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Res. 32182-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 20/08/2026
OutcomeResultado
The amparo was granted because SINAC responded while it was pending, after the authority had been notified; the majority made no special award of costs, damages, or losses, with separate opinions partially dissenting from that exemption.Se declaró con lugar el amparo porque el SINAC respondió durante su tramitación, después de que la autoridad fue notificada; la mayoría resolvió sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, con votos salvados parciales sobre esa exención.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) decided an amparo proceeding filed because SINAC had not timely answered a request for information about the condition and destination of birds confiscated from a wildlife-breeding facility. Although SINAC took steps to obtain clinical information from the rescue center caring for the animals, the Chamber held that internal steps do not replace effectively communicating a response within a reasonable time. The information was sent to the applicant on 7 August 2026, after the authority had been notified of the amparo; the omission therefore ceased while the proceeding was underway, and the application had to be granted under Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Act. The majority ordered no special award of costs, damages, or losses. Two separate opinions disagreed in part about that exemption: one called for an award of all three, and the other for damages and losses but not costs.La Sala Constitucional resolvió un recurso de amparo presentado porque el SINAC no había respondido a tiempo una solicitud de información sobre el estado y destino de aves decomisadas en un zoocriadero. Aunque el SINAC realizó gestiones para obtener datos clínicos del centro de rescate que tenía los animales, la Sala determinó que las diligencias internas no sustituyen la comunicación efectiva de una respuesta dentro de un plazo razonable. La información fue remitida al recurrente el 7 de agosto de 2026, después de que la autoridad recibiera notificación del amparo; por ello, la omisión cesó durante el proceso y correspondía declarar con lugar el recurso conforme al artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. La mayoría dispuso que no hubiera especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. Dos votos salvados discreparon parcialmente sobre esa exención: uno pidió condena en los tres rubros y otro en daños y perjuicios, pero no en costas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Although this Chamber recognizes that some of the requested information had to be obtained from a specialized third party and that this could require additional steps by the Administration, the fact remains that, when this amparo proceeding was filed, the applicant had not yet received a response to the request. From the perspective of Articles 27 and 30 of the Political Constitution, merely taking internal steps does not satisfy the rights of petition, prompt response, and access to information, since those rights require that the answer be effectively communicated to the interested person within a reasonable time. It is therefore established that the omission that prompted the filing of the application ceased during the constitutional proceeding, and specifically after the respondent authority was notified of the order admitting the amparo for processing. This makes Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Act applicable, since the requested relief was provided while the application was already pending.Si bien esta Sala reconoce que parte de la información solicitada debía ser obtenida de un tercero especializado y que ello podía requerir actuaciones adicionales por parte de la Administración, lo cierto es que, al momento en que se promovió este recurso de amparo, el recurrente aún no había recibido una respuesta a su gestión. Desde la perspectiva de los artículos 27 y 30 de la Constitución Política, la sola realización de diligencias internas no satisface los derechos de petición, pronta respuesta y acceso a la información, pues estos exigen que la contestación sea efectivamente comunicada al interesado dentro de un plazo razonable. De esta forma, se encuentra acreditado que la omisión que motivó la interposición del recurso cesó durante la tramitación del proceso constitucional y particularmente, con posterioridad a la notificación del auto de curso a la autoridad recurrida. Esta circunstancia hace aplicable lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, pues la satisfacción de la pretensión se produjo cuando el recurso ya se encontraba en trámite.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La sola realización de diligencias internas no satisface los derechos de petición, pronta respuesta y acceso a la información, pues estos exigen que la contestación sea efectivamente comunicada al interesado dentro de un plazo razonable."
"Merely taking internal steps does not satisfy the rights of petition, prompt response, and access to information, since those rights require that the answer be effectively communicated to the interested person within a reasonable time."
Considerando IV
"La sola realización de diligencias internas no satisface los derechos de petición, pronta respuesta y acceso a la información, pues estos exigen que la contestación sea efectivamente comunicada al interesado dentro de un plazo razonable."
Considerando IV
"El hecho de que la Administración haya suministrado posteriormente la información solicitada no elimina la lesión que motivó legítimamente la interposición del amparo, toda vez que, al momento de acudir el recurrente ante esta jurisdicción, su gestión continuaba sin respuesta."
"The fact that the Administration later supplied the requested information does not eliminate the violation that legitimately prompted the amparo, since the request remained unanswered when the applicant came before this jurisdiction."
Considerando IV
"El hecho de que la Administración haya suministrado posteriormente la información solicitada no elimina la lesión que motivó legítimamente la interposición del amparo, toda vez que, al momento de acudir el recurrente ante esta jurisdicción, su gestión continuaba sin respuesta."
Considerando IV
"En consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
"Accordingly, the application must be granted in accordance with Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Act."
Considerando IV
"En consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at 9:20 a.m. on 20 August 2026.
Amparo proceeding filed under case No. 26-027399-0007-CO by Nombre03, identity card CED02, against the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (National System of Conservation Areas).
Background:
• Ley Forestal N°7575, Article 6(g): “ARTICLE 6.—Powers. The powers of the State Forestry Administration are as follows: g) Prevent and control any forestry activity carried out without compliance with the provisions of this law. To that end, it shall ensure that inspections are conducted in forests, that controls are exercised on roads, and that inspections and audits are carried out at sites where timber arrives for processing or use, in order to detect and report any illegal exploitation of the forest.” • Ley Forestal N°7575, Article 6(p): “ARTICLE 6.—Powers. The powers of the State Forestry Administration are as follows: p) Through the Minister of Environment and Energy, report any irregularity in the application of this law to the Environmental and Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Prosecutor’s Office (Procuraduría Ambiental y de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre) and to the Public Prosecutor’s Office (Ministerio Público).” • Ley Forestal N°7575, Article 54: “Officials of the Forestry Administration.
Officials of the State Forestry Administration shall have the status of police authorities and, in that capacity and in accordance with this law, shall report offenses committed to the competent authorities. Police authorities shall be required to assist officials of the State Forestry Administration whenever requested to do so so that they may fully perform the functions and duties imposed on them by this law. In carrying out their duties, these officials, upon presenting their respective identification cards, shall be entitled to travel through and conduct inspections on any rural property or forestry-industry property, except for dwellings located thereon; they may also seize timber and other forest products illegally harvested or processed and impound, as security for a possible sanction, the equipment and machinery used in the unlawful act. They shall also seize any means of transport used as an instrument or to facilitate commission of the offense, after drawing up the corresponding record.
All of the foregoing shall be placed at the disposal of the competent judicial authority within no more than three days.” • Ley de conservación de la vida silvestre N°7317, Article 7(h), (i), and (k): “Article 7.—In exercising its powers, the National System of Conservation Areas of the Ministry of Environment and Energy has the following functions: h) Protect, supervise, and administer wetlands using an ecosystem approach, and determine whether they are of national or international importance. i) Establish and manage wildlife management, control, monitoring, and research programs. k) Coordinate with other competent bodies to prevent, mitigate, address, and follow up on harm to wildlife.” • Ley de conservación de la vida silvestre N°7317, Article 16: “Article 16.—For the faithful performance of the obligations established by this law, wildlife inspectors, forestry inspectors, park rangers, and SINAC officials duly accredited for those purposes and acting in the performance of their duties are authorized to stop, travel through, enter, and conduct inspections on any property and vessel, as well as at the industrial and commercial facilities involved.
They may also seize wildlife organisms, parts, products, and derivatives, together with equipment used in committing an offense or activity prohibited by this law. In the case of private residences, authorization must be obtained from the competent judicial authority or the owner.” • Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, Article 34: “Article 34.—Preventive measures. In State-owned protected wild areas, the Ministry of Environment and Energy shall adopt appropriate measures to prevent or eliminate, as soon as possible, exploitation or occupation throughout the area and to ensure respect for the ecological, geomorphological, and aesthetic characteristics that led to its establishment.” • Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N°7554, Article 99: “Article 99.—Administrative sanctions. In the event of a violation of environmental protection regulations or conduct harmful to the environment clearly established in this law, the Public Administration shall apply the following protective measures and sanctions: a) A warning by notification that a complaint has been filed. b) A reprimand commensurate with the seriousness of the violations, once they have been verified. c) Enforcement of the performance bond provided in the environmental impact assessment. d) Partial or total restrictions, or an order for the immediate cessation of the acts giving rise to the complaint. e) Total or partial, temporary or permanent closure of the acts or events giving rise to the complaint. f) Partial, total, permanent, or temporary cancellation of permits, licenses, premises, or businesses giving rise to the complaint, polluting act, or destructive act. g) Imposition of obligations to compensate for or stabilize the environment or biological diversity. h) Modification or demolition of buildings or works that harm the environment. i) Alternatives for substituting the sanction, such as attending official environmental education courses or working on community projects in the environmental field.
These sanctions may be imposed on private parties or public officials for actions or omissions that violate the rules of this law or other provisions protecting the environment or biological diversity.” With regard to oversight of wildlife management sites, the following provisions define SINAC-MINAE’s functions:
• Regulation to the Wildlife Conservation Law N° 7317, Article 10.—Functions of Conservation Areas. 7. Review, assess, and approve or reject the management plans for management sites, and ensure their effective implementation.
Article 93. Oversight of the management site. Once the management site begins operating, officials of the respective Conservation Area shall visit it at least once per quarter. A visit report shall be prepared for each inspection, recording the condition of the site and the recommendations and observations made.
Under the principle of legality governing public administration, embodied in Article 11 of the Political Constitution and Article 11 of the General Law of Public Administration N°6227, the foregoing provisions show that SINAC officials have duties and authority to act on their own initiative in response to alleged environmental violations of which they have direct knowledge. Indeed, the institution has internally established procedures within the scope of its prevention, protection, and control functions, to define the officials’ “protocol” for acting in this type of operation. Some of these procedures are:
• SEIZURE OF PROPERTY, PRODUCTS, AND BYPRODUCTS ARISING FROM THE HANDLING OF COMPLAINTS AND REPORTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS WITHIN SINAC’S COMPETENCE. Officialized in 2021.
