← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 28836-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 30/07/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Sala Constitucional denied the amparo and upheld SINAC's administrative order prohibiting residents of Condominio Campo Real (Alajuela) from feeding the wild ducks (Cairina moschata and Dendrocygna autumnalis) in the condominium's artificial lake, since both species are legally classified as wildlife under Law No. 7317 and neither appears on the ornamental exotic species exclusion list.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo y confirmó la legalidad de la orden administrativa del SINAC que prohíbe a los residentes del Condominio Campo Real (Alajuela) alimentar a los patos silvestres (Cairina moschata y Dendrocygna autumnalis) en el lago artificial, por cuanto ambas especies son fauna silvestre regulada por la Ley N.°7317 y ninguna figura en la lista de exclusión de especies exóticas ornamentales.
SummaryResumen
A resident of Condominio Campo Real (Alajuela) filed an amparo against SINAC for issuing administrative order SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 (October 27, 2025), prohibiting condominium residents from feeding the duck populations (Cairina moschata and Dendrocygna autumnalis) in the development's artificial lake. The petitioner argued the ducks were domestic animals dependent on human feeding for over twenty years, and that the ban would condemn them to starvation. The Sala Constitucional denied the amparo. It confirmed that both species are legally classified as wildlife under the Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317, that neither appears on the exempt ornamental exotic species list (SENASA-DG-R00032-2024), and that technical reports—including those funded by the condominium itself—showed the ducks were in good condition and the lake provided sufficient natural food. The ruling reaffirmed the principle of objectivization of environmental protection and SINAC's authority to issue precautionary administrative orders in wildlife matters.Un residente del Condominio Campo Real, Alajuela, interpuso recurso de amparo contra el SINAC por haber emitido la orden administrativa SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 (27 de octubre de 2025), que prohibió a los habitantes alimentar a los patos (Cairina moschata y Dendrocygna autumnalis) que habitan el lago artificial del desarrollo. El recurrente alegó que los patos eran domésticos —dependientes de la alimentación humana por más de veinte años— y que la prohibición los condenaría a morir de inanición. La Sala Constitucional declaró el amparo sin lugar. Confirmó que ambas especies están legalmente clasificadas como fauna silvestre bajo la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N.°7317, que ninguna figura en la lista de especies exóticas ornamentales exceptuadas (oficio SENASA-DG-R00032-2024), y que los informes técnicos —incluidos los financiados por el propio condominio— acreditaron que los patos se encontraban en buen estado y el lago les proveía alimento suficiente. La Sala reafirmó el principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental y la competencia del SINAC para emitir órdenes cautelares en materia de vida silvestre.
Key excerptExtracto clave
From this perspective, the appropriate disposition is to deny the appeal. It is noted that the duck species are of wild origin. Moreover, it is recalled that by official communication SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, issued by the Directorate of the National Animal Health Service at 1:20 p.m. on June 18, 2024, the list of scientific names for animals considered ornamental exotic species that would be excluded from the Wildlife Conservation Law was made official—a list that does not include the aforementioned duck species. Therefore, the species in question are considered of wild origin and are protected under the Wildlife Conservation Law, which provides: 'Article 116.—A fine of fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent (30%) of one (1) base salary shall be imposed on anyone who, without authorization from the National System of Conservation Areas, provides unauthorized food or substances to wildlife.' It is precisely for these reasons that administrative order No. SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 of October 27, 2025, was issued, which, on its face, is neither unreasonable nor arbitrary. In light of the foregoing, the Sala finds no situation that, on its face, constitutes harm to the welfare of the animals or any failure by SINAC to fulfill its obligations regarding the duty to protect animal welfare. Therefore, the amparo must be dismissed.Desde este panorama, lo correspondiente es declarar sin lugar el recurso. Así, nótese que las especies de patos son de origen silvestre. Además, se recuerda que mediante el oficio SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, emitido por la Dirección del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, a las 13:20 horas del 18 de junio de 2024, se oficializó la lista de los nombres científicos para aquellos animales considerados como especies exóticas ornamentales que se excluirían de la aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, misma que no incluye las especies de pato antedichas. Por ende, las especies en cuestión son consideradas de origen silvestre y se encuentran tuteladas por lo dispuesto en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, las cual establece: 'Artículo 116.-Será sancionado con multa de un quince por ciento (15%) hasta un treinta por ciento (30%) de un (1) salario base, quien, sin autorización del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, suministre alimentos o sustancias no autorizadas a la fauna silvestre'. Es precisamente, por tales circunstancias que se emitió la orden administrativa nro. SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 del 27 de octubre de 2025, lo que a priori, no resulta irrazonable ni arbitrario. Así las cosas, la Sala no se observa situación alguna que, a priori, se traduzca en un perjuicio al bienestar de los animales ni en algún incumplimiento de las obligaciones del SINAC relativas al deber de protección del bienestar animal. Ergo, lo correspondiente es desestimar el amparo.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la superioridad racional –moral- del hombre no puede significar la ausencia de límites para causar sufrimiento, dolor o angustia a seres sintientes no humanos"
"The rational–moral superiority of humans cannot mean the absence of limits on causing suffering, pain, or anguish to non-human sentient beings."
