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Res. 31390-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 18/08/2026
OutcomeResultado
A one-year extension was granted to comply with the order concerning illegal stormwater connections and other contributing factors; the request to bring INVU into the enforcement phase was denied.Se concedió una ampliación de un año para cumplir la orden sobre conexiones ilegales al sistema pluvial y otros factores contribuyentes; se rechazó integrar al INVU a la fase de ejecución.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) ruled on post-judgment requests in an environmental amparo concerning wastewater stagnating in a ditch beside the La Troja development in Curridabat. The original judgment had ordered several institutions to resolve, within one year, illegal connections to the stormwater system and other contributing factors, and to complete within five years the sanitary sewer network affecting the community. In light of the progress and technical difficulties reported by the Curridabat Municipality and the Ministry of Health, the Chamber found it reasonable to extend the deadline for the first order by one year. The extension does not change the five-year deadline for completing the sewer network. The Ministry also asked that the National Housing and Urbanism Institute (INVU), owner of the land crossed by the ditch, be brought into the proceedings. The Chamber denied that request because there was no evidence that INVU had failed or intended to fail to cooperate, and recalled that institutions must act within their powers to protect the environment.La Sala Constitucional resolvió gestiones posteriores a un amparo ambiental sobre aguas residuales estancadas en una acequia junto a la urbanización La Troja, Curridabat. La sentencia original había ordenado a varias instituciones resolver, en un año, las conexiones ilegales al sistema pluvial y otros factores contribuyentes, y concluir en cinco años la red de alcantarillado sanitario que afecta a la comunidad. Con base en los avances y las dificultades técnicas informados por la Municipalidad de Curridabat y el Ministerio de Salud, la Sala consideró razonable ampliar un año el plazo de la primera orden. La prórroga no modifica el plazo de cinco años para concluir la red sanitaria. El Ministerio también pidió integrar al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), propietario del terreno por donde discurre la acequia. La Sala rechazó esa petición porque no consta que el INVU haya omitido o vaya a omitir su colaboración, y recordó el deber de las instituciones de actuar dentro de sus competencias para proteger el ambiente.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In light of the foregoing, the Chamber acknowledges the work carried out to comply with the order, as well as the difficulties that have arisen in fully resolving the problem. Accordingly, it finds the proposed one-year extension for the first order in the judgment reasonable. The Minister of Health also asks that the National Housing and Urbanism Institute be brought into the proceedings because it owns the land where the ditch is located. The Chamber states that cooperation by state institutions in preserving the environment derives from Article 50 of the Constitution, which requires every institution to act within its powers to resolve environmental problems, including the one examined in this case. There is no evidence that INVU failed or intends to fail to cooperate, so this part of the request is denied. The requests are granted as to the extension of the deadline. Accordingly, Alexander Sánchez Cabo, Ricardo Alberto Morales Vargas, Juan Manuel Quesada Espinoza, Mauricio Sojo Quesada, Errol Solano Bolaños and Luis Ulderico Monge Diaz, respectively the Minister and acting Director of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health, both of the Ministry of Health; the Executive President of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers; the acting Executive Director of the National Road Council; and the Mayor and Council President, both of the Curridabat Municipality, or whoever holds those offices, are granted a one-year extension to comply with point 1 of judgment no. 2025021358 of 9:20 a.m. on 11 July 2025. The requests are denied in all other respects.A partir de lo expuesto, la Sala reconoce las labores efectuadas para dar cumplimiento a la orden dispuesta, así como las dificultades que han surgido para dar cabal resolución al problema. En ese tanto, se estima razonable el plazo propuesto de un año de prórroga para la primera orden de la sentencia. El ministro de Salud solicita, de manera complementaria, que se integre al proceso al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, toda vez que es propietario del terreno donde está la acequia. Al respecto, la Sala establece que la colaboración de las instancias estatales para la preservación del ambiente se deriva del numeral 50 constitucional, lo que obliga a cualquier entidad a actuar, en el ámbito de sus competencias, para solucionar los problemas ambientales, incluyendo el que se examinó en este expediente. No constan elementos que indiquen que el INVU omitiera su colaboración o pretenda hacerlo, por lo que se desestima este extremo de la gestión. Se acogen las gestiones en cuanto a la ampliación del plazo. En consecuencia, se confiere a Alexander Sánchez Cabo, Ricardo Alberto Morales Vargas, Juan Manuel Quesada Espinoza, Mauricio Sojo Quesada, Errol Solano Bolaños y Luis Ulderico Monge Diaz, por su orden ministro y director a.i. de la Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental, ambos del Ministerio de Salud; presidente ejecutivo del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados; director ejecutivo a.i. del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad; alcalde y presidente del Concejo, ambos de la Municipalidad de Curridabat, o a quienes ejerzan esos cargos, una ampliación de plazo de un año para cumplir lo ordenado en el punto 1 de la sentencia nro. 2025021358 de las 9:20 horas del 11 de julio de 2025. En lo demás, no ha lugar a las gestiones.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En ese tanto, se estima razonable el plazo propuesto de un año de prórroga para la primera orden de la sentencia."
"Accordingly, the proposed one-year extension for the first order in the judgment is considered reasonable."
Considerando II
"En ese tanto, se estima razonable el plazo propuesto de un año de prórroga para la primera orden de la sentencia."