• CUSTODY OF SEIZED OR FOUND PROPERTY AND PRODUCTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HANDLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS. Officialized in 2022.
• HANDLING OF COMPLAINTS AND REPORTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS WITHIN SINAC’S COMPETENCE. Officialized in 2020.
The last procedure includes SINAC officials’ authority and duty to issue administrative orders setting out specific precautionary measures listed in Article 99 of the LOA cited above. If those administrative orders are not complied with, SINAC may file a criminal complaint against the violators for the offense of disobedience defined in Article 314 of the Criminal Code.
SECOND: Wildlife is property of the State, as provided in Article 3 of the Wildlife Conservation Law:
Article 3.—Wildlife, as a renewable natural resource forming part of the national heritage, is declared to be in the public domain. Wild flora, the conservation, research, and development of genetic resources, wild botanical and zoological species, breeds, and varieties that constitute genetic reserves, as well as all wild species and varieties introduced into the country that have undergone genetic modifications in adapting to different ecosystems, are also declared to be of public interest.
SINAC grants operating permits to wildlife management sites, which are individually and directly supervised by a regent who has the following functions:
Article 202.—Functions. The regent shall have the following functions and responsibilities:
a. Prepare and implement the site’s authorized management plan, ensuring that its objectives are fully met.
b. Be responsible for faithful compliance with the LCVS, these regulations, related laws, and any other legal rule on wildlife conservation and sustainable use at the management site under the regent’s supervision.
c. Ensure faithful compliance with ethical and technical standards in implementing management plans approved by SINAC.
d. Verify that the establishment complies with SINAC’s official wildlife protocols, as well as those established in the authorized management plan.
e. At wildlife fauna management sites, support the veterinarian in implementing the site’s animal health plan and quarantine programs, where applicable.
f. At wild flora management sites, support the phytosanitary recommendations made by the competent professional.
g. Recommend justified amendments required to the approved management plan to adapt it to new breeding, propagation (for flora), or management techniques, as well as additions or expansions requested according to the management site’s category.
h. Submit quarterly technical reports and the corresponding certifications or opinions on the operation of the management site, as well as any additional reports requested by SINAC, in the format specified in Article 206 of these Regulations.
i. Submit an annual report on compliance with the management plan to the respective Conservation Area in January of each year. The report shall state which objectives have and have not been met and give the reasons for any failure to meet them. It shall also be consistent with the quarterly regency reports submitted to SINAC.
j. Ensure that employees involved in wildlife management are adequately trained, equipped, and vaccinated to prevent zoonoses and wildlife-related accidents, where applicable.
k. Issue certificates of origin for specimens born in captivity at the site under the regent’s supervision, for trade between management sites or international trade.
l. Immediately report any irregularity at the wildlife management site to the competent judicial or administrative authority. If the complaint is filed with an institution other than SINAC, the situation shall be reported to the Conservation Area. All reported situations and complaints filed must be included in the regency report and the site logbook.
m. Maintain the establishment’s logbook, recording significant events at the site and recommendations for managing the wildlife under the regent’s responsibility.
n. Immediately notify the corresponding Conservation Area in writing when operations cease at a management site.
THIRD: With regard to the specific case underlying this amparo proceeding, namely, the seizure carried out by SINAC on 17 October 2025 at the wildlife management site categorized as a commercial zoocriadero and named el Tucán, the following is stated:
I.Background to the administrative and technical procedure
Inspections and verification of the management site’s conditions Request for information and opportunity to clarify The seizure carried out on 17 October 2025 was not an isolated, sudden, or unsupported action. It was a measure adopted as part of an earlier and ongoing administrative and technical oversight process concerning the management site known as Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán.
The documentation included in the administrative file for the Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán management site, particularly that contained in handwritten folios 1414 to 1495 of Volume VII, makes it possible to reconstruct the follow-up actions undertaken by SINAC before the seizure was physically carried out.
During 2025, the Administration conducted inspections and follow-up actions to verify the establishment’s operating conditions, whether the specimens actually kept there corresponded to those authorized under the Management Plan, and whether the inventories observed in the field were consistent with the information in the respective regency reports.
During this process, differences and inconsistencies requiring clarification were documented. These included species whose presence was not duly reflected in the authorized Management Plan, variations between inventories for different periods, and circumstances requiring improvements to the identification, registration, and traceability of the specimens kept at the establishment.
The administrative action did not immediately result in the removal of the specimens. Instead, a preliminary stage was carried out to obtain information from the owner and the professional responsible for regency, in order to clarify the differences observed and determine whether sufficient documentation justified the animals’ presence. As part of this administrative sequence, the Heredia Subregional Office, now the Central Subregional Office, made requests to the establishment’s owner and regent to explain the differences found between inventories, justify movements of specimens, and provide documentation concerning births, deaths, transfers, arrivals, or other movements that could explain the variations observed.
Assessment of the explanations provided This action is significant because it shows that, before adopting the seizure measure, the Administration gave the parties an opportunity to provide information intended to document the presence and origin of the questioned specimens. The explanations and documents submitted by the owner and regent were subsequently received, incorporated into the administrative analysis, and considered.
Once the information was received, the competent officials compared it with the approved Management Plan, available inventories, periodic regency reports, and observations made during inspections. That analysis revealed continuing discrepancies concerning certain specimens whose presence at the management site was not covered by the authorized conditions. In addition, some explanations concerning movements, deaths, births, or other events did not establish a complete and verifiable correspondence with the records previously submitted to the Administration.
The later decision to remove certain specimens must therefore be understood in light of this documentary history, and not as a determination made spontaneously during the visit of 17 October 2025.
II.Administrative decision before the seizure
Before the physical operation, the Administration addressed the owner’s requests concerning the animals whose presence had been questioned. In that context, it considered the owner’s proposal to keep certain specimens under a custody or deposit arrangement.
The Administration concluded that an animal’s historical presence at the establishment did not, by itself, amount to administrative authorization to keep it at a commercial zoocriadero when that individual was not covered by the Management Plan or the corresponding authorization. The measure adopted was therefore based on the powers granted to SINAC by the Wildlife Conservation Law N° 7317 and its implementing regulations in matters of wildlife control, oversight, management, and protection.
III.Execution of the seizure on 17 October 2025
On 17 October 2025, SINAC officials went to the management site to carry out the previously determined action. The operation was documented in the corresponding administrative instruments, including the operation report, seizure record, and temporary custody delivery record. These documents are included in the portion of the administrative file comprising folios 1414 to 1495 of Volume VII for the Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán management site.
It should be emphasized that the operation was not carried out solely by administrative staff or officials without training related to wildlife management. Those who took part included Mr. Pablo Vásquez Badilla, coordinator of the Wildlife Program of the Central Conservation Area; Ms. Yilani Mena Sánchez, Wildlife Program liaison for the then Heredia Subregional Office, now the Central Subregional Office, Heredia office; and veterinarian Laura Brenes, an official of SINAC’s Executive Secretariat.
The composition of this team is relevant to the statements made in the amparo application, because it shows that the Administration arranged for the participation of officials whose training and duties were relevant to the nature of the operation and, specifically, included the participation of a veterinary professional.
The 17 October procedure must also be considered in connection with the administrative and technical assessment conducted during the preceding weeks and months. Thus, the physical removal of the animals was the implementation stage of an action preceded by inspection, documentary analysis, information requests, assessment of the explanations provided, and an administrative determination of which specimens were to be removed.
IV.Arguments concerning animal welfare and potential stress resulting from capture
The Administration considers it necessary to address expressly the statements made by the applicant and by veterinarians Sebastián Gamboa Fernández and Felipe Jiménez Campabadal in the document dated 13 July 2026 and received by the subregional office on 14 July of this year. In that document, the professionals discuss the physiological effects that may result from capturing, handling, and transporting wildlife, including possible stress responses, physiological changes, and the risk of capture myopathy. They also question certain methods used during the operation and state that they observed animals temporarily confined in cages and other devices.
This Administration does not dispute the general scientific premise that capturing, handling, restraining, changing the environment of, and transporting wildlife can be stressors. From a technical standpoint, precisely because those procedures are not biologically neutral, they should be carried out in a way that reasonably reduces the intensity and duration of stressors and seeks to place the animals under appropriate management conditions as quickly as possible. This consideration is also consistent with the animal welfare principles in Law N° 9458, which require efforts to provide conditions compatible with animals’ health and welfare and to reduce avoidable suffering during handling.
Accordingly, the institutional position is not that the capture or transport carried out on 17 October 2025 could not have caused any stress response. Such a conclusion would not be technically sound. For purposes of this proceeding, the issue is whether, on the evidence available, the institutional action can be characterized as a procedure carried out without technical assessment, negligently, or in a manner that caused proven harm to the animals. To make that assessment, it is essential to examine the complete sequence of events and not just one isolated moment in the capture phase.
V.Restraint methods and subsequent preparation of the specimens
During the initial capture and removal phase, different methods of temporary restraint had to be used. Some of these devices were of limited dimensions and were used for the immediate handling and extraction of the specimens. From a technical standpoint, a device used to temporarily restrain an animal during capture or transfer must be distinguished from one intended to hold the animal during a longer journey.
After being removed from Zoocriadero El Tucán, the specimens were taken to the Heredia Subregional Office. There, officials carried out an additional preparation stage, moving the animals into larger cages before continuing the journey to the rescue center in Alajuela. This fact is relevant to contextualizing the observations in the veterinary opinion later submitted by the applicant. The fact that certain professionals saw some specimens in temporary restraint devices during the initial phase does not necessarily mean that those were the conditions in which they remained for the entire journey to the rescue center.
