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Res. 30957-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 13/08/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber granted the amparo application and ordered officials of the National Concessions Council and the Municipality of Orotina to resolve the stormwater drainage obstruction definitively and notify the applicant within six months after notification of the judgment; it ordered the State and the Municipality to pay costs, damages, and losses.La Sala acogió el amparo y ordenó a autoridades del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones y de la Municipalidad de Orotina resolver definitivamente la obstrucción del drenaje pluvial y notificarlo a la amparada en un máximo de seis meses desde la notificación de la sentencia; condenó al Estado y a la Municipalidad al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) considered an amparo application by a resident of Coyolar de Orotina who reported recurring flooding caused by obstruction of the Route 27 stormwater drainage system. Although several authorities attributed the blockage to work by a private landowner and described administrative steps, the Chamber found no evidence of concrete action to resolve the problem. It granted the application and ordered officials of the Consejo Nacional de Concesiones (National Concessions Council) and the Municipality of Orotina to coordinate, take measures, and issue orders within their respective powers to resolve the problem definitively within six months after notification, and inform the applicant of the decision. It ordered the State and the Municipality to pay costs, damages, and losses, to be quantified in enforcement proceedings before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. Justice Castillo Víquez added a note on which jurisdiction should hear claims concerning prompt and effective administrative justice.La Sala Constitucional conoció el amparo de una vecina de Coyolar de Orotina que denunció inundaciones recurrentes por la obstrucción del drenaje pluvial de la Ruta 27. Aunque varias autoridades atribuyeron la obstrucción a obras de un propietario particular y describieron gestiones administrativas, la Sala determinó que no constaban acciones concretas para resolver el problema. Acogió el recurso y ordenó a jerarcas del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones y de la Municipalidad de Orotina coordinar, adoptar medidas y girar órdenes dentro de sus competencias para resolverlo definitivamente en un plazo máximo de seis meses desde la notificación, y comunicar la decisión a la amparada. Condenó al Estado y a la Municipalidad al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios, cuya liquidación corresponde a la ejecución de sentencia en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. El magistrado Castillo Víquez agregó una nota sobre la competencia para conocer reclamos de justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In this regard, the authorities agree that they know of the problem reported by the person whose rights are protected, and even state that the situation has environmental implications. Furthermore, although the matter has been processed, it remains true that there is no evidence of concrete action to resolve the alteration and obstruction of a stormwater drainage system. In these circumstances, the appropriate course is to grant the application in all its respects. The application is granted. Efraím Zeledón Leiva and Paula Reyes Loría, respectively in their capacities as minister and technical secretary of the Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, both of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport; and Margot Montero Jiménez and Graciela Argentina Murillo Vargas, respectively in their capacities as mayor and president of the Municipal Council, both of the Municipality of Orotina, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered to coordinate as appropriate, take the necessary measures, and issue the corresponding orders within their respective powers so that, within a maximum period of SIX MONTHS from notification of this judgment, the reported obstruction of the stormwater drainage system is definitively resolved and the applicant is notified of the decision through the designated channel.En este sentido, nótese que las autoridades son contestes en indicar que tienen conocimiento de la problemática denunciada por la tutelada, e incluso señalan que tal situación tiene implicaciones ambientales. Además, aun cuando se le ha dado trámite al asunto, no menos cierto es que no constan acciones concretas a los efectos de solventar el problema de alteración y obstrucción de un sistema de drenaje pluvial. Desde este panorama, lo correspondiente es acoger el recurso en todos sus extremos. Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se les ordena a Efraím Zeledón Leiva y Paula Reyes Loría, cada uno en su condición de ministro y secretaria técnica del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, ambos del Ministerio de Obras Pública y Transportes; así como a Margot Montero Jiménez y Graciela Argentina Murillo Vargas, cada una en su condición de alcaldesa y presidenta del Concejo Municipal, ambas de la Municipalidad de Orotina, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, que coordinen lo pertinente, tomen las medidas necesarias y giren las órdenes correspondientes dentro del ámbito de sus respectivas competencias, para que, en el plazo máximo de SEIS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se resuelva en definitiva el problema de obstrucción del sistema de drenaje pluvial denunciado por la amparada y se le notifique lo resuelto al medio señalado para esos efectos.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Además, aun cuando se le ha dado trámite al asunto, no menos cierto es que no constan acciones concretas a los efectos de solventar el problema de alteración y obstrucción de un sistema de drenaje pluvial."
"Furthermore, although the matter has been processed, it remains true that there is no evidence of concrete action to resolve the alteration and obstruction of a stormwater drainage system."
Considerando IV
"Además, aun cuando se le ha dado trámite al asunto, no menos cierto es que no constan acciones concretas a los efectos de solventar el problema de alteración y obstrucción de un sistema de drenaje pluvial."
Considerando IV
"Desde este panorama, lo correspondiente es acoger el recurso en todos sus extremos."
"In these circumstances, the appropriate course is to grant the application in all its respects."
Considerando IV
"Desde este panorama, lo correspondiente es acoger el recurso en todos sus extremos."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
EV Draft Generation: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH001.dpj CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at 9:30 a.m. on 13 August 2026.
Amparo proceeding in case file No. 26-016064-0007-CO, filed by [Nombre 001] against the CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CONCESIONES (National Concessions Council).
Background:
Final Considerations The Public Administration is strictly governed by the Principle of Legality, enshrined in Article 11 of the Political Constitution and Article 11 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública. By virtue of this principle, the CNC has no authority to enter private property unilaterally in order to demolish buildings or remove earth by force. Costa Rican law grants it no powers of public authority or powers of forced execution for such purposes; territorial oversight and demolition powers are reserved exclusively to local governments and specific units of the MOPT, such as Previsión Vial and Inspección de Demoliciones. The Route 27 Project Management Office has acted with the utmost reasonable and timely diligence required. There has been no passivity or negligence, since public health complaints and demolition and closure proceedings have been actively documented and pursued before the Ministerio de Salud, the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, and the Municipalidad de Orotina, even securing the definitive municipal closure of the violator Mr. [Nombre 002]’s illegal works since April 2025.
The continuing floods on Ms. [Nombre 001]’s property are due solely and exclusively to Mr. [Nombre 002]’s refusal to comply with the law and reopen the transverse culvert inlet structure that he buried within his property and in the public right-of-way. Therefore, the inaction is not attributable to the CNC, which lacks direct material authority to carry out demolitions on its own initiative on private property without the proper intervention of the municipal police or the MOPT’s central departments. The MOPT Department of Road Inspection and Demolitions, in a document titled MOPT-02-07-01-195-2026, reports on the work performed in response to case 2025-629-D. Its final conclusions and recommendations state: ‘As part of the intervention, the information provided and that gathered in the field was analyzed, and it was determined that illegal accesses and unauthorized obstructions exist, altering the drainage system of National Route No. 27 and causing damage to third parties and posing a risk to road users.
In light of this, the case has been transferred to Attorney David Soto Solano, who is in charge of legal proceedings for the Department of Road Inspection and Demolitions, so that the corresponding administrative acts may be prepared and communicated to the landowner involved in order to restore the road to its original condition. Notification will be made on 28 May 2026.’ Emphasis is not in the original. It is well known to this Chamber that Article 190 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública clearly provides that the Administration is liable for all damage caused by its lawful or unlawful, normal or abnormal operation, except in cases of force majeure, fault of the victim, or an act of a third party. In this case, it is more than evident that the source of the stormwater alteration and flooding affecting the area around kilometer 57 of National Route 27 lies in the clandestine works carried out without municipal permits by the third party [Nombre 002], who deliberately obstructed the State’s stormwater infrastructure and built illegal accesses to his property, which is located on a restricted-access road.’”
Drafted by Justice Hess Herrera; and, Reasons:
Before analyzing the merits of the case, it should be clarified that, beginning with judgment No. 2008002545 issued at 8:55 a.m. on 22 February 2008, this Chamber has referred cases to the administrative-litigation jurisdiction, with certain exceptions: cases concerning whether the Public Administration has complied with the deadlines set by the Ley General de la Administración Pública (Articles 261 and 325) or sector-specific laws governing special administrative proceedings, for purposes of issuing a final act in an administrative proceeding—initiated ex officio or at a party’s request—or deciding the applicable administrative appeals. This case falls within an exception because it concerns an alleged delay in resolving a complaint about stormwater. That point clarified, the Chamber proceeds to resolve the specific situation presented in this amparo proceeding.
The applicant states that she lives in Coyolar de Orotina, Alajuela, specifically near kilometer 57 of National Route 27. She indicates that a problem involving alteration and obstruction of a stormwater drainage system in that area has caused recurrent flooding and damage to homes. She states that the situation was previously reported to the competent authorities, including the Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, and the concessionaire Global Vía Ruta 27 S.A. She reports that, as a result of those efforts, administrative resolution No. CU-426-2025 was issued, expressly acknowledging the harm arising from the stormwater drainage problem. She complains that the respondent entities have not taken effective, concrete, and definitive action to remedy the problem, and that the harm continues and is worsening. She alleges that failure to comply with resolution No. CU-426-2025 has resulted in the continued obstruction of the drainage system, ongoing flooding, and continued property damage.
The following facts, relevant to deciding this matter, are deemed duly established:
• There are fences within the right-of-way. It should be noted that the Concessionaire is responsible for safeguarding the right-of-way. Any fences within the right-of-way must be removed. The Concessionaire is responsible for keeping the right-of-way fenced.
• The water outlet located at PK 57+100 according to the “As built” plans remains blocked. The water outlet was built to convey water to the natural watercourse that existed there.
• The ditches in the sector remain blocked at the water outlet at Km 57+100 (Km according to the “As built” plans) and by unauthorized accesses.
• There are illegal or unauthorized accesses in the Km 57+000–57+200 sector, and the condition of the existing ditches has therefore been altered and sediment has accumulated.
• The concessionaire is obligated and responsible for taking the necessary steps to restore the right-of-way entrusted to it for safekeeping, which has been encroached upon.
• In addition to maintaining and cleaning the right-of-way, in this case it must clean the ditches and the outlets of the concrete ditches that convey water to the sector’s natural watercourse.
The following image shows the current condition of the Km 57 sector. The red circle highlights the outlet for the water conveyed by the ditches, which flows toward the natural watercourse in that sector. The blue dotted lines mark the right-of-way in the Km 57 sector. The following photograph shows the current condition of the entrance to Ms. [Nombre 001] N.’s property. A channel formed by water overflowing onto neighboring properties can be seen; this is caused by the blocked water outlet, which prevents the water from reaching the sector’s natural drainage outlets. The Concessionaire must be required to clean the water-control systems in this sector, including cleaning the ditches and removing the blockage from the water outlet leading to the natural watercourses, all within the right-of-way for which it is responsible. It must also close all unauthorized accesses in the sector, as required by its contractual obligations under Clause 1.11.5 of the Concession Contract.
4. OBSERVATIONS REGARDING THE RIGHT-OF-WAY. Taking into account the location of the aforementioned ditch (Km 57—left side), this Supervisor determined that the expropriation proceedings for the right-of-way of National Route No. 27, San José–Caldera Highway, are contained in Administrative File No. 23 233, under the title “Donation of Land Needed for Construction of the Orotina * Pozón * Puerto Caldera Highway, made to ITCO in 1982.” An image of the file cover is shown below.
The aforementioned file contains letter No. SJD-134-82 dated 28 May 1982, signed by Mr. Enrique Antonio Moreira Acuña, Secretary General of the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, which states as follows: “I hereby transcribe the agreement adopted by our Board of Directors in Article Five of session number six, held on 30 April 1982, which reads: In response to the request of the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, contained in the letter dated 26 March 1982, concerning the indispensable need to take several strips of land owned by this Institute from the group of properties that make up Hacienda Coyolar, and pursuant to Article 36 of the Ley General de Caminos Públicos number 5060 of 22 August 1982, to authorize, free of charge, the strips of land described below so that said Ministry may build the Orotina–Pozón–Caldera highway. a) A strip of land with an area of 9 Has 4807.75 M2 shall be taken from the La Manuelita property. b) Several strips of land with an area of 37 Has 7230.75 M2 shall be taken from the combined properties El Molino, González, and Cebadilla.
An image showing the foregoing in greater detail is shown below. A yellow circle highlights the approximate location of the ditch and also confirms that the right-of-way of San José–Caldera Highway is at least 50 meters wide.
It should also be noted that the preceding plan, prepared in 1978, shows that the existing topography has included a low point in the area since that time, and that water drains toward the south of the Project (left side). Therefore, the location of the drainage is consistent with the topographic conditions at the time. According to our topographic data, the ditch is 17.24 linear meters from the project centerline, and the minimum right-of-way width of San José–Caldera Highway is 25 meters. Accordingly, based on the information found, the Km 57 ditch is within the right-of-way of the Ciudad Colón–Puesto Caldera Project, now San José–Caldera Highway, Route No. 27. An image is shown identifying the different roadway elements in the area.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS. Materials have been placed over the water outlet for the concrete highway ditches, within the right-of-way. Water leaving the highway is channeled toward the sector’s natural water outlet, following the land’s natural runoff course. Because that outlet is blocked, water from the highway cannot drain, nor can it flow toward the sector’s natural runoff course. The neighbor who keeps this outlet blocked has also opened an access road to the properties in the drainage area, where there was a ditch that has been filled with earth and is partially visible in some stretches. This road is outside the right-of-way and lies along the runoff course. The following image shows, in the yellow circle, the water outlet that remains blocked and causes water to accumulate and flow onto other properties, which are affected. From that point, the water is conveyed toward the natural runoff course, which is currently blocked. The blue line highlights Quebrada Mauricio, toward which runoff from the sector ultimately flows. From an environmental standpoint, the area has been heavily altered: natural runoff courses have been blocked, and there is a nearby creek; the protection areas in this sector must therefore be monitored.
Regarding the protection area of Quebrada Mauricio, we recall what Article 33 bis of the Ley Forestal provides: “Article 33 bis—Civil infrastructure in urban and rural protection areas. The installation, construction, maintenance, repair, and replacement of civil works and public institutions are authorized in the beds and basins of water bodies in urban and rural areas, as well as in their protection areas, including dikes, walls, culverts, bridges, aqueducts, intakes, diversions and calibration of water allocated under concession, drains with screens for collecting solid waste, infrastructure for discharging stormwater, works for conveying wastewater for its proper treatment, discharges of wastewater from a treatment system, and agricultural drainage discharges to lower the water table, whether through an open channel or piping; all without deterioration of water quality or the watercourse.
Low environmental-impact works are also authorized, such as observation platforms, bridges, suspension bridges, ziplines, signs, and other elements that allow access to, observation of, and safe enjoyment of natural areas with the least possible impact, when intended for tourism activities, among others. The Dirección de Agua of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía shall have exclusive responsibility for authorizing these works and shall establish the requirements and studies needed, as well as the administration’s deadlines for deciding. (Thus added by the sole article of Ley No. 10210 of 5 May 2022.)” 6. LEGAL ANALYSIS. In light of the situation described in the preceding sections, it is evident that the concessionaire has neglected its obligation to safeguard the right-of-way, since a third party has placed a fence encroaching on the right-of-way, and the outlet for the water conveyed by the concrete ditches built by the Concessionaire remains blocked by materials, earth, and debris, preventing the water from being conveyed to the natural watercourse.
The blockage of the water outlet is within the right-of-way. This situation arose primarily because the concessionaire has not properly fenced and demarcated the right-of-way, allowing third parties to damage the works. The concessionaire is also obligated to maintain and restore the right-of-way and existing works, which include the ditches. As shown in the photographs included in the preceding sections of this letter, the Concessionaire has not cleaned or effectively maintained the ditch.
Thus, Clause 2.5, Maintenance of the Right-of-Way and Existing Works, of the contract expressly provides: “Maintenance of the right-of-way shall be the Concessionaire’s responsibility. It must therefore include it in its Maintenance Program. It shall be responsible for maintaining, repairing, and rehabilitating all existing works within the right-of-way from the time the land is delivered. In particular, the Concessionaire shall provide for the construction, reconstruction, and maintenance of shoulders along the entire length of the concession project. Excluded from this maintenance are facilities related to property accesses, electricity and telephone services, drinking water and sewer systems, fiber optics, and oil pipelines, or other facilities owned by state or private companies, whose owners are responsible for their maintenance. The Concessionaire may request from MOPT any agreements signed with companies or individuals in this regard.” Note that Clause 2.15.7, Routine Maintenance, of the contract expressly includes the obligation to maintain the ditches: “The Concessionaire must perform preventive routine maintenance, including primarily the following activities: removal, clearing, cleaning and mowing, cleaning of ditches and interceptor ditches, cleaning of culverts and headwalls, horizontal and vertical signage, pothole repairs with asphalt mix or asphalt emulsion (for surface treatments), cleaning of landslides and shoulders, etc. These tasks must be performed continuously and consistently over time so that the facilities are always in optimal operating condition and do not pose a threat to the project’s durability, users’ visibility, or the highway’s level of service and safety.” Furthermore, specifically regarding ditch cleaning, Clause 2.15.7.1, Maintenance Plan, subsection c), Ditch Cleaning, expressly provides: “c) Ditch cleaning: This consists of removing any materials deposited in the ditches, as well as loading and hauling waste to disposal sites previously approved by the Administration.