Considerando II
"la colaboración de las instancias estatales para la preservación del ambiente se deriva del numeral 50 constitucional, lo que obliga a cualquier entidad a actuar, en el ámbito de sus competencias, para solucionar los problemas ambientales"
"cooperation by state institutions in preserving the environment derives from Article 50 of the Constitution, which requires every institution to act within its powers to resolve environmental problems"
Considerando II
"la colaboración de las instancias estatales para la preservación del ambiente se deriva del numeral 50 constitucional, lo que obliga a cualquier entidad a actuar, en el ámbito de sus competencias, para solucionar los problemas ambientales"
Considerando II
Full documentDocumento completo
EV Generation of Template: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH002.dpj CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine thirty a.m. on 18 August 2026.
Post-judgment filing in the amparo proceeding conducted in case file no. 25-010235-0007-CO, brought by Nombre01, identity card CED01, against the MUNICIPALITY OF CURRIDABAT, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, NATIONAL ROAD COUNCIL (CONAVI), COSTA RICAN INSTITUTE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS (ICAA).
Background:
2. PRECISE PURPOSE OF THE FILING The principal relief sought is for the Chamber to extend by one year the period established to resolve the problems of illegal connections to the stormwater system, as well as any other factor contributing to the problem underlying the amparo. The additional period will be used to complete the pending dye tests, verify compliance with the health orders already issued, address the areas identified through the territorial information received in June 2026, and consolidate the coordinated actions with the other respondent institutions.
As complementary relief, it is requested that the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism be formally called upon to participate in the implementation phase, given that INVU itself confirmed that it is the registered owner of the land through which the ditch runs and where relevant features for the intervention are located. The public owner’s participation is necessary to facilitate access, authorize actions on the property, and contribute to a comprehensive solution within its sphere of competence.
The requested extension is specific and limited. It does not include the five-year period set for completion of the sanitary sewer network, nor does it seek to alter the obligations assigned to the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, the National Road Council, or the Municipality of Curridabat. It concerns only the steps still needed to complete the identification and correction of improper connections and associated factors.
RELEVANT PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND The Constitutional Chamber granted the amparo application brought by a resident of the La Troja development, finding that a longstanding environmental problem had been established, characterized by the discharge and stagnation of greywater and sewage in a ditch, with effects on health, quality of life, the integrity of nearby properties, and the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. In the operative part of the judgment, the authorities of the Ministry of Health, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, the National Road Council, and the Municipality of Curridabat, or whoever held those offices, were ordered to coordinate as appropriate so that, within a maximum period of one year from notification, the illegal connections to the stormwater system and any other contributing factor would be resolved; a period of five years was also set for completion of the sanitary sewer network affecting the community.
The Chamber conceived the order as an obligation to achieve a result requiring interinstitutional cooperation. The judgment distinguished each entity’s powers but emphasized that the solution could not be achieved through isolated actions, because the problem combines sanitary, stormwater, road, registry, hydraulic, and sanitary infrastructure issues.
By means of report CARTA-MS-DRRSCS-DARSCU-0419-2026 sent to this Ministerial Office, the actions taken were documented and tracked, and it was noted that the one-year period would expire on 11 July 2026. That report recommended considering a filing with the Chamber that would allow the dye-testing process to be completed and responses to be obtained from the requested institutions.
INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSE OF THE REQUEST The Administration does not seek to present technical complexity as an excuse. Rather, it presents it as the result of an actual intervention that made it possible to move from a general suspicion of illicit connections to a more precise territorial delineation of the micro-watersheds, networks, and homes that may be contributing water to the site of the problem. Granting the additional period would advance the material implementation of the judgment, because it would allow corrective measures to be directed at confirmed sources rather than insufficiently verified hypotheses. In this way, the environment, public health, the legal certainty of property owners or occupants, and the effectiveness of health orders would all be protected.
The filing is made with an express commitment to accountability. The Ministry proposes maintaining an updated record of homes where interventions have taken place, test results, orders issued, compliance checks, and interinstitutional coordination, so that progress during the additional period can be verified and reported to the Chamber when it considers appropriate.
ACTIONS TAKEN TO COMPLY Following issuance of the judgment, the Curridabat Health Area Directorate continued addressing the case through meetings with departments of the Municipality of Curridabat, joint inspections, and requests for technical information. The work was directed at locating points of inflow, clearing obstructions, and defining an intervention method to detect sanitary discharges into the stormwater network.
On 8 August 2025, an interinstitutional inspection was conducted in the La Troja area, with participation by local and central Ministry of Health personnel, municipal officials, and community representatives. It was established that the accumulation and stagnation originated upstream from the development, and a concrete pipe discharging water that appeared to be wastewater was observed behind Escuela de Excelencia Juan Santamaría. As a result of that visit, the Municipality was asked to clean and clear the channel west of the school, in order to allow a more reliable assessment of the flow and facilitate subsequent testing. The Municipality’s August 2025 work removed debris that had prevented normal flow and allowed the sanitary investigation to continue under more suitable operating conditions.
The Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health, now the Directorate of Environmental Health, instructed that technical and resource support be provided to the Regional Directorate and the Health Area. Coordination was also promoted with AyA to monitor the sanitary network and with CONAVI regarding hydraulic works associated with the area’s road infrastructure.
