de ACOPAC.
DICIEMBRE 2026 — Cierre del ciclo anual e informe de resultados Acciones: Elaboración del informe anual de resultados y avances del caso. Comunicación formal de resultados a todas las partes interesadas: GeoIuris, Municipalidad de Esparza y demás actores vinculados. Definición de compromisos y acciones de seguimiento para el primer trimestre de 2027. Nota: Esta hoja de ruta es de carácter preliminar y deberá ser validada por las instancias responsables de ACOPAC y el Programa Nacional de Humedales. Su ejecución estará condicionada a la disponibilidad de recursos humanos y presupuestarios. 1. Se adjunta informe técnico del funcionario de ACOPAC [Nombre 008] (SINAC ACOPAC-PNMA-RBS-TT-071-2026) en donde enumera algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones” (véase informe rendido bajo juramento).
III.Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub lite, el recurrente alega que en su trabajo como geólogo identificó posibles afectaciones ambientales en el sector del estero de Mata de Limón, Salinas de Esparza Puntarenas. Por ello, interpuso denuncias ante el Ministerio de Salud y la Municipalidad de Esparza. Menciona que el 9 de octubre de 2025, el área rectora de salud de Esparza determinó que en lo relativo a daño al manglar la competencia correspondía al SINAC y MINAE, y que la denuncia se cerraba en sede sanitaria sin perjuicio de remitir o reconocer la competencia de las autoridades ambientales. Además, mediante acta de inspección nro. 0014-2025 del 10 de noviembre de 2025, la Municipalidad de Esparza determinó que no observó una acción directa de la empresa [Nombre 003] S.A. que estuviera ocasionando la sedimentación y se emitieron una serie de recomendaciones. Afirma que, vistas las respuestas de la municipalidad y el Ministerio de Salud, elaboró solicitud formal dirigida a Rotney Piedra Chacón, director del Programa Nacional de Humedales y Punto Focal Nacional Ramsar del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, con el asunto: “Solicitud de investigación, criterio técnico y posibles acciones en el sector del Estero de Mata de Limón, Esparza, frente a [Nombre 003]”, la cual fue remitida al correo electrónico [email protected].
Aduce que el 24 de noviembre de 2025, se le contestó que la atención de casos concretos en territorios específicos no era competencia directa de la Coordinación Nacional del Programa Nacional de Humedales, sino de las Áreas de Conservación, por lo que se estaba acordando una reunión con los funcionarios del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, con el fin de apoyar el análisis del caso, colaborar en la determinación de la ruta a seguir y brindar el apoyo técnico necesario para que la situación fuera atendida de forma oportuna y efectiva. Aduce que en múltiples ocasiones ha preguntado si la reunión se ha realizado y cuáles han sido los acuerdos tomados; sin embargo, no ha obtenido una contestación formal sobre la problemática ambiental denunciada. Estima lesionados sus derechos fundamentales.
Al respecto, de la relación de hechos probados se desprende que el 19 de noviembre de 2025, el recurrente envió correo electrónico desde la cuenta [...] a la dirección [email protected] con copia a Zayda Elizondo Morún, en el que solicitó: “(…) Por todo lo expuesto, respetuosamente solicito al Programa Nacional de Humedales del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), en su calidad de órgano técnico competente en la materia, lo siguiente: 1. Intervención técnica formal: Que, en cumplimiento de las competencias establecidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 36427-MINAET (2011) y conforme a los compromisos asumidos por el Estado costarricense bajo la Convención Ramsar (Ley N.º 7224, 1991), se disponga una intervención técnica integral en el Humedal de Mata de Limón, ubicado en el cantón de Esparza, provincia de Puntarenas, con el objetivo de determinar el estado actual de conservación del ecosistema y las posibles afectaciones derivadas de actividades antrópicas en su entorno inmediato. 2.
Conformación de un equipo interdisciplinario: Que el Programa designe un equipo técnico especializado integrado por profesionales en hidrología, biología, ingeniería ambiental, geografía y derecho ambiental, para realizar: ○ Evaluación físico-química del agua y del suelo. ○ Identificación de fuentes de aporte hídrico y sedimentario al manglar. ○ Análisis de cobertura vegetal y grado de afectación de especies de mangle. ○ Determinación de alteraciones en la salinidad, compactación del sustrato y flujo natural del humedal. ○ Valoración de posibles riesgos de pérdida de biodiversidad o de servicios ecosistémicos. 3. Elaboración de un informe técnico oficial: Que, con base en los resultados de la inspección y análisis, se elabore un informe técnico oficial, emitido por el Programa Nacional de Humedales y refrendado por el Comité Nacional de Humedales (CONAHU), que incluya: ○ Conclusiones sobre la existencia o no de afectación ecológica. ○ Determinación de posibles causas y actores involucrados. ○ Recomendaciones de manejo, restauración o mitigación ambiental. ○ Sugerencias de monitoreo y seguimiento institucional. 4.