The Administration considers that the operation must be assessed as a process comprising successive stages of capture, extraction, preparation, changing devices, transport, and delivery, and not solely on the basis of an isolated observation of one of those stages.
VI.Transport and delivery of the animals to the rescue center
After the preparation stage at the subregional office, the specimens were transported to Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave in Alajuela. The operation was completed that same day, 17 October 2025, so the animals did not remain in the temporary custody of the officials for days. The documentation in the administrative file, including that visible in handwritten folio 1494, establishes that the specimens were delivered to the specialized establishment. The rescue center itself later confirmed this.
By letter ZA-CRESCATE-116-2026 dated 7 August 2026, Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave, expressly stated that the animals were delivered to it on 17 October 2025 under intake form N° 12983.
Completion of the transport and delivery within the same day is technically relevant because it reduced the time the animals were subject to the temporary conditions associated with capture and transport and enabled them to be placed promptly in the care of an establishment specializing in wildlife management and care.
The measures adopted should therefore be assessed as a whole: the operation involved wildlife specialists and veterinary participation; the animals were moved into larger cages before the final journey; efforts were made to avoid prolonged temporary custody; and the specimens were delivered to a specialized center the same day.
VII.Subsequent condition of the animals received by Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave
In response to a request from the Central Subregional Office, Heredia office, Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave, issued letter ZA-CRESCATE-116-2026 on 7 August 2026, signed by biologist Marta Venegas Vargas, wildlife regent, and DMV Sofía Astorga Alvarado, veterinary regent.
The document identifies the 21 animals admitted to the center, listing for each its species, file number, identification method where applicable, subsequent status, and veterinary assessment results. The report shows that, of the 21 specimens formally admitted, 17 remain in sanctuary, three were released, and one later died. The three released specimens were a great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), a clay-colored thrush (Turdus grayi), and a purple gallinule (Porphyrio martinicus). The rescue center itself released all three on 16 November 2025. The recorded assessments for these individuals showed no other clinically significant abnormalities and, in the case of the purple gallinule, recorded a body condition within normal parameters.
The fact that these animals were later released is an objective indication of their progress while in the care of the specialized center. It is not for this Administration to draw additional veterinary conclusions beyond those expressly recorded by that establishment.
VIII.Subsequent veterinary assessments and evidentiary scope of the findings
The assessments conducted by the rescue center show differing conditions among the specimens received. In several individuals, the physical examination revealed no clinically significant abnormalities. Others were documented as having body conditions consistent with being underweight or overweight, plumage abnormalities, missing or broken feathers, pododermatitis, amputations, and other specific conditions.
In the case of the barred owl (Asio clamator), for example, radiographic examination identified an old fracture of the coracoid. The Andean tinamou (Dendrortyx leucophrys) was documented as having an amputation of the right hind limb and an amputation of one phalanx of the left hind limb.
These findings must be interpreted with particular caution. The letter issued by the rescue center does not attribute these conditions to the seizure procedure or to transport by SINAC. Nor does it conclude that the abnormalities were caused during the operation on 17 October 2025. On the contrary, some of the conditions described require that any automatic attribution of cause be avoided. In particular, the report itself describes the fracture found in the barred owl as “old.” From a technical and evidentiary standpoint, it would therefore be invalid to claim that every abnormality observed later was caused by the seizure, just as it would be technically imprudent to claim that no specimen experienced stress during the procedure. The conclusion supported by the available evidence is narrower: the subsequent veterinary report does not establish a causal connection between the documented abnormalities and the capture, restraint, or transport procedures carried out by SINAC.
IX.The single documented death
Letter ZA-CRESCATE-116-2026 records the subsequent death of a superb parrot (Polytelis swainsoni), corresponding to the center’s internal file N° 2981-25. According to the rescue center, the animal weighed 154 grams and had a body condition score of 3/5, within normal parameters. No clinical abnormalities were observed during the initial physical examination; however, radiographic examination identified hepatomegaly. The specimen was moved to the sanctuary on 31 December 2025.
Later, on 19 February 2026, it was readmitted to the clinic with lethargy, anorexia, and ruffled plumage. The veterinary staff instituted supportive treatment with fluid therapy, vitamin supplementation, antifungal therapy, antibiotic therapy, and assisted feeding by tube. Despite the treatment provided, the specimen died on 7 March 2026. During the necropsy, a friable liver with a macroscopically abnormal appearance was observed; the center described these findings as consistent with a severe hepatic process.
This information must be interpreted with technical rigor. The rescue center does not attribute the death to the seizure, capture, restraint methods, or transport carried out on 17 October 2025. Nor is it for this Administration to replace the veterinary opinion and independently establish an etiology not recorded in the document.
Accordingly, the objective conclusion that may be brought to the attention of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) is that the only recorded death occurred several months after the seizure, was preceded by a radiographic finding of hepatomegaly and then by a clinical course whose necropsy findings were consistent with a severe hepatic process, and that the available veterinary documentation establishes no causal connection between that death and the operation carried out by SINAC.
The facts underlying this proceeding must be assessed in light of the entire administrative sequence, not only isolated portions of the operation on 17 October 2025. The seizure was preceded by inspection and follow-up actions, identification of inconsistencies, requests for information, receipt and assessment of explanations, review of records, and an administrative determination of which specimens’ presence was unsupported by the authorized conditions for the management site. Officials specializing in wildlife and a SINAC veterinarian took part in carrying out the seizure.
The specimens were then taken to the Heredia Subregional Office, where they were moved into larger restraint cages before the journey to Alajuela. The 21 remaining specimens were received at Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave on 17 October 2025 under intake form N° 12983. The center’s subsequent records show that 17 remain in sanctuary, three were released, and one later died. For the latter, the center documented hepatomegaly, a subsequent clinical course, and necropsy findings consistent with a severe hepatic process, without attributing causation to the seizure or transport.
These elements do not scientifically establish that capture could not have caused some degree of stress, but neither do they support a finding, based on the available subsequent clinical evidence, that the procedure caused injuries or death attributable to SINAC’s action. The distinction is fundamental: the general biological risk associated with capture does not automatically establish negligence in a specific case or, by itself, prove a causal link between administrative action and subsequent harm.
Wildlife management requires reconciling several legal duties that are not incompatible: compliance with conservation rules, effective exercise of the State’s oversight powers, and consideration for the welfare of animals subject to intervention. The reasonableness of an administrative measure cannot be assessed solely by pointing to the abstract existence of some risk, since virtually every capture, restraint, and transport of wildlife entails some degree of disturbance. The assessment must consider the legitimate purpose pursued, the circumstances that prompted the intervention, the technical capacities employed, and the measures taken to limit avoidable risks.
In this case, the Administration did not carry out the removal immediately after detecting the first inconsistencies, but instead conducted prior follow-up actions and allowed the owner and regent to provide information. It later assigned specialized personnel to the operation, carried out an additional stage of preparation for the animals, and sought to complete transport to the specialized center the same day. From the standpoint of administrative due diligence, these actions are relevant because they show that the procedure did not consist solely of physically taking the specimens, but was part of a technical, documentary, and operational process aimed at fulfilling the powers to protect wildlife.
In light of the foregoing, this body rejects the applicant’s assertions that the actions carried out by SINAC on 17 October were permeated by “extreme violence.” As detailed above, the institution carried out an operation within its powers, and the manner in which the wildlife was handled caused no adverse effects to it, as supported by the technical reports submitted as evidence.
FOURTH: With regard to the request made on 14 July 2026 for a detailed report on the clinical and ethological condition, current custody location, and any deaths among the seized species, the following is reported:
The documentation submitted by veterinarians Sebastián Gamboa Fernández and Felipe Jiménez Campabadal was received by the Central Subregional Office, Heredia office, on 14 July 2026, as shown by the institutional stamp in the administrative file. When the request was received, the subregional office had administrative information concerning the prior actions, seizure, transport, and the site to which the specimens had been delivered. However, there was a material gap with respect to the requested clinical information.
Since 17 October 2025, the 21 animals actually admitted to the rescue center had been under the care and management of Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave. Accordingly, information concerning clinical progress, treatments, subsequent condition, continued residence in sanctuary, releases, and any deaths was generated and recorded by the establishment that had physical care of the specimens. The subregional office could not independently produce a veterinary discharge summary for animals that, since October 2025, had not been under its direct clinical care.
In response to that circumstance, after receiving the request, Yilani Mena Sánchez, Wildlife Program liaison at the Central Subregional Office, Heredia office, requested that the rescue center provide the relevant information and clinical discharge summaries for the animals associated with the seizure. This action is legally relevant because it shows that the office did not remain inactive in response to the request, but sought from the technically competent source information that was not in its own clinical records. Preparing that information necessarily depended on reviewing the files and records maintained by the rescue center and on the technical availability of its responsible professionals.
Receipt of the rescue center’s report and notification to Mr. Nombre03 On 7 August 2026, Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave sent the subregional office letter ZA-CRESCATE-116-2026, providing individualized information on the animals received on 17 October 2025, their respective file numbers and identifications, their subsequent status, and their veterinary assessments. Upon receiving that documentation, this Administration communicated it to the applicant on 7 August 2026.
The communication was formalized by letter CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-SC-OH-0282-2026, notifying Mr. Nombre03 of the rescue center’s report and sending the corresponding documents to the email addresses Mr. Nombre03 had provided for that purpose, namely ...08 and ...02.
The administrative sequence relating to the request can therefore be clearly established: the request was received on 14 July 2026; the responsible official then requested information from the establishment holding the specimens’ clinical records; the center prepared and sent its report on 7 August 2026; and that same day the subregional office formally notified the interested party, by letter CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-SC-OH-0282-2026, at the email addresses provided by Mr. Nombre03.