RESULTS OF THE DYE TESTS In the La Amistad neighborhood, located west of Escuela Juan Santamaría and near the ditch, thirty-four properties were identified as the initial group for intervention. Fifteen were found to dispose of their wastewater properly, two were unoccupied, and eight were found to have improper disposal into the stormwater sewer, resulting in the corresponding health orders. The technical report records eleven health orders issued in the course of the verifications. In three cases, correction of the irregularity was confirmed, while verification remains pending in eight because the occupants were not present when visits were scheduled or access to the property could not be obtained.
Twenty-three effective tests were conducted in Hacienda Vieja Norte and central Curridabat. All produced negative results for wastewater disposal into the stormwater system, allowing part of the territory initially considered to be ruled out and resources to be focused on areas with a greater likelihood of inflow.
Access difficulties are not merely administrative. The test requires entering the home, introducing the tracer into specific sanitary installations, and observing whether it appears in the network or watercourse. The absence of residents, their distrust of officials entering, and refusal to open the door even when people are on the premises prevent the procedure from being replaced with an external observation.
TECHNICAL FINDINGS THAT CHANGED THE INTERVENTION PLAN The inspection and information gathered made it possible to conclude that the water present in the reported area receives inflows from pipes related to Dirección01, stormwater sewer infrastructure that in turn receives discharges from the sanitary system, and a channel that carries runoff containing wastewater. The coexistence of these sources requires a differentiated investigation.
CONAVI reported that its works on national routes 252 and 210 optimized the existing stormwater conveyance without increasing the natural flow toward the ditch. However, municipal report MC-GIR-0096-05-2026 estimated that the volume conveyed by those pipes had increased, a technical divergence that prompted requests for an inspection and additional opinion.
On 22 May 2026, the Risk Management Department of the Municipality of Curridabat sent report MC-GIR-0096-05-2026. That document determined that stormwater micro-watersheds 5, 6, 13, and 20 contribute surface runoff directly to the ditch and therefore established a more precise territorial basis for focusing the dye tests. Micro-watershed 5 includes the La Amistad neighborhood, a significant portion of which has already been addressed. Negative results had been obtained on several blocks in micro-watershed 13. Accordingly, the pending sanitary checks should focus especially on micro-watersheds 6 and 20, which were projected to be addressed in the second half of 2026.
Information on the stormwater sewer inventory was not available with the required clarity during a substantial part of the compliance period. Only after the municipal report was sent in June 2026 was it possible to better understand runoff directions and delineate potential contributing areas, when the deadline was approaching.
INSTITUTIONAL MATTERS STILL PENDING The Ministry requested updated information from the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers concerning sanitary connections in the area, particularly at points linked to the observed discharges. This information is relevant to distinguishing among illegal household connections, deficiencies in the sanitary network, and inflows through stormwater infrastructure. The National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response was also asked to assess hydraulic, hydrological, and risk conditions near the ditch. At the time of the ministerial report, no response was available, so an external technical component needed to complete understanding of the phenomenon remained outstanding.
Implementation does not depend solely on the number of assigned officials. It requires the visit to coincide with the presence and cooperation of occupants, safe conditions for entry, the ability to trace the tracer through the network, and readings taken without interference from obstructions or variations in flow. The results demonstrate measurable progress: properties have been ruled out, improper connections detected, health orders issued, and corrections verified. At the same time, they show that responsibly concluding the investigation requires completing the territorial area defined by the micro-watersheds and verifying the outstanding corrections.
CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS Article 21 of the Political Constitution protects human life, while Article 50 recognizes everyone’s right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and directs the State to guarantee, defend, and preserve it. In a case involving wastewater, the proliferation of vectors, foul odors, and erosion, both mandates require an intervention capable of eliminating the causes and not merely their visible manifestations.
Article 11 of the Constitution subjects public officials to the principle of legality and imposes personal responsibility on them for fulfilling their duties. The extension request is made precisely to act within the legal order and avoid allowing the approaching deadline to lead to hasty decisions lacking the technical verification necessary to identify conduct and order corrections.
The Executive Branch’s powers under Article 140 must be exercised in the public interest and through effective administrative direction. In this context, ministerial direction includes coordinating central, regional, and local levels, requesting cooperation from other entities, and ensuring that the sanitary response is based on verifiable evidence.
Constitutional protection of the environment is not satisfied by symbolic actions. It requires useful and sustainable measures that reduce wastewater discharge, correct illicit connections, and make it possible to address the other factors affecting the ditch. The additional year is requested as a temporary means to meet that substantive standard.
GENERAL LAW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Article 4 of the General Law of Public Administration provides that public entities’ activities must adhere to the fundamental principles of public service, including continuity, efficiency, and adaptation to social needs. A sanitary investigation that stopped before examining the newly identified areas would be inconsistent with the required continuity and adaptation.
Article 11 of the Constitution and Article 11 of the General Law of Public Administration express the principle of legality. Health orders issued must have a certain factual basis, proportionate content, and technical support; therefore, dye testing is not a dispensable formality, but a means of establishing the material truth that will support decisions affecting private individuals.