Considerando III — Protección constitucional al bienestar de los animales (citando sentencia 2012-04620)
"la superioridad racional –moral- del hombre no puede significar la ausencia de límites para causar sufrimiento, dolor o angustia a seres sintientes no humanos"
Considerando III — Protección constitucional al bienestar de los animales (citando sentencia 2012-04620)
"Abstenerse de alimentar y manipular a la fauna silvestre que se ubique en el lago artificial ubicado en el condominio Campo Real. Esto incluye todas las especies de patos, otras aves u otros organismos silvestres, por cuanto dicho acto genera un daño ambiental y además infringe la legislación nacional en materia de vida silvestre."
"Refrain from feeding and handling the wildlife located in the artificial lake at Condominio Campo Real. This includes all duck species, other birds, and other wild organisms, since such conduct causes environmental harm and violates national wildlife legislation."
Orden Administrativa SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 (citada en Considerando IV)
"Abstenerse de alimentar y manipular a la fauna silvestre que se ubique en el lago artificial ubicado en el condominio Campo Real. Esto incluye todas las especies de patos, otras aves u otros organismos silvestres, por cuanto dicho acto genera un daño ambiental y además infringe la legislación nacional en materia de vida silvestre."
Orden Administrativa SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 (citada en Considerando IV)
"se traduce en la necesidad de acreditar con estudios técnicos la toma de decisiones en esta materia, tanto en relación con actos como de las disposiciones de carácter general –tanto legales como reglamentarias–, de donde se deriva la exigencia de la «vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica»"
"It translates into the need to substantiate decision-making in this area with technical studies, both with respect to individual acts and general provisions—whether statutory or regulatory—from which derives the requirement of 'linkage to science and technology.'"
Considerando IV — principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental (citando Voto 2063-2007)
"se traduce en la necesidad de acreditar con estudios técnicos la toma de decisiones en esta materia, tanto en relación con actos como de las disposiciones de carácter general –tanto legales como reglamentarias–, de donde se deriva la exigencia de la «vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica»"
Considerando IV — principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental (citando Voto 2063-2007)
"El alimentar a las aves, puede generar una dependencia que hace puedan llegar a perder su instinto de buscar alimento por si solas y que no visiten otros sitios y con ello la afectación de otros ecosistemas, migraciones locales, latitudinales, así como las cadenas tróficas."
"Feeding the birds can generate a dependency that may cause them to lose their instinct to forage on their own and to stop visiting other sites, thereby affecting other ecosystems, local and latitudinal migrations, and food chains."
Considerando IV — informe Biol. Giovanni Delgado Herrera (noviembre 2025), acogido por la Sala
"El alimentar a las aves, puede generar una dependencia que hace puedan llegar a perder su instinto de buscar alimento por si solas y que no visiten otros sitios y con ello la afectación de otros ecosistemas, migraciones locales, latitudinales, así como las cadenas tróficas."
Considerando IV — informe Biol. Giovanni Delgado Herrera (noviembre 2025), acogido por la Sala
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours twenty-five minutes on the thirtieth of July, two thousand twenty-six.
Writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) processed under case file number 26-015100-0007-CO, filed by Nombre01, national identity document CED01, against the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC).
Finding:
"FIRST: Article 22 of the Biodiversity Law No. 7788 grants SINAC four major areas of competence: forestry matters, protection of watersheds (cuencas hidrográficas), protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas, PNE), and wildlife. It is understood that these competences do not entail only responding to complaints filed by citizens, but also a framework for acting ex officio when environmental violations come directly to the attention of officials. This principle is reinforced by the following provisions:
Ley Forestal N° 7575, Art. 6, paragraph (g): 'ARTICLE 6. — Competences. The competences of the State Forestry Administration (Administración Forestal del Estado) are the following: g) To prevent and control any forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) carried out without compliance with the provisions of this law. To that end, it must ensure that inspections are conducted in forests, that control is exercised on roads, and that inspections and audits are performed at sites where timber arrives for processing or use, in order to detect and report any illegal exploitation of the forest.' Ley Forestal N°7575, Art. 6, paragraph (p): 'ARTICLE 6. — Competences. The competences of the State Forestry Administration are the following: . . . p) To report, through the Minister of Environment and Energy, to the Environmental and Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Prosecutor's Office (Procuraduría Ambiental y de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre), as well as to the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), any irregularity in the application of this law.' Ley Forestal N°7575, Article 51: 'Officials of the Forestry Administration.
Officials of the State Forestry Administration shall have the character of police authority; as such and in accordance with this law, they shall report to the competent authorities any violations committed. Police authorities shall be obliged to collaborate with officials of the State Forestry Administration whenever those officials so require in order to fully carry out the functions and duties imposed upon them by this law. In the exercise of their powers, these officials, identified by their respective credential cards, shall have the right to travel through and conduct inspections on any rural or industrial forest property, except for dwelling houses located thereon; as well as to seize timber and other forest products that have been illegally harvested or processed and to impound, as security for a potential sanction, the equipment and machinery used in the unlawful act. They shall also seize the means of transportation used as an instrument or facilitator in the commission of the offense, following the preparation of the corresponding record.
All of the foregoing shall be placed at the disposal of the competent judicial authority within no more than three days.' Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de conservación de la vida silvestre) N°7317, Article 7, paragraphs (h), (i), (k): 'Article 7. — SINAC of the Ministry of Environment and Energy has the following functions within the exercise of its competence: h) To protect, supervise, and administer wetlands (humedales) with an ecosystemic approach, and to determine their classification as being of national or international importance. i) To create and manage programs for the management, control, monitoring, and research of wildlife. k) To coordinate with other competent entities in the prevention, mitigation, response to, and follow-up of damage to wildlife.' Wildlife Conservation Law N°7317, Article 16: 'Article 16. — For the faithful fulfillment of the obligations established in this law, wildlife inspectors, forest inspectors, park rangers (guardaparques), and SINAC officials duly accredited for such purposes and in the performance of their duties are authorized to stop, travel through, enter, and conduct inspections within any farm property and vessel, as well as in the industrial and commercial facilities involved, and to seize organisms, parts, products, and wildlife derivatives, together with the equipment used in the commission of an offense or activity prohibited by this law.