The Administration acknowledges that the right of petition requires diligent action and a response to the person making the request. In this case, a substantial portion of the requested information required obtaining clinical information held and generated by a specialized third party. The time that elapsed was therefore associated with the need to obtain the information required to provide a technically grounded response rather than a speculative one. Once that information became available to this office, it was forwarded to the interested party on the same date it was received.
Although the information requested was indeed public, it is important to mention that this case presents an exceptional circumstance arising from the management of wildlife by management sites. The applicants requested a detailed report on wildlife that SINAC offices did not directly have in their custody. This made it necessary to forward the request to the management site (rescue center) and await the corresponding report.
In addition to the foregoing, the response was provided within a reasonable time. Although the 10-business-day deadline was not met, the Administration exceeded it by only 8 additional business days; that is, just 24 calendar days elapsed between the date the report was requested and the date the response was actually provided. Since the information request made by the applicant was processed and answered, it is recommended that the Honorable Justices be asked to consider the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which states as follows: “If, while the amparo is pending, an administrative or judicial decision is issued revoking, halting, or suspending the challenged action, the amparo shall be granted solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if applicable.” In light of the foregoing, this Administration acknowledges that there was a brief delay, reasonable and justified for the reasons already explained, in responding to the inquiry made by the applicant, and that it acted immediately to cease the challenged action when oficio N° CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-SC-OH-0282-2026 was notified.
Accordingly, under the provision cited, if the amparo application is granted, it should be granted without a special award of costs, damages, and losses, particularly given this Administration’s evident good faith. Furthermore, no violation or impairment of the applicant’s fundamental rights caused by providing a response about the status of wildlife 24 calendar days after the request has been established. This Administration acknowledges that whether compensation and costs are warranted depends on an assessment, evaluation, or weighing by the Constitutional Court; nevertheless, it should be noted that, in this amparo proceeding, the content of the applicant’s claim and the Administration’s conduct suggest that any impairment, injury, or alteration does not in any way concern a financial impact.”
“I. CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNTIMELINESS: FULL COMPLETION OF THE VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 27 OF THE CONSTITUTION AND LAW No. 9097 The evidence in the case file itself categorically and incontrovertibly establishes that the response sent by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) was issued long after the legal deadline had expired, thereby directly violating the principle of prompt response:
Mandatory application of Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law: The consistent and settled case law of this Chamber establishes that when the Administration responds or ceases the harmful conduct after an amparo application has been filed, the case may not be archived and the application may not be declared without merit; rather, the application must be declared GRANTED solely for purposes of compensation for damages, losses, and costs, since the fundamental right was flagrantly violated in real time.
SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EVASIVE RESPONSES, OMISSIONS, AND INCONSISTENCIES IN THE RESPONSE In addition to the evident untimeliness, the response sent through letter ZA-CRESCATE-116-2026 from the rescue center Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center does NOT substantively answer the questions or meet the technical and documentary requirements set out in the original petition of 14 July 2026. There is also an inconsistency in the number of individuals reported as seized: the report from Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center states that 21 animals were seized, whereas in fact 22 specimens were seized. Each of the points is addressed in detail below:
1. Express Admission of Death and Concealment of Forensic Evidence: In the folio corresponding to the specimen Polytelis swainsoni (Nombre01, Case File No. 2981-25), the report expressly admits that the individual DIED on 07 March 2026, after presenting an acute condition involving lethargy, anorexia, and ruffled plumage. Although the following were expressly requested:
2. Concealment of Individual Clinical Records and Quarantine Histories: The petition unequivocally requested certified copies of the individual clinical records or health histories and the formal reports for the mandatory quarantine period (biosecurity provisions of the LCVS Regulations). Instead, SINAC provided a brief summary table that omits: medical treatments administered day by day, clinical progress, complete laboratory tests, and biosecurity logs during preventive isolation.
3. Extreme Staleness of the Health Information (8-Month Gap): Almost all the veterinary assessments recorded in the report sent in August 2026 date from NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 2025 (more than eight months earlier). In other words, the Administration provided outdated health information and omitted any report on the actual, current clinical condition of the specimens now being kept at the sanctuary, thereby materially denying access to truthful and current information.
4. Release of Specimens Without Legal Traceability or Biological Opinion: The report indicates the purported release of three specimens (Pitangus sulphuratus - Case File 2986-25, Turdus grayi - Case File 2988-25, and Porphyrio martinicus - Case File 2990-25), carried out on 16 November 2025. However, no official release report, geographic coordinates of the reintroduction sites, or pre-release biological studies establishing their health and behavioral suitability were attached, violating the traceability that the State must ensure for wildlife in the public domain.
5. Complete Omission and Absolute Silence Regarding Behavioral Assessments and Animal Welfare: Petition item III.4 expressly demanded behavioral and animal welfare assessment reports (environmental enrichment programs, adaptation of enclosures, and nutritional transition plans to mitigate the severe impact of relocation on animals with more than 20 years of established captivity). The response from SINAC and the rescue center is in ABSOLUTE AND TOTAL SILENCE on this central point. There is not a single line, opinion, or mention concerning the animals’ behavioral welfare.
For the reasons stated, and having demonstrated that SINAC’s response was untimely, manifestly incomplete, evasive, and unsupported by the required expert documentation, I respectfully request that this Constitutional Chamber:
FIRST: GRANT this amparo application in all respects.
SECOND: REJECT any contention by the respondent authority that there was ‘satisfaction outside the proceedings,’ since the response provided does not remedy the violation of Article 27 of the Political Constitution or the principles of completeness, thoroughness, and truthfulness that govern the right to petition.
THIRD: ORDER the Head of the Central Subregional Office of Heredia of SINAC, within the mandatory and non-extendable period of TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOURS from notification of the judgment, to send to the address designated in the case file all documentary evidence omitted, namely:
FOURTH: ORDER the State to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the omission and administrative delay, pursuant to Article 56 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.
FIFTH: ORDER the hierarchical superior to initiate the corresponding proceeding to impose the monetary penalty provided for in Article 13 of Law No. 9097 on the public official responsible for the inaction and material denial of information.”
Drafted by Justice Hess Herrera; and, Reasons:
The claimant alleges that SINAC officials seized several birds from Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán in a manner he considers violent and technically negligent, causing the animals stress. He further alleges that on 14 July 2026 he requested detailed information on the condition, location, and possible deaths of the seized species, but had received no response by the time he filed the application.
The following facts, which are relevant to deciding this matter, are deemed duly established, either because they were proven or because the respondent failed to address them, as provided in the initial order:
“FORMAL EXERCISE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO PETITION AND PROMPT RESPONSE REQUEST FOR AN INDIVIDUALIZED TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF SEIZED WILD ANIMALS TO THE HEAD OF THE CENTRAL SUBREGIONAL OFFICE OF HEREDIA NATIONAL SYSTEM OF CONSERVATION AREAS (SINAC) MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY (MINAE) Ref: Seizure Report No. SINAC-ACC-OH-1469-2025 Heredia, 14 July 2026 I, Nombre03, of legal age, married, a veterinarian, residing in San Pablo de Barva de Heredia, holder of identity card No. CED01, in my capacity as a citizen of the Republic of Costa Rica and former technical custodian of the seized wild fauna species, appear before your authority to formally exercise my constitutional and legal right to petition and to receive a prompt response.
This request is directly based on Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica and the mandatory provisions of the Law Regulating the Right to Petition (Law No. 9097), for the purpose of obtaining detailed, individualized, and technical information about the current situation, health condition, and whereabouts of each wild fauna specimen seized from my establishment, Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán, on 17 October 2025.
PUBLIC INTEREST AND PROTECTION OF DIFFUSE INTERESTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS This request does not arise from a purely private or economic interest, but is based on the protection of diffuse environmental interests and the protection of the Nation’s natural heritage. Under Article 3 of the Wildlife Conservation Law (LCVS - Law No. 7317), wildlife is in the public domain and forms an intrinsic part of the national heritage. Likewise, Article 4 of that law and Article 113 of the General Law of Public Administration (LGAP - Law No. 6227) declare that all matters relating to the protection, conservation, production, management, and sustainable use of wild flora and fauna, and their parts, products, and by-products, are in the public interest. As defined by the LGAP, the public interest is the expression of the coinciding individual interests of the persons administered, and it imperatively requires State officials to perform their duties primarily to serve that purpose.
The case law of the Constitutional Chamber and the Administrative Litigation Tribunal has consistently recognized that the protection and oversight of natural resources and living wildlife constitutes a diffuse interest of constitutional rank. Accordingly, in my dual capacity as a citizen of the Republic and a veterinary professional, I have a legitimate, direct, and diffuse interest in overseeing the fate of these sentient beings that the State has taken into its custody, in order to verify that there have been no violations of the Animal Welfare Law (Law No. 7451).
THE SERIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE SEIZURE On 17 October 2025, officials from this Subregional Office forcibly seized a substantial group of psittacine birds and other specimens that had been kept in good faith at Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán, carrying out the measure through Seizure Report No. SINAC-ACC-OH-1469-2025. As shown in the direct testimony of the professionals present and in the case-file reports, the procedure was conducted without observing the minimum animal welfare, biosecurity, and humane treatment protocols established in Articles 3 and 4 of Law No. 7451. Alarmingly, the specimens were captured improperly and transported in deplorable conditions: some in plastic sacks, others in cages of unsuitable dimensions that put their skeletal integrity at risk, and all crowded into the bed of a pickup truck, directly exposed to the elements (rain, extreme heat, and engine noise) and covered only by an ordinary blanket.