Article 10 of the General Law directs that administrative rules be interpreted in a way that best achieves the public purpose while respecting individuals’ rights and interests. Interpreting the time limit in a way that prevents completion of decisive steps would frustrate the environmental purpose of the judgment, whereas a limited extension preserves the order and advances its result.
Under Article 113 of that Law, public servants must act to satisfy the public interest, understood as the expression of the coinciding individual interests of those subject to administration. In this matter, the community’s interest in eliminating contamination converges with the interest of those under investigation in ensuring that any order is based on an objective finding.
Interadministrative coordination follows from the unity of State purposes and the legal allocation of powers. The Ministry can identify health risks and order corrections, but management of the stormwater sewer, road infrastructure, sanitary network, and property requires action by the entities vested with the respective powers.
LAW OF CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE JUDGMENT Article 13 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes the binding nature of the jurisprudence and precedents of constitutional jurisdiction, on the terms defined in that provision. The Ministry appears in full recognition of the Chamber’s authority and the binding nature of the specific judgment issued in this case file.
Article 56 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction governs implementation of judgments granting amparo. Implementation must be directed at restoring or preserving the fundamental right that was violated; therefore, decisions made at this stage must be assessed for their actual ability to remedy the contamination, and not only for formal compliance with a date.
Article 71 provides for consequences for anyone who receives an order issued in an amparo proceeding and fails to comply with it or ensure compliance. Far from disregarding that warning, the Administration is reporting in advance the circumstances encountered, substantiating concrete actions, and requesting a temporal adjustment that will allow it to complete the outstanding work.
Procedural good faith requires authorities not to conceal obstacles or passively wait for the deadline to expire. This request serves that preventive purpose: it informs the Chamber of the results achieved, the limitations verified, and the new territorial delineation that emerged from the municipal report received in the final stage of the period.
The judgment itself recognizes that the matter has a complex technical dimension and requires cooperation among various entities. This complexity was also noted in the partial dissent concerning the model for monitoring implementation, confirming that compliance oversight must take account of different stages, schedules, and responsibilities.
REASONABLENESS AND PROPORTIONALITY OF THE ADDITIONAL PERIOD The suitability of the requested period follows from its direct relationship to the outstanding tasks: addressing micro-watersheds 6 and 20, rescheduling unsuccessful visits, checking eight health orders, processing new information, and coordinating with the registered owner of the land. One year allows these activities to be arranged in cycles of visits and verification without halting current measures.
The measure is necessary because there is no less burdensome alternative that would provide the same certainty. Presuming connections, imposing sanctions without sufficient evidence, or declaring the intervention complete with areas unexamined would expose the actions to challenge and leave sources of contamination active.
Proportionality in the strict sense is satisfied because the expected public benefit outweighs the requested extension. The community receives a complete investigation and better-targeted measures, while the Chamber retains the power to require progress reports and the authorities’ substantive obligations remain intact.
The one-year period is neither open-ended nor indefinite. It is proposed as the maximum time to carry out a focused and verifiable plan, with quarterly targets and documentation of results. The Administration undertakes to continue without interruption and to adopt immediately any appropriate health measures when an irregular connection is confirmed.
NEED FOR THE PARTICIPATION OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBANISM Letters PE-277-2025 and DPH-UFIBI-0383-2025 reported that the lot of interest belongs to the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism and has water-supply and access easements administered by AyA. It was also stated that the land is linked to a negotiation with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport concerning the expansion of Dirección01.
Registered ownership makes INVU a materially relevant participant in implementation, even though it was not named as a respondent authority in the original judgment. Intervention in the watercourse, its banks, access points, or structures located on the property may require authorizations, property information, and decisions that the Ministry of Health is not empowered to replace. For that reason, it is requested that the Chamber recognize INVU as a participating institution or technical intervenor in the compliance phase and require it to cooperate within its sphere of competence.
The request does not seek to attribute harmful conduct to it retroactively or impose functions beyond its organic law, but to include the public owner in resolving a problem occurring on its property.
The addition will help ensure that future decisions take account of existing easements, road projects under negotiation, and the land’s registry conditions. It will also prevent the owner’s lack of participation from causing further delays when it becomes necessary to carry out works, provide access, or adopt permanent measures.
WORK PLAN FOR THE ADDITIONAL YEAR During the first quarter, the list of properties in micro-watersheds 6 and 20 will be updated, work sessions with municipal support will be coordinated, and checks under health orders for which entry was not possible will be rescheduled. In parallel, information from AyA, CONAVI, the CNE, the Municipality, and INVU will be consolidated.
During the second quarter, dye tests will be conducted by territorial blocks, prioritizing points with the most direct hydraulic connection to the ditch. Each positive result will lead to the corresponding sanitary action, and each negative result will be added to the exclusion map to refine the outstanding area.
The third quarter will be devoted to verifying compliance with orders issued during earlier phases, repeating tests where results are inconclusive, and conducting interinstitutional inspections at points where stormwater, sanitary, and road inflows converge.
During the fourth quarter, the property matrix will be finalized, identified factors systematized, completed corrections documented, and a final compliance report prepared. If any action depends on work within another entity’s jurisdiction, the obligation and coordination undertaken will be clearly identified.
The proposed schedule does not suspend ongoing actions or delay attention to urgent findings. Any immediate health risk will continue to be addressed using the available instruments while the pending tests complete the comprehensive assessment.”