In the case of private residences, the permission of the competent judicial authority or of the owner must be obtained.' Environmental Framework Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) N° 7551, Article 31: 'Article 31. — Preventive measures. In state-owned protected wildlife areas, it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Energy to adopt appropriate measures to prevent or eliminate, as soon as possible, any exploitation or occupation throughout the entire area and to enforce the ecological, geomorphological, and aesthetic characteristics that determined its establishment.' Environmental Framework Law N°7551, Article 99: 'Article 99. — Administrative sanctions. In the event of a violation of environmental protection regulations or of conduct clearly harmful to the environment as established in this law, the Public Administration shall apply the following protective measures and sanctions: a) Warning by notification that a complaint exists. b) Reprimand commensurate with the gravity of the violating acts, once proven. c) Enforcement of the performance bond provided during the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental). d) Partial or total restrictions, or an order for the immediate cessation of the acts giving rise to the complaint. e) Total or partial, temporary or permanent, closure of the acts or conduct giving rise to the complaint. f) Partial, total, permanent, or temporary cancellation of the permits, licenses, premises, or businesses that give rise to the complaint, the act, or the polluting or destructive event. g) Imposition of obligations to compensate for or stabilize the environment or biological diversity. h) Modification or demolition of construction works or structures that damage the environment. i) Alternative means of compensating for the sanction, such as attending official environmental education courses and performing community service work in the environmental field.
These sanctions may be imposed on private individuals or public officials for acts or omissions that violate the rules of this law, other environmental protection provisions, or provisions relating to biological diversity.' In accordance with the principle of legality (principio de legalidad) governing the public administration, as enshrined in Article 11 of the Political Constitution and Article 11 of the General Law of Public Administration N°6227, the foregoing provisions make clear that SINAC officials have obligations and powers to act ex officio with respect to alleged environmental violations that come directly to their attention. In fact, the institution has internally established procedures within the framework of its prevention, protection, and control functions in order to define the 'protocol' for officials in this type of operation. Some of these are listed below:
SEIZURE OF GOODS, PRODUCTS, AND BY-PRODUCTS ARISING FROM THE HANDLING OF COMPLAINTS AND REPORTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS WITHIN SINAC'S COMPETENCE. Officially adopted in 2021.
CUSTODY OF SEIZED OR FOUND GOODS AND PRODUCTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HANDLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS. Officially adopted in 2022.
HANDLING OF COMPLAINTS AND REPORTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS WITHIN SINAC'S COMPETENCE. Officially adopted in 2020.
This last procedure includes the power and obligation of SINAC officials to issue administrative orders (órdenes administrativas), which concretely establish the precautionary measures (medidas cautelares) listed in Article 99 of the Environmental Framework Law cited above, and in the event of non-compliance with such administrative orders, SINAC may file a criminal complaint against violators for the offense of disobedience (desobediencia) as defined in Article 311 of the Penal Code.
SECOND: In the case before us, the head of the SINAC Área de Conservación Central sub-regional office in Alajuela, Mr. Minor González Guzmán, issued a report through official communication CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-OSA-0288-2026, in which he stated:
That on October 11, 2025, in response to a request from the management of Condominio Campo Real to analyze a possible overpopulation of ducks identified as black-bellied whistling ducks (piches) (Dendrocygna autumnalis), located in an artificial lake within the condominium, officials from the Alajuela Sub-Regional Office, Área de Conservación Central, conducted a field visit to assess the situation. At the location, in addition to the duck species mentioned in the preceding paragraph, a significant population of another duck identified as (Cairina moschata) was observed on the day of the inspection; both species are of wild origin and are therefore regulated by Wildlife Conservation Law 7317, its amendments, and its regulations.
That under the 'General Provisions,' Article 1, 'Scope of Application,' of the regulations implementing the Wildlife Conservation Law, it is established that: 'Individuals of exotic ornamental species are excluded from the application of the Wildlife Conservation Law and these regulations, as they are companion, decorative, or domestic species. Lists of exotic ornamental species shall be prepared by SINAC, SENASA, and SFE and shall be publicly accessible through the corresponding institutional websites.' That through official communication SENASA-DG-R00032-2021, issued by the Directorate of the National Animal Health Service (Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal) at thirteen hours and twenty minutes on the eighteenth of June, two thousand twenty-four, the list of scientific names for those animals considered exotic ornamental species that would be excluded from the application of the Wildlife Conservation Law was officially adopted; this list does not include the duck species Cairina moschata, and therefore that species retains its status as a wildlife species regardless of the habitat in which it is found and is accordingly regulated by Law 7317 and its regulations.
FIRST. — To officially adopt the list of scientific names of animals considered exotic ornamental species that shall be excluded from the application of Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317 and its Regulations No. 40548-MINAE. (…)
That according to information provided by the individuals representing the condominium management who participated in the field visit, it is customary to provide food to both species. This activity is subject to sanction pursuant to Article 116 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, which expressly states: 'Any person who, without authorization from SINAC, provides food or unauthorized substances to wildlife shall be subject to a fine of fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent (30%) of one (1) base salary (salario base).' For the foregoing reasons and in adherence to the applicable legislation governing this matter, Administrative Order SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 was served on-site on October 27, 2025, directed to Mr. Christian Gómez Monge, in his capacity as condominium administrator, ordering him to refrain from feeding and handling the wildlife present in the artificial lake.