Cleaning must allow stormwater to drain laterally through the ditches throughout the year. No windrows or ridges of loose or removed material may be left on the inner or outer side of the ditches. Waste material resulting from cleaning may not be dumped into watersheds or rivers, or in places that may harm the aesthetics or ecology of the area.” Likewise, Clause 2.15.8, Rehabilitation Activities, makes clear that the Concessionaire is obligated to restore the ditches’ level of service, which is precisely what is lacking in this case: “Rehabilitation consists of restoring a structure’s level of service by returning it to its original condition. The Concessionaire shall rehabilitate the main components of the road infrastructure, namely, the structures that make up the drainage system, such as culverts, headwalls, ditches, interceptor ditches, cross drains, channels, roadway surface crowning, subsurface drains, etc.; the roadway surface, slopes, retaining structures, bridges, and reconstruction of road sections when necessary.” Also relevant to the situation described is the Concessionaire’s obligation to repair or replace missing or damaged right-of-way fencing to prevent trespass, with no evidence that the Concessionaire has done so in the area in dispute, pursuant to Clause 2.15.7.2, Periodic Maintenance, subsection b), of the Contract.
Moreover, the situation described involves an unauthorized access, and the concessionaire is obligated to ensure that there are no unauthorized accesses to the highway. This follows from Clause 2.6, Unauthorized Accesses, of the contract, which states: “The Concessionaire shall ensure that there are no unauthorized accesses to the highway, in accordance with Clause 1.11.5 of this Contract. To that end, it shall build the barriers necessary to close existing illegal or unauthorized accesses and any that may be opened during the concession period.” In addition, Clause 1.11.5, Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses, of the contract provides: “The Concessionaire shall build the permanent and necessary roadway barriers to close existing illegal or unauthorized accesses. Throughout the concession period, the Concessionaire shall remain vigilant to prevent unauthorized accesses from being opened, in furtherance of the same purpose.
To effectively comply with this provision, the Concessionaire shall have the support of national legislation and shall coordinate with the relevant MOPT units to monitor, control, and sanction vehicles or persons that develop, build, or use these illegal accesses. The Granting Administration and Public Authorities shall be required to cooperate with the Concessionaire in this regard, especially in cases where it is essential to exercise the public administration’s powers of authority and police powers. Provided that the Concessionaire’s actions to prevent and close Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses have been carried out in accordance with Costa Rican law, the Concessionaire shall not be liable to third parties for any damages claimed by third parties as having been caused by the closure of Illegal Accesses, unless those damages were directly caused by the Concessionaire’s negligence in fulfilling its contractual obligations.
The Granting Administration shall indemnify the Concessionaire for any payment, expense, or duly documented and justified damages award that it may have to pay as a result of potential claims by third parties, brought in judicial or administrative proceedings, arising from the closure of Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses, unless those claims arise from the Concessionaire’s negligence in fulfilling its obligations. It shall also indemnify the Concessionaire for any loss that it may incur because of the temporary or permanent inability to close illegal accesses as a result of the claims and legal actions referred to above, provided that the inability to close them results from a court order, administrative resolution, or legal provision. It shall also compensate the Concessionaire for any unforeseen costs arising during the physical inventory conducted before the Commencement Order, which the Concessionaire demonstrates were not included in the original estimate for closing accesses.
Throughout the concession period, the Concessionaire shall remain vigilant to prevent Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses from being opened, and the Granting Administration shall remain obligated to cooperate with the Concessionaire in this regard, especially in cases where it is essential to exercise the public administration’s powers of authority and police powers. The Granting Administration shall inform the Concessionaire of any applications submitted in the future by third parties for authorization of new accesses to the San José–Caldera highway, in order to determine whether such accesses could affect the proper operation of the highway under the terms of the Concession Contract and to consider any suggestions it may submit, as well as any observations regarding road safety and traffic flow.” In view of the foregoing, the documentation submitted to this Supervisor, and the information known to it, do not show what actual and effective steps the concessionaire has taken to resolve the problem, even though it is obligated to monitor and protect the right-of-way and to perform the maintenance and rehabilitation work necessary for the highway to provide the expected level of service.
The documents submitted by the Concessionaire show only that it has asked the Administration about the situation, without specifying what particular cooperation it requires. Accordingly, it remains unclear what rehabilitation work the concessionaire has performed on the ditch to restore it to its original condition, or what steps it has taken to close the illegal access to the highway, which, it bears repeating, is its responsibility. Nor has the concessionaire shown that it expressly requested coordination with the relevant MOPT units to monitor, control, and sanction the vehicles or persons who develop, build, or use the illegal access.
For this reason, this Supervisor recommends that the Administration require the concessionaire to submit a genuine action plan to address the situation, as appropriate, and fulfill its contractual obligations. If the Concessionaire needs to coordinate specific actions with the CNC, the Administration should provide the assistance within its remit so that this matter can be effectively resolved.
It is also necessary to point out that if third parties suffer damages as a result of ineffective maintenance—in this specific case, failure to clean the ditch—the Concessionaire is solely responsible for all loss or damage. This follows from Clause 1.11.4, Damage to Third Parties, of the contract, which states: “The Concessionaire is obligated to take all reasonable measures to prevent damage to third parties and to personnel working on construction of the works or operation of the service. It shall likewise take all precautions to prevent damage to third-party property and the environment. The Concessionaire shall be solely liable for all damage and loss, of any nature, caused to third parties, personnel working on the works, third-party property, or the environment as a result of construction of the works or operation of the service, unless the damage is attributable to the Granting Administration as a result of measures it imposed on the Concessionaire.
If third parties suffer damage as a result of following instructions from the Granting Administration, for the exemption from liability to apply in favor of the Concessionaire, the Concessionaire must have formally and in writing warned the Granting Administration, before carrying out the order or instruction, of the effects that carrying it out may cause…” Finally, this Project Management Office, together with the Project Supervisor, visited the site on 20 September 2024 and observed that the conditions were practically identical to those described above. The following actions are therefore required:
• State the actions taken to restore the ditch to its original condition.
• State the actions taken to recover the right-of-way.
• State the actions taken to close the illegal access.
• Prepare an action plan to address the situation comprehensively—that is, rehabilitate the ditch, close the illegal access, and recover the right-of-way—and expressly identify the activities for which coordination with the CNC and MOPT is requested.
The preceding photograph illustrates the problem Ms. Quesada has experienced from runoff entering her property. Because of the problems described above, she has had to carry out work within her property to prevent the flooding caused by a third party having “closed” the natural water outlet.” (See documentary evidence).
In performing its functions, the Public Administration may violate the legal order and harm an individual’s rights and interests through action as well as omission. Thus, administrative inactivity constitutes unlawful conduct when positive actions required of public authorities are not carried out efficiently1. Just as it must be sanctioned when it acts, the Administration must also be sanctioned when an activity that is required and must be carried out is not implemented because of the inertia and omission of its organs. The primary objective of controlling administrative inactivity must be to eradicate the ‘Code of Failure’2, thereby advocating the Administration’s liability for its actions and, all the more so, for its inaction. Administrative omissions consist of a Public Administration’s failure to comply with a pre-existing obligation—imposed by the legal order or by its own act—that causes unlawful injury to the person subject to its authority3.
In this regard, since 2016 my principal has informed your authority, in the letters identified in this same communication, that persons unrelated to the project have blocked the stormwater drainage system at kilometer 57+200 in the Caldera–San José direction, and that this work was carried out within the right-of-way. This stormwater drainage system is part of the public infrastructure necessary for the safe and optimal operation of National Route No. 27, and its unilateral closure by one of the neighboring owners puts at risk the structural safety of the works, as well as the safety of drivers and neighbors. Under Article 17(a) of the Ley General de Concesión de Obras Públicas con Servicios Públicos, Article 50 of the Reglamento General Concesión de Obras Públicas con Servicios Públicos, and Clause 1.14 of the Concession Contract, my principal is entitled to request from your authority the assistance needed to achieve the objectives of the concession.
For the foregoing reasons, my principal has requested your authority’s intervention to resolve this matter on multiple occasions. These requests are listed below:
Letter SJ-C-2016-0455-DE dated 13 May 2016.
Letter SJ-C-2017-0973-DT dated 31 October 2017.
Letter SJ-C-2017-1154-DT dated 27 November 2017.
Letter SJ-C 2017-0848-DT dated 25 August 2017.
In addition, the circumstances have been reported on multiple occasions to GETINSA, the entity supervising performance of the concession commitments, which is familiar with the previously cited letters. Despite the multiple notices, my principal has received no response to its requests, which has aggravated erosion in the area and even caused flooding in neighboring homes whose occupants were not responsible for blocking the stormwater drainage.
In this regard, the person responsible for blocking the stormwater drainage is Mr. [Nombre 002], holder of identity card number 2-0327-0405, who owns property 2-346888-000 and has stated that he intentionally closed the drainage system because it was installed without his consent, even though the drainage existed long before he became the property owner. We consider the actions blocking the drainage to be illegal because the applicable legislation, specifically Article 20 of the Ley General de Caminos, provides as follows: “Article 20: All holders of real property, under any title, are obligated to receive and allow the water from roads to flow through their properties when the slope of the terrain so dictates. When their properties are adjacent to road drains, they must keep those drains clean, in perfect working order, and free of obstacles. If this obligation is not met, the Ministry or the Municipalities shall order the work to be carried out and shall collect the cost of the work plus a fifty percent (50%) surcharge.
The Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes and the Municipalities shall coordinate with the Ministry of Agriculture on measures to protect roads in new-road-layout projects or conservation work on existing roads, in regions where they may cause or intensify erosion or divert the fields’ natural drainage.” Accordingly, the property owner is legally required to receive and allow stormwater from National Route No. 27 to flow through his property. The buried drainage headwall, the remaining earthworks, and the perimeter fence were all placed on the surface of the right-of-way, which is State property under Article 2 of the Ley General de Caminos. Under no circumstances may your authority continue to allow these works to remain, since Article 28 of the Ley General de Caminos Públicos provides: “The Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte and the Municipalities are strictly prohibited from granting permits or rights of occupation, enjoyment, use, or mere possession of the right-of-way of public roads, or from performing acts that in any way imply [the granting of such rights] to persons.” Additionally, the illegal blockage of the stormwater drainage system is causing standing water, erosion, and the resulting transport of sediment to the nearest rivers and creeks.
This situation therefore also presents potential environmental harm that the authorities must prevent at an early stage, pursuant to Article 61 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, which provides: “The competent authority shall order the preventive and corrective measures necessary when incidents of environmental pollution or other incidents not covered by this law occur.” To remedy this situation, the Administration should proceed as required by Articles 2 bis and 19 of the Ley General de Caminos, which provide: “Article 2 bis: Public entities competent to carry out maintenance and improvement works on the existing cantonal or national road network shall have the authority, in the public interest and without prior authorization from the competent bodies of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (Minae), to remove any obstacle located within a legally established right-of-way, without this constituting a violation of environmental regulations, provided that the right-of-way is located outside protection areas and protected wild areas, or concerns prohibited trees.
(…)” Article 19: No construction or building of any kind may be carried out in front of existing or planned highways without prior authorization from the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, or in front of neighborhood roads and streets without written approval from the corresponding Municipality. Municipalities shall coordinate road alignments along neighborhood roads with the Ministry, which shall establish the policy most consistent with the public interest. On restricted-access or one-way highways, adjoining owners may access the highway only in the sectors designated for that purpose or by means of marginal roads approved by the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes.” Accordingly, anyone who violates this article shall be subject to the fines established in this law and shall have a non-extendable period of 15 days to remove the work carried out at their own expense. After that period, the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes may remove the constructions, without having to pay any amount for loss or damage.
The Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes may remove and even seize any property located within the right-of-way for the purpose of preventing its improper use, placing it at the disposal of the competent authorities. The Ministry’s order shall be served by means of a notice published in the Diario Oficial. If those who narrow or improperly use the right-of-way own commercial or industrial establishments, the Ministry may also ask the relevant administrative authorities to cancel the operating license and close the establishment, and those authorities shall duly carry out that request. (…)” It is therefore clear that i) the works that blocked the stormwater drainage system are illegal, ii) they put road infrastructure, driver safety, and the environment at risk, and iii) MOPT has the authority to act immediately to restore the situation and even charge the property owner for the repair costs. MOPT must therefore proceed accordingly.
Based on the factual and legal grounds set out above, we request that the Consejo Nacional de Concesiones and, in general, the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte, within a non-extendable period of fifteen days from the filing of this action:
• Order the owner of property 2-346888-000 to reopen and keep operational the stormwater drainage system that was completely blocked by work carried out from that property.
• If the owner has not reopened the stormwater drainage system within the non-extendable period of 15 days after the order is issued, have the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte carry out the civil works to reopen that stormwater system.
In support of this request, the following documents, which form part of this Concessionaire’s administrative file, are attached to this submission:
• Letter SJ-C-2016-0455-DE, issued by my principal on 13 May 2016, informing the CNC that the stormwater drainage system was blocked.
• Letter SJ-C 2017-0848-DT dated 25 August 2017, which supplements letter SJ-C-2016-0455.
• Letter SJ-C-2017-0973-DT, issued by my principal on 31 October 2017, reiterating the matter and providing photographic evidence.
• Letter SJ-C-2017-1154-DT, issued by my principal on 27 November 2017, informing the CNC that the supervisor had confirmed the irregularity and unauthorized use of the right-of-way.” (See documentary evidence).
Accordingly, your formal intervention is requested, through the Department of Inspections and Demolitions, to determine whether the water outlets from the ditches and transverse culverts in the area were in fact closed, causing them to overflow and affecting the surrounding properties, placing road users at risk, and, above all, creating related public-health problems. It is also requested that you verify whether the property owner has the necessary permits from the Municipality, the Restricted-Access Roads Commission, the Ministerio de Salud, etc.” (See documentary evidence).
On the nature of and alleged disregard for administrative resolution No. CU-426-2025. The applicant makes a serious factual and conceptual error in alleging ‘noncompliance with and disregard for administrative resolution No. CU-426-2025’ by the National Concessions Council. There is no final administrative act or sanctioning resolution or works order bearing that designation issued by this Council or the Project Management Office. The document identified by the applicant as resolution ‘CU-426-2025’ is actually letter MO-DPDT-CU-426-2025, issued on 3 December 2025 by the Territorial Planning and Development Directorate of the Municipality of Orotina. That letter contains no order addressed to the National Concessions Council and does not recognize civil or contractual liability on the part of the Costa Rican State. On the contrary, it was formally requested proactively by this Project Management Office to certify that the works carried out by the third-party violator on property 2-346888-000 lack municipal permits and have been officially closed by the local government.
On the alleged inaction and lack of effective measures by the respondent entities. It must be made clear that this Project Management Office rejects the existence of a state of passivity or administrative omission. The National Concessions Council, through this Route 27 Project Management Office, the Project Supervisor, and the concessionaire, has carried out extensive inspection, technical, and interagency work since the problem was detected. The chronology of these actions shows that all corresponding administrative avenues have been exhausted to compel the offending property owner to reopen the closed stormwater systems. The apparent absence of a final solution is not due to State inaction, but to the limitations imposed on public administration by the principle of legality: it cannot unilaterally enter private property without due process or usurp the exclusive authority over construction held by the Municipality of Orotina or the demolition powers held by the Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.
On the persistence of flooding and the risk to vulnerable populations. This Project Management Office shares the concern over the effects suffered by households in the Coyolar area of Orotina. It was precisely because of these effects on road safety and the neighbors’ public health that the Project Management Office coordinated directly with the San Mateo de Orotina Health Area to address the relevant health complaint. Nevertheless, it reiterates that the direct cause of these effects lies in informal commercial structures erected by a private individual, who is also legally required to receive and allow the stormwater from the national highway, which has historically crossed the area, to flow through his property. For clarity regarding the discrepancy between the applicant’s arguments and the facts verified by the administration, the following table of facts is presented: (…)
Technical breakdown of the stormwater obstruction at kilometer 57. The topographical, aerial, and cadastral analysis carried out by the Route 27 Project Management Office and the TPF Getinsa Euroestudios Consortium Supervisor made it possible to identify precisely the physical cause of the stormwater overflow affecting Ms. [Nombre 001]. According to the technical report included in letter CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0084-2026, the following was conclusively determined: ‘…construction is taking place in the area on a private property, with illegal access points to National Route No. 27 built by enclosing sections of the roadside ditch in small-diameter pipes and covering them with concrete slabs. These pipes, which have limited hydraulic capacity, contribute to the overflow of surface runoff, which also no longer has the lateral outlets originally built, as third parties removed or closed them off.’ The emphasis is not part of the original.
The cadastral investigation and registry review determined that Mr. [Nombre 002] is the person materially and intellectually responsible for closing this drainage system. Mr. [Nombre 002] is the registered owner of the adjoining property registered in Alajuela Province as property number 346888-000 (cadastral plan A-0570456-1999). On that property, the violator proceeded to erect commercial buildings without approved plans or the required licenses from the Municipality of Orotina. While carrying out his works, Mr. [Nombre 002] undertook earthworks and altered the property’s natural grade, going so far as to completely bury the headwall of the transverse stormwater system that discharges at kilometer 57+200 of National Route 27. In addition, the owner installed perimeter fencing and deposited construction materials on the strip of land legally designated as the road right-of-way, which is a State public-domain asset under Article 2 of the Ley General de Caminos Públicos.
These unlawful acts constitute a clear abuse of property rights by Mr. [Nombre 002], who is required under the laws governing civil matters and public roads to tolerate and allow stormwater runoff from the national highway to flow.
Detailed chronology of inspection and control actions. Contrary to the passivity described by the applicant, this Council has continuously carried out technical and inspection actions to pressure the violator and the other competent authorities to restore the road’s original stormwater flow.