Drafted by Justice Rueda Leal; and, Reasons:
I.By judgment no. 2025021358 of 9:20 a.m. on 11 July 2025, the Chamber ruled:
“The application is granted. Mary Denisse Munive Angermüller, Ricardo Alberto Morales Vargas, Juan Manuel Quesada Espinoza, Mauricio Sojo Quesada, Errol Solano Bolaños, and Luis Ulderico Monge Diaz, respectively the Minister and Acting Director of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health, both of the Ministry of Health; the Executive President of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers; the Acting Executive Director of the National Road Council; and the Mayor and President of the Council, both of the Municipality of Curridabat, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered to coordinate as appropriate and take the necessary action within their respective spheres of competence so that: 1) within a maximum period of ONE YEAR from notification of this judgment, the problems of illegal connections to the stormwater system, as well as any other factor contributing to the problem underlying this proceeding, are resolved; 2) within a period of FIVE YEARS from notification of this judgment, the sanitary sewer network affecting the community is completed.
The respondent authorities are warned that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, anyone who receives an order to be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo proceeding, and fails to comply with it or ensure compliance, shall be subject to imprisonment for three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty days, provided the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, the Municipality of Curridabat, and the National Road Council are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, to be quantified in the administrative-litigation jurisdiction during enforcement of the judgment. Justice Salazar Alvarado records notes. Justice Garro Vargas dissents as to implementation of this judgment and, pursuant to Article 56 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, directs that it be carried out before the Enforcement Area of the Administrative Litigation and Civil Treasury Court, under the enforcement rules established in Articles 155 et seq. of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure. She also orders that a copy of the judgment be sent to it so that proceedings to enforce this ruling may be initiated. Notify the parties.”
II.The filings submitted. The mayor of Curridabat and the Minister of Health request an extension of the period for compliance with the first order issued in this case: “1) within a maximum period of ONE YEAR from notification of this judgment, the problems of illegal connections to the stormwater system, as well as any other factor contributing to the problem underlying this proceeding, are to be resolved.”
In this regard, the mayor refers to the progress made:
“The Municipality of Curridabat has formed the ‘La Troja Special Commission,’ and there has been ongoing interinstitutional cooperation between this local government, the Ministry of Health through the Curridabat Health Area Directorate, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, with a series of meetings, sessions, inspections, and mapping of solutions having taken place. In this regard, the following documents have been issued: - CARTA-MS-DRRSCS-DARSCU-356-2026 and Technical Report MSDRRSCS-DARSCU-IT-0242-2026 from the Ministry of Health through the Curridabat Health Area Directorate. - Letter GG-2026-01599 of 15 May 2026, Legal Report Jorge Arturo Montero Castro-CM-00368-04-2026, and Technical Report issued by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers. - Official reports MC-PMA-0194-04-2026, MC-PMA-0178-04-2026, Jorge Arturo Montero Castro-PMA-0672-08-2025, MC-PMA-0703-08-2025, MC-PMA-0742-09-2025, and MC-PMA-0832-10-2025 from the Environmental Department of the Municipality of Curridabat. To that end, the scope of action of all the institutions involved has been determined, along with the complex issues to be addressed and the obligations of each participant, the duty to plan a budget to carry out the actions, and the need to conduct field visits to verify connections and drainage.” For his part, the Minister of Health states:
“ACTIONS TAKEN TO COMPLY Following issuance of the judgment, the Curridabat Health Area Directorate continued addressing the case through meetings with departments of the Municipality of Curridabat, joint inspections, and requests for technical information. The work was directed at locating points of inflow, clearing obstructions, and defining an intervention method to detect sanitary discharges into the stormwater network. On 8 August 2025, an interinstitutional inspection was conducted in the La Troja area, with participation by local and central Ministry of Health personnel, municipal officials, and community representatives. It was established that the accumulation and stagnation originated upstream from the development, and a concrete pipe discharging water that appeared to be wastewater was observed behind Escuela de Excelencia Juan Santamaría. As a result of that visit, the Municipality was asked to clean and clear the channel west of the school, in order to allow a more reliable assessment of the flow and facilitate subsequent testing.
The Municipality’s August 2025 work removed debris that had prevented normal flow and allowed the sanitary investigation to continue under more suitable operating conditions. The Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health, now the Directorate of Environmental Health, instructed that technical and resource support be provided to the Regional Directorate and the Health Area. Coordination was also promoted with AyA to monitor the sanitary network and with CONAVI regarding hydraulic works associated with the area’s road infrastructure.
RESULTS OF THE DYE TESTS In the La Amistad neighborhood, located west of Escuela Juan Santamaría and near the ditch, thirty-four properties were identified as the initial group for intervention. Fifteen were found to dispose of their wastewater properly, two were unoccupied, and eight were found to have improper disposal into the stormwater sewer, resulting in the corresponding health orders. The technical report records eleven health orders issued in the course of the verifications. In three cases, correction of the irregularity was confirmed, while verification remains pending in eight because the occupants were not present when visits were scheduled or access to the property could not be obtained. Twenty-three effective tests were conducted in Hacienda Vieja Norte and central Curridabat. All produced negative results for wastewater disposal into the stormwater system, allowing part of the territory initially considered to be ruled out and resources to be focused on areas with a greater likelihood of inflow.