That the action taken by the officials who responded to the request is grounded in the provisions of Article 219: 'Grounds for Administrative Orders. SINAC, in the exercise of its supervisory, control, and protection functions, is authorized by law and by the precautionary, preventive, and effective administrative guardianship principles to issue administrative orders with the objective of requiring or prohibiting certain conduct that is contrary to national or international legislation or that generates a negative impact on wildlife. The order may consist of a directive to suspend, prevent, eliminate, perform, refrain from, restore, or correct a given action.' Following this, two meetings were scheduled to which condominium residents were invited: the first on December 16, 2025, and a second on February 19, 2026, to inform them about the origin of the two duck species present in the artificial lake and why wild animal species should not be fed.
Similarly, the condominium management first retained biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera, who conducted a monitoring survey of the avifauna present at the site and determined the presence of Cairina moschata, defining its status as a resident species classified as wildlife in Costa Rica. In March of the current year, the management engaged 'InnoBiosphera, Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología' with the objective of first conducting a site reconnaissance to collect data on the aquatic avifauna present and to identify potential natural food sources for wildlife within the condominium facilities. This study determined that the visual condition of the avifauna was good, with bright plumage and no evidence of recent injuries. Furthermore, the ducks showed no lesions or abnormal or stereotyped behaviors indicative of overcrowding, lack of food resources, or captivity; individual ducks were observed foraging for food within the lake, and no dead ducks were observed during the visit.
In the 'Next Steps' section of the study, the professionals recommend planting aquatic plants to improve water quality and to provide shelter for the fish fry of the fish species found in the lake, which serve as a food source for the ducks. The annexes include a list of native plant species that may be planted in green areas, as well as aquatic plants that may be introduced into the lake to improve the site, some of which may also serve as a natural food source for the ducks.
Copies of documents related to this writ of amparo are attached, including the following: — Copy of Administrative Order SINAC-ACC-OA-236-2025. — Copy of the report prepared by Biol. Giovanni Delgado Herrera. — Copy of the Field Report prepared by the consulting firm InnoBiosphera Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología.
THIRD: As stated in Report No. CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DREVS-OSA-0288-2026, SINAC has acted within its competences and in coordination with the management of Condominio Campo Real de Alajuela. The petitioner is not correct when stating that 'in that space, domestic ducks of the species Cairina moschata domesticus, originally introduced into the project and dependent on residents for their sustenance, coexist,' since that species is classified as wildlife, as confirmed in the report of biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera, who, as noted above, was retained by the condominium management itself: It was confirmed that the duck species in question is the Muscovy duck (pato real) Cairina moschata, which is classified as wildlife in Costa Rica. Duck species in question: Cairina moschata — Pato Real — Status: Resident and classified as wildlife in Costa Rica.
Mr. Nombre01 states in the writ of amparo that not feeding this species could cause the death of the ducks, expressing: 'SINAC committed a manifest error by generically classifying the lake's fauna as wildlife, ignoring the fact that these domestic animals have lost any capacity for foraging or autonomous survival. The petitioner contends that the food prohibition order constitutes, in practice, a direct threat to the lives of the domestic ducks, creating a risk of death by starvation, hepatic lipidosis, and cachexia.' However, as has already been verified, the classification of this species does correspond to wildlife, and in the opinion of biologist Delgado Herrera, the feeding of the ducks by condominium residents poses an imminent risk to their survival, to the health of other species, and could also endanger the condominium's residents by attracting other animal species to the site:
· Feeding the birds may generate a dependency that causes them to lose their instinct to forage for food independently, preventing them from visiting other sites and thereby affecting other ecosystems, local and latitudinal migrations, and food chains (cadenas tróficas).
· It was observed that the lake itself provides food for the species found there, since it contains fish, possibly some crustaceans, aquatic insects, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as grass in its surroundings. This indicates that no additional feeding of the birds is necessary; the lake and its surroundings are sufficient to sustain them on their own, including the Muscovy ducks Cairina moschata.
· This means that the ducks and other species will not die if they are not fed by the residents.
· Leaving food waste at the site will attract vectors such as rodents and insects (flies and mosquitoes) and will generate foul odors, which may affect the fauna of the area and even the residents.
Mr. Delgado Herrera also verified that the duck species are able to find food within the same ecosystem of which they form part, meaning that they are not at risk of death as a result of the precautionary measure imposed by SINAC.
FOURTH: The issue that arose at the lagoon of Condominio Campo Real has been addressed in a coordinated manner and with the support of qualified professionals, in full adherence to the principle of objectification of environmental protection (principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental), which has been cited by the Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República) in various legal opinions and criteria, including the following: 'It must be emphasized that, regarding the principle of objectification of environmental protection, the Constitutional Chamber has held that: "…it translates into the need to support decision-making in this area with technical studies, both with respect to individual acts and to general provisions — whether statutory or regulatory — from which the requirement of binding to science and technology derives, thereby conditioning the discretion of the Administration in such matters." (Voto No. 2063-2007 of 11 hours 10 minutes of February 11, 2007).' This means that the precautionary measure issued to prevent the feeding of ducks at the condominium lagoon is grounded in technical criteria and does not represent an arbitrary decision by the Public Administration.