Final points. Public administration in Costa Rica is strictly governed by the principle of legality, enshrined in Article 11 of the Political Constitution and the Ley General de la Administración Pública. Under this principle, the National Concessions Council’s authorities lack the power to enter private property unilaterally to demolish buildings or remove earth by force. Costa Rican law grants them no powers of authority or compulsory enforcement for these purposes; those territorial-control and demolition powers are reserved exclusively to local governments and specific MOPT agencies, such as Road Safety and Demolitions Inspection. The Route 27 Project Management Office has acted with the utmost reasonable diligence and promptness required of a concession-granting entity. There has been no passivity or negligence, as health complaints to the Ministry of Health and demolition and closure files before the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Municipality of Orotina have been actively documented and pursued.
Indeed, the local government definitively closed the violator Mr. [Nombre 002]’s illegal works in April 2025. The continued flooding on Ms. [Nombre 001]’s property is due solely and exclusively to Mr. [Nombre 002]’s refusal to comply with the law and reopen the transverse culvert headwall that he buried within his property and the public road right-of-way. Therefore, the inaction is not attributable to this Council, which lacks direct subject-matter authority to carry out physical demolitions on private property on its own initiative without the proper involvement of the municipal police or MOPT’s central agencies. In this regard, MOPT’s Road Inspection and Demolitions Department, in a document titled MOPT-02-07-01-195-2026, reports on the work carried out in connection with case 2025-629-D. Its final section on conclusions and recommendations states: ‘As part of the intervention, the information provided and the information collected in the field were analyzed, and it was determined that illegal accesses and unauthorized obstructions have altered the drainage system of National Route No. 27, causing harm to third parties and posing a risk to users.
In response, the case was transferred to Lic. David Soto Solano, who is in charge of legal proceedings in the Road Inspection and Demolitions Department, to prepare the corresponding administrative acts for notification to the owner of the land involved, with a view to restoring the road’s original conditions. Notification will be made on 28 May 2026.’ The emphasis is not part of the original.” (See documentary evidence).
In the present case, the amparo applicant states that she is a resident of Coyolar de Orotina, Alajuela, specifically near kilometer 57 of National Route 27. She indicates that there is a problem in that area involving alteration and obstruction of a stormwater drainage system, which has caused recurrent flooding and damage to homes. She states that the matter was previously reported to the competent authorities, including the National Concessions Council, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, and the concessionaire Global Vía Ruta 27 S.A. She says that, as a result of those actions, administrative resolution No. CU-426-2025 was issued, expressly acknowledging the harm caused by the stormwater drainage problem. She complains that the respondent entities have not taken effective, concrete, and final steps to correct the problem, which continues to cause ongoing and worsening harm. She alleges that failure to comply with resolution No. CU-426-2025 means that the drainage system remains obstructed, flooding continues, and material damage persists.
The case file shows that, by letter MO-A-1116-22-2020-2024 dated 18 October 2022 and addressed to the National Concessions Council of MOPT, the Municipality of Orotina recorded: “The situation facing our canton because of the developments is of great importance, but at the same time it exposes the lack of planning and coordination, to the detriment of neighbors who have lived peacefully for many years and now face adverse effects. One such case, known to you or to Globalvía, is file 19-006222-0007-CO, the email from Albina María [Nombre 001] dated 30/5/2017, the document dated 24 September 2019, letter CNC-ST-PM-SJC-OF-0611-2018, among others, concerning flooding on private properties that has yet to be resolved. Responses have been given, but there have been no solutions for the drainage outlets, causing damage to homes.” Subsequently, by letter CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0761-2024 dated 23 September 2024 and addressed to the amparo applicant, the SJC Project Manager of the National Concessions Council’s Ongoing Projects Area stated: “In response to your request concerning the flooding on your property, apparently due to the closure of a water outlet from National Route No. 27, the San José–Caldera Highway RN27, I inform you that this Project Management Office, together with the Project Supervisor, visited your property on the 20th of this month and inspected the conditions on your property at km 57+200.
The inspection determined that the natural water outlet had been closed by a third party. Corrective action is being requested from the concessionaire, which is responsible for maintaining the road right-of-way of Route 27. As soon as we receive an official response from the concessionaire, we will notify you of the results.” Furthermore, in letter CNC-APM-SJC-0759-2024 dated 23 September 2024, the SJC Project Manager of the Ongoing Projects Area of the National Concessions Council specified:
> “Following up on the case of Ms. [Nombre 001], the Project Supervisor has analyzed the current situation, from which the following is inferred: > > 3. CURRENT SITUATION > > On 21 March 2023, the supervisor conducted an inspection at the site and confirmed that the current conditions in the Km 57 sector are similar to those described and known from documents previously prepared by the supervisor. The following image is an excerpt from sheet 13.4.6 of the “As built” Plant Profile plans, sheet for Km 56+520 to 57+240. (…) The plan clearly shows the outlet for the water carried by the concrete ditches at Km 57+100. The outlet is at the point where the natural watercourse is located. The dashed lines mark the right-of-way in the sector. At present, the outlet for the water carried by the concrete ditches built by the Concessionaire remains obstructed by materials, earth, and debris, which prevent the water from flowing toward the natural watercourse.
The outlet obstruction is within the right-of-way. > > It should be noted that there are several illegal or unauthorized accesses in the sector. The following photographs show the current condition of the site: > > • There are fences within the right-of-way. It is noted that the Concessionaire is responsible for safeguarding the right-of-way. Any fences within the right-of-way must be removed. The Concessionaire is responsible for fencing the right-of-way. > > • The water outlet located at PK 57+100 according to the “As built” plans remains obstructed. The outlet was built to channel the water toward the natural watercourse that existed there. > > • The ditches in the sector remain obstructed at the water outlet at Km 57+100 (Km according to the “As built” plans) and by unauthorized accesses. > > • There are illegal or unauthorized accesses in the Km 57+000–57+200 sector, which have altered the condition of the existing ditches and caused sediment to accumulate. > > • The Concessionaire is obligated and responsible for taking the necessary measures to restore the right-of-way entrusted to it for safekeeping, which has been encroached upon. > > • In addition to maintaining and cleaning the right-of-way, in this case it must clean the ditches and the outlet from the concrete ditches that carry water toward the sector’s natural watercourse. > > The following image shows the current condition of the Km 57 sector.
The red circle highlights the outlet for the water carried by the ditches, which flows toward the natural watercourse in that sector. The blue dashed lines mark the right-of-way in the Km 57 sector. > > The following photograph shows the current condition of the entrance to the property of Ms. [Nombre 001] N. A watercourse formed by overflowing water can be seen, flowing onto neighboring properties. This was caused by the obstructed outlet, which prevents the water from reaching the sector’s natural water outlets. The Concessionaire must be required to clean the water-control systems in that sector, including cleaning the ditches and removing the obstruction at the outlet toward the natural watercourses, all within the right-of-way for which it is responsible. It must also close all unauthorized accesses in the sector, as required by its contractual obligations under Clause 1.11.5 of the Concession Contract. > > 4.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RIGHT-OF-WAY > > Taking into account the location of the ditch mentioned above (Km 57—left side), this Supervisor determined that the expropriation proceeding for the right-of-way of National Route No. 27, the San José–Caldera Highway, is recorded in Administrative File No. 23 233, under the name “Donation of Land Necessary for Construction of the Orotina * Pozón * Puerto Caldera Highway, made to ITCO in 1982.” An image of the file cover is shown below. > > The aforementioned file contains letter No. SJD-134-82 dated 28 May 1982, signed by Enrique Antonio Moreira Acuña, Secretary General of the Institute of Agrarian Development, which states: > > “I am pleased to transcribe below the agreement adopted by our Board of Directors under Article Five of Session No. Six, held on 30 April 1982, which reads: > > In response to the request from the Ministry of Public Works and Transport contained in the letter dated 26 March 1982, concerning the indispensable need to take several strips of land belonging to this Institute, from the group of farms comprising Hacienda Coyolar, and pursuant to Article 36 of the General Public Roads Law No. 5060 of 22 August 1982, [the Board] authorizes the free transfer of the strips of land described below so that said Ministry may build the Orotina–Pozón–Caldera highway. > > a) A strip of land with an area of 9 Has 4807.75 M2 shall be taken from the La Manuelita farm. > > b) Several strips of land with an area of 37 Has 7230.75 M2 shall be taken from the combined El Molino, González, and Cebadilla farms. > > c) A strip of land with an area of 11 Has 527 M2 shall be taken from the combined farms of Hacienda Lagunillas, Capulín. > > d) A strip of land with an area of 22 Has 1720 M2 shall be taken from the combined farms forming Hacienda Salinas, as far as Río Jesús María. > > e) A strip of land with an area of 20 Has 2400 M2 shall be taken from the combined farms indicated in the preceding paragraph of this agreement, starting at Río Jesús María and proceeding toward Puerto Caldera.” > > The aforementioned strips of land correspond to the reference design for the Ciudad Colón–PTO.
Caldera Project, now the San José–Caldera Highway, Route No. 27. An image of sheet No. 29 of Section 3A Orotina–Puerto Caldera of that project is shown below. > > The preceding sheet covers the sector where the ditch under review is located (Km 57—left side). It should be noted that the image indicates a project right-of-way width of 50 linear meters, corresponding to 25 meters on each side of the project’s centerline. An image providing greater detail of this is shown below. A yellow circle marks the approximate location of the ditch and also confirms that the San José–Caldera Highway right-of-way is at least 50 meters wide. > > It should also be noted that the preceding plan, prepared in 1978, shows that the topography existing since that date has a low point in the area and that the water drains toward the south of the project (left side). Therefore, the drainage location is consistent with the topographic conditions at the time. > > According to our topographic data, the ditch is 17.24 linear meters from the project centerline, and the minimum right-of-way width for the San José–Caldera Highway is 25 meters.
Therefore, based on the information found, the Km 57 ditch is within the right-of-way of the Ciudad Colón–Puesto Caldera Project, now the San José–Caldera Highway, Route No. 27. An image identifying the different road elements in the area is shown. > > 5. ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS > > Materials have been placed at the outlet for water carried by the highway’s concrete ditches, within the right-of-way. Water leaving the highway is channeled toward the sector’s natural water outlet along the land’s natural runoff course. Because that outlet is blocked, water from the highway cannot drain away or flow toward the sector’s natural runoff course. The neighbor who keeps this outlet obstructed has also opened an access road to the properties in the outflow area where a ditch was located; that ditch is buried and can be seen only partially along some stretches. This road is outside the right-of-way and lies along the path of the runoff water. > > The following image shows, within the yellow circle, the water outlet that remains obstructed, causing water to accumulate and flow onto other properties that are affected.
From that point, the water is carried along the natural runoff course, which is currently obstructed. The blue line marks Quebrada Mauricio, toward which runoff from the sector ultimately flows. From an environmental standpoint, the area has been heavily altered: natural runoff courses have been obstructed, and there is a nearby stream. The protection zones in this sector should therefore be monitored. > > Regarding the protection zone of Quebrada Mauricio, we recall what Article 33 bis of the Ley Forestal provides: > > “Article 33 bis—Civil infrastructure in urban and rural protection areas. Installation, construction, maintenance, repair, and replacement of civil works and public institutions is authorized in the channels and beds of bodies of water in urban and rural areas, as well as in their protection areas, including dikes, walls, culverts, bridges, aqueducts, intakes, diversions and calibration of water allocated by concession, drains with mesh for collecting solid waste, infrastructure for discharging stormwater, works for transporting wastewater for its proper treatment, discharges of wastewater from a treatment system, and agricultural drainage outlets to lower the water table, whether through an open channel or pipe; all without deterioration of water quality or the channel.
Low environmental impact works are also authorized, such as observation platforms, bridges, suspension bridges, zip lines, signs, and other elements that allow access to, observation of, and safe enjoyment of natural areas with the least possible impact, when intended for tourism activities, among other purposes. The authority to authorize these works rests exclusively with the Water Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, which shall establish the requirements and necessary studies, as well as the time limits for the administration to decide. (Thus added by the sole article of Law No. 10210 of 5 May 2022.)” > > 6. LEGAL ANALYSIS > > In light of the situation described in the preceding sections, it is evident that the Concessionaire has neglected its obligation to safeguard the right-of-way, since a third party has placed a fence encroaching on the right-of-way, and the outlet for water carried by the concrete ditches built by the Concessionaire remains obstructed by materials, earth, and debris that prevent the water from flowing toward the natural watercourse.
The outlet is obstructed within the right-of-way. This situation occurred in the first place because the Concessionaire has not properly fenced and demarcated the right-of-way, allowing third parties to damage the works. > > The Concessionaire is also obligated to maintain and restore the right-of-way and existing works, including the ditches. As shown in the photographs included in this letter in the preceding sections, the Concessionaire has neither cleaned nor effectively maintained the ditch. Clause 2.5, Maintenance of the Right-of-Way and Existing Works, of the contract expressly provides: > > “Maintenance of the right-of-way shall be the Concessionaire’s responsibility. It must therefore be included in its Maintenance Program. The Concessionaire shall be responsible for maintaining, repairing, and rehabilitating all existing works within the right-of-way from the time the land is delivered.
In particular, the Concessionaire shall provide for the construction, reconstruction, and maintenance of shoulders along the entire length of the concession project. This maintenance excludes facilities for property access, electrical and telephone services, potable water and sewer systems, fiber-optic lines, oil pipelines, and other facilities owned by state or private companies, which their owners are responsible for maintaining. The Concessionaire may request from MOPT any agreements signed with companies or individuals in this regard.” > > Note that Clause 2.15.7, Routine Maintenance, of the contract expressly includes the Concessionaire’s obligation to maintain the ditches: > > “The Concessionaire must carry out routine preventive maintenance, including primarily the following activities: removal, clearing, cleaning and mowing; cleaning ditches and interceptor ditches; cleaning culverts and headwalls; horizontal and vertical signage; pothole patching with asphalt mix or asphalt emulsion (for surface treatments); and cleaning landslides and shoulders, etc. These tasks must be carried out continuously and consistently over time so that the works are always in optimal operating condition and do not pose a threat to the project’s durability, users’ visibility, or the highway’s level of service and safety.” > > In addition, Clause 2.15.7.1, Maintenance Plan, subsection c), Cleaning of ditches, specifically provides for ditch cleaning: > > “c) Cleaning of ditches: This consists of removing any materials deposited in the ditches, as well as loading and transporting waste to disposal sites previously approved by the Administration.
Cleaning must allow stormwater to drain laterally through the ditches throughout the year. Loose or removed material must not be left in windrows or berms on the inside or outside of the ditches. Waste from cleaning must not be dumped in watersheds, rivers, or places where it could harm the area’s appearance or ecology.” > > The contract is also clear, in Clause 2.15.8, Rehabilitation Activities, regarding the Concessionaire’s obligation to restore the ditches’ level of service, which is precisely what is missing in this case: > > “Rehabilitation consists of restoring a structure’s level of service by returning it to its original condition. The Concessionaire shall rehabilitate the main components of the road infrastructure, namely, the structures comprising the drainage system, such as culverts, headwalls, ditches, interceptor ditches, transverse collectors, channels, roadway camber, subdrains, etc.; the roadway surface, slopes, retaining structures, bridges, and reconstruction of road sections when necessary.” > > The Concessionaire is also obligated to repair or replace missing or damaged fencing along the right-of-way to prevent intrusions.
There is no evidence that it has done so in the area of the dispute, as required by Clause 2.15.7.2, Periodic Maintenance, subsection b), of the contract. > > Moreover, the situation described involves an unauthorized access, and the Concessionaire is obligated to ensure there are no unauthorized accesses to the highway. This follows from Clause 2.6, Unauthorized Accesses, of the contract, which states: > > “The Concessionaire shall ensure that there are no unauthorized accesses to the highway, as provided in Clause 1.11.5 of this Contract. To that end, it must build the barriers needed to close existing illegal or unauthorized accesses, or any that may be opened during the concession period.” > > In addition, Clause 1.11.5, Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses, of the contract provides: > > “The Concessionaire shall build the permanent road barriers needed to close existing accesses that are illegal or unauthorized.
Throughout the concession period, the Concessionaire shall maintain constant surveillance to prevent unauthorized accesses from being opened, in furtherance of the same purpose. To ensure compliance with this provision, the Concessionaire shall have the support of national legislation and shall coordinate with the relevant MOPT units to monitor, control, and sanction vehicles or persons that develop, build, or use these illegal accesses. The Granting Administration and the Public Authorities shall cooperate with the Concessionaire in this regard, especially where the exercise of the Public Administration’s powers of authority and police is indispensable. > > Provided the Concessionaire’s actions to prevent and close Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses comply with Costa Rican law, the Concessionaire shall not be liable to third parties for any damages they claim to have suffered as a result of closing Illegal Accesses, unless those damages are directly caused by the Concessionaire’s negligence in fulfilling its contractual obligations.
The Granting Administration shall indemnify the Concessionaire for any duly substantiated and justified payment, expense, or damages award that it must pay as a result of possible third-party claims brought in judicial or administrative proceedings for the closure of Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses, unless those claims arise from the Concessionaire’s negligence in fulfilling its obligations. It shall also indemnify the Concessionaire for any harm that could be caused by the temporary or permanent inability to close illegal accesses because of the referenced claims and legal actions, provided that the inability to close them results from a court order, administrative decision, or legal provision. It shall also compensate the Concessionaire for any unforeseen cost arising from the physical inventory conducted before the Commencement Order, which the Concessionaire proves was not included in the original estimate for closing accesses. > > Throughout the concession period, the Concessionaire shall maintain constant surveillance to prevent Illegal or Unauthorized Accesses from being opened, and the Granting Administration shall remain obligated to cooperate with the Concessionaire in this regard, especially where the exercise of the Public Administration’s powers of authority and police is indispensable.