Access difficulties are not merely administrative. The test requires entering the home, introducing the tracer into specific sanitary installations, and observing whether it appears in the network or watercourse. The absence of residents, their distrust of officials entering, and refusal to open the door even when people are on the premises prevent the procedure from being replaced with an external observation.
TECHNICAL FINDINGS THAT CHANGED THE INTERVENTION PLAN The inspection and information gathered made it possible to conclude that the water present in the reported area receives inflows from pipes related to Dirección01, stormwater sewer infrastructure that in turn receives discharges from the sanitary system, and a channel that carries runoff containing wastewater. The coexistence of these sources requires a differentiated investigation. CONAVI reported that its works on national routes PRN01 and 210 optimized the existing stormwater conveyance without increasing the natural flow toward the ditch. However, municipal report MC-GIR-0096-05-2026 estimated that the volume conveyed by those pipes had increased, a technical divergence that prompted requests for an inspection and additional opinion. On 22 May 2026, the Risk Management Department of the Municipality of Curridabat sent report MC-GIR-0096-05-2026.
That document determined that stormwater micro-watersheds 5, 6, 13, and 20 contribute surface runoff directly to the ditch and therefore established a more precise territorial basis for focusing the dye tests. Micro-watershed 5 includes the La Amistad neighborhood, a significant portion of which has already been addressed. Negative results had been obtained on several blocks in micro-watershed 13. Accordingly, the pending sanitary checks should focus especially on micro-watersheds 6 and 20, which were projected to be addressed in the second half of 2026. Information on the stormwater sewer inventory was not available with the required clarity during a substantial part of the compliance period. Only after the municipal report was sent in June 2026 was it possible to better understand runoff directions and delineate potential contributing areas, when the deadline was approaching.
INSTITUTIONAL MATTERS STILL PENDING The Ministry requested updated information from the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers concerning sanitary connections in the area, particularly at points linked to the observed discharges. This information is relevant to distinguishing among illegal household connections, deficiencies in the sanitary network, and inflows through stormwater infrastructure. The National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response was also asked to assess hydraulic, hydrological, and risk conditions near the ditch. At the time of the ministerial report, no response was available, so an external technical component needed to complete understanding of the phenomenon remained outstanding. Implementation does not depend solely on the number of assigned officials. It requires the visit to coincide with the presence and cooperation of occupants, safe conditions for entry, the ability to trace the tracer through the network, and readings taken without interference from obstructions or variations in flow.
The results demonstrate measurable progress: properties have been ruled out, improper connections detected, health orders issued, and corrections verified. At the same time, they show that responsibly concluding the investigation requires completing the territorial area defined by the micro-watersheds and verifying the outstanding corrections.” Based on the foregoing, the Chamber acknowledges the work carried out to comply with the order and the difficulties that have arisen in fully resolving the problem. In these circumstances, the proposed one-year extension for the judgment’s first order is considered reasonable.
As complementary relief, the Minister of Health requests that the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism be included in the proceeding, since it owns the land where the ditch is located. In this regard, the Chamber finds that state entities’ cooperation in preserving the environment follows from constitutional provision 50, which requires every entity, within its sphere of competence, to act to resolve environmental problems, including the one examined in this case file. There is no evidence that INVU failed to cooperate or intends to do so; this part of the filing is therefore denied.
Therefore:
The filings are granted insofar as they seek an extension of the period. Accordingly, Alexander Sánchez Cabo, Ricardo Alberto Morales Vargas, Juan Manuel Quesada Espinoza, Mauricio Sojo Quesada, Errol Solano Bolaños, and Luis Ulderico Monge Diaz, respectively the Minister and Acting Director of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health, both of the Ministry of Health; the Executive President of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers; the Acting Executive Director of the National Road Council; and the Mayor and President of the Council, both of the Municipality of Curridabat, or whoever holds those offices, are granted an extension of one year to comply with item 1 of judgment no. 2025021358 of 9:20 a.m. on 11 July 2025. The filings are denied in all other respects. Notify the parties.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 25-010235-0007-CO Telephone: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Email: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección02).
EV Generación de Machote: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH002.dpj SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del dieciocho de agosto de dos mil veintiseis .
Gestión posterior planteada en el proceso de amparo que se tramita en el expediente nro. 25-010235-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE CURRIDABAT, MINISTERIO DE SALUD, CONSEJO NACIONAL DE VIALIDAD (CONAVI), INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (ICAA).
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Mediante sentencia nro. 2025021358 de las 9:20 horas del 11 de julio de 2025, la Sala resolvió:
“Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena a Mary Denisse Munive Angermüller, Ricardo Alberto Morales Vargas, Juan Manuel Quesada Espinoza, Mauricio Sojo Quesada, Errol Solano Bolaños y Luis Ulderico Monge Diaz, por su orden ministra y director a.i. de la Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental, ambos del Ministerio de Salud; presidente ejecutivo del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados; director ejecutivo a.i. del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad; alcalde y presidente del Concejo, ambos de la Municipalidad de Curridabat, o a quienes ejerzan esos cargos, que coordinen lo pertinente y dispongan lo correspondiente dentro del ámbito de sus respectivas competencias para que: 1) en el plazo máximo de UN AÑO, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se resuelvan los problemas de conexiones ilegales al sistema pluvial, así como cualquier otro factor que contribuya al problema, objeto de este proceso; 2) en el plazo de CINCO AÑOS, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se concluya la red de alcantarillado sanitario que afecta a la comunidad.