FIFTH: As reflected in Report No. CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-OSA-0288-2026, follow-up has also been provided on the conditions of the wildlife present at the condominium lagoon, and outreach efforts with the condominium residents have been pursued with the aim of providing environmental education and ensuring that the information regarding the issued precautionary measure is communicated in an atmosphere of harmony and mutual understanding of the regulations governing wildlife at the national level.
SIXTH: Finally, it is recalled that feeding wildlife constitutes an offense under Wildlife Conservation Law N°7317; this regulation was enacted by the Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa), and it is the responsibility of the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) to promote its compliance. Part of this responsibility is carried out through preventive actions and by issuing precautionary measures when irregular situations come to light, even when such situations are caused without malicious intent or bad faith on the part of citizens."
"FIRST: Article 22 of Biodiversity Law N°7788 grants SINAC four broad areas of jurisdiction: forestry matters, protection of watersheds (cuencas hidrográficas), protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas, PNE), and wildlife. These areas of jurisdiction are understood to encompass not only the handling of complaints filed by citizens, but also a framework for ex officio action when environmental violations come to the direct attention of officials. This principle is reinforced by the following provisions:
• Ley Forestal N°7575, Article 6, paragraph g): "ARTICLE 6.- Jurisdictions. The following are jurisdictions of the State Forestry Administration (Administración Forestal del Estado): g) To prevent and ensure that no forest exploitation is carried out without complying with the provisions of this law. To that end, the Administration must ensure that inspections are conducted in forests, that controls are exercised on roads, and that inspections and audits are carried out at sites where timber arrives for processing or use, in order to detect and report any illegal exploitation of the forest." • Ley Forestal N°7575, Article 6, paragraph p): "ARTICLE 6.- Jurisdictions. The following are jurisdictions of the State Forestry Administration: p) To report, through the Minister of Environment and Energy, to the Environmental and Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Prosecutor's Office (Procuraduría Ambiental y de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre) and to the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público), any irregularity in the application of this law." • Ley Forestal N°7575, Article 54: "Officials of the Forest Administration.
Officials of the State Forestry Administration shall have the status of law-enforcement authorities (autoridades de policía); as such, and in accordance with this law, they shall report any violations committed to the competent authorities. Law-enforcement authorities shall be obligated to cooperate with officials of the State Forestry Administration whenever they are so required in order to fully discharge the functions and duties imposed by this law. In the performance of their duties, these officials—identified by their respective credential card (carné)—shall have the right to access and conduct inspections on any rural or forest-industrial property, except in dwelling houses located therein; and to seize (decomisar) timber and other forest products that have been illegally harvested or processed, and to impound, as a guarantee against a potential sanction, the equipment and machinery used in the unlawful act.
They shall also seize the means of transport used as an instrument or facilitator in the commission of the offense, following the preparation of the corresponding official record (acta). All of the foregoing must be placed at the disposal of the competent judicial authority within no more than three days." • Wildlife Conservation Law N°7317 (Ley de conservación de la vida silvestre N°7317), Article 7, paragraphs h), i), k): "Article 7.- SINAC of MINAE has the following functions in the exercise of its jurisdiction: h) To protect, supervise, and manage wetlands (humedales) with an ecosystem-based approach (enfoque ecosistémico), and to determine their classification as being of national or international importance. i) To create and manage programs for the management, control, monitoring, and research of wildlife. k) To coordinate with other competent entities in the prevention, mitigation, response to, and follow-up on damage to wildlife." • Wildlife Conservation Law N°7317, Article 16: "Article 16.- In order to faithfully fulfill the obligations established in this law, wildlife inspectors, forest inspectors, park rangers, and duly accredited SINAC officials performing their duties are authorized to stop, transit, enter, and conduct inspections within any property and vessel, as well as in the industrial and commercial facilities involved, and to seize organisms, parts, products, and wildlife derivatives, together with the equipment used in the commission of an offense or activity prohibited by this law.
In the case of private residences, authorization from the competent judicial authority or from the owner shall be required." • Environmental Framework Law N°7554 (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N°7554), Article 34: "Article 34.- Preventive Measures. In State-owned protected wildlife areas, it is the responsibility of MINAE to adopt appropriate measures to prevent or eliminate, as soon as possible, any exploitation or occupation throughout the area, and to ensure respect for the ecological, geomorphological, and aesthetic characteristics that led to its establishment." • Environmental Framework Law N°7554, Article 99: "Article 99.- Administrative Sanctions. In the event of violations of environmental protection regulations, or in the face of conduct clearly harmful to the environment as established in this law, the Public Administration shall apply the following protective measures and sanctions: a) Warning by means of notification that a complaint exists. b) Reprimand commensurate with the gravity of the violations, once they have been verified. c) Enforcement of the performance bond (garantía de cumplimiento) provided in the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental). d) Partial or total restrictions, or an order for the immediate suspension of the acts giving rise to the complaint. e) Total or partial, temporary or permanent, closure of the acts or conduct giving rise to the complaint. f) Partial, total, permanent, or temporary cancellation of the permits, licenses, premises, or businesses giving rise to the complaint, the act, or the polluting or destructive conduct. g) Imposition of obligations to compensate or stabilize the environment or biological diversity. h) Modification or demolition of constructions or works that damage the environment. i) Alternative means of compensating for the sanction, such as attending official environmental education courses and performing community service in the area of environmental protection.