As a veterinarian, I know that the procedure caused acute stress and unacceptable physical and psychological suffering to the specimens. Scientific literature on zoological medicine categorically states that improper transport and handling directly trigger capture myopathy, a serious and often fatal systemic disease in wild birds. This clinical risk is exponentially higher in animals that have remained in stable captivity for more than twenty (20) years and developed an absolute behavioral and physiological attachment to their enclosures, caregivers, and nutritional and medical routines. The abrupt alteration of their familiar environment is a critical factor for morbidity and imminent death, which makes this request for information imperative.
Based on Article 3 of the Law Regulating the Right to Petition (Law No. 9097), which authorizes petitions concerning any matter or information of a public nature, and relying on the principle of transparency governing administrative activity, I formally request that the Head of the Subregional Office of Heredia send me a technical, detailed, documented, and individualized report for each wild fauna specimen seized on 17 October 2025. The report must answer, substantively and as required, the following points:
• 1. Current Destination and Whereabouts: Exact identification of the wildlife management site (duly authorized Rescue Center) where each seized individual is currently held, specifying its legal status as a deposit and identifying the authorities and managers responsible for its physical custody.
• 2. Medical Record and Current Clinical Condition: A certified copy of the individual medical record or clinical history for each specimen, which must include:
• 3. Clinical Morbidity and Mortality Report: An express statement as to whether any of the seized animals has been seriously ill, suffered physical trauma, or died since SINAC assumed forced custody on 17 October 2025. If any deaths are reported, the following must be attached:
• 4. Behavioral Assessments and Animal Welfare: Copies of the behavioral assessment reports for the individuals, detailing the environmental adaptation, environmental enrichment, and specific diet management measures implemented to mitigate the impact of relocation and the disruption of their prior attachment, developed over more than two decades at El Tucán.
This Administration is hereby advised that, under Article 6 of Law No. 9097, the legal, non-extendable, public-order deadline for responding substantively to this petition is ten (10) business days, counted from the business day following receipt of this request. Moreover, in cases where the petition’s content involves extreme technical complexity, Article 11 of the same law authorizes the Administration to provide a partial response and give a reasoned explanation of the need to extend the deadline by no more than an additional five (5) business days for the final response. Failure to resolve the matter on time, as well as an ambiguous, partial, or evasive response deemed a material denial of information, will entitle me to immediately file an amparo application with the Constitutional Chamber under Article 12 of Law No. 9097, to protect my fundamental right and restore the infringed legal order.
Finally, under Article 13 of Law No. 9097, the public official or officials responsible for processing this request are advised that failure to respond promptly to a citizen’s petition will result in a monetary fine equal to five percent (5%) of their monthly base salary, calculated on the basis of the position of office clerk 1 under the Ordinary Budget Law of the Republic, without prejudice to any civil, administrative, or even criminal liability (the offense of dereliction of duties under Article 332 of the Criminal Code) that may apply.
To receive the official response to this Petition and any related communication, I formally designate the following email address: ...01.
Dr. Nombre03 Identity Card No. CED01 Petitioner and former Technical Custodian Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán” (See the report submitted under oath and the attached evidence.)
The right to petition and prompt response, protected by Articles 27 of the Political Constitution and 32 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, obliges public officials to resolve requests submitted by persons administered within ten business days of their filing, unless another response period has been specified. However, cited Article 32 also provides that, in deciding the petition, the Chamber shall assess any reasons given for considering that period insufficient, in light of the circumstances and nature of the matter, in which case the Administration is always required to inform the petitioner of the reasons for the delay in issuing its decision. In any event, the duty to resolve does not mean that the response must be favorable, but there must be the necessary consistency between what was requested and what was answered.
In this matter, the claimant alleges that his fundamental rights to petition, prompt response, and access to information were violated because, in a request submitted on 14 July 2026 to the Central Subregional Office, Heredia location, of the National System of Conservation Areas, he sought technical, detailed, and individualized information concerning the wild fauna specimens seized on 17 October 2025 at Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán. Specifically, he requested information about the animals’ destination and current whereabouts, their clinical condition, any episodes of morbidity or mortality, and matters related to their welfare after the seizure.
The established facts show that the respondent authority received that request on 14 July 2026. The record also shows that, because the animals had been under the care and management of Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave since 17 October 2025, Yilani Mena Sánchez, liaison for the Wildlife Program at the Central Subregional Office, requested the corresponding clinical information from that center.
Although this Chamber recognizes that some of the requested information had to be obtained from a specialized third party and that this could require additional actions by the Administration, the fact remains that, when this amparo application was filed, the claimant had not yet received a response to his request. From the perspective of Articles 27 and 30 of the Political Constitution, the mere performance of internal inquiries does not satisfy the rights to petition, prompt response, and access to information, since those rights require that the response be effectively communicated to the interested party within a reasonable time.
The record shows that on 06 August 2026 the respondent authority was notified of the resolution admitting this amparo application for consideration. Subsequently, on 07 August 2026, Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave issued letter ZA-CRESCATE-116-2026, providing individualized information on the 21 animals admitted to that center, including their species, case-file number, identification, subsequent condition, and veterinary assessment. It also stated that 17 specimens remained at the sanctuary, three had been released, and one had died.
That same day, 07 August 2026, Óscar Bermúdez Rodríguez, in his capacity as Head of the Central Subregional Office, issued letter CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-SC-OH-0282-2026, by which he sent the aforementioned report to the interested party. The evidence submitted shows that, at 13:45 that day, both the response letter and the corresponding technical report were sent to the claimant by email from the institutional account ...09.
It is therefore established that the omission that prompted the filing of the amparo ceased while the constitutional proceedings were underway and, in particular, after the respondent authority was notified of the order admitting the application for consideration. This circumstance makes Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law applicable, since the requested relief was provided after the application was already in progress.
Indeed, the fact that the Administration subsequently provided the requested information does not eliminate the violation that legitimately prompted the filing of the amparo, since, when the claimant turned to this jurisdiction, his request remained unanswered. However, because it was addressed during the proceedings, there is no need to issue an additional order requiring SINAC to provide the same information again.
Accordingly, the application must be declared granted, pursuant to Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.
Upon further consideration, the majority of the Chamber considers that, in the case at hand, pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (“If, while an amparo proceeding is in progress, an administrative or judicial decision is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the application shall be declared granted solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if warranted”), the application should be granted without a specific award of costs, damages, and losses, for the following reasons. Although the statute expressly requires the operative part of the judgment to state that the application is granted when the grievance is resolved while the amparo is in progress, the same paragraph’s final clause provides that the application is granted “solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if warranted.” The statute says “if warranted,” which means that whether compensation and costs are warranted depends on an assessment, evaluation, or weighing by the Court.
In cases such as this one, the content of the amparo applicant’s claim and the respondent authority’s conduct in acknowledging it suggest that the alleged harm, injury, or alteration does not directly concern an impact on a constitutional right that is evidently economic in nature (as would occur, for example, with an infringement of the right to a salary). To dispel any doubt on this point, it is important to note Article 51 of the same Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, which provides that “every decision granting the application shall order, in general terms, compensation for the damages and losses caused and payment of the costs of the application, with their assessment reserved for the judgment enforcement stage.” That provision does not contemplate assessing whether compensation and costs are warranted. The principles of Constitutional Law, Public Law, and general procedural law or, where applicable, International or Community Law, and, in addition, in order of application, the General Law of Public Administration, the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure, and other procedural codes, are supplementary sources for the application and interpretation of the provisions of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law—cf.
Article 14. For the administrative-litigation jurisdiction, the legislature established a provision that applies fully to this case by analogy, Article 197 of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure, which reflects procedural logic applicable in any field. In any event, the affected party in this case retains the option, if so desired, of bringing proceedings on the merits to show that some form of harm has been suffered. Based on the foregoing, the majority considers that this application should be resolved without an award of costs, damages, or losses.
VI.PARTIAL DISSENTING OPINION OF JUSTICE SALAZAR ALVARADO, SOLELY AS TO THE DECISION NOT TO ORDER THE RESPONDENT PARTY TO PAY COSTS, DAMAGES, AND LOSSES. Although I agree with the rest of the Chamber that the application should be granted, I disagree with the majority’s decision to exempt the respondent party from paying the costs, damages, and losses arising from the infringement of the fundamental rights of the protected party.
Article 52 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law provides:
“If, while an amparo proceeding is in progress, an administrative or judicial decision is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the application shall be declared granted solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if warranted.” Article 51 of the same law, in turn, provides:
“...every decision granting the application shall order, in general terms, compensation for the damages and losses caused and payment of the costs of the application, with their assessment reserved for the judgment enforcement stage.” The latter provision establishes the general system governing compensation and payment of costs, which the majority calls the “natural or normal form of termination of the proceedings, where there is a decision on the merits and recognition of the facts that violated fundamental rights…”.
In the majority’s view, cited Article 51 governs cases in which the Chamber has found the grievance established and, as a result, an award of costs, damages, and losses is required. However, in the view of the undersigned, a systematic interpretation of both provisions leads to the conclusion that, both when this Constitutional Court finds an infringement of a fundamental right and therefore grants the application, and when the Administration, on its own initiative, restores the aggrieved person’s enjoyment of their fundamental rights after learning of the amparo—as contemplated by cited Article 52—the necessary and inescapable consequence, by operation of Articles 50 and 51 of that law, is to order the infringer to pay compensation for the damages and losses caused and the costs of the application. This rule merely recognizes the right of a party whose fundamental rights have been infringed to effective judicial protection with respect to redress for the harmful consequences arising from the actions or omissions of the infringing authorities.
It also serves as a deterrent to prevent the State from again engaging in the conduct that led to the application being granted, a matter governed by Article 50 of the law governing this jurisdiction. Thus, whether the Chamber has found the grievance established and ruled on the merits, or the violation has ceased by decision of the respondent authority itself after it learned that the amparo was underway, thereby restoring the injured party’s enjoyment of their fundamental rights (Article 52), in either case it is imperative to order the infringer to pay costs, damages, and losses. This requirement is grounded in the principles of protection of individual rights and of the Administration’s liability for damages and losses caused by its unconstitutional conduct.