Se advierte a las autoridades recurridas que, de conformidad con lo establecido por el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada dentro de un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado, el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, la Municipalidad de Curridabat y el Consejo Nacional de Vialidad al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de fundamento a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna notas. La Magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo. Notifíquese”.
II.Sobre las gestiones planteadas. El alcalde de Curridabat y el ministro de Salud solicitan una prórroga del plazo de cumplimiento de la primera orden dispuesta en este caso: “1) en el plazo máximo de UN AÑO, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se resuelvan los problemas de conexiones ilegales al sistema pluvial, así como cualquier otro factor que contribuya al problema, objeto de este proceso”.
Al respecto, el alcalde se refiere a los avances logrados:
“La Municipalidad de Curridabat ha conformado la “Comisión Especial de La Troja” y ha mediado una cooperación interinstitucional constante entre este gobierno local, el Ministerio de Salud desde la Dirección de Área Rectora Curridabat y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, siendo que se han materializado una serie de reuniones, sesiones, inspecciones y mapeo de soluciones. En este sentido, se han emitido la subsiguiente documentación: - CARTA-MS-DRRSCS-DARSCU-356-2026 y el Informe Técnico MSDRRSCS-DARSCU-IT-0242-2026 del Ministerio de Salud desde la Dirección de Área Rectora Curridabat. - Carta GG-2026-01599 del 15 de mayo del 2026, Informe Jurídico Jorge Arturo Montero Castro-CM-00368-04-2026 e Informe Técnico emitido por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. - Informes Oficio MC-PMA-0194-04-2026, MC-PMA-0178-04-2026, Jorge Arturo Montero Castro-PMA-0672-08-2025, MC-PMA-0703-08-2025, MC-PMA-0742-09-2025 y MC-PMA-0832-10-2025 del Departamento del Medio Ambiente de la Municipalidad de Curridabat.
Al efecto, se ha determinado el rango de acción de todas las instituciones implicadas, cuáles son las situaciones de complejidad para atender y las obligaciones de cada uno de los intervinientes, el deber de planificación de presupuesto para concretizar las acciones y la necesidad de realizar visitas de campos para verificar conexiones y drenajes”.
Por su parte, el ministro de salud indica:
“ACTUACIONES DESPLEGADAS PARA EL CUMPLIMIENTO Tras la emisión de la sentencia, el Área Rectora de Salud de Curridabat dio continuidad al abordaje del caso mediante reuniones con dependencias de la Municipalidad de Curridabat, inspecciones conjuntas y solicitudes de informaciónécnica. La actuación se orientó a localizar los puntos de aporte, despejar obstrucciones y definir una metodología de intervención que permitiera detectar descargas sanitarias hacia la red pluvial. El ocho de agosto de dos mil veinticinco se realizó una inspección interinstitucional en el sector de La Troja con participación del nivel local y central del Ministerio de Salud, funcionarios municipales y representación comunal. Se comprobó que la acumulación y el estancamiento se originaban aguas arriba de la urbanización y se observó una tubería de concreto con descarga de aguas de apariencia residual detrás de la Escuela de Excelencia Juan Santamaría.
Como consecuencia de esa visita, se coordinó con la Municipalidad la limpieza y desobstrucción del canal situado al oeste de la escuela, con el fin de permitir una lectura más confiable del flujo y facilitar las pruebas posteriores. Los trabajos municipales de agosto de 2025 removieron residuos que impedían la circulación normal y permitieron continuar la investigación sanitaria en condiciones operativas más adecuadas. La Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental, actualmente Dirección de Salud Ambiental, instruyó el apoyo técnico y de recursos a la Dirección Regional y al Área Rectora. También se promovió la coordinación con AyA para el seguimiento de la red sanitaria y con CONAVI respecto de las obras hidráulicas asociadas a la infraestructura vial del sector. RESULTADOS DE LAS PRUEBAS DE COLORACIÓN En el barrio La Amistad, situado al oeste de la Escuela Juan Santamaría y próximo a la acequia, se identificaron treinta y cuatro inmuebles como primer universo de intervención.
Quince demostraron disponer adecuadamente sus aguas residuales, dos se encontraban desocupados y en ocho se comprobó una disposición inadecuada hacia el alcantarillado pluvial, lo que dio lugar a las correspondientes órdenes sanitarias. El informe técnico da cuenta de once órdenes sanitarias emitidas en el marco de las verificaciones realizadas. En tres casos se comprobó la corrección de la irregularidad, mientras que en ocho permanece pendiente la verificación, debido a que los ocupantes no se encontraban presentes cuando se programaron las visitas o no fue posible obtener acceso al inmueble. En Hacienda Vieja Norte y el centro de Curridabat se ejecutaron veintitrés pruebas efectivas. Todas arrojaron resultados negativos respecto de la disposición de aguas residuales al sistema pluvial, resultado que permitió descartar parte del territorio inicialmente considerado y concentrar recursos en áreas con mayor probabilidad de aporte.