Coordinación interinstitucional: Que el Programa Nacional de Humedales promueva la coordinación entre el MINAE, SINAC, Ministerio de Salud, Municipalidad de Esparza y demás entidades competentes, a fin de garantizar la implementación de las medidas correctivas o de restauración que resulten del informe técnico. 5. Eventual comunicación a la Secretaría Ramsar: En caso de comprobarse que el humedal ha sufrido una alteración significativa de sus características ecológicas, conforme al artículo 3.2 de la Convención Ramsar, que se valore elevar el caso al Registro Montreux, con el propósito de activar la cooperación técnica internacional para su recuperación. El ecosistema de Mata de Limón constituye uno de los humedales más representativos del Pacífico Central costarricense y un hábitat clave para aves acuáticas migratorias, además de ser un espacio de amortiguamiento natural ante inundaciones y un reservorio esencial de carbono azul.
La ausencia de una evaluación técnica rigurosa por parte de las instituciones competentes impide establecer con certeza las causas y el alcance del deterioro observado. Por ello, esta solicitud busca activar el componente técnico especializado del Estado, a fin de garantizar el cumplimiento del mandato constitucional de tutela ambiental y de los compromisos internacionales asumidos por Costa Rica en materia de conservación de humedales”. El 24 de noviembre de 2025, Rotney Piedra Chacón en su condición de coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del Minae contestó al recurrente: “Reciba un saludo cordial y esperando que todo vaya bien. Es importante aclarar que la atención de casos concretos en territorios específicos no es competencia directa de la Coordinación Nacional del PNH, sino que corresponde a las Áreas de Conservación, conforme a lo establecido en los artículos 20, 23 y 25 del Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad (Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34433).
Efectivamente, como usted bien señala, las competencias del PNH se encuentran definidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 36427-MINAET. No obstante, habiendo dicho lo anterior y compartiendo plenamente su preocupación respecto al caso que nos plantea, al formar parte el Programa Nacional de Humedales de una estructura institucional, estamos acordando una reunión con los compañeros del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central para apoyarles en el analisis del caso, colaborar en la determinación de la ruta a seguir y a la vez, brindarles el apoyo técnico que sea necesario para que esta situación sea atendida de forma oportuna y efectiva”. El 19 de enero de 2026, Zayda Elizondo Morún envió correo electrónico al coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del Minae e indicó: “Buenos días don Rotney, espero se encuentre bien, disculpe le escribo para continuar con la reunión qué usted se comprometió a coordinar con los personeros de Acopac, para retomar el tema del Manglar Mata Limón, en Salinas de Esparza, como le mencioné en el anterior correo don Roy Sosa, tiene mucho interés en participar en la misma y además personal de la Municipalidad de Esparza.
En diciembre anterior usted me indicó, antes de salir vacaciones me daría una respuesta al respecto, pero creo que no le fue posible. Agradezco mucho por la atención brindada”. El 27 de enero de 2026, el coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del Minae contestó: “Un gusto saludarle. Recién esta semana me he incorporado a labores y he estado retomando los asuntos pendientes, entre ellos, este que nos ocupa. Vamos a proceder nuevamente a coordinar la reunión, que por agenda de los compañeron (sic) en aquel momento no se concrté (sic) y a la vez realizar consulta a los colegas de ACOPAC si han avanzado con la visita de campo”. Ese mismo día, Zayda Elizondo Morún contestó el correo electrónico al coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del Minae y le indicó: “Buenas tardes don Rotney, me alegra mucho que nuevamente se encuentre laborando, con respecto a visita de campo por parte de Acopac, le recuerdo que don Roy, le adjunto a su oficio, los informes de tres visitas realizada por los inspectores ambientales de Acopac.
Además se adjunto (sic) informe de la Municipalidad de Esparza, razón por la cual se recurrió a su dirección, ya que ambos informes no contienen, una ruta a seguir en cuanto a medidas y responsabilidades, para recuperar el Manglar de Mata Limón y de esta forma evitar se le continúe dañando. Además don Roy, esta (sic) muy interesado se le invite a esa reunión y poder participar y en lo que pueda colaborar, con mucho gusto”. El 27 de enero de 2026, el coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del Minae contestó: “Muchas gracias por el recordatorio, ya estoy coordinando para agendar la reunión con el propósito de definir la ruta a seguir por parte de ACOPAC y en la medida de lo posible apoyarles desde el PNH”. El 2 de febrero de 2026, se llevó a cabo una reunión de coordinación entre funcionarios del Programa Nacional de Manglares y ACOPAC: [Nombre 006], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 009], [Nombre 010] y Rotney Piedra Chacón.