Accordingly, the fact that, when the amparo is heard and granted, the effects of the challenged act have already ceased under Articles 50 and 52 of that law does not preclude an award of costs, damages, and losses. Such a case forms an integral part of the general system under the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law requiring an award in those respects.
Furthermore, it is clear that cited Article 52 applies only where the Chamber, even though it has not heard or ruled on the merits of the claim, has found that the protected party’s fundamental rights were infringed, by virtue of the Administration’s restoration of that party’s enjoyment of those rights. As the majority of the Chamber states, this situation entails an “abnormal termination of the proceedings.” The legislature precisely established and delimited the conditions under which this Chamber may order that form of abnormal termination of amparo proceedings, as well as its scope: 1) the amparo must be in progress, that is, the Administration must have been duly notified of the resolution admitting the application for consideration; and 2) there must be an administrative or judicial decision that unequivocally revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action that violated fundamental rights.
It is true that the provision in question creates an exception to the general system requiring an award of costs, damages, and losses, by providing that, in the cases it governs, the application shall be declared granted “solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if warranted.” As an exception, it must be interpreted restrictively: it applies only in the circumstances strictly set out in the provision, not only because legal exceptions must be interpreted restrictively, but also because applying that exception would undoubtedly impair the fundamental right of individuals to effective judicial protection against the damages and losses they suffered as a result of the infringement of their constitutional rights.
In my view, that exception must be interpreted to mean that, under the general system requiring an award of costs, damages, and losses when fundamental rights have been violated, such an award is always warranted—even where the respondent party issues an administrative or judicial decision revoking, halting, or suspending the challenged action—unless it is unequivocally and clearly established that no harm capable of compensation was caused in the specific case. Only in those circumstances may the respondent Administration be exempted from paying those amounts. Since in this case there is no evidence that rebuts the presumption that the protected party suffered economic damages and losses arising from the challenged actions—the specific assessment of which does not fall within this jurisdiction—the application must necessarily be granted with an award of costs, damages, and losses, and I so declare.
As an additional reason, it should be emphasized that the very nature and purpose of amparo proceedings is not primarily to analyze whether damages and losses exist, but to determine whether there are actions or omissions that may cause or result in an infringement of individuals’ fundamental rights. From that perspective, the analysis conducted in this forum focuses on making that determination; it does not assess whether those matters have caused injury to the protected parties’ strictly economic interests. Although the aforementioned Article 52 of the LJC provides in its wording that the award (for damages, losses, and costs) applies if warranted, we, the undersigned, do not consider that the assessment of whether it is warranted may be excluded in advance and automatically in this type of proceeding, given that another ordinary proceeding must determine whether the conduct or omissions attributable to the Administration (or to a private-law entity, where applicable), within the legal relationship examined in the amparo application, constituted an adequate cause of compensable economic injury.
By way of reference, Articles 179 through 184 of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure, Law No. 8508, establish a special proceeding for determining the economic effects arising from judgments issued in these proceedings. Under Article 179 thereof, that proceeding has the following purpose:
“ARTICLE 179.- The Administrative Litigation Court shall enforce judgments issued by the Constitutional Jurisdiction in habeas corpus and amparo proceedings against public-law entities, solely with respect to the establishment, assessment, and payment of monetary compensation.” It is clear that those proceedings are directed toward examining the necessary prior ruling issued by this Chamber concerning an abstract award under those heads, since such claims would not be admissible in that type of case where the judgment issued in the amparo proceeding expressly rules out damages and/or costs, or where there is no express ruling on that matter. In other words, the special proceedings in the administrative-litigation jurisdiction require, as a sine qua non condition, an express award or ruling by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional). Accordingly, in our view, under the aforementioned ordinal 52 of the LJC, dispensing with that award of monetary relief requires proof in each case of circumstances that support a reasoned finding that there was no patrimonial harm, even potential harm, arising from or associated with the facts examined.
It is therefore an exception which, as such, requires qualified and duly reasoned case-by-case application. The mere fact that, during the proceedings, the Administration issues a decision or a judicial judgment is rendered revoking, stopping, or suspending the challenged conduct does not, in itself, rule out that, before it ceased for reasons attributable or unrelated to the respondent entity, the alleged inaction or challenged interference may have caused damages. However, that substantive issue—concerning whether the harm occurred, its amount, whether it was claimed in a timely manner, and so forth—is outside the nature of these proceedings. Under the aforementioned mandate 52, it is a matter for an abstract award, which then serves as a basis for analysis in the Administrative-Litigation Jurisdiction. The protection sought in these constitutional proceedings does not require proof of damages, because, as noted, that is not their primary object or ratio.
Thus, the amparo applicant is not required to claim or prove damages; the applicant seeks protection of their fundamental rights. Whether those administrative acts caused the applicant harm is, as a general rule and save in exceptional cases, not part of the basis for analysis in this type of case. Note that, in the situation governed by that mandate, the Constitutional Chamber does not conduct a substantive analysis of the situation requiring protection, given the termination of the amparo or habeas corpus proceeding as a result of the aforementioned supervening circumstance. Consequently, in these cases, by operation of law, the Court does not assess whether there has been a violation, much less determine whether the facts alleged by the applicant may give rise to circumstances warranting civil reparation. Accordingly, the dispensation from an award referred to in that provision is exceptional, not the rule.
Therefore, in those circumstances, the provision requires an abstract award so that its propriety may be examined in another full proceeding. Otherwise, if release from liability for damages and costs were applied as a rule, protection of the legal position of a person who may have suffered harm to their patrimonial sphere despite the respondent’s supervening response would be put at risk, to the detriment of what is established in Article 45 of the Political Constitution and in disregard of the potential liability of the Administration, as required by Article 9 thereof. It should also not be overlooked that it was by virtue of an action of this kind that conduct was adopted which brought to an end actions that, in theory, threatened or violated the person’s fundamental rights. In other words, to obtain protection of those rights, the person sought judicial protection, and it was by virtue of that action that the challenged interference ceased.
I reiterate: whether the continuation of the threat or deterioration of the person’s situation, until it ceased for the causes mentioned in the provision under review, caused damages is an issue that, absent proof to the contrary, must be examined in ordinary proceedings. However, as stated, it must in no way be denied as a prerequisite merely because the factual situation governed by the aforementioned ordinal 52 of the LJC occurred. Accordingly, while always respecting the majority’s position, I cast a separate vote and reiterate that granting this application must necessarily entail an abstract award of costs, damages, and losses.
Article 52 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (LJC) provides: “If, while the amparo proceeding is pending, an administrative or judicial decision is issued revoking, stopping, or suspending the challenged conduct, the application shall be granted solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if appropriate.” My interpretation of that provision is as follows: That “decision” means any valid and effective act by which the competent authority restores the enjoyment of the violated right. The phrase “if appropriate” refers to costs. Indeed, Article 197 of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure, cited by the majority on the basis of Article 14 of the LJC, refers precisely to those alone: costs.
Certainly, under Article 48 of the Political Constitution (CP), the essential content of the right to an amparo remedy is not compensatory but restorative. However, Article 51 of the LJC states: “Any decision granting the application shall make an abstract award of compensation for the damages caused and payment of the costs of the application, reserving their assessment for enforcement of the judgment.” If the right has been violated and the Chamber so finds, damages may have arisen even if the right has been restored. For that reason, an abstract award of damages is appropriate. Without such an award, if damages had in fact occurred, there would be no title—arising from this proceeding—on which to base a claim for them, which could violate Article 41 of the CP. If, despite the abstract award, no damages were caused, the judge in the ordinary jurisdiction will so declare, since only that judge may find the actual existence and extent of such damages to have been proven.
I consider that the majority’s position would, contrary to its aim, encourage the Administration to respect rights only when an amparo application has been filed. It remains to say that Article 52 of the LJC contemplates the possibility that, if the Chamber considers it just, it may award costs even when the right has been restored.
For the foregoing reasons, I dissent in part from the operative part and order an award of damages, but not costs.
The respondent party is advised that if it submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device, it must collect them from the Court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any such material not collected within that period will be destroyed, as provided in the “Regulation on Electronic Case Files before the Judiciary,” approved by the Full Court at session No. 27-11 of 22 August 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as in the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session No. 43-12 held on 3 May 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore:
The application is granted, with no special award of costs, damages, or losses. Justice Salazar Alvarado sets out different reasons and dissents in part, solely for purposes of compensation, and orders the respondent party to pay costs, damages, and losses. Justice Garro Vargas dissents in part and orders an award of damages, but not costs. Notify the parties. - Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE No. 26-027399-0007-CO Telephone: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Email address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección01).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veinte de agosto de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente No. 26-027399-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre03, cédula de identidad CED02, contra el SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente reclama que funcionarios del SINAC decomisaron varias aves del Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán en condiciones que considera violentas y técnicamente negligentes, lo que habría generado estrés en los animales. Además, alega que el 14 de julio de 2026 solicitó información detallada sobre el estado, ubicación y eventual fallecimiento de las especies decomisadas, sin que, al momento de interponer el recurso, hubiera recibido respuesta.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
El derecho de petición y pronta respuesta, cobijado en los artículos 27, de la Constitución Política y 32, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, obliga a los funcionarios públicos a resolver las solicitudes de los administrados en el plazo de diez días hábiles a partir de la fecha de presentación de tales gestiones, a falta de que no se hubiere señalado otro plazo para contestar. Sin embargo, el artículo 32, citado dispone, además, que, en la decisión de la petición, la Sala apreciará las razones que se aduzcan para considerar insuficiente ese plazo, atendidas las circunstancias y la índole del asunto, en cuyo caso la Administración siempre está obligada a comunicarle al petente las causas de la demora en pronunciarse. En todo caso, el deber de resolver no implica la obtención de una respuesta favorable o no, pero sí la necesaria congruencia entre el objeto de lo pedido y el de lo contestado.