These sanctions may be imposed on private individuals or public officials for acts or omissions that violate the provisions of this law, other environmental protection regulations, or regulations concerning biological diversity." In accordance with the principle of legality (principio de legalidad) governing the public administration, as enshrined in Article 11 of the Political Constitution and Article 11 of the General Law of Public Administration N°6227, the foregoing provisions make clear that SINAC officials have both the obligations and the authority to act ex officio with respect to alleged environmental violations that come to their direct attention. In fact, the institution has internally established procedures within the framework of its prevention, protection, and control functions, with the aim of defining the "protocol" to be followed by officials in this type of operation. Some of these are listed below:
• SEIZURE OF GOODS, PRODUCTS, AND BY-PRODUCTS ARISING FROM THE HANDLING OF COMPLAINTS AND REPORTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS WITHIN SINAC'S JURISDICTION. Officially adopted in 2021.
• CUSTODY OF SEIZED OR FOUND GOODS AND PRODUCTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HANDLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS. Officially adopted in 2022.
• HANDLING OF COMPLAINTS AND REPORTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS WITHIN SINAC'S JURISDICTION. Officially adopted in 2020.
This last procedure includes the authority and obligation of SINAC officials to issue administrative orders (órdenes administrativas) that specifically establish the precautionary measures (medidas cautelares) listed in Article 99 of the Environmental Framework Law cited above. In the event of non-compliance with such administrative orders, SINAC may file a criminal complaint against the violators for the offense of contempt of authority (desobediencia) typified in Article 314 of the Penal Code.
SECOND: In the case before us, the head of the SINAC sub-regional office of Alajuela of the Área de Conservación Central, Mr. Minor González Guzmán, issued a report through official communication CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-OSA-0288-2026, in which he stated:
That on October 14, 2025, in response to a request from the administration of Condominio Campo Real, with the aim of assessing a possible overpopulation of ducks identified as black-bellied whistling ducks (piches, Dendrocygna autumnalis) located in an artificial lake within the condominium, officials from the Sub-Regional Office of Alajuela, Área de Conservación Central, conducted a field visit to evaluate the situation.
At the location, in addition to the duck species mentioned in the preceding paragraph, a significant population of another duck identified as Cairina moschata was observed on the day of the inspection. Both species are of wild origin and are therefore regulated by Wildlife Conservation Law N°7317, its amendments, and its regulations.
That in the "General Provisions," Article 1, "Scope of Application," of the regulations to the Wildlife Conservation Law, it is established that: "Individuals of ornamental exotic species are excluded from the application of the Wildlife Conservation Law and these regulations, as they are companion, decorative, or domestic species. The lists of ornamental exotic species shall be prepared by SINAC, SENASA, and SFE, and shall be publicly accessible through the corresponding institutional websites." That through official communication SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, issued by the Directorate of the National Animal Health Service (Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal) at thirteen hours and twenty minutes on the eighteenth of June of two thousand twenty-four, the list of scientific names for animals considered ornamental exotic species that would be excluded from the application of the Wildlife Conservation Law was officially adopted; this list does not include the duck species Cairina moschata, and therefore that species retains its status as a wildlife species regardless of the habitat in which it is found, and is consequently regulated by Law N°7317 and its regulations.
That, according to information provided by the persons representing the condominium administration who participated in the field visit, it is common practice to supply food to both species. Such activity is subject to sanction pursuant to Article 116 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, which literally states: "Shall be sanctioned with a fine of fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent (30%) of one (1) base salary, whoever, without authorization from SINAC, supplies food or unauthorized substances to wildlife." For the foregoing reasons, and in compliance with the applicable legislation governing this matter, administrative order SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 was served on-site on October 27, 2025, addressed to Mr. Christian Gómez Monge, in his capacity as condominium administrator, ordering him to refrain from feeding and handling the wildlife present in the artificial lake.
That the action taken by the officials who responded to the request is grounded in the provisions of Article 219.- Grounds for Administrative Orders. SINAC, in the exercise of its supervision, control, and protection functions, is authorized by law and by the preventive principle, the precautionary principle, and the principle of effective administrative protection (tutela administrativa efectiva) to issue administrative orders, with the objective of requiring or prohibiting a specific type of conduct that is contrary to national or international legislation or that generates a negative impact on wildlife. The order may consist of halting, preventing, eliminating, performing, refraining from, restoring, or correcting a given conduct.
Following this, two meetings were scheduled and condominium residents were invited to attend: the first on 16-12-2025 and a second meeting on February 19, 2026, to inform them about the origin of the two duck species present in the artificial lake and about why wild animal species should not be fed.
Likewise, the condominium administration first hired biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera, who conducted a monitoring of the birdlife (avifauna) present at the location; it was determined that Cairina moschata was present and its status was defined as a resident species classified as wild in Costa Rica. In March of this year, they engaged "InnoBiosphera, Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología" with the objective of conducting an initial survey of the area in order to gather data on the aquatic birdlife present and to identify potential natural food sources for wildlife within the condominium's facilities.
This study determined that the visual condition of the birdlife is good, with bright plumage and no signs of recent injuries. Furthermore, the ducks showed no lesions or abnormal or stereotyped behaviors indicative of overcrowding, lack of food resources, or captivity; individual birds were observed foraging for food within the lake, and no dead ducks were observed during the time of the visit.
In the section on next steps, the professionals recommend planting aquatic plants that will improve water quality and provide shelter for the juvenile fish (alevines) of the fish species found in the lake, which serve as a food source for the ducks. The annexes provide a list of native plant species that may be planted in the green areas, as well as aquatic plants that may be introduced into the lake in order to improve the site, some of which will serve as a natural food source for the ducks.