The Granting Administration shall inform the Concessionaire of any applications by third parties for authorization of new accesses to the San José–Caldera highway in the future, in order to determine whether those accesses could affect proper operation of the highway under the terms of the Concession Contract and to consider any recommendations it may submit, as well as any comments regarding road safety and traffic flow.” > > In view of the foregoing, the documents sent to this Supervisor and the information available do not show what actual and effective measures the Concessionaire has taken to resolve the problem, even though it is responsible for monitoring and safeguarding the right-of-way and carrying out the maintenance and rehabilitation work required for the highway to provide the expected level of service. The Concessionaire’s documents show only that it has asked the Administration about the situation, without specifying what assistance it needs. > > In that regard, there is no information on what ditch rehabilitation work the Concessionaire has done to return the ditch to its original condition, or on what measures it has taken to close the illegal access to the highway, which, as noted, is its responsibility.
Nor has the Concessionaire shown that it expressly requested coordination with the relevant MOPT units to monitor, control, and sanction the vehicles or persons who develop, build, or use the illegal access. > > Accordingly, this Supervisor recommends that the Administration require the Concessionaire to submit a genuine action plan to address the situation as appropriate and fulfill its contractual obligations. If the Concessionaire needs to coordinate specific measures with CNC, the Administration should provide the assistance within its remit so that the matter can be resolved effectively. > > It should also be noted that if third parties suffer damage because of ineffective maintenance—in this specific case, failure to clean the ditch—the Concessionaire is solely responsible for all damage or harm. This follows from Clause 1.11.4, Damage to Third Parties, of the contract, which states: > > “The Concessionaire is obligated to take all reasonable measures to avoid harm to third parties and to personnel working on construction of the works or operation of the service.
It must also take all precautions to avoid damage to third-party property and the environment. The Concessionaire shall be solely liable for all damage and harm, of any kind, caused to third parties, project personnel, third-party property, or the environment as a result of constructing the works or operating the service, unless the damage is attributable to the Granting Administration because of measures it imposed on the Concessionaire. If third parties are harmed as a result of following instructions from the Granting Administration, then, for the exemption from liability to apply in favor of the Concessionaire, the Concessionaire must have formally warned the Granting Administration in writing, before carrying out the order or instruction, of the effects that carrying it out could cause…” > > Finally, this Project Management unit, together with the Project Supervisor, visited the site on 20 September 2024 and found that the conditions were virtually identical to those described above.
The following matters must therefore be addressed: > > • State the measures taken to restore the ditch to its original condition. > > • State the measures taken to recover the right-of-way. > > • State the measures taken to close the illegal access. > > • Prepare an action plan to address the situation comprehensively—namely, rehabilitate the ditch, close the illegal access, and recover the right-of-way—and expressly identify the activities for which coordination with CNC and MOPT is requested. > > The preceding photograph shows the problems Ms. Quesada has experienced because runoff water has entered her property. Because of the issues described above, she has had to carry out work on her property to prevent the flooding caused by a third party having “closed” the natural water outlet.” Likewise, in document SJC-2024-0900-DG, addressed to the National Concessions Council, the Director General of Autopistas del Sol stated:
> “The blockage of the stormwater drainage has become urgent because we have received no response from the Granting Administration to the repeated requests made regarding this irregularity (see letters SJ-C 2016-0455- DE, SJ-C 2016-0848-DT, SJ-C 2017-0973-DT, and SJ-C 2017-1154-DT). Accordingly, in addition to the actions taken by one of the owners of properties adjacent to National Route No. 27, this request seeks to put an end to the alleged material and/or formal inactivity. > > In performing its functions, the Public Administration may violate the legal order and harm the rights and interests of a private party, through action or omission alike. Thus, administrative material inactivity gives rise to unlawful conduct when the positive acts required of public power are not carried out efficiently¹. Just as when the Administration acts, it must be sanctioned if the demanded and mandatory activity is not carried out because of the inertia and omission of its agencies.
The primary purpose of controlling administrative material inactivity must be to eradicate the “Code of Failure”², thereby advancing the Administration’s liability for its actions and, even more so, for its inaction. Administrative omissions consist of a Public Administration’s failure to fulfill a preexisting obligation—imposed by the legal order or by one of its own acts—which causes unlawful harm to the person subject to the Administration³. > > In this regard, since 2016 my client has informed your authority, in the letters identified in this same communication, that persons outside the project have obstructed the stormwater drainage system at approximately kilometer 57+200 in the Caldera–San José direction, and that the works were carried out within the right-of-way. That stormwater drainage system is part of the public infrastructure needed for the optimal and safe operation of National Route No. 27, and its unilateral closure by one of the neighboring property owners puts the structural safety of the works, drivers, and neighbors at risk.
Under Article 17(a) of the General Law on Concessions for Public Works with Public Services, Article 50 of the General Regulations on Concessions for Public Works with Public Services, and Clause 1.14 of the Concession Contract, my client is entitled to request the support of your authority as needed to achieve the objectives of the concession. > > For these reasons, my client has requested your authority’s intervention to resolve this matter on multiple occasions, as shown below: > > Letter SJ-C-2016-0455-DE dated 13 May 2016. > > Letter SJ-C-2017-0973-DT dated 31 October 2017. > > Letter SJ-C-2017-1154-DT dated 27 November 2017. > > Letter SJ-C 2017-0848-DT dated 25 August 2017. > > The situation has also been brought to the attention of GETINSA, the entity supervising performance of the concession commitments, on multiple occasions; it is familiar with the letters cited above. Despite the multiple notices, my client has received no response to its requests.
This has worsened erosion in the area and even caused flooding in neighboring homes whose occupants were not responsible for obstructing the stormwater drainage. > > In this regard, the person responsible for obstructing the stormwater drainage is [Nombre 002], holder of identity card No. 2-0327-0405, owner of property 2-346888-000. He has said that he intentionally closed the drainage system because it was built without his consent, even though the drainage system existed long before he became the property owner. > > We consider the actions obstructing the drainage to be illegal because the applicable legislation, specifically Article 20 of the General Roads Law, provides: > > “Article 20: All holders of real property, under any title, are required to receive and allow water from roads to flow through their properties when the land’s slope so requires. When their properties are next to a road’s drainage outlets, they must keep those outlets clean, in perfect operating condition, and free of obstacles.
If this obligation is not fulfilled, the Ministry or the Municipalities shall order the work to be carried out and charge the cost of the work plus a surcharge of fifty percent (50%). The Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Municipalities shall coordinate with the Ministry of Agriculture on measures to protect roads in new route projects or conservation work on existing roads in regions where they may cause or intensify erosion or divert the natural drainage of the fields.” > > Accordingly, the property owner is legally required to receive and allow stormwater from National Route No. 27 to flow through his property. The buried drainage headwall, the rest of the earthworks, and the perimeter fence were placed on the surface of the right-of-way, which is State property under Article 2 of the General Roads Law. Under no circumstances may your authority continue to allow these works to remain, since Article 28 of the General Public Roads Law provides: > > “The Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Municipalities are strictly prohibited from granting permits or rights to occupy, enjoy, use, or simply possess the right-of-way of public roads, or to carry out acts that in any way imply such rights in favor of individuals.” > > In addition, the illegal blockage of the stormwater drainage system is causing water to pool, erosion, and the resulting transport of sediment to the nearest rivers and streams.
This situation also presents potential environmental harm that the authorities must prevent at an early stage, in accordance with Article 61 of the Organic Law of the Environment, which provides: > > “The competent authority shall prescribe the necessary preventive and corrective measures when environmental pollution emergencies or other situations not covered by this law occur.” > > To remedy this situation, the Administration should proceed as required by Articles 2 bis and 19 of the General Roads Law, which provide: > > “Article 2 bis: Public entities competent to carry out maintenance and improvement works on the existing cantonal or national road network have the authority, in the public interest and without prior authorization from the competent bodies of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Minae), to remove any obstacle located within a legally established right-of-way, provided this does not mean a violation of environmental legislation.
This applies where the right-of-way is located outside protection areas and protected wild areas, or where the obstacle concerns trees subject to a logging ban. (…)” > > “Article 19: No construction or building of any kind may be erected in front of existing or planned highways without prior authorization from the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, or in front of local roads and streets without written approval from the corresponding Municipality. Municipalities shall coordinate alignments along local roads with the Ministry, which shall establish the policy best suited to the public interest. Along restricted-access or one-way highways, adjoining property owners may access the highway only at locations designated for that purpose or by means of frontage roads approved by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport. > > Those who violate this article shall be subject to the fines prescribed by this law and shall have a non-extendable period of 15 days to remove the work they carried out.
After that period, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport may remove the structures, without having to pay any amount for damages. The Ministry of Public Works and Transport may remove and even seize any property found within the right-of-way for the purpose of preventing its improper use. The Ministry’s order shall be notified by means of a notice published in the Diario Oficial. If those who narrow or improperly use the right-of-way are owners of commercial or industrial establishments, the Ministry may also ask the relevant administrative authorities to cancel the business license and close the establishment, and those authorities shall duly carry out that request. (…)” > > It is therefore clear that (i) the works obstructing the stormwater drainage system are illegal, (ii) they put the road infrastructure, drivers’ safety, and the environment at risk, and (iii) MOPT has the authority to act immediately to restore the situation and even charge the property owner for the repair costs.
MOPT must therefore proceed accordingly. > > Based on the factual and legal grounds set out above, we ask the National Concessions Council and, more generally, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, within a non-extendable period of fifteen days from the filing of this request, to: > > • Order the owner of property 2-346888-000 to restore and maintain operation of the stormwater drainage system, which was completely obstructed by works carried out from that property. > > • If the owner has not restored the stormwater drainage system within the non-extendable period of 15 days after the order is issued, have the Ministry of Public Works and Transport carry out the civil works necessary to restore that stormwater system. > > The following documents, which form part of this Concessionaire’s administrative file, are attached in support of this request: > > • Letter SJ-C-2016-0455-DE, issued by my client on 13 May 2016, informing CNC of the blockage of the stormwater drainage system. > > • Letter SJ-C 2017-0848-DT dated 25 August 2017, supplementing letter SJ-C-2016-0455. > > • Letter SJ-C-2017-0973-DT, issued by my client on 31 October 2017, reiterating the matter and providing photographic evidence. > > • Letter SJ-C-2017-1154-DT, issued by my client on 27 November 2017, informing CNC that the supervisor had confirmed the irregularity and unauthorized use of the right-of-way.” > > For his part, in letter CNC-APM-SJC-1093-2025 dated 11 November 2025, addressed to the Director of Engineering of MOPT’s Public Works Division, the SJC Project Manager of the Ongoing Projects Area of the National Concessions Council stated: > > “After extending cordial greetings, I wish to inform you that the Project Supervisor for National Route No. 27 has sent us report No. TPF-REG-225, which details the obstruction and overflow of the longitudinal drainage system/ditches in the sector at km 57+100, left side, of National Route No. 27.
The Orotina Regional Directorate of the Ministry of Health has also received complaints about overflowing water caused by the obstruction of runoff outlets from these structures, which discharged onto a private property that was the lowest point. > > The Concessionaire company for National Route No. 27 has also filed a complaint about this matter with the same Orotina Regional Directorate, since apparently the owner of the property onto which the water from the ditches flows obstructed the outlets, carried out fill work, and built an illegal access, installing culvert pipes that do not meet the hydraulic cross-section of the ditches and thereby causing flooding on neighboring properties. The Concessionaire company prepared a historical satellite photo record, which clearly shows the outlets for water from the ditches and then shows the fill and closure of those outlets on the property. > > In view of the above, we request your formal intervention through the Inspection and Demolitions Department to determine whether the outlets for water from the ditches and transverse culverts in the area were in fact closed, causing them to overflow and affecting surrounding properties, putting road users at risk, and giving rise above all to the resulting public-health problems.
We also request that you verify whether the landowner has the required permits from the Municipality, the Restricted-Access Roads Commission, the Ministry of Health, etc.” Likewise, by official letter CNC-APM-SJC-1163-2025 dated 25 November 2025, addressed to the mayor of Orotina, the SJC Project Manager of the National Concessions Council’s Ongoing Projects Area stated: “It is important to inform you that this Management is handling a complaint received from residents of the district of Coyolar in the canton of Orotina, after the drainage system collapsed in the area at km 57+100, LI. It was confirmed that the roadside ditch system is collapsing and causing lateral overflow that encroaches onto lane 2 in the Caldera–San José direction. The owner of the property listed under cadastral plan No. 2-0023973-2025, in the name of Mr. [Nombre 002], apparently obstructed the drainage, causing damage to neighbors whose properties are adjacent to the area.
It has been clearly observed that part of the road right-of-way has been eroded because runoff enters private properties, causing damage to third parties. In addition, construction of ‘chinamos’ is visible on one of the private properties; these structures create illegal access points by piping sections of the ditch through small-diameter conduits and covering them with concrete slabs. These low-capacity pipes contribute to the overflow of surface runoff, which also no longer has the lateral outlets originally built there, since third parties removed or closed them off. The aerial information available for the site was reviewed using the orthophoto, as were the sector’s ‘As Built’ plans. As shown below, an illegal access point built by a third party ‘cuts off’ the continuity of the longitudinal drainage system (ditch), reducing its hydraulic capacity by placing a pipe whose diameter is much smaller than the ditch’s own cross-section.
It is important to indicate that this closure is at kilometer 57+200 in the Caldera–San José direction and that the works were carried out within the road right-of-way. This stormwater drainage system is part of the public infrastructure required for the optimal and safe operation of National Route No. 27, and its unilateral closure by a property owner endangers the structural safety of the work, drivers, and neighbors. In this regard, under the San José–Caldera Highway Concession Contract, the concessionaire has stated that the person responsible for obstructing the stormwater drainage is Mr. [Nombre 002], holder of identity card number 2-0327-0405, who owns property 2-346888-000 and has stated that he intentionally closed the drainage system because it was installed without his consent, even though the drainage existed long before he became the property owner. Accordingly, the owner is legally required to receive and allow stormwater from National Route No. 27 to flow through his property.
Both the buried drainage headwall, the remainder of the earthworks, and the perimeter fence were placed on the surface of the road right-of-way, which is State property under Article 2 of the General Roads Law. In addition, as indicated above, the illegal blockage of the stormwater drainage system is causing water ponding and erosion, with the resulting movement of sediment to the nearest rivers and streams; this situation also presents potential environmental damage. In light of this situation, this Management asks you to indicate whether Mr. [Nombre 002] applied to that municipality for construction permits for the property listed under cadastral plan A-0023973-2025. If so, please indicate the purpose of the application, since the owner does not have the corresponding access permits from the Restricted-Access Roads Commission of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.” Additionally, by official letter MO-DPDT-CU-426-2025 dated 3 December 2025, the Head of Urban Control of the Municipality of Orotina replied as follows to the SJC Project Manager of the National Concessions Council’s Ongoing Projects Area: “In reply to official letter CNC-APM-SJC-1163-2025 of 25 November, which was forwarded to me by the Mayor’s Office under official letter MO-A-1415-25-2024-2028, I inform you that property number 2-346888-000, cadastral plan A-0570456-1999, has no municipal construction license.
To the contrary, the works have been closed down, as documented in inspection report MO-A-DPDT-GT-INSP-235-2025 dated 21 April 2025, because they lack a municipal construction license.” For her part, in official letter CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0084-2026 dated 28 January 2026, addressed to the amparo applicant, the SJC Project Manager of the National Concessions Council’s Ongoing Projects Area stated: “Regarding the case concerning you and the flooding on your property, this Project Management, together with the concessionaire and the project supervisor, is aware of the conditions in the area at km 57+100 LI. It was confirmed that the roadside ditch system is collapsing and causing lateral overflow that encroaches onto lane 2 in the Caldera–San José direction. Likewise, it is clearly apparent that part of the road right-of-way has been eroded because runoff enters private properties, causing damage to third parties, as in the case also reported by Mr.
Carlos Leitón Casasola. In addition, construction on a private property is visible in the area, creating illegal access points to National Route No. 27 by piping sections of the ditch through small-diameter conduits and covering them with concrete slabs. These low-capacity pipes contribute to the overflow of surface runoff, which also no longer has the lateral outlets originally built there, since third parties removed or closed them off. The site’s available aerial information was also reviewed using the orthophoto, as were the sector’s ‘As Built’ plans. As shown below, an illegal access point built by a third party ‘cuts off’ the continuity of the longitudinal drainage system (cureta), reducing its hydraulic capacity by placing a pipe whose diameter is much smaller than the ditch’s own cross-section. (…) It is important to indicate that people unaffiliated with the project have obstructed the stormwater drainage system at kilometer 57+200 in the Caldera–San José direction, and that the works were carried out within the road right-of-way.
This stormwater drainage system is part of the public infrastructure required for the optimal and safe operation of National Route No. 27, and its unilateral closure by one of the neighboring property owners endangers the structural safety of the work, drivers, and neighbors. In this regard, an investigation found that Mr. [Nombre 002], holder of identity card number 2-0327-0405 and owner of property 2-346888-000, caused the closure of the drainage system and built an illegal access point to the concessioned route through construction on his property. Those structures lack municipal permits, according to official letter MODPDT-CU-426-2025 from the Municipality of Orotina and report MO-A-DPDT-GT-INSP-235-2C25. Accordingly, the owner is legally required to receive and allow stormwater from National Route No. 27 to flow through his property. Both the buried drainage headwall, the remainder of the earthworks, and the perimeter fence were placed on the surface of the road right-of-way, which is State property under Article 2 of the General Roads Law.