En el presente asunto, la parte recurrente reclama la vulneración de sus derechos fundamentales de petición, pronta respuesta y acceso a la información, por cuanto, mediante gestión presentada el 14 de julio de 2026 ante la Oficina Subregional Central, sede Heredia, del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, solicitó información técnica, detallada e individualizada respecto de los ejemplares de fauna silvestre decomisados el 17 de octubre de 2025 en el Zoocriadero Comercial El Tucán. En concreto, requirió información relacionada con el destino y paradero actual de los animales, su estado clínico, eventuales episodios de morbilidad o mortalidad y aspectos vinculados con su bienestar posterior al decomiso.
Del elenco de hechos probados se desprende que dicha gestión fue recibida por la autoridad recurrida el 14 de julio de 2026. Asimismo, consta que, debido a que los animales se encontraban bajo el manejo y atención del Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave desde el 17 de octubre de 2025, Yilani Mena Sánchez, enlace del Programa de Vida Silvestre de la Oficina Subregional Central, gestionó ante ese centro la remisión de la información clínica correspondiente.
Si bien esta Sala reconoce que parte de la información solicitada debía ser obtenida de un tercero especializado y que ello podía requerir actuaciones adicionales por parte de la Administración, lo cierto es que, al momento en que se promovió este recurso de amparo, el recurrente aún no había recibido una respuesta a su gestión. Desde la perspectiva de los artículos 27 y 30 de la Constitución Política, la sola realización de diligencias internas no satisface los derechos de petición, pronta respuesta y acceso a la información, pues estos exigen que la contestación sea efectivamente comunicada al interesado dentro de un plazo razonable.
Ahora bien, consta que el 06 de agosto de 2026 la autoridad recurrida fue notificada de la resolución mediante la cual se dio curso al presente recurso de amparo. Posteriormente, el 07 de agosto de 2026, el Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center-Zoave emitió el oficio ZA-CRESCATE-116-2026, mediante el cual proporcionó información individualizada respecto de los 21 animales ingresados en ese centro, incluyendo su especie, número de expediente, identificación, condición posterior y valoración veterinaria. Asimismo, se indicó que 17 ejemplares permanecían bajo condición de santuario, tres habían sido liberados y uno había fallecido.
Ese mismo 07 de agosto de 2026, Óscar Bermúdez Rodríguez, en su condición de jefe de la Oficina Subregional Central, emitió el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-SC-OH-0282-2026, por medio del cual remitió al interesado el referido informe. La prueba aportada demuestra que, a las 13:45 horas de ese día, desde la cuenta institucional ...09, se enviaron por correo electrónico al recurrente tanto el oficio de respuesta como el informe técnico correspondiente.
De esta forma, se encuentra acreditado que la omisión que motivó la interposición del recurso cesó durante la tramitación del proceso constitucional y particularmente, con posterioridad a la notificación del auto de curso a la autoridad recurrida. Esta circunstancia hace aplicable lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, pues la satisfacción de la pretensión se produjo cuando el recurso ya se encontraba en trámite.
En efecto, el hecho de que la Administración haya suministrado posteriormente la información solicitada no elimina la lesión que motivó legítimamente la interposición del amparo, toda vez que, al momento de acudir el recurrente ante esta jurisdicción, su gestión continuaba sin respuesta. Sin embargo, al haber sido atendida durante la tramitación del proceso, no resulta necesario emitir una orden adicional dirigida a que el SINAC vuelva a proporcionar la misma información.
En consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
V.SOBRE LA CONDENATORIA EN COSTAS, DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS DE CONFORMIDAD CON EL ARTÍCULO 52 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. Bajo una mejor ponderación, la mayoría de la Sala considera que, en el sub examine, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 1° del artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (“Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”), la estimatoria debe serlo sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, con base en las siguientes consideraciones. Si bien hay un texto expreso en la ley que obliga a que la parte dispositiva del fallo indique que se declara con lugar el recurso, cuando estando en curso del amparo se resuelva el agravio, no menos cierto es que ese mismo párrafo in fine refiere que la estimatoria se dicta “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Se subraya que la Ley indica “si fueren procedentes”, lo cual significa que la procedencia o improcedencia de la indemnización y costas depende de una valoración, apreciación o ponderación del Tribunal. En casos como este, el contenido de la pretensión de la persona amparada y la conducta de la autoridad recurrida de reconocer aquella, sugieren que los menoscabos, lesiones o alteraciones alegados no están referidos de modo directo a una repercusión en un derecho constitucional de evidente naturaleza patrimonial (como sí ocurriría, por ejemplo, con una afectación al derecho al salario). Para disipar cualquier duda al respecto, es importante destacar lo dispuesto en el artículo 51 de la misma Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, cuando dispone que: “toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”, donde no se prevé la posibilidad de valorar si procede o no lo concerniente a indemnización y costas.
Los principios del Derecho Constitucional, los del Público y Procesal General o, en su caso, los del Derecho Internacional o Comunitario y, además, por su orden, la Ley General de la Administración Pública y el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo y los demás códigos procesales, son fuente supletoria para la aplicación e interpretación de las normas de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional -cfr. artículo 14-. Para la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, el legislador estableció un precepto plenamente aplicable al caso por analogía, en el artículo 197 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, que responde a la lógica procesal en cualquier materia. En todo caso, la parte afectada del sub lite preserva la posibilidad de acudir, si a bien lo tiene, a un proceso de conocimiento a fin de demostrar que ha sufrido algún tipo de menoscabo. Con base en lo anterior, es criterio de mayoría resolver este recurso sin condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios.
VI.VOTO SALVADO PARCIAL DEL MAGISTRADO SALAZAR ALVARADO, ÚNICAMENTE EN RELACIÓN CON LA NO CONDENATORIA EN COSTAS, DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS A LA PARTE RECURRIDA. Si bien coincido con el resto de la Sala en declarar con lugar el recurso, me separo del criterio de mayoría en cuanto exime de condenar a la parte recurrida al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios derivados de la lesión producida a los derechos fundamentales de la parte tutelada.
La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el artículo 52, dispone que:
“Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Por otra parte, en el artículo 51 ibídem, se establece que:
“...toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”.
Esta última norma establece el sistema general que regula lo relativo al tema de la indemnización y el pago de las costas, y que la mayoría denomina “forma natural o normal de terminación del proceso, donde hay pronunciamiento sobre el fondo del asunto y reconocimiento de los hechos que han vulnerado los derechos fundamentales…”.
En criterio de la mayoría, el artículo 51, de cita, regula los supuestos en los que la Sala ha tenido por comprobado el agravio; y, como consecuencia, surge la necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, a juicio de los suscritos, de la interpretación sistemática de ambas normas, se concluye que, tanto en los casos en que este Tribunal Constitucional constate una lesión a algún derecho fundamental; y, por ende, declare con lugar el recurso, como en aquellos en los que la Administración, por decisión propia, restituya a la persona agraviada en el goce de sus derechos fundamentales, una vez que tenga conocimiento del amparo -supuesto contemplado en el artículo 52, referido-, por imperio de los artículos 50 y 51, de la ley citada, la consecuencia necesaria e ineludible es la condenatoria al infractor a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y del pago de las costas del recurso.
Esta regla no es más que el reconocimiento, a la parte que ha sufrido una vulneración en sus derechos fundamentales, del derecho a una tutela judicial efectiva en torno a la reparación de las consecuencias dañosas derivadas de las actuaciones u omisiones de las autoridades infractoras; y, como medio disuasivo, a fin de que el Estado no incurra nuevamente en las acciones que dieron base a la estimatoria del recurso, tema regulado en el artículo 50, de la ley que rige esta jurisdicción. De modo, que ya sea que la Sala haya tenido por comprobado el agravio y haya entrado a conocer el fondo del asunto, o que la violación haya cesado por decisión de la propia autoridad recurrida, una vez que tuvo conocimiento de la tramitación del amparo, con restitución en el goce de los derechos fundamentales a favor del agraviado (artículo 52), siempre, en cualesquiera de esos supuestos, surge la imperiosa necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios al infractor, cuyo fundamento se encuentra en los principios de tutela de los derechos de las personas y en el de que la Administración debe hacerse responsable por los daños y perjuicios que ocasione con su actuar inconstitucional.
Así, el hecho de que al momento de conocerse y resolverse con lugar el amparo, los efectos del acto impugnado ya hubieren cesado, en los términos de lo dispuesto en los artículos 50 y 52, de la ley de cita, no enerva la procedencia de la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, pues tal caso forma parte integral del sistema general de condenatoria necesaria en esos extremos, que contiene la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Por otra parte, es claro que el artículo 52, mencionado, se aplica únicamente en los casos en que la Sala, aun cuando no ha conocido, ni se ha pronunciado sobre el fondo del reclamo, ha constatado la vulneración que en sus derechos fundamentales ha sufrido la parte amparada, en virtud de la restitución, que, en el goce de esos derechos, ha acordado a su favor la Administración; situación que, tal y como la afirma la mayoría de la Sala, implica una “terminación anormal del proceso”.