Attached are copies of the documents related to this writ of amparo (recurso de amparo), which contain the following:
- Copy of Administrative Order SINAC-ACC-OA-236-2025 - Copy of the report prepared by Biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera. - Copy of the Field Report prepared by consulting firm InnoBiosphera Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología.
THIRD: As stated in report N° CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-OSA-0288-2026, SINAC has acted within the scope of its jurisdiction and in coordination with the administration of Condominio Campo Real de Alajuela. The appellant's claim that "domestic ducks of the species Cairina moschata domesticus, originally introduced into the project and dependent on residents for their sustenance, coexist in that space" is without merit, as that species is classified as wild, as confirmed in the report by biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera, who, as noted above, was hired by the condominium administration itself.
Mr. Nombre01 states in the writ of amparo that not feeding this species could cause the ducks to die, expressing this as follows: "SINAC committed a manifest error by generically classifying the fauna in the lake as wild, ignoring the fact that those domestic animals have lost any capacity for foraging or autonomous survival. He argues that the food prohibition order constitutes, in practice, a direct threat to the lives of the domestic ducks, creating a risk of death by starvation, hepatic lipidosis (lipidosis hepática), and cachexia (caquexia)." However, as already verified, the classification of this species does coincide with wildlife; and in the opinion of Biologist Delgado Herrera, the feeding of the ducks by condominium residents poses an imminent risk to their survival, to the health of other species, and could also endanger the condominium's inhabitants by attracting other animal species to the site. Mr. Delgado Herrera also verified that the duck species are capable of finding food within the same ecosystem of which they form a part, which means they are not at risk of death as a result of the precautionary measure imposed by SINAC.
FOURTH: The issue arising in the lake at Condominio Campo Real has been addressed in a coordinated manner and with the support of competent professionals, in full compliance with the principle of objectification of environmental protection (objetivación de la tutela ambiental), which has been cited by the Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría General de la República) in various legal opinions and criteria, as detailed below¹: "It should be noted that, with regard to the principle of objectification of environmental protection, the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has established that: '…it translates into the need to substantiate decision-making in this area with technical studies, both with respect to acts and to provisions of a general nature—both statutory and regulatory—from which derives the requirement of "adherence to science and technology," which conditions the Administration's discretion in this matter.' (Voto No. 2063-2007 of 14 hours 40 minutes of February 14, 2007)." This means that the precautionary measure issued to prevent the feeding of ducks in the condominium lake is grounded in technical criteria and does not represent an arbitrary decision by the Public Administration.
FIFTH: As recorded in report N° CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-OSA-0288-2026, follow-up has also been provided on the conditions of the wildlife present in the condominium lake, and outreach to condominium residents has been pursued, with the aim of providing environmental education and ensuring that the information relating to the precautionary measure that was issued is received in an atmosphere of harmony and understanding of the regulations governing wildlife at the national level.
SIXTH: Finally, it is recalled that feeding wildlife constitutes an offense under Wildlife Conservation Law N°7317; this regulation was enacted by the Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa), and it falls to the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) to promote its compliance. Part of this effort is achieved by carrying out preventive actions and issuing precautionary measures when irregular situations are identified, even when such situations are caused without criminal intent (dolo) or bad faith on the part of citizens."
It is particularly relevant that official Licidia Rojas herself was the one who initially cautioned the condominium administrator and ordered the suspension of duck feeding on the understanding that the animals constituted wildlife. However, after analyzing the reports prepared by professionals Natalie Sánchez and Raquel Meneses, the same official acknowledged that the scientific findings contributed required a deeper technical analysis of the population present in the condominium and a reassessment of aspects related to the classification currently used by the Administration.
This evolution of the technical opinion demonstrates that the situation was far from resolved, and that sufficient elements existed to justify a more exhaustive study before maintaining an absolute prohibition on feeding. Failing to address this and categorically asserting that "the species is wild," "the lake provides food," and "the ducks will not die" constitutes a serious contradiction that reduces the assessment to a conceptual error and an undue oversimplification.
There is a technical uncertainty acknowledged by the Administration itself, on account of which it is inappropriate to present to this Chamber an absolute conclusion without explaining which new scientific elements made it possible to overcome the doubts previously identified.
To date, the respondent authority has unjustifiably refused to conduct a substantive analysis of the reports by professionals Sánchez and Nombre02 submitted by this representation, which are not mere personal opinions but rather expert opinions issued by specialists in disciplines directly related to veterinary medicine. Far from analyzing and technically refuting their conclusions, the institutional response merely reiterates the previously adopted position, failing to engage with the scientific findings contributed by those specialists.
Constitutional jurisprudence has been consistent in requiring that administrative decisions with technical content be duly substantiated and that the Administration comprehensively evaluate the relevant evidence before making a decision capable of affecting fundamental rights. In this regard, resolution 02063-2007 held: "The objectification of environmental protection—which, as this Tribunal noted in judgment number 14293-2005, of fourteen hours fifty-two minutes of the nineteenth of October of two thousand and five, is a principle that in no way may be confused with the foregoing, in that it translates into the need to substantiate decision-making in this area with technical studies, both with respect to the conduct of the Administration and to provisions of a general nature—statutory and regulatory—from which derives the requirement of 'adherence to science and technology,' an element that gives a technical-scientific foundation to the Administration's decisions in this area, and as such limits and conditions the Administration's discretion in its actions—in the terms provided in Article 16 of the General Law of Public Administration.