In addition, the illegal blockage of the stormwater drainage system is causing water ponding and erosion, with the resulting movement of sediment to the nearest rivers and streams; this situation also presents potential environmental damage. Note, then, how the illegal construction carried out by Mr. [Nombre 002] has caused a health problem for local residents, as shown in the following photographs: (…) On 23 October 2025, a virtual meeting was also held with the participation of the San Mateo de Orotina Health Area, officials of the concession company, and this Council. The meeting addressed a health complaint caused by closure of the natural water outlet and obstruction of several ditches, which complaint was processed by Autopistas del Sol S.A. As can be seen, the current blockage of the stormwater system and construction of the legal access point have caused flooding on adjacent properties, including yours.
However, as stated, this Management, together with the concession company and the Project Supervisor, as well as entities involved in this matter, has clearly identified the situation and is coordinating efforts to restore the stormwater system’s hydraulic function and prevent damage to property owners.” By official letter CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0117-2026 dated 5 February 2026, addressed to the Director of Territorial Planning and Development of the Municipality of Orotina, the SJC Project Manager of the National Concessions Council’s Ongoing Projects Area stated: “Accordingly, it is important to note that Project Management, together with the Project Supervisor and the concession company, has been fully coordinating efforts to address the flooding caused by Mr. [Nombre 002]’s unilateral closure of the stormwater system, as well as the illegal access point built for the chinamos on his property.
This is not only a technical matter, but also a legal matter that requires the situation to be examined and analyzed. Therefore, efforts are being made to find a functional solution favorable to the property owners, with works that will permanently resolve the flooding caused by third parties, which has affected the area’s road infrastructure without proper authorization.” In addition, by official letter MOPT-02-07-01-195-2026 dated 26 May 2026, the engineer of MOPT’s Road Inspection and Demolitions Department concluded: “As part of the intervention, the information provided and collected in the field was analyzed, establishing that illegal access points and unauthorized obstructions are altering the drainage system of National Route No. 27, causing damage to third parties and posing a risk to road users. In light of this situation, the case was transferred to Lic. David Soto Solano, who is responsible for legal proceedings in the Road Inspection and Demolitions Department, so that the corresponding administrative acts can be issued and communicated to the owner of the land involved, with a view to restoring the road to its original condition.” Likewise, by official letter CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0679-2026 dated 26 May 2026, the SJC Project Manager of the National Concessions Council’s Ongoing Projects Area stated: “Regarding the alleged alteration of the stormwater drainage system at kilometer 57 of Route 27, it is technically true that recurrent hydraulic failure occurs at kilometer 57+100, Left Side (LI), of National Route 27, in the Coyolar sector of Orotina, Alajuela, causing stormwater runoff to spill onto adjoining properties.
Nevertheless, this Council categorically rejects the claim that this problem stems from a design defect, lack of maintenance, or alteration of the public works attributable to the National Concessions Council or the concessionaire Globalvía Ruta 27 S.A. Field inspections unequivocally determined that the problem is caused by the unilateral and illegal plugging and closure of the road’s longitudinal stormwater drainage system and natural outlets by a private property owner who is a neighbor within the road right-of-way and on the adjoining property.
“On the nature of, and alleged disobedience of, administrative decision No. CU-426-2025. The applicant makes a serious factual and conceptual error by alleging that the National Concessions Council ‘failed to comply with and heed administrative decision No. CU-426-2025.’ There is no final administrative act, sanctioning decision, or order to carry out works issued by this Council or the Project Management under that designation. The document the applicant identifies as decision ‘CU-426-2025’ is in fact official letter MO-DPDT-CU-426-2025, issued on 3 December 2025 by the Directorate of Territorial Planning and Development of the Municipality of Orotina. That letter contains no order directed to the National Concessions Council and does not acknowledge civil or contractual liability on the part of the Costa Rican State. On the contrary, it is a formal response proactively sought by this Project Management to certify that the works carried out by the offending third party on property number 2-346888-000 lack municipal licenses and have been officially closed down by the local government.
“On the alleged inaction and lack of effective measures by the respondent entities. It must be clear that this Project Management rejects the existence of any state of administrative passivity or omission. The National Concessions Council, through this Route 27 Project Management, the Project Supervisor, and the concession company, have carried out extensive oversight, technical, and interinstitutional work since the problem was detected. The chronological account of these steps shows that all corresponding administrative avenues have been exhausted to compel the offending property owner to reopen the closed stormwater systems. The apparent lack of a definitive solution does not result from State inaction, but from the limits imposed by the principle of legality on the public administration, which cannot unilaterally enter private property without due process or usurp the exclusive authority over construction held by the Municipality of Orotina or the demolition powers held by the Directorate of Road Prevention of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.
“On the persistence of flooding and the risk to vulnerable populations. This Management shares the concern about the effects on households in the Coyolar sector of Orotina. It was precisely because of the effects on road safety and the public health of local residents that Project Management directly coordinated with the San Mateo de Orotina Health Area to address the relevant health complaint. Nevertheless, it reiterates that the direct cause of these effects lies in informal commercial structures erected by a private individual, who is also legally obligated to receive and allow stormwater from the national road, which has historically crossed the area, to flow through his property. For greater clarity regarding the difference between the applicant’s arguments and the facts verified by the administration, the following table is presented: (…)
“Technical breakdown of the stormwater obstruction at kilometer 57. The topographical, aerial, and cadastral analysis conducted by Route 27 Project Management and the TPF Getinsa Euroestudios Consortium’s Supervisor precisely identified the physical cause of the stormwater overflow affecting Ms. [Nombre 001]. According to the technical report included in official letter CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0084-2026, the following was conclusively determined: ‘…construction is visible in the area on a private property, creating illegal access points to National Route No. 27 by piping sections of the ditch through small-diameter conduits and covering them with concrete slabs. These low-capacity pipes contribute to the overflow of surface runoff, which also no longer has the lateral outlets originally built there, since third parties removed or closed them off.’ The emphasis is not in the original. The cadastral investigation and land registry study determined that the person who physically and deliberately caused the closure of this drainage system is Mr. [Nombre 002].
Mr. [Nombre 002] is the registered owner of the adjoining property registered in the province of Alajuela under property number 346888-000 (cadastral plan A-0570456-1999). On that property, the offender erected commercial buildings without approved plans or the corresponding licenses from the Municipality of Orotina. During the works, Mr. [Nombre 002] carried out earthworks and altered the natural grading of the land, going so far as to completely bury the headwall of the transverse stormwater drainage system that discharges at kilometer 57+200 of National Route 27. In addition, the owner installed perimeter fences and deposited construction materials on the strip of land legally designated as the road right-of-way, which is a State public-domain asset under Article 2 of the Public Roads Law. These unlawful actions constitute a clear abuse of property rights by Mr. [Nombre 002], who is required under the laws governing civil matters and public roads to tolerate and allow the flow of stormwater runoff from the national road.
“Detailed chronology of oversight and enforcement actions. Contrary to the image of passivity described by the applicant, this Council has continuously carried out technical and oversight actions intended to pressure the offender and the other competent authorities to restore the road’s original stormwater flow.
“Final matters. The public administration in Costa Rica is strictly governed by the principle of legality, enshrined in Article 11 of the Political Constitution and the General Law of Public Administration. Under this principle, the National Concessions Council has no authority to unilaterally enter private property to demolish buildings or remove earth by force. Costa Rican law does not grant it powers of public authority or powers of compulsory enforcement for those purposes; those territorial-control and demolition powers are reserved exclusively to local governments and specific MOPT departments, such as Road Prevention and Demolition Inspection. Route 27 Project Management has acted with the utmost reasonable and timely diligence required of a concession-granting authority. There has been no passivity or negligence, since health complaints before the Ministry of Health and demolition and closure files before the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Municipality of Orotina have been actively documented and pursued.
This even resulted in the local government’s definitive closure, since April 2025, of the offending Mr. [Nombre 002]’s illegal works. The continued flooding on Ms. [Nombre 001]’s property is due solely and exclusively to Mr. [Nombre 002]’s refusal to comply with the law and reopen the transverse culvert headwall he buried on his property and within the public road right-of-way. Therefore, inaction is not attributable to this Council, which lacks direct subject-matter jurisdiction to carry out physical demolitions on its own initiative on private property without the proper involvement of the municipal police or MOPT’s centralized departments. In this regard, MOPT’s Road Inspection and Demolitions Department, through the document entitled MOPT-02-07-01-195-2026, prepared a report on the work carried out in response to case 2025-629-D. Its final conclusions and recommendations state: ‘As part of the intervention, the information provided and collected in the field was analyzed, establishing that illegal access points and unauthorized obstructions are altering the drainage system of National Route No. 27, causing damage to third parties and posing a risk to road users.
In light of this situation, the case was transferred to Lic. David Soto Solano, who is responsible for legal proceedings in the Road Inspection and Demolitions Department, so that the corresponding administrative acts can be issued and communicated to the owner of the land involved, with a view to restoring the road to its original condition. Notification will be made on 28 May 2026.’ The emphasis is not in the original.” In this regard, note that the authorities agree that they know about the problem reported by the person whose rights are protected, and even indicate that the situation has environmental implications. Moreover, although the matter has been processed, it remains true that no concrete actions to resolve the problem of alteration and obstruction of a stormwater drainage system are on record.
In these circumstances, the appropriate course is to grant the amparo application in all respects.
V—NOTE BY JUSTICE CASTILLO VÍQUEZ CONCERNING PROMPT AND EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE. I have supported this Court’s position that when a litigant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and effective justice in administrative proceedings, the legal dispute must be heard by the Administrative-Litigation Courts and not by this Chamber. However, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right of Petition, it has been established that this right may be protected judicially through the amparo proceeding established by Article 32 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, in conjunction with Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in cases where a petitioner considers that the Administration’s material conduct, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting the petitioner’s fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted legislation does not mean this Court must change its line of precedent, since under Article 7 of its Law, this Court is exclusively responsible for defining its own jurisdiction.
Therefore, except for those constitutional legal disputes that this Chamber itself has recognized as exceptional cases that may be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional remedy of amparo, the competent forum in all other cases, for the reasons this Court has stated (judgment No. 2008-02545, at 8:55 a.m. on 22 February 2008), is the Administrative-Litigation jurisdiction. This is consistent with Article 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Law of the Constitution (values, principles, and rules), and the applicable legal provisions, based on a logical, systematic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
VI—DOCUMENTATION SUBMITTED TO THE CASE FILE. The parties are advised that any paper documents, as well as objects or evidence contained on electronic, computing, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology devices, must be collected from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Any material not collected within that period will be destroyed, as provided in the “Regulations on the Electronic Case File before the Judiciary,” approved by the Full Court in Article XXVI of session No. 27-11 of 22 August 2011, published in Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as in the Judicial Council agreement approved in Article LXXXI of session No. 43-12 held on 3 May 2012.
Therefore:
The amparo application is granted. Efraím Zeledón Leiva and Paula Reyes Loría, each in their capacity as minister and technical secretary of the National Concessions Council, respectively, both of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, as well as Margot Montero Jiménez and Graciela Argentina Murillo Vargas, each in her capacity as mayor and president of the Municipal Council, respectively, both of the Municipality of Orotina, or whoever occupies those positions, are ordered to coordinate as appropriate, take the necessary measures, and issue the corresponding orders within the scope of their respective powers, so that, within a maximum period of SIX MONTHS from notification of this judgment, the reported problem of obstruction of the stormwater drainage system is definitively resolved and the amparo applicant is notified of the decision through the channel designated for that purpose.
The respondent authorities are warned that, under Article 71 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, anyone who receives an order that they must carry out or enforce, issued in an amparo proceeding, and fails to carry it out or enforce it, shall be subject to imprisonment for three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, provided the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State and the Municipality of Orotina are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the events underlying this declaration, to be assessed in enforcement proceedings before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. Justice Castillo Víquez files a separate note. Notify the parties.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE No. 26-016064-0007-CO Telephone: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Email address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 meters south of the Perpetual Help church).
EV Generación de Machote: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH001.dpj SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del trece de agosto de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 26-016064-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], contra el CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CONCESIONES.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
Antes de analizar el fondo del asunto debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia nro. 2008002545 de las 8:55 horas del 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en el sub lite se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante la supuesta dilación en resolver una denuncia relativa a aguas pluviales. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver, la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
La recurrente manifiesta que es vecina de Coyolar de Orotina, Alajuela, específicamente, en las cercanías del kilómetro 57 de la Ruta Nacional 27. Indica que en ese sector existe una problemática relacionada con la alteración y obstrucción de un sistema de drenaje pluvial, la cual ha generado inundaciones recurrentes y afectaciones a viviendas. Señala que la situación fue previamente denunciada ante las autoridades competentes, incluyendo el Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y la empresa concesionaria Global Vía Ruta 27 S.A. Refiere que, como resultado de esas gestiones, se emitió la resolución administrativa nro. CU-426-2025, en la cual se reconoce expresamente la existencia de la afectación derivada del problema de drenaje pluvial. Reclama que las entidades recurridas no han ejecutado las acciones efectivas, concretas y definitivas para corregir la problemática, manteniéndose la afectación de manera actual, continua y agravada. Alega que la falta de acatamiento de la resolución nro. CU-426-2025 implica que se mantenga la obstrucción del sistema de drenaje, que persistan las inundaciones y que continúen los daños materiales.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
En el sub lite, la recurrente manifiesta que es vecina de Coyolar de Orotina, Alajuela, específicamente, en las cercanías del kilómetro 57 de la Ruta Nacional 27. Indica que en ese sector existe una problemática relacionada con la alteración y obstrucción de un sistema de drenaje pluvial, la cual ha generado inundaciones recurrentes y afectaciones a viviendas. Señala que la situación fue previamente denunciada ante las autoridades competentes, incluyendo el Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y la empresa concesionaria Global Vía Ruta 27 S.A. Refiere que, como resultado de esas gestiones, se emitió la resolución administrativa nro. CU-426-2025, en la cual se reconoce expresamente la existencia de la afectación derivada del problema de drenaje pluvial. Reclama que las entidades recurridas no han ejecutado las acciones efectivas, concretas y definitivas para corregir la problemática, manteniéndose la afectación de manera actual, continua y agravada. Alega que la falta de acatamiento de la resolución nro. CU-426-2025 implica que se mantenga la obstrucción del sistema de drenaje, que persistan las inundaciones y que continúen los daños materiales.
De los autos se desprende que mediante oficio MO-A-1116-22-2020-2024 del 18 de octubre de 2022, dirigido al Consejo Nacional de Concesiones del MOPT, la Municipalidad de Orotina consignó: “La situación que enfrenta nuestro cantón por los desarrollos es de valiosa importancia, pero a su vez deja al descubierto la falta de planificación como de coordinación, desfavoreciendo a los vecinos que por muchos años han vivido en la tranquilidad y hoy enfrentan afectaciones, caso de ello, y conocido por ustedes o bien por Globalvía el expedientes 19-006222-0007-CO, correo de Albina María [Nombre 001] del 30/5/2017, documento del 24 de setiembre del 2019, oficio CNC-ST-PM-SJC-OF-0611-2018, entre otros; sobre las inundaciones producidas a propiedades privadas y que aún no se ha resuelto, existiendo respuestas pero no soluciones a los sistemas de desfogue, creando daños a las viviendas ”.
Posteriormente, por oficio CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0761-2024 del 23 de setiembre de 2024, dirigido a la recurrente, el gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones indicó: “En atención a la gestión realizada por su persona, con relación a las inundaciones que ha sufrido su propiedad debido en apariencia al cierre de una salida de aguas de la ruta nacional No. 27, Carretera San José-Caldera RN27, me permito indicarle que esta Gerencia de Proyecto en conjunto con la Supervisora de Proyecto, realizó visita a su propiedad el pasado 20 de los corrientes, siendo que se inspeccionaron las condiciones de su propiedad en el km 57+200. Sobre la inspección realizada me permito informarle que se logró determinar el cierre de la salida natural de las aguas, (realizado por un tercero), y sobre este particular se está solicitando las acciones correctivas a la empresa Concesionaria, la cual es la encarga del mantenimiento del derecho de vía de la ruta 27. Tan pronto se nos brinde una respuesta oficial por parte del Concesionario estaríamos notificando los resultados”.
Además, mediante oficio CNC-APM-SJC-0759-2024 del 23 de setiembre de 2024, el gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones precisó: “En seguimiento al Caso de la Señora [Nombre 001], la Supervisora de Proyecto ha realizado un análisis de la situación actual, de lo cual se colige lo siguiente: “…3. DE LA SITUACION ACTUAL El 21 de marzo de 2023 la supervisora realiza una inspección en el sitio, y se comprueba que las condiciones actuales en el sector del Km 57 son similares a las descritas y conocidas según los documentos generados por la supervisora en el pasado. La siguiente imagen corresponde a un extracto de la lámina 13.4.6 de los planos “As built” Planta Perfil, lámina del Km 56+520 a 57+240. (…) El plano muestra claramente la salida de las aguas que conducen las cunetas de hormigón en el Km 57+100. La salida de las aguas corresponde al punto en el que existe el cauce natural de escurrimiento de aguas.
Las líneas punteadas demarcan el derecho de vía en el sector. En la actualidad la salida de las aguas que conducen las cunetas de hormigón construidas por el Concesionario permanece obstruida por materiales, tierra, escombros, que no permiten que el agua se conduzca hacia el cauce natural. La obstrucción de la salida de las aguas está en el derecho de vía. Cabe destacar que en el sector existen varios accesos ilegales o no autorizados. Las fotografías siguientes ilustran el estado actual del sitio: • Existen cercas dentro del derecho de vía. Se acota que es obligación del Concesionario tutelar el derecho de vía. Se deben eliminar las cercas que estén dentro del derecho de vía. La responsabilidad de tener cercado el derecho de vía es del Concesionario. • La salida de aguas situada en el PK 57+100 según planos “As built”, sigue obstruida. La salida de aguas fue construida para conducir las aguas hacia cauce natural que existía. • Las cunetas del sector permanecen obstruidas en la salida de aguas del Km 57+100 (Km según planos “As built”) y por accesos no autorizados. • Existen accesos ilegales o no autorizados en el sector Km 57+000 – 57+200, por lo que se ha alterado el estado de las cunetas existentes y se acumulan sedimentos. • Es obligación y responsabilidad de la concesionaria de ejecutar las acciones necesarias para restituir el derecho de vía que le fue encomendado en custodia y que fue invadido. • Además de realizar el mantenimiento y limpieza del derecho de vía, en este caso la limpieza de las cunetas y de la salida de las cunetas de hormigón que conducen el agua hacia el cauce natural del sector.