El legislador estableció y delimitó, de forma precisa, las condiciones en las cuales esta Sala puede decretar esa forma de conclusión anormal del proceso de amparo, así como sus alcances, a saber: 1) que el amparo esté en curso, es decir, que la Administración haya sido debidamente notificada de la resolución que dio curso al amparo; y, 2) que exista una resolución administrativa o judicial que disponga, de forma indubitable, la revocación, detención o suspensión de la actuación impugnada violatoria de derechos fundamentales. Ciertamente, la norma en cuestión contempla una excepción al sistema general de condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, no obstante, la estimatoria del recurso, al disponer que, en los casos allí regulados, se declarará con lugar el recurso “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”. Como excepción que es, debe ser interpretada restrictivamente; es decir, que solo procede en los supuestos estrictamente contemplados en la norma, no solo por la regla de que las excepciones en derecho deben interpretarse de forma restrictiva, sino también porque las consecuencias de aplicar tal excepción implican, sin lugar a dudas, un menoscabo en el derecho fundamental de las personas a obtener una efectiva tutela judicial frente a los daños y perjuicios sufridos con la lesión a sus derechos constitucionales.
En mi criterio, tal excepción se debe interpretar en el sentido de que, de conformidad con el sistema general de condenatoria automática en costas, daños y perjuicios ante una violación a derechos fundamentales, esa condenatoria es siempre procedente, aún en el caso de que la parte recurrida dicte una resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, a menos que conste de manera indubitable y clara que en el caso concreto no se causó perjuicio alguno capaz de ser indemnizado. Solo y únicamente en tales supuestos podría eximirse a la Administración recurrida del pago de dichos extremos. Como en este caso, no existe elemento alguno que desvirtúe la presunción del surgimiento, para la parte amparada, de daños y perjuicios económicos derivados de las actuaciones impugnadas -cuya determinación concreta no le corresponde a esta jurisdicción-, la estimatoria de este recurso debe implicar, necesariamente, la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, y así lo declaro.
Como razón adicional, cabe destacar que la dinámica y esencia misma de los procesos de amparo, no tiene por objeto primario el análisis de la existencia o no de daños y perjuicios, sino, de la existencia o no de acciones u omisiones que puedan generar o producir un quebranto al régimen de los derechos fundamentales de las personas. Desde esa arista, el análisis que realiza esta sede, se concentra en dicha verificación, empero, no ingresa a la ponderación de si esas cuestiones han generado o no lesiones en el ámbito eminentemente patrimonial de las personas amparadas. Si bien el precitado precepto 52, de la LJC, en su ámbito gramatical, estatuye que dicha condena (en daños, perjuicios y costas) opera, de ser procedente, no estimamos los suscritos que dicho examen de pertinencia pueda, a priori, excluirse de manera automática en este tipo de procesos, en la medida en que, es dentro de otro proceso ordinario, que se ha de definir si dentro de la relación jurídica analizada en el recurso de amparo, las conductas u omisiones imputables a la Administración (o sujeto de derecho privado, cuando corresponda), se han constituido como causa adecuada de lesiones de orden patrimonial, que sean jurídicamente indemnizables.
A modo de referencia, los numerales 179 al 184, del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Ley N° 8508, define un proceso especial que tiene por objeto la definición de los efectos económicos derivados de condenas dictadas en estos procesos. A la luz del canon 179 ejusdem, ese proceso tiene por objeto lo siguiente:
“ARTÍCULO 179.- Corresponde al Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo, la ejecución de las sentencias dictadas por la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en procesos de hábeas corpus y de amparo contra sujetos de Derecho público, únicamente en lo relativo a la demostración, la liquidación y el cumplimiento de indemnizaciones pecuniarias”.
Es claro que ese proceso se direcciona al análisis del antecedente necesario emitido por esta Sala en cuanto a una condena en abstracto en esos rubros, pues no procedería ese tipo de pretensiones dentro de ese tipo de causas, cuando la sentencia dictada dentro del proceso de amparo, estableciere, de manera expresa, la improcedencia de daños, perjuicios y/o costas, así como cuando no exista pronunciamiento expreso en cuanto a este particular. Es decir, el proceso especial en sede contencioso administrativa, requiere, a modo de requisito sine qua non, de condena o pronunciamiento expreso por parte de esta Sala Constitucional. En ese orden, a nuestro juicio, al tenor del mencionado ordinal 52, de la LJC, la dispensa en esa condena patrimonial precisa de la acreditación, en cada caso, de situaciones a partir de las cuales, es estime, motivadamente, la inexistencia de lesiones patrimoniales, aún potenciales, derivadas o asociadas a los hechos analizados.
Por ende, se trata de una excepción, que, como tal, requiere de aplicación calificada y debidamente fundamentada de manera casuística. La sola circunstancia que, en el curso del trámite, la Administración dicte resolución o se emita sentencia judicial que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, no descarta, per se, que, de previo a esa cesación por causa propia o ajena al ente accionado, la indolencia acusada o perturbación reprochada, haya llegado a ocasionar daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, tal cuestión de fondo, en lo relativo a la efectividad de las lesiones, su cuantía, reclamo oportuno, etc., son ponderaciones que escapan a la naturaleza de estos procesos y respecto de la cual, en orden a lo regulado por el mandato 52 aludido, son propias de una condena en abstracto que luego constituye base de análisis en la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa. La tutela que se pretende en estos procesos de orden constitucional no precisa de la demostración de daños y perjuicios, pues, se insiste, no es su objeto o ratio primaria.
Así, no corresponde a la persona amparada el reclamo o demostración de daños, siendo que lo que busca es el resguardo de sus derechos fundamentales. Luego, si esas conductas administrativas le han producido lesiones, es un extremo que, por tesis de principio y salvo casos excepcionales, no forman parte de la base de análisis de este tipo de causas. Nótese que, en el supuesto regulado en ese mandato, la Sala Constitucional no hace un análisis de fondo de la situación a tutelar, dada la terminación del amparo o habeas corpus por la circunstancia sobrevenida ya citada. Ergo, en estos casos, por imperativo legal, no se ingresa a valorar si hay o no infracción, con lo cual, mucho menos puede definirse si a partir de lo denunciado por el requirente, puede haber o no situaciones de posible reparación civil. De esa manera, la dispensa de condena a que alude esa norma, es de orden excepcional, no de principio.
Por tanto, en esos supuestos, la norma impone la condena en abstracto, para que sea dentro de otro proceso plenario, que se analice su procedencia. De otro modo, de aplicarse como regla esa liberación de daños, perjuicios y costas, se estaría poniendo en riesgo la tutela de la situación jurídica de la persona que, pese a esa respuesta sobrevenida de la parte reclamada, pudo haber sufrido lesiones en su esfera patrimonial, en detrimento de lo estatuido por el precepto 45, de la Constitución Política, y desconociendo la potencial responsabilidad de la Administración, tal y como lo impone el artículo 9 ejusdem. Además, no debe dejarse de lado que fue en virtud de una acción de esa índole, que se adoptó una conducta que hace cesar las conductas que, en teoría, amenazan o conculcan los derechos fundamentales de la persona. Es decir, a efectos de obtener el resguardo de esos derechos, la persona optó por la tutela judicial, y fue por esa virtud, que se produce el cese de la perturbación reprochada.
Se insiste, si la permanencia de la amenaza o deterioro de su situación en tanto se hizo cesar por las causas aludidas en la norma bajo examen, generó daños y perjuicios, es un tema que, salvo prueba en contrario, debe ser analizado dentro de un proceso ordinario, pero que, se reitera, en modo alguno, debe negarse, como presupuesto, por la sola concreción del supuesto de hecho regulado en el mencionado ordinal 52, de la LJC. Por ende, con el respeto de siempre en cuanto a la postura de mayoría, externo mi voto y reitero que la estimatoria de este recurso debe implicar, necesariamente, la condenatoria en abstracto en costas, daños y perjuicios.
Dice el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (LJC): “Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Mi interpretación sobre esa norma es la siguiente: Esa “resolución” es todo acto válido y eficaz por el cual la autoridad competente restituye en el goce del derecho conculcado. La frase “si fueren procedentes” se refiere a las costas. Es más, el artículo 197 del Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, citado por la mayoría, sobre la base del artículo 14 de la LJC, justamente se refiere sólo a estas: a las costas.
Ciertamente, a tenor del artículo 48 de la Constitución Política (CP), el contenido esencial del derecho al recurso de amparo no es de carácter indemnizatorio sino restitutorio; sin embargo, el artículo 51 de la LJC señala: “Toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”.
Si el derecho ha sido violado y la Sala así lo constata, aún en caso de que haya sido restituido, podrían haber surgido daños y perjuicios. Por tal motivo, cabe la condenatoria en abstracto de estos. Si no se hiciera así, si no se diera tal condenatoria, en el caso de que sí se hubieren dado, no habría título – derivado de este proceso– para reclamarlos, con lo que se podría violar el artículo 41 de la CP. Si a pesar de que se haya dictado la condenatoria en abstracto, no se han ocasionado los daños y perjuicios, el juez en la vía ordinaria así lo declarará, pues sólo a él corresponde tener por probado la existencia real y la magnitud de los mismos.
Con la tesis defendida por la mayoría estimo que, contrario a lo que se busca, se estaría incentivando que la Administración respete los derechos sólo ante la existencia de un recurso de amparo. Resta decir que el artículo 52 de la LJC prevé la posibilidad de que, si se estima que es lo justo, la Sala condene en costas, aun cuando el derecho haya sido restituido.
En razón de lo anterior, salvo parcialmente el voto respecto de la parte dispositiva y ordeno la condenatoria en daños y perjuicios, pero no la condenatoria en costas.
Se previene a la parte recurrente que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, deberá retirarlos del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión No. 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial No. 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso, sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna razones diferentes y salva parcialmente el voto, únicamente para efectos indemnizatorios, e impone a la parte accionada el pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios. La magistrada Garro Vargas salva parcialmente el voto y ordena la condenatoria en daños y perjuicios, pero no en costas. Notifíquese. - Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 26-027399-0007-CO
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