Las dificultades de acceso no son meramente administrativas. La prueba exige ingresar a la vivienda, introducir el trazador en instalaciones sanitarias específicas y observar su eventual aparición en la red o en el cauce. La ausencia de moradores, la desconfianza ante el ingreso de funcionarios y la negativa a abrir aun cuando hay personas en el inmueble impiden sustituir la diligencia por una constatación externa. HALLAZGOS TÉCNICOS QUE MODIFICARON LA RUTA DE INTERVENCIÓN La inspección y la información recopilada permitieron concluir que el agua presente en el sector denunciado recibe aportes de tuberías relacionadas con la Dirección01, de infraestructura de alcantarillado pluvial que a su vez recibe descargas del sistema sanitario y de un canal que transporta escorrentía con presencia de aguas residuales. La coexistencia de estas fuentes exige una investigación diferenciada. CONAVI informó que sus obras en las rutas nacionales PRN01 y 210 optimizaron la conducción pluvial existente sin aumentar el caudal natural hacia la acequia.
Sin embargo, el informe municipal MC-GIR-0096-05-2026 estimó la existencia de un incremento en el volumen conducido por esas tuberías, divergencia técnica que motivó solicitudes de inspección y criterio adicional. El veintidós de mayo de dos mil veintiséis, el Departamento de Gestión del Riesgo de la Municipalidad de Curridabat remitió el informe MC-GIR-0096-05-2026. Ese documento determinó que las microcuencas pluviales 5, 6, 13 y 20 aportan escorrentía superficial directamente hacia la acequia y, por tanto, estableció una base territorial más precisa para enfocar las pruebas de coloración. La microcuenca 5 comprende el barrio La Amistad, ya intervenido en una proporción relevante. En varias cuadras de la microcuenca 13 se habían obtenido resultados negativos. En consecuencia, las verificaciones sanitarias pendientes deben concentrarse especialmente en las microcuencas 6 y 20, cuya intervención se proyectó para el segundo semestre de 2026.
La información sobre el inventario del alcantarillado pluvial no estuvo disponible con la claridad requerida durante una parte sustancial del período de cumplimiento. Solo con la remisión del informe municipal de junio de 2026 fue posible comprender mejor las direcciones de escorrentía y delimitar las zonas potenciales de contribución, cuando el vencimiento del plazo se encontraba próximo. ELEMENTOS INSTITUCIONALES AÚN PENDIENTES El Ministerio solicitó al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados información actualizada sobre las conexiones sanitarias del sector, particularmente en los puntos vinculados con las descargas observadas. Esa información es relevante para distinguir entre conexiones domiciliarias ilegales, deficiencias de la red sanitaria y aportes a través de infraestructura pluvial. También se requirió a la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias una valoración sobre las condiciones hidráulicas, hidrológicas y de riesgo en las cercanías de la acequia.
Al momento del informe ministerial no se disponía de respuesta, por lo que subsistía un componente técnico externo necesario para completar la comprensión del fenómeno. La ejecución no depende únicamente del número de funcionarios asignados. Requiere que la visita coincida con la presencia y colaboración de las personas ocupantes, que existan condiciones seguras de ingreso, que el trazador pueda seguirse en la red y que la lectura se practique sin interferencias derivadas de obstrucciones o variaciones del caudal. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran avances mensurables: se han descartado inmuebles, detectado conexiones indebidas, emitido órdenes sanitarias y verificado correcciones. Al mismo tiempo, evidencian que el cierre responsable de la investigación exige completar el universo territorial definido por las microcuencas y comprobar las subsanaciones pendientes”.
A partir de lo expuesto, la Sala reconoce las labores efectuadas para dar cumplimiento a la orden dispuesta, así como las dificultades que han surgido para dar cabal resolución al problema. En ese tanto, se estima razonable el plazo propuesto de un año de prórroga para la primera orden de la sentencia.
El ministro de Salud solicita, de manera complementaria, que se integre al proceso al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, toda vez que es propietario del terreno donde está la acequia. Al respecto, la Sala establece que la colaboración de las instancias estatales para la preservación del ambiente se deriva del numeral 50 constitucional, lo que obliga a cualquier entidad a actuar, en el ámbito de sus competencias, para solucionar los problemas ambientales, incluyendo el que se examinó en este expediente. No constan elementos que indiquen que el INVU omitiera su colaboración o pretenda hacerlo, por lo que se desestima este extremo de la gestión.
Por tanto:
Se acogen las gestiones en cuanto a la ampliación del plazo. En consecuencia, se confiere a Alexander Sánchez Cabo, Ricardo Alberto Morales Vargas, Juan Manuel Quesada Espinoza, Mauricio Sojo Quesada, Errol Solano Bolaños y Luis Ulderico Monge Diaz, por su orden ministro y director a.i. de la Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental, ambos del Ministerio de Salud; presidente ejecutivo del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados; director ejecutivo a.i. del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad; alcalde y presidente del Concejo, ambos de la Municipalidad de Curridabat, o a quienes ejerzan esos cargos, una ampliación de plazo de un año para cumplir lo ordenado en el punto 1 de la sentencia nro. 2025021358 de las 9:20 horas del 11 de julio de 2025. En lo demás, no ha lugar a las gestiones. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 25-010235-0007-CO
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