La imagen siguiente muestra la condición actual del sector del Km 57. El círculo rojo resalta la salida de las aguas que conducen las cunetas, aguas que se dirigen hacia el cauce natural de ese sector. Las líneas punteadas color azul demarcan el derecho de vía en el sector del Km 57. La siguiente fotografía muestra la condición actual de la entrada a la propiedad de la señora [Nombre 001] N. Se puede observar un cauce marcado por las aguas que se desbordan hacia las propiedades vecinas, esto causado por la obstrucción de la salida de las aguas que no permite que ellas alcancen a encauzarse hacia las salidas de agua naturales del sector. Se debe requerir al Concesionario que realice la limpieza de los sistemas de control de aguas en ese sector, tanto la limpieza de las cunetas como la eliminación de la obstrucción de la salida de las aguas hacia los cauces naturales, todo esto dentro del derecho de vía que es de su responsabilidad.
Además, debe cerrar todos los accesos no autorizados que existen en el sector, tal y como es su responsabilidad contractual según Cláusula 1.11.5 del Contrato de Concesión. 4. OBSERVACIONES SOBRE EL DERECHO DE VÍA. Tomando en cuenta la ubicación de la cuneta antes indicada (Km 57-margen izquierda), esta Supervisora pudo determinar que la gestión de expropiación, correspondiente al derecho de vía de la Ruta Nacional N°27, Carretera San José – Caldera, reposan en el Expediente Administrativo N° 23 233, bajo el nombre de “Donación de Terreno Necesario para la Construcción de la Carretera Orotina * Pozón * Puerto Caldera, realizada al ITCO en el año de 1982. A continuación, se muestra una imagen de la portada del Expediente. En el expediente antes indicado se encuentra el oficio N° SJD-134-82 del 28 de mayo de 1982, suscrito por el señor Enrique Antonio Moreira Acuña Secretario General del Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, en el cual indica lo siguiente: “Me permito transcribirles a continuación el acuerdo tomado por nuestra Junta Directiva mediante el artículo quinto de la sesión número seis celebrada el treinta de abril de 1982, y que dice: Atendiendo lo solicitud del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes contenida en el focio fechado 26 de marzo de 1982, referente a la necesidad indispensable de tomar varias fajas de terreno propiedad de este Instituto del complejo de fincas que conforman Hacienda Coyolar, y con fundamento con los dispuesto por el artículo 36 de la Ley de General de Caminos Públicos número 5060 de 22 de agosto de 1982, autorizar en forma gratita las fajas de terreno que a continuación se describirán, con el fin de que dicho Ministerio construya la carretera Orotina - Pozón - Caldera. a) De la finca La Manuelita se tomará una faja de terreno con una superficie de 9 Has 4807.75 M2. b) De la reunión de las fincas El Molino, González y Cebadilla, se tomarán varias fajas de terreno con una superficie de 37 Has 7230.75 M2.
A continuación, se muestra una imagen en la cual se aprecia con un mayor detalle lo indicado. Se resalta mediante un círculo de color amarillo la ubicación aproximada de la cuneta y además se ratifica que el Derecho de Vía de la Carretera San José Caldera tiene como mínimo un ancho de 50 metros. Por otra parte, cabe mencionar que, en el plano anterior elaborado en el año de 1978, se observa que la topografía existente desde esa fecha refleja un punto bajo en la zona y que las aguas desfogan hacia el Sur del Proyecto (Margen izquierdo). Por tanto, la ubicación del drenaje es acorde a las condiciones topográficas presente en su momento. Ahora bien, de acuerdo con nuestros insumos topográficos la cuneta se encuentra a una separación de la línea de centro del proyecto de 17.24 metros lineales y el ancho mínimo del derecho de vía de la Carretera San José – Caldera es de 25 metros. Por lo tanto, según lo información encontrada la cuneta del Km 57 se encuentra dentro del Derecho de vía del Proyecto Ciudad Colón - Puesto Caldera, hoy Carretera San José – Caldera, Ruta N°27.
Se muestra una imagen en donde acotan los diferentes elementos viales en la zona. 5. OBSERVACIONES AMBIENTALES. Se observa la colocación de materiales en la salida de las aguas que conducen las cunetas de hormigón de la carretera, esto sobre el derecho de vía. Las aguas que salen de la carretera se encauzan hacia la salida natural de aguas de ese sector por el curso de la escorrentía natural del terreno. Al estar bloqueada esa salida no permite la evacuación de las aguas de la carretera y el escurrimiento de las aguas hacia la escorrentía natural del sector. El vecino que mantiene obstruida esta salida, además habilitó un camino de acceso a las propiedades sobre el sector de desfogue donde se ubicaba una cuneta que se encuentra aterrada y que se observa parcialmente en algunos tramos. Este camino está fuera del derecho de vía y en la línea del curso de las aguas de escorrentía. La siguiente imagen muestra en el círculo amarillo el punto de salida de aguas que permanece obstruido y ocasiona que se acumule el agua y esta sale por otras propiedades que se ven afectadas.
A partir de ese punto las aguas son conducidas hacia el curso de escurrimiento natural que en la actualidad está obstruido. La línea azul resalta la Quebrada Mauricio, a esta quebrada finalmente se dirige la escorrentía del sector. Desde el punto de vista ambiental la zona está muy intervenida, se han realizado obstrucciones los cursos de escorrentía natural y existe una quebrada cercana por lo que se debe vigilar el tema de las zonas de protección en este sector. Con respecto a la zona de protección de la quebrada Mauricio, recordamos lo que indica el artículo 33 bis de la ley forestal: “Artículo 33 bis- Infraestructura civil en áreas de protección urbanas y rurales. Se autoriza instalar y realizar; dar mantenimiento, reparación y reposición de obras civiles y de instituciones públicas, en el cauce y vasos de los cuerpos de agua en las zonas urbanas y rurales, así como-en sus áreas de protección tales como diques, muros, alcantarillas, puentes, acueductos, tomas, derivaciones y calibración de agua asignada en concesión, drenajes con mallas para recolección de residuos sólidos, infraestructura para la descarga de aguas pluviales. obras para el transporte de aguas residuales para SU debido saneamiento, vertidos de aguas residuales procedentes de un sistema de tratamiento y descargas de drenaje agrícola para bajar el nivel freático que puede ser por canal abierto o por tubería; todo, sin deterioro de la calidad del agua y el cauce.
Asimismo, se autorizan obras de bajo impacto ambiental tales como plataformas de observación, puentes, puentes colgantes, tirolesas, elementos de señalización y Otros elementos que permita el acceso, la observación y el disfrute seguro de las áreas naturales con el menor impacto posible, cuando tengan como fin el desarrollo de actividades turísticas, entre otras. La responsabilidad de autorizar estas obras residirá exclusivamente en la Dirección de Agua del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, los cuales establecerán los requisitos y estudios necesarios, así como plazos de la administración para resolver. (Así adicionado por el artículo único de la ley N° 10210 del 5 de mayo de 2022)” 6. ANÁLISIS LEGAL. En atención a la situación descrita en los apartados anteriores, se evidencia que el concesionario a desatendido su obligación de tutelar el derecho de vía, por cuanto, un tercero ha colocado una cerca invadiendo el derecho de vía y la salida de las aguas que conducen las cunetas de hormigón construidas por el Concesionario permanece obstruida por materiales, tierra, escombros, que no permiten que el agua se conduzca hacia el cauce natural.
La obstrucción de la salida de las aguas está en el derecho de vía, y dicha situación ocurre primeramente porque el concesionario no tiene debidamente cercado y delimitado el derecho de vía, lo que ha permitido a terceros generar daños a las obras. Asimismo, se tiene que precisamente el concesionario tiene la obligación de mantener y restaurar el derecho de vía y las obras existentes, dentro de las cuales se encuentra contempladas las cunetas. Tal y como se evidencia en las fotografías incorporadas en el presente oficio en los apartados anteriores, el Concesionario no ha limpiado ni dado un mantenimiento efectivo a la cuneta. Así, expresamente la cláusula 2.5 Mantenimiento del Derecho de Vía y Obras Existentes del contrato, dispone: “El mantenimiento del derecho de vía será responsabilidad del Concesionario. Por lo tanto, deberá incluirlo en su Programa de Mantenimiento. Éste se hará cargo de la manutención, reparación y rehabilitación de toda obra existente en el derecho de vía desde el momento de la entrega del terreno.
En particular, el Concesionario deberá considerar la construcción, reconstrucción y mantenimiento de los espaldones en toda la extensión del proyecto concesionado. Se exceptúan de este mantenimiento las instalaciones correspondientes a accesos a predios, servicios eléctricos, telefónicos, agua potable y alcantarillado, fibra óptica y oleoductos u otros de propiedad de empresas estatales o privadas, cuyo mantenimiento es responsabilidad de sus propietarios. El Concesionario podrá solicitar al MOPT los convenios que se hayan firmado con empresas o particulares a este respecto.” Nótese que, expresamente en la cláusula 2.15.7 Mantenimiento Rutinario del contrato, se contempla la obligación del mantenimiento que debe realizar el concesionario de las cunetas: “El Concesionario debe realizar el mantenimiento rutinario de tipo preventivo incluyendo principalmente las siguientes actividades: remoción, desmonte, limpieza y chapea, limpieza de cunetas y contracunetas, limpieza de alcantarillas y cabezales, señalamiento horizontal y vertical, bacheo con mezcla asfáltica o emulsión asfáltica (para tratamientos superficiales), limpieza de derrumbes y espaldones, etc. Estas tareas deben realizarse en forma continua y sostenida, a través del tiempo, de tal modo que siempre estén en óptimas condiciones de funcionamiento y no se constituyan en una amenaza para la durabilidad del proyecto, la visibilidad de los usuarios ni el nivel de servicio y seguridad de la carretera.” Además, específicamente en cuanto a la limpieza de las cunetas en la cláusula 2.15.7.1 Plan de Mantenimiento inciso c) Limpieza de cunetas, expresamente se contempla: “c) Limpieza de cunetas: Consiste en la limpieza de cualquier tipo de materiales depositados en las cunetas, así como el cargado y acarreo de desechos a botaderos aprobados previamente por la Administración.
La limpieza deberá ser tal que permita la evacuación de las aguas pluviales en forma lateral, por las cunetas durante todo el año. No se permitirá dejar cordones o camellones de material suelto o removido de las cunetas en el lado interno o externo de las mismas. No se permitirá botar desechos de material producto de la limpieza en cuencas, ríos o en lugares que puedan atentar contra la estética o la ecología de la zona.” Asimismo, el contrato es claro en la cláusula 2.15.8 Actividades de Rehabilitación, respecto a la obligación que tiene el Concesionario de restablecer el nivel de servicios de las cunetas, lo cual precisamente en el presente caso se echa de menos: “La rehabilitación consiste en restablecer el nivel de servicio de una estructura llevándola a su estado original. El Concesionario deberá realizar la rehabilitación de los principales componentes de la infraestructura vial, es decir: De las estructuras que componen el sistema de drenaje, tales como: Alcantarillas, cabezales, cunetas, contracunetas, colectores transversales, canales, bombeo de la superficie de ruedo, subdrenajes, etc.; superficie de ruedo, taludes, estructuras de contención, puentes y reconstrucción de secciones del camino, cuando sea indispensable.” Asimismo, y de importancia de frente a la situación descrita, se tiene que el Concesionario tiene la obligación de reparar o reponer el cerco ausente o dañado del derecho de vía para evitar intrusos, sin que se haya tenido evidencia de que el concesionario lo haya realizado en la zona de conflicto, ello conforme a lo dispuesto en la cláusula 2.15.7.2 Mantenimiento Periódico inciso b) del Contrato.
Por otra parte, y no menos importante se tiene que según la situación descrita, existe un acceso NO autorizado, siendo el concesionario quien tiene la obligación de velar por que no existan en la carretera accesos no autorizados. Lo anterior de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la cláusula 2.6 Accesos NO Autorizados del contrato que reza: “El Concesionario deberá velar por que no existan en la carretera accesos no autorizados de conformidad con lo señalado en la cláusula 1.11.5 de este Contrato, para lo cual deberá construir las barreras necesarias para cerrar los accesos ilegales o no autorizados existentes o que se lleguen a abrir durante el período de concesión.” Además, en la cláusula 1.11.5 Accesos ilegales o No Autorizados del contrato se establece: “El Concesionario deberá construir las barreras viales permanentes y necesarias para cerrar los accesos existentes, ilegales o no autorizados, Durante todo el periodo de la concesión, el Concesionario deberá estar en permanente vigilancia para prevenir la apertura de accesos no autorizados, siguiendo el mismo propósito.
Para el efectivo cumplimiento de esta disposición el Concesionario contará con el apoyo de la legislación nacional, y deberá coordinar con las respectivas unidades del MOPT para la vigilancia, control y sanción de los vehículos o personas que desarrollen, construyan o utilicen estos accesos ilegales. La Administración Concedente y las Autoridades Públicas estarán obligadas a cooperar con el Concesionario en este sentido, especialmente en aquellos casos en que es indispensable hacer uso de las potestades de imperio y de policía de la Administración Pública. En el tanto las acciones del Concesionario para impedir y cerrar los Accesos Ilegales o No Autorizadas se haya ejecutado de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense, el Concesionario no será responsable frente a terceros por los eventuales daños que terceros reclamen que se les haya causado por el cierre de Accesos Ilegales salvo que esos daños tengan como causa directa la negligencia del concesionario en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones contractuales.
La Administración Concedente deberá indemnizar al Concesionario por cualquier pago, gasto o condena por daños debidamente acreditados y justificados que tuviere que cancelar en virtud de posibles reclamos de terceros, presentados en la vía judicial o administrativa por el cierre de Accesos Ilegales o No Autorizados salvo que éstos se originen por la negligencia del Concesionario en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones deberá además indemnizar al Concesionario por cualquier perjuicio que se le pudiere causar por la imposibilidad temporal o permanente de cerrar accesos ilegales en virtud de los reclamos y acciones legales referidos siempre y cuando la imposibilidad de cierre se produzca por Orden Judicial, Resolución Administrativa o disposición legal. Además le deberá compensar cualquier costo imprevisto que surja cuando se realice el inventario físico previo a la Orden de Inicio y que el Concesionario demuestre que no fue incluida en la estimación original para el cierre de accesos.
Durante todo el período de la Concesión, el Concesionario deberá estar en permanente vigilancia para prevenir la apertura de Accesos Ilegales o No Autorizados y la Administración Concedente se mantendrá obligada a cooperar con el Concesionario en este sentido, especialmente en aquellos casos en que es indispensable hacer uso de las potestades de imperio y de policía de la Administración Pública. La Administración Concedente informará al Concesionario de la presentación de solicitudes de autorización de nuevos accesos a la carretera San José - Caldera presentados por terceros en el futuro objeto de determinar si tales accesos podrían afectar la debida explotación de la carretera conforme a los términos del Contrato de Concesión y atender las sugerencias que en este sentido se sirva presenta, así como aquellas observaciones sobre aspectos relacionados con la seguridad vial y la fluidez del tránsito.” En vista de lo anterior, no se desprende de la documentación remitida a esta Supervisora y de la que se tiene conocimiento, cuáles han sido las acciones reales y efectivas que ha realizado el concesionario para solucionar la problemática, siendo que es su obligación vigilar y cuidar el derecho de vía y con ello realizar las labores de mantenimiento y rehabilitación que resulten necesarias para que la carretera tenga el nivel de servicio esperado.
En los documentos que remite el Concesionario lo que se extrae es que este simplemente consulta a la Administración sobre la situación, pero tampoco especifica cuál es la cooperación específica que requiere. En ese sentido, se echa de menos cuáles han sido las labores de rehabilitación de la cuneta que el concesionario ha realizado a efectos de devolver la cuneta a su estado original, así como indicar que acciones ha realizado para cerrar el acceso ilegal a la carretera, lo cual se insiste es su responsabilidad. Tampoco, se ha acreditado por parte del concesionario que este haya solicitado expresamente la coordinar con las respectivas unidades del MOPT para la vigilancia, control y sanción de los vehículos o personas que desarrolle, construyo o utilice el acceso ilegal. En vista de lo cual, lo que recomienda esta supervisora es que la Administración exija al concesionario un plan de acción real para atender la situación según corresponda y con el cumpla sus obligaciones contractuales.
Así por su parte, en el escenario de que el Concesionario requiera de coordinar acciones concretas con el CNC, es importante que la Administración facilite lo que le corresponda en aras de poder dar por concluido este asunto de forma efectiva. Ahora bien, resulta necesario apuntar que si a causa de un mantenimiento efectivo, en este caso específico falta de limpieza de la cuneta, se ocasionan daños a terceros el Concesionario es el único responsable de todo daño o perjuicio. Lo anterior de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la cláusula 1.11.4 Daños a terceros del contrato que reza: “El Concesionario está obligado a adoptar todas las medidas que sean razonables para evitar daños a terceros y al personal que trabaja en la construcción de la obra o en la explotación del servicio Igualmente deberá tomar todas las precauciones para evitar daños a la propiedad de terceros y al ambiente. El Concesionario será el único responsable de todo daño y perjuicio, de cualquier naturaleza, que con motivo de la construcción de la obra o la explotación del servicio ocasione a terceros, al personal de la obra, a la propiedad de terceros o al ambiente, a menos que los daños le sean imputables a la Administración Concedente por medidas que ésta le impuso al Concesionario.