Se analizó el caso del manglar de Mata de Limón, con énfasis en el posible impacto ambiental de la empresa [Nombre 003] sobre el humedal. En la reunión se abordaron los problemas de sedimentación en el manglar, los cambios en la coloración del follaje observados en imágenes satelitales y la posible afectación de la salinidad del ecosistema por efecto de la canalización. Se destacó la necesidad de contar con datos técnicos para sustentar las afirmaciones sobre la degradación del ecosistema, así como la importancia de diferenciar las áreas de patrimonio estatal de las propiedades privadas dentro del manglar. Se adoptaron los siguientes acuerdos: “[Nombre 008] preparará un informe técnico del caso, incluyendo la información disponible y las acciones a considerar, con responsabilidad de definir la fecha de entrega. [Nombre 010] coordinará con la empresa [Nombre 003] para que suspenda las actividades de limpieza del canal que inciden directamente sobre el manglar.
El ACOPAC solicitará al Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) un estudio retrospectivo e imágenes satelitales para determinar la dirección original del cauce del área”. El 10 de marzo de 2026, Zayda Elizondo Morún envió un correo electrónico al coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del Minae en el que indicó: “Buenos días estimado Rotney, un gusto saludarlo, disculpe que lo moleste, pero desde el pasado 24 noviembre, usted dio respuesta a oficio enviado a su dirección, departe (sic) de mi jefe el señor ([Nombre 004]), donde muy amablemente se ofreció ayudarnos con la recuperación del Manglar Mata Limón, a pesar de no estar dentro del inventario de humedales bajo su responsabilidad. Sin embargo a la fecha no hemos tenido ningún avance, queremos dejar claro que nuestro equipo de profesionales, continuaremos realizando nuestra gestión, ya que no hemos encontrado apoyo en la institución responsable de velar por nuestros recursos naturales.
Tocaremos puertas en otras instituciones del país, hasta lograr se ordene la restauración del Manglar Mata Limón, en Salinas de Esparza. Consideramos que hemos sido pacientes y estamos a las órdenes en lo que podamos a portar (sic)”. El 28 de abril de 2026, se realizó una segunda reunión de seguimiento con la participación de Carlos Vinicio Cordero, [Nombre 015], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 016], [Nombre 010], [Nombre 006], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 018] y Rotney Piedra Chacón. Se definió el siguiente plan de acción: “.-Realizar el monitoreo ecológico de manglares al menos una vez durante el año en curso. -Medir la condición química del agua, especialmente en sitios de desembocadura de los cauces. - Programar el levantamiento de los límites del área. El Plan de Acción final deberá estar listo para el mes de julio de 2026, y su implementación estará condicionada a los recursos disponibles por parte de ACOPAC”. Las autoridades recurridas elaboraron la siguiente propuesta de hoja de ruta preliminar:
“Con base en los acuerdos adoptados en las reuniones del 2 de febrero y 28 de abril de 2026, y considerando las acciones pendientes identificadas, se ha propuesto la siguiente hoja de ruta para el período julio–diciembre 2026. Esta propuesta es de carácter preliminar y su implementación estará sujeta a la disponibilidad de recursos del ACOPAC y el PNH.
JULIO 2026 — Entrega del Plan de Acción e informe técnico Acciones: Presentación y aprobación formal del Plan de Acción (compromiso del 28 de abril de 2026). Entrega del informe técnico del caso a cargo del funcionario [Nombre 008] (acuerdo del 2 de febrero de 2026). Comunicación formal a GeoIuris del estado del caso, los acuerdos adoptados en las reuniones internas y el Plan de Acción resultante.
AGOSTO – SEPTIEMBRE 2026 — Trabajo de campo Acciones: Inicio del proceso de delimitación del Patrimonio Natural del Estado en la zona del manglar (acuerdo del 2 de febrero de 2026). Levantamiento topográfico y monitoreo de condiciones de erosión. Primera campaña de monitoreo ecológico del Manglar de Mata de Limón (acuerdo del 28 de abril de 2026). Medición de la condición química del agua en los sitios de desembocadura de los cauces.
OCTUBRE – NOVIEMBRE 2026 — Análisis, seguimiento y coordinación interinstitucional Acciones: Procesamiento y análisis de los datos del monitoreo ecológico y la medición de calidad del agua. Realización de una tercera reunión de seguimiento interinstitucional para valorar avances y, de ser necesario, ajustar el plan. Coordinación con la Municipalidad de Esparza y otras instituciones vinculadas al caso. Identificación y gestión de recursos adicionales para acciones condicionadas a disponibilidad presupuestaria de ACOPAC.