So that, in light of the results derived from those technical studies—such as environmental impact studies—an objective technical criterion emerges that indicates either the environmental viability of the project or the probability of evident harm to the environment, natural resources, or public health, a circumstance that requires the establishment of precautionary measures or the rejection of the proposed project, work, or activity; and in the event of 'reasonable doubt,' decisions in favor of the environment must be made (pro-natura principle)." (Emphasis added by the appellant.)
All of this notwithstanding, the respondent party, in the report submitted, relies on the taxonomic classification of the species but fails to adequately address the main issue raised by this representation. The discussion does not concern solely whether Cairina moschata is a species classified as wild in Costa Rica, but rather whether the specific population inhabiting Condominio Campo Real currently possesses a real capacity for autonomous subsistence after more than twenty years of food dependency generated by human intervention.
As professional Natalie Sánchez explains, the absence of a specific category or subspecies within the Costa Rican legal framework does not imply that the biological, ecological, or behavioral characteristics of the individuals disappear or must conform to a given legal classification. The biology of organisms is not modified by the way in which the legal system categorizes them. Therefore, if the Administration intends to assert that the individuals present at Campo Real effectively correspond to wildlife, it must provide objective scientific evidence to support that conclusion, including studies that rule out the traits of domestication, food dependency, and human habituation documented by the experts consulted.
Furthermore, Sánchez, Meneses, and InnoBiosphera specialists consulted by the Administration agree that the individuals present at Condominio Campo Real exhibit a clear dependency on food of anthropogenic origin (origen antrópico), displaying behavioral characteristics compatible with domestication, limited flight capacity, high tolerance of human presence, and a significant reduction in natural food-seeking behaviors. The specialists are consistent in indicating that these individuals depend largely on the food provided by condominium residents, and that any abrupt modification of that feeding pattern may generate significant physiological and behavioral consequences.
Moreover, the conclusion that the lake provides sufficient food is contradicted by consistent technical observations from both the Administration itself and independent specialists. Official Licidia Rojas expressly indicated that "the ground was almost bare, suggesting that natural food resources do not appear to exist in the vicinity of the lake, which appears to be more of a potential resting and refuge site." In the same vein, the InnoBiosphera report notes that there is little vegetation capable of providing shelter and natural food for the ducks. The convergence of both sources should have led to a far more cautious assessment of the actual availability of food resources at the site.
In addition, the absence of food has caused these birds to abandon their habitat and move toward neighboring residential areas, exposing them to constant dangers such as being struck by vehicles and attacked by pets. Consequently, this representation, by way of assistance, sought to transfer recently hatched ducks to the Wildlife Rescue Center, an entity authorized by the Administration itself for the rescue of wildlife. However, the technical directorate refused to accept the specimens, indicating that they are domestic ducks.
The inconsistency is even more evident when one considers that official Licidia Rojas herself expressly recommended seeking support from rescue centers to receive part of the Cairina moschata population existing in the condominium. This fact demonstrates the complete defenselessness of the animals and the administrative absurdity that confronts them. On the one hand, SINAC prohibits the condominium from feeding the species on the grounds that the ducks are wildlife; on the other hand, the country's rescue centers refuse to accept them because they technically classify them as domestic animals. The Administration has created a vicious cycle of inaction that condemns the animals to a cruel death by starvation in a hostile environment.
Consequently, the Administration fails to demonstrate that these individuals effectively have sufficient resources to survive without supplemental feeding, or that the abrupt suspension of feeding would be harmless to the domestic population in particular. On the contrary, there are reports that warn of physiological risks arising from sudden changes in feeding patterns maintained over decades. Faced with such a scenario, the Administration was obligated to act with prudence and gradualness, seeking to ensure animal welfare.
Therefore, the respondent institution, in official communication CARTA-MINAE-DM-110-2026, dated June 5, 2026, presents substantial omissions, relevant technical contradictions, and an incomplete assessment of the scientific evidence incorporated into the present case. It falls to this Constitutional Chamber to verify that the exercise of the competencies of state authorities is carried out in accordance with the constitutional principles of reasonableness, proportionality, technical objectification, and environmental protection, particularly when the technical evidence itself incorporated into the case file demonstrates that relevant scientific doubts remain regarding the biological status of the individuals and the consequences of the absolute prohibition on feeding imposed by the respondent institution."
Opinion authored by Magistrate Hess Herrera; and,
Considering:
The appealing party alleges that, on October 27, 2025, SINAC issued a general prohibition against the feeding of domestic ducks (patos domésticos) in the artificial lake (lago artificial) of Campo Real, Alajuela. The party contends that this lake is an artificial structure built by the developer and that, for more than two decades, domestic ducks of the species *Cairina moschata domesticus* have coexisted in that space, having been originally introduced into the project and being dependent on the community's residents for their sustenance. The party alleges that SINAC made a manifest error by generically classifying the lake's fauna as wildlife (fauna silvestre), ignoring the fact that these domestic animals have lost any capacity for independent foraging (forrajeo) or autonomous survival. The party claims that the food-prohibition order constitutes, in practice, a direct threat to the lives of the domestic ducks, as it creates a risk of death by starvation, hepatic lipidosis (lipidosis hepática), and cachexia (caquexia).
The party further notes that this situation also affects the emotional wellbeing of the community, comprising approximately three thousand residents, who are forced to witness the animals' suffering. The party requests that SINAC be ordered to permit the provision of food and