En caso de que se produzca un daño a terceros por el seguimiento de instrucciones de la Administración Concedente, para que la eximente de responsabilidad opere a favor del Concesionario, éste antes de ejecutar la orden o instrucción, deberá haber advertido formalmente y por escrito a la Administración Concedente de los efectos que la ejecución de esa orden o esa instrucción pueda ocasionar…” Finalmente, esta Gerencia de Proyecto en conjunto con la Supervisora de Proyecto, realizó visita al sitio el pasado 20 de septiembre del 2024, en la cual se inspecciona que las condiciones son prácticamente idénticas a las mencionadas supra, por lo tanto, se requiere realizar los siguientes aspectos: • Indicar las acciones realizadas a efectos de restaurar las condiciones originales de la cuneta. • Indicar las acciones realizadas a efectos de recuperar el derecho de vía. • Indicar las acciones realizadas a efectos de cerrar el acceso ilegal. • Realizar un plan de acción para atender la situación de manera integral, a saber, rehabilitar la cuneta, cerrar el acceso ilegal y recuperar el derecho de vía, en el cual se indique expresamente cuales son las actividades respecto de las cuales se solicita coordinación del CNC y el MOPT.
La fotografía anterior, denota la problemática que ha sufrido la señora Quesada por el ingreso de aguas de escorrentía a la propiedad, la cual, por los inconvenientes antes descritos, ha tenido que realizar trabajos dentro de su propiedad para evitar las inundaciones que le ocasiona el tener la salida de aguas natural “cerrada” por un tercero”.
Asimismo, en el documento SJC-2024-0900-DG, dirigido al Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, el director general de Autopistas del Sol manifestó: “La situación del bloqueo del drenaje pluvial se ha tornado urgente debido a que no hemos recibido respuesta por parte de esta Administración Concedente, de las repetidas solicitudes que se han hecho en torno a dicha irregularidad (ver oficios SJ-C 2016-0455- DE, SJ-C 2016-0848-DT, SJ-C 2017-0973-DT, y SJ-C 2017-1154-DT); por lo que además de las acciones realizadas por uno de los propietarios adyacentes a la Ruta Nacional No. 27, la presente solicitud busca poner fin a la inactividad material y/o formal acusada. En el cumplimiento de su función, la Administración Pública puede cometer infracciones al ordenamiento y lesionar los derechos e intereses del particular, de igual forma por acción que por omisión. Así, la inactividad material administrativa configura el desarrollo de la ilegalidad al no cumplirse con eficiencia las actuaciones de tipo positivo que se exigen a la acción del poder público1.
De igual forma que cuando actúa, debe pues ser sancionada la Administración si esa actividad demandada y de obligado acatamiento no llega a ser materializada por la inercia y omisión de sus órganos. Desterrar el “Código del Fracaso”2 ha de ser el objetivo primordial del control de la inactividad material administrativa, propugnándose así, la responsabilidad de la Administración, tanto por su actuación cuanto más por su inacción. Las omisiones administrativas consisten en el incumplimiento por parte de una Administración Pública de una obligación preexistente – impuesta por el ordenamiento jurídico o bien por un acto propio – que le produce una lesión antijurídica al administrado3. En este orden de ideas, desde el año 2016 mi representada ha informado a su autoridad, según los oficios que se señalan en esta misma misiva, que personas ajenas al proyecto han obstruido el sistema de drenaje pluvial que se encuentra a la altura del kilómetro 57+200 en el sentido Caldera-San José y que dichas obras se realizaron dentro del derecho de vía.
Dicho sistema de drenaje pluvial es parte de la infraestructura pública necesaria para la operación optima y segura de la Ruta Nacional No. 27 y su clausura unilateral por parte de uno de los propietarios vecinos arriesga la seguridad estructural de la obra, la de los conductores y los vecinos. Conforme a lo establecido en el artículo 17, inciso a) de la Ley General de Concesión de Obras Públicas con Servicios Públicos, el artículo 50 del Reglamento General Concesión de Obras Públicas con Servicios Públicos y la cláusula 1.14 del Contrato de Concesión, mi representada tiene derecho a solicitar a su autoridad el apoyo que sea necesario para lograr los objetivos de la concesión. Por lo anterior, mi representada ha solicitado la intervención de su autoridad para resolver este asunto en múltiples oportunidades, véase a continuación: Oficio SJ-C-2016-0455-DE del 13 de mayo de 2016. Oficio SJ-C-2017-0973-DT del 31 de octubre de 2017.
Oficio SJ-C-2017-1154-DT del 27 de noviembre de 2017. Oficio SJ-C 2017-0848-DT del 25 de agosto de 2017 Adicionalmente se le ha hecho saber la situación en múltiples oportunidades a la entidad supervisora de la ejecución de los compromisos de la concesión GETINSA, los cuales no son ajenos a los oficios de previa cita. A pesar de los múltiples avisos, mi representada no ha tenido respuesta alguna a sus solicitudes, lo cual ha agravado los problemas de erosión en el área e incluso la inundación de viviendas vecinas que no fueron responsables de la obstrucción del drenaje pluvial. En ese sentido, la persona responsable de la obstrucción del drenaje pluvial es el señor [Nombre 002], de cédula de identidad número 2-0327-0405, quien es propietario del inmueble 2-346888-000 y ha indicado que él cerró intencionalmente el sistema de drenaje porque éste fue realizado sin su consentimiento, a pesar de que el drenaje existe mucho antes de que este fuese dueño de la propiedad.
Consideramos que las acciones de obstrucción del drenaje son ilegales, en razón de que la normativa, específicamente el artículo 20 de la Ley General de Caminos, establece lo siguiente: “Artículo 20: Todos los poseedores de bienes raíces, por cualquier título, están obligados a recibir y dejar discurrir dentro de sus predios, las aguas de los caminos cuando así lo determine el desnivel del terreno y, cuando sus fundos estén inmediatos a los desagües de un camino, deberán mantener estos desagües limpios, en perfecto estado de servicio y libres de obstáculos. El Ministerio o las Municipalidades mandarán a ejecutar el trabajo y cobrarán el trabajo más un cincuenta por ciento (50%) de recargo si esta obligación no se cumpliere. El Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y las Municipalidades deberán coordinar con el Ministerio de Agricultura las medidas de protección de los caminos en los proyectos de nuevos trazados o en los trabajos de conservación de los existentes, en las regiones donde los mismos puedan provocar o intensificar la erosión o desviar el desagüe natural de los campos.” En razón de lo anterior, el propietario tiene el mandato legal de recibir y dejar discurrir dentro de su predio las aguas pluviales provenientes de la Ruta Nacional No. 27.
Tanto el cabezal del drenaje que fue enterrado, el resto del movimiento de tierra y la cerca perimetral fueron dispuestos en la superficie del derecho de vía, el cual es propiedad del Estado de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artículo 2 de la Ley General de Caminos. En ninguna circunstancia puede su autoridad seguir permitiendo la existencia de tales obras, pues el artículo 28 de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos establece: “Queda terminantemente prohibido al Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte y a las Municipalidades otorgar permisos o derechos de ocupación, disfrute, uso o simple posesión del derecho de vía de los caminos públicos o ejercer actos que impliquen en cualquier forma de los mismos por parte de las personas.” Adicionalmente, el bloqueo ilegal del sistema de drenaje pluvial está causando problemas de empozamiento de aguas, erosión y el consecuente traslado de los sedimentos a los ríos y quebradas más cercanos, por lo que dicha situación presenta también potenciales daños ambientales que deben ser prevenidos de forma temprana por parte de las autoridades, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 61 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente que ordena: “La autoridad competente dictará las medidas preventivas y correctivas necesarias cuando sucedan contingencias por contaminación ambiental y otras que no estén contempladas en esta ley” Para remediar dicha situación, la Administración debería proceder conforme a lo ordenado en los artículo 2 bis y 19 de la Ley General de Caminos que establecen: “Artículo 2 bis: Los entes públicos competentes para la ejecución de obras de mantenimiento y mejoramiento de la red vial cantonal o nacional existente tendrán la potestad para remover en virtud del interés público, sin previa autorización de las instancias competentes del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (Minae), todo obstáculo, situado en el derecho de vía legalmente constituido, sin que ello signifique transgresión a la normativa ambiental; lo anterior, siempre que el derecho de vía se encuentre localizado fuera de áreas de protección y áreas silvestres protegidas o cuando se trate de árboles vedados.
(…)” Artículo 19: No podrán hacerse construcciones o edificaciones de ningún tipo frente a las carreteras existentes o en proyecto sin la previa autorización del Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Transportes, ni al frente de los caminos vecinales y calles sin la aprobación escrita de la Municipalidad correspondiente. Las Municipalidades coordinarán los alineamientos frente a los caminos vecinales con el Ministerio quien será el que establezca la política más conveniente al interés público. En las carreteras de acceso restringido o unidireccional, los colindantes sólo podrán tener acceso a la carretera en los sectores previamente señalados para ese fin o mediante caminos marginales aprobados por el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes” Por ello, quienes incumplan el presente artículo estarán sujetas a las multas que indique la presente ley y tendrán un plazo improrrogable de 15 días para quitar por su cuenta la obra realizada, transcurridos los cuales el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes podrá eliminar las construcciones hechas, sin que por tal motivo tenga que reconocer suma alguna por daños y perjuicios.
El Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, podrá quitar, e inclusive decomisar, poniéndolo a la orden de las autoridades competentes, cualquier bien que se encuentre dentro del derecho de vía con el propósito de hacer uso indebido de éste. Lo ordenado por el Ministerio se notificará mediante aviso publicado en el Diario Oficial. Si los que estrechan o hacen uso impropio del derecho de vía son propietarios de establecimientos comerciales o industriales, el Ministerio podrá además, pedir a las autoridades administrativas correspondientes la cancelación de la patente y el cierre del establecimiento y éstas cumplirán debidamente esa gestión. (…)” Así, resulta claro que i) las obras que obstruyeron el sistema de drenaje pluvial son ilegales, ii) ponen en riesgo la infraestructura vial, la seguridad de los conductores y al ambiente y iii) el MOPT tiene la potestad de actuar de forma inmediata para restituir la situación e incluso imponer los costos de reparación al dueño del inmueble.
Por lo anterior, debe el MOPT proceder conforme. En base a las consideraciones de hecho y de derecho expuestas, solicitamos al Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, y en general, al Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte que dentro del plazo improrrogable de quince días a partir de la presentación de esta acción: Ordene al propietario del inmueble 2-346888-000 a habilitar y mantener operativo el sistema de drenaje pluvial que fue totalmente obstruido por trabajos realizados desde dicho inmueble. Si en el plazo improrrogable de 15 días luego de emitida la orden, el propietario no ha habilitado el sistema de drenaje pluvial, proceda el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte a ejecutar las obras civiles para habilitar dicho sistema pluvial. Como respaldo a la presente solicitud, se adjunta al presente escrito la siguiente documentación -que forma parte del expediente administrativo de esta Concesionaria-: Oficio SJ-C-2016-0455-DE emitido por mi representada el 13 de mayo de 2016, por medio del cual se pone en conocimiento del CNC el bloqueo del sistema de drenaje pluvial. Oficio SJ-C 2017-0848-DT del 25 de agosto de 2017, el cual es un complemento del oficio SJ-C-2016-0455. Oficio SJ-C-2017-0973-DT emitido por mi representada el 31 de octubre de 2017, en donde se reitera sobre este asunto y se aporte soporte fotográfico. Oficio SJ-C-2017-1154-DT emitido por mi representada el 27 de noviembre de 2017, en donde se informa al CNC que la supervisora ha confirmado la irregularidad de la situación y uso no autorizado del derecho de vía”.
Por su parte, en oficio CNC-APM-SJC-1093-2025 del 11 de noviembre de 2025, dirigido al director de Ingeniería de la División de Obras Públicas del MOPT, el gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones indicó: “Luego de saludarlo cordialmente, me permito indicarle que la Supervisora del Proyecto de la ruta nacional No. 27 nos ha remitido el informe No. TPF-REG-225, en el cual se detalla la obstrucción y desbordamiento de sistema de drenaje longitudinal/cunetas en el sector del km 57+100, LI de la Ruta nacional No. 27. Asimismo, el Ministerio de Salud, mediante la Dirección Regional de Orotina ha recibido denuncias sobre el desbordamiento de aguas provenientes por la obstrucción de las salidas de las escorrentías provenientes de estas estructuras y que desembocaban en una propiedad privada, siendo esta el punto más bajo. Por otra parte, la Sociedad Concesionaria de la Ruta Nacional No. 27, presentó denuncia por esto mismo a la misma Dirección Regional de Orotina, ya que, al parecer, el propietario del inmueble donde las aguas provenientes de las cunetas escurren, obstruyó las salidas, realizó un relleno y construyó un acceso ilegal, para lo cual colocó tuberías de paso que no cumplen con la sección hidráulica de las cunetas, provocando inundaciones a las propiedades aledañas.
Dicha Sociedad Concesionaria elaboró un histórico fotográfico satelital, en el cual se puede observar claramente la salida de las aguas provenientes de las cunetas y luego se observa el relleno y cierre de estas salidas de agua en la propiedad. Así las cosas, se le solicita su intervención formal, a través del Departamento de Inspección y Demoliciones, con el objetivo de determinar si efectivamente se realizó el cierre de las salidas del agua provenientes de las cunetas y alcantarillas trasversales de la zona, provocando el desbordamiento de las mismas y afectando las propiedades circundantes, atentando con los usuarios de la vía y principalmente, los problemas sanitarios que se desprenden de ello. Además, se solicita verificar si el dueño del fundo posee los permisos respectivos de la Municipalidad, Comisión de Carreteras de Acceso Restringido, Ministerio de Salud, etc.”.
Igualmente, mediante oficio CNC-APM-SJC-1163-2025 del 25 de noviembre de 2025, dirigido a la alcaldesa de Orotina, el gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones indicó: “Es importante hacer de su conocimiento, que esta Gerencia se encuentra gestionando una denuncia recibida por los habitantes del distrito de Coyolar en el cantón de Orotina, ya que se observó el colapso del sistema de drenaje en el sector de km 57+100, LI, constatándose que el sistema de cuneta se colapsa y provoca un derrame lateral que invade la pista 2 en el sentido Caldera-San José, siendo que el propietario de la finca con plano catastro N° 2-0023973-2025, a nombre del Señor [Nombre 002], aparentemente realizo una obstrucción del drenaje causando daños a los vecinos de las propiedades aledañas a la zona. Se ha apreciado claramente como se ha socavado parte del derecho de vía debido a la escorrentía que invade propiedades privadas provocando daños a terceros.
Además, en la zona se observa desarrollo de “chinamos” en una de las propiedades privadas que construyen accesos ilegales entubando sectores de la cuneta con conductos de reducido diámetro y losas de concreto encima. Estos tubos de escasa capacidad hidráulica contribuyen al desbordamiento de las aguas de escorrentía superficial, que además ya no cuentan con los desfogues laterales originalmente construidos, mismos que fueron eliminados o clausurados por terceros. Se realizo una revisión de la información aérea del sitio mediante la ortofoto disponible, así como los planos “As Built” del sector. Como se muestra enseguida, el acceso ilegal construido por un Tercero “corta” la continuidad del sistema de drenaje longitudinal (cuneta), reduciendo su capacidad hidráulica por la colocación de un tubo de diámetro mucho menor a la sección de la cuneta propiamente. Si es importante indicar que, esta clausura se encuentra a la altura del kilómetro 57+200 en el sentido Caldera-San José y que dichas obras se realizaron dentro del derecho de vía.
Dicho sistema de drenaje pluvial es parte de la infraestructura pública necesaria para la operación óptima y segura de la Ruta Nacional No. 27 y su clausura unilateral por parte de un propietario arriesga la seguridad estructural de la obra, la de los conductores y los vecinos. En ese sentido, bajo el Contrato de Concesión de la Carretera San José Caldera, la Concesionaria ha manifestado que la persona responsable de la obstrucción del drenaje pluvial es el señor [Nombre 002], de cédula de identidad número 2-0327-0405, quien es propietario del inmueble 2- 346888-000 y ha indicado que él cerró intencionalmente el sistema de drenaje porque éste fue realizado sin su consentimiento, a pesar de que el drenaje existe mucho antes de que este fuese dueño de la propiedad. En razón de lo anterior, el propietario tiene el mandato legal de recibir y dejar discurrir dentro de su predio las aguas pluviales provenientes de la Ruta Nacional No. 27.
Tanto el cabezal del drenaje que fue enterrado, el resto del movimiento de tierra y la cerca perimetral fueron dispuestos en la superficie del derecho de vía, el cual es propiedad del Estado de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artículo 2 de la Ley General de Caminos. Adicionalmente, como se indicó supra, el bloqueo ilegal del sistema de drenaje pluvial está causando problemas de empozamiento de aguas, erosión y el consecuente traslado de los sedimentos a los ríos y quebradas más cercanos, por lo que dicha situación presenta también potenciales daños ambientales. Ante esta situación, esta Gerencia solicita que se nos indique si el Señor [Nombre 002] gestionó ante ese municipio, los permisos de construcción en la finca con plano catastro A-0023973-2025; de ser así, favor indicarnos cual es el objeto del mismo, dado que el propietario no cuenta con los permisos respectivos de acceso por parte de la Comisión de Carreteras de Acceso Restringido del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes”.