DICIEMBRE 2026 — Cierre del ciclo anual e informe de resultados Acciones: Elaboración del informe anual de resultados y avances del caso. Comunicación formal de resultados a todas las partes interesadas: GeoIuris, Municipalidad de Esparza y demás actores vinculados. Definición de compromisos y acciones de seguimiento para el primer trimestre de 2027. Nota: Esta hoja de ruta es de carácter preliminar y deberá ser validada por las instancias responsables de ACOPAC y el Programa Nacional de Humedales. Su ejecución estará condicionada a la disponibilidad de recursos humanos y presupuestarios. 1. Se adjunta informe técnico del funcionario de ACOPAC [Nombre 008] (SINAC ACOPAC-PNMA-RBS-TT-071-2026) en donde enumera algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones”.
Así las cosas, consta que las autoridades del Programa Nacional de Humedales y del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central sí han realizado reuniones y han tomado decisiones para atender la problemática denunciada por el recurrente en relación con el manglar de Mata Limón; sin embargo, aun cuando las autoridades aportan una propuesta de hoja de ruta para solucionar la situación de sedimentación presentada, afirman que se trata de un documento de carácter preliminar que aún debe ser validado por las autoridades recurridas. Aunado a lo anterior, no logra acreditarse que estas actuaciones hayan sido debidamente comunicadas al recurrente, a pesar de que fue él quien denunció el problema desde el 19 de noviembre de 2025.
En consecuencia, se constata que el reclamo del recurrente obedece a una problemática denunciada desde hace meses atrás y vinculada con cuestiones ambientales que no ha sido atendida, omisión que resulta incompatible con los principios de eficacia, continuidad y coordinación administrativa.
Ergo, se declara con lugar el recurso en lo que refiere a las autoridades del SINAC, a fin de que determinen de forma definitiva la hoja de ruta para atender la denuncia planteada por el accionante y se le comunique lo correspondiente, según se indicará en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia.
IV.Por otra parte, si bien la resolución de curso también fue dirigida contra el área rectora de salud y la municipalidad, ambas de Esparza, véase que el escrito de interposición se desprende que el recurrente interpone el amparo “contra el Programa Nacional de Humedales del MINAE, al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) y al Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, ACOPAC (ACOPAC)”. Además, del mismo dicho del recurrente se desprende que tales autoridades ya habían resuelto y notificado las denuncias del tutelado, toda vez que el mismo recurrente afirma que 9 de octubre de 2025, el área rectora de salud de Esparza determinó que en lo relativo a daño al manglar la competencia correspondía al SINAC y MINAE, y que la denuncia se cerraba en sede sanitaria sin perjuicio de remitir o reconocer la competencia de las autoridades ambientales, así como que el municipio determinó mediante acta de inspección nro. 0014-2025 del 10 de noviembre de 2025 que no observó una acción directa de la empresa [Nombre 003] S.A. que estuviera ocasionando la sedimentación y se emitieron una serie de recomendaciones.
En consecuencia, en los términos en que fue interpuesto el recurso, se descarta alguna lesión de raigambre constitucional que amerite la intervención de la Sala en este momento, en lo que refiere al Ministerio de Salud y la Municipalidad de Esparza, por lo que se desestima el recurso de amparo en cuanto a estas autoridades.
V.Voto salvado del magistrado Salazar Alvarado. Con el debido respeto, disiento del voto de mayoría que declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, con base en las siguientes razones:
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad. Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
VI.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al SINAC. Se les ordena a Rotney Piedra Chacón y Carlos Vinicio Cordero, cada uno en su respectiva condición de coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del SINAC y director regional del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central del SINAC, ambos del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, que giren las órdenes pertinentes y dispongan lo necesario dentro del ámbito de sus competencias respectivas, para garantizar que dentro del plazo máximo de DOS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se determine de manera definitiva la hoja de ruta para atender la problemática denunciada por el recurrente en el manglar de Mata de Limón de Esparza y se le comunique lo correspondiente. Se advierte a las autoridades recurridas, que de acuerdo con lo establecido por el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada dentro de un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a la presente declaratoria, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al SINAC. Se les ordena a Rotney Piedra Chacón y Carlos Vinicio Cordero, cada uno en su respectiva condición de coordinador del Programa Nacional de Humedales del SINAC y director regional del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central del SINAC, ambos del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, que giren las órdenes pertinentes y dispongan lo necesario dentro del ámbito de sus competencias respectivas, para garantizar que dentro del plazo máximo de DOS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se determine de manera definitiva la hoja de ruta para atender la problemática denunciada por el recurrente en el manglar de Mata de Limón de Esparza y se le comunique lo correspondiente.
Se advierte a las autoridades recurridas, que de acuerdo con lo establecido por el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada dentro de un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a la presente declaratoria, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado salva el voto y declara sin lugar el recurso, por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 26-019163-0007-CO
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.