Otrosí, por oficio MO-DPDT-CU-426-2025 del 3 de diciembre de 2025, el jefe de Control Urbano de la Municipalidad de Orotina respondió al gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones lo siguiente: “En respuesta al oficio CNC-APM-SJC-1163-2025 del 25 de noviembre, el cual fue a traslado a mi persona por parte de la Alcaldía mediante oficio MO-A-1415-25-2024-2028, le indico que la propiedad con número de finca 2-346888-000, plano catastro A-0570456-1999, no posee ninguna licencia constructiva municipal. Al contrario, más bien las obras se encuentran clausuradas y evidenciadas en el informe de inspección MO-A-DPDT-GT-INSP- 235-2025 del 21 de abril de 2025 por no contar con la licencia constructiva municipal”.
Por su parte, en oficio CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0084-2026 del 28 de enero de 2026, dirigido a la recurrente, el gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones indicó: “En seguimiento al caso perteneciente a su persona, sobre las inundaciones presentadas en su propiedad, esta Gerencia de Proyecto en conjunto con la Empresa Concesionaria y la Supervisora de proyecto tienen conocimiento de las situaciones que se presentan en el sector del km 57+100 LI, constatándose que el sistema de cuneta se colapsa y provoca un derrame lateral que invade la pista 2 en el sentido Caldera-San José. Así mismo, se aprecia claramente como se ha socavado parte del derecho de vía debido a la escorrentía que invade propiedades privadas provocando daños a terceros, tal es el caso denunciado de la misma forma por el Señor Carlos Leitón Casasola. Además, en la zona se observa desarrollo de construcciones en una propiedad privada que construyen accesos ilegales hacia la Ruta Nacional No.27, entubando sectores de la cuneta con conductos de reducido diámetro y losas de concreto encima.
Estos tubos de escasa capacidad hidráulica contribuyen al desbordamiento de las aguas de escorrentía superficial, que además ya no cuentan con los desfogues laterales originalmente construidos, mismos que fueron eliminados o clausurados por terceros. Por otra parte, se realizó una revisión de la información aérea del sitio mediante la ortofoto disponible, así como los planos "As Built" del sector. Ante esto, se muestra enseguida, el acceso ilegal construido por un Tercero que "corta" la continuidad del sistema de drenaje longitudinal (cureta), reduciendo su capacidad hidráulica por la colocación de un tubo de diámetro mucho menor a la sección de la cuneta propiamente. (…) Si es importante indicar, cue personas ajenas al proyecto han obstruido el sistema de drenaje pluvial que se encuentra a la altura del kilómetro 57+200 en el sentido Caldera-San José y que dichas obras se realizaron dentro del derecho de vía.
Dicho sistema de drenaje pluvial es parte de la infraestructura pública necesaria para la operación óptima y segura de la Ruta Nacional No. 27 y su clausura unilateral por parte de uno de los propietarios vecinos arriesga la seguridad estructural de la obra, la de los conductores y los vecinos. En ese sentido, bajo una investigación realizada, se ha detectado que el Señor [Nombre 002], con cedula de identidad numero 2-0327-0405, quien es propietario del inmueble 2-346888-000, ha sido el propietario causante del cierre del sistema hidráulico, así como la construcción de un acceso ilegal hacia la ruta concesionada, debido a las construcciones realizadas en su propiedad, considerando que dichas construcciones no cuentan con el permiso municipal según oficio MODPDT- CU-426-2025 de la Municipalidad de Orotina y el informe MO-A-DPDT-GT-INSP-235-2C25. En razón de lo anterior, el propietario tiene el mandato legal de recibir y dejar discurrir dentro de su predio las aguas pluviales provenientes de la Ruta Nacional No. 27.
Tanto el cabezal del drenaje que fue enterrado, el resto del movimiento de tierra y la cerca perimetral fueron dispuestes en la superficie del derecho de vía, el cual es propiedad del Estado de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artículo 2 de la Ley General de Caminos. Adicionalmente, el bloqueo ilegal del sistema de drenaje pluvial está causando problemas de empozamiento de aguas, erosión y el consecuente traslado de los sedimentos a los ríos y quebradas más cercanos, por lo que dicha situación presenta también potenciales daños ambientales. Nótese entonces como las construcciones ilegales llevadas a cabo por el señor [Nombre 002], han ocasionado una problemática de salud para los vecinos de la zona, tal cual las siguientes fotografías: (…) Por otra parte, el pasado 23 de octubre del 2025, se realizó una reunión virtual con la participación del Área de Salud de San Mateo de Orotina, funcionarios de la Sociedad Concesionaria y de este Consejo.
Abordando el tema de una denuncia sanitaria provocada por el cierre de la salida natural del agua y la obstrucción de varias cunetas la cual tramitada por la empresa Autopistas del Sol S.A. Como se puede observar, se entiende que la situación actual del bloqueo del sistema pluvial y la construcción del acceso legal, ha causado inundaciones a las propiedades aledañas, incluyendo la de su persona, sin embargo, tal cual se ha manifestado, esta Gerencia en conjunto con la Empresa Concesionaria y la Supervisora de Proyecto, así como entes relacionados con este tema, tienen la situación bien identificada, toda vez que se está coordinando para tratar de solucionar la funcionalidad hidráulica del sistema pluvial y evitar daños a los propietarios”.
Por oficio CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0117-2026 del 5 de febrero de 2026, dirigido al director de Planificación y Desarrollo Territorial de la Municipalidad de Orotina, el gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones consignó: “Así las cosas, es importante hacer notar, que la Gerencia de Proyecto, en conjunto con la Supervisora de Proyecto y la Empresa Concesionaria, han estado en completa coordinación para tratar de solucionar las inundaciones causadas por el cierre unilateral del Señor [Nombre 002] al sistema pluvial, así como el acceso ilegal construido para los chinamos en su propiedad, siendo que no es solamente un tema técnico, sino también un tema legal que amerita el estudio y análisis de la situación presentada. Por lo tanto, se está tratando de buscar la solución funcional que pueda ser favorable para los propietarios y que con dichas obras se solucionen permanentemente los problemas de inundaciones causados por terceros que han afectado la infraestructura vial de la zona sin la autorización debida”.
Además, en oficio MOPT-02-07-01-195-2026 del 26 de mayo de 2026, el ingeniero del Departamento de Inspección Vial y Demoliciones del MOPT concluyo: “Como parte de la intervención se ha analizado la información brindada y la recabada en campo, determinando que existen accesos ilegales y obstrucciones no autorizadas que generan una alteración del sistema de drenaje de la ruta Nacional N°27 generando daños a terceras personas y un riesgo a los usuarios. Ante esta situación el caso ha sido transferido al Lic David Soto Solano, encargado de procesos legales del Departamento de Inspección Vial y Demoliciones, con el fin de generar los actos administrativos correspondientes para comunicarlos al propietario del terreno involucrado con el fin de restaurar las condiciones iniciales de la carretera”.
Asimismo, por oficio CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0679-2026 del 26 de mayo de 2026, el gerente de Proyecto SJC del Área de Proyectos en Marcha del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones indicó: “Sobre la supuesta alteración del sistema de drenaje pluvial en el kilómetro 57 de la Ruta 27 Es técnicamente cierto que existe un colapso hidráulico recurrente en el kilómetro 57+100 Lado Izquierdo (LI) de la Ruta Nacional 27, en el sector de Coyolar de Orotina, Alajuela, el cual provoca derrames de escorrentía pluvial hacia predios colindantes. No obstante, este Consejo rechaza categóricamente que dicho problema provenga de un defecto de diseño, una falta de mantenimiento o una alteración de la obra pública atribuible al Consejo Nacional de Concesiones o a la empresa concesionaria Globalvía Ruta 27 S.A. Las inspecciones de campo determinaron de forma inequívoca que la problemática es causada por el taponamiento y clausura unilateral del sistema de drenaje pluvial longitudinal y de los desfogues naturales de la carretera, ejecutado de manera ilegal por un propietario particular, el cual es vecino en el derecho de vía y en su predio colindante.
Sobre la naturaleza y el supuesto desacato de la resolución administrativa No. CU-426-2025 La actora incurre en un grave error fáctico y conceptual al alegar el "incumplimiento y no acatamiento de la resolución administrativa No. CU-426-2025" por parte del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones. No existe ningún acto administrativo firme ni resolución sancionatoria o de ejecución de obras emitido por este Consejo ni por la Gerencia de Proyecto que lleve dicha nomenclatura. El documento identificado por la recurrente como resolución "CU-426-2025" corresponde en realidad al oficio MO-DPDT-CU-426-2025, emitido el 3 de diciembre de 2025 por la Dirección de Planificación y Desarrollo Territorial de la Municipalidad de Orotina. Dicho oficio no contiene una orden dirigida al Consejo Nacional de Concesiones ni reconoce responsabilidad civil o contractual del Estado costarricense; al contrario, es una respuesta formal gestionada de manera proactiva por esta misma Gerencia de Proyecto a efectos de certificar que las obras desarrolladas por el tercero infractor en la finca número 2-346888-000 carecen de licencias municipales y se encuentran oficialmente clausuradas por el gobierno local.
Sobre la supuesta inacción y falta de medidas efectivas de las entidades recurridas Debe quedar claro que esta Gerencia de Proyecto descarta la existencia de un estado de pasividad u omisión administrativa. El Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, en la figura de esta Gerencia de Proyecto de la Ruta 27, la Supervisora de Proyecto y la Empresa Concesionaria han desplegado una intensa actividad fiscalizadora, técnica e interinstitucional desde el momento en que se detectó la problemática. El detalle cronológico de estas gestiones evidencia que se han agotado todas las vías administrativas correspondientes para forzar al propietario infractor a reabrir los sistemas pluviales clausurados. La aparente falta de solución definitiva no obedece a una inacción estatal, sino a las limitaciones que el principio de legalidad impone a la administración pública, la cual no puede penetrar de forma unilateral en una propiedad privada sin el debido proceso ni suplantar las competencias exclusivas en términos de construcciones que ostenta la Municipalidad de Orotina o de las potestades de demolición de la Dirección de Previsión Vial del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes.
Sobre la persistencia de inundaciones y el riesgo para poblaciones vulnerables Esta Gerencia comparte la preocupación por la afectación que sufren los núcleos familiares del sector de Coyolar de Orotina, es precisamente por esta afectación a la seguridad vial y a la salud pública de los vecinos que la Gerencia de Proyecto coordinó de forma directa con el Área de Salud de San Mateo de Orotina para atender la denuncia sanitaria respectiva. No obstante, se reitera que el origen directo de esta afectación radica en las obras comerciales informales levantadas por un particular, quien además tiene la obligación legal de recibir y dejar discurrir las aguas pluviales de la carretera nacional que atraviesan históricamente la zona. Para mayor claridad sobre la divergencia entre los argumentos de la recurrente y la realidad comprobada por la administración, se presenta el siguiente cuadro de hechos: (…) Desglose técnico de la obstrucción pluvial en el kilómetro 57 El análisis topográfico, aéreo y catastral desarrollado por la Gerencia de Proyecto de la Ruta 27 y la Supervisora del Consorcio TPF Getinsa Euroestudios permitió identificar de manera precisa el origen físico del desbordamiento pluvial que perjudica a la señora [Nombre 001].
De acuerdo con el informe técnico incorporado en el oficio CARTA-CNC-APM-SJC-0084-2026, se determinó de forma concluyente lo siguiente: “…en la zona se observa desarrollo de construcciones en una propiedad privada que construyen accesos ilegales hacia la Ruta Nacional No.27, entubando sectores de la cuneta con conductos de reducido diámetro y losas de concreto encima. Estos tubos de escasa capacidad hidráulica contribuyen al desbordamiento de las aguas de escorrentía superficial, que además ya no cuentan con los desfogues laterales originalmente construidos, mismos que fueron eliminados o clausurados por terceros.” El resaltado no es parte del original. La investigación catastral y el estudio registral determinaron que el causante material e intelectual del cierre de este sistema hidráulico es el señor [Nombre 002], el señor [Nombre 002] es el propietario registral del inmueble colindante matriculado en la provincia de Alajuela bajo la finca número 346888-000 (plano catastro A-0570456-1999).
En dicha propiedad, el infractor procedió a levantar edificaciones de carácter comercial sin contar con los planos aprobados ni las licencias correspondientes de la Municipalidad de Orotina. Durante el desarrollo de sus obras, el señor [Nombre 002] realizó movimientos de tierra y alteró la nivelación natural del terreno, llegando al extremo de enterrar por completo el cabezal del sistema pluvial transversal que desboca a la altura del kilómetro 57+200 de la Ruta Nacional 27. Adicionalmente, el propietario instaló cercas perimetrales y depositó materiales de construcción sobre la franja de terreno destinada por ley al derecho de vía, la cual constituye un bien de dominio público del Estado de conformidad con el artículo 2 de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos. Estas acciones ilícitas configuran un claro abuso del derecho de propiedad por parte del señor [Nombre 002], quien se encuentra obligado por el ordenamiento civil y de caminos públicos a tolerar y dejar fluir las aguas de escorrentía pluvial provenientes de la carretera nacional.
Cronología detallada de las acciones de fiscalización y control Contrario a la imagen de pasividad descrita por la recurrente, este Consejo ha ejecutado de manera ininterrumpida una serie de acciones técnicas y de fiscalización destinadas a presionar al infractor y a las demás autoridades competentes para reestablecer el flujo pluvial original de la carretera. Aspectos finales La administración pública en Costa Rica se rige estrictamente por el principio de legalidad, consagrado en el artículo 11 de la Constitución Política y de la Ley General de la Administración Pública. En virtud de este precepto, las autoridades del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones carecen de facultades para ingresar de forma unilateral a una propiedad privada con el fin de derribar edificaciones o remover tierras mediante el uso de la fuerza. El ordenamiento jurídico costarricense no les otorga potestades de imperio ni facultades de ejecución forzosa para tales fines; dichas competencias de control territorial y demolición están reservadas de manera exclusiva a los gobiernos locales y a dependencias específicas del MOPT, tales como Previsión Vial e Inspección de Demoliciones.
La Gerencia de Proyecto de la Ruta 27 ha actuado con la máxima diligencia razonable y oportuna exigible a un ente concedente. No existe pasividad ni negligencia, toda vez que se han documentado e impulsado de forma activa las denuncias sanitarias ante el Ministerio de Salud y los expedientes de demolición y clausura ante el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes y la Municipalidad de Orotina, logrando incluso la clausura municipal definitiva de las obras ilegales del infractor, señor [Nombre 002], desde abril del año dos mil veinticinco. La persistencia de las inundaciones en la propiedad de la señora [Nombre 001] obedece única y exclusivamente a la resistencia del señor [Nombre 002] a acatar el ordenamiento jurídico y reabrir el cabezal de la alcantarilla transversal que enterró dentro de su finca y en el derecho de la vía pública. Por ende, la inacción no es atribuible a este Consejo, el cual carece de la competencia material directa para ejecutar demoliciones físicas de oficio en propiedades de carácter privado sin la debida intervención de la policía municipal o de las dependencias centralizadas del MOPT.
En este sentido, el Departamento de Inspección Vial y Demoliciones del MOPT, mediante documento denominado MOPT-02-07-01-195-2026 realiza un informe de las labores realizadas en atención al caso 2025-629-D, siendo que su apartado final de conclusiones y recomendaciones citan: “Como parte de la intervención se ha analizado la información brindada y la recabada en campo, determinando que existen accesos ilegales y obstrucciones no autorizadas que generan una alteración del sistema de drenaje de la ruta Nacional N°27 generando daños a terceras personas y un riesgo a los usuarios. Ante esta situación el caso ha sido transferido al Lic David Soto Solano, encargado de procesos legales del Departamento de Inspección Vial y Demoliciones, con el fin de generar los actos administrativos correspondientes para comunicarlos al propietario del terreno involucrado con el fin de restaurar las condiciones iniciales de la carretera. Se procederá a realizar la notificación el día 28 de mayo de 2026.” El resaltado no es parte del original”.
En este sentido, nótese que las autoridades son contestes en indicar que tienen conocimiento de la problemática denunciada por la tutelada, e incluso señalan que tal situación tiene implicaciones ambientales. Además, aun cuando se le ha dado trámite al asunto, no menos cierto es que no constan acciones concretas a los efectos de solventar el problema de alteración y obstrucción de un sistema de drenaje pluvial.
Desde este panorama, lo correspondiente es acoger el recurso en todos sus extremos.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008- 02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en el plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo aquel material no retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo de Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, aprobado en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión nro. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se les ordena a Efraím Zeledón Leiva y Paula Reyes Loría, cada uno en su condición de ministro y secretaria técnica del Consejo Nacional de Concesiones, ambos del Ministerio de Obras Pública y Transportes; así como a Margot Montero Jiménez y Graciela Argentina Murillo Vargas, cada una en su condición de alcaldesa y presidenta del Concejo Municipal, ambas de la Municipalidad de Orotina, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, que coordinen lo pertinente, tomen las medidas necesarias y giren las órdenes correspondientes dentro del ámbito de sus respectivas competencias, para que, en el plazo máximo de SEIS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se resuelva en definitiva el problema de obstrucción del sistema de drenaje pluvial denunciado por la amparada y se le notifique lo resuelto al medio señalado para esos efectos. Se le advierte a la autoridad recurridas que, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quienes recibieren una orden que deban cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumplieren o no la hicieren cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Estado y a la Municipalidad de Orotina al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso-administrativo. El magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EXPEDIENTE N° 26-016064-0007-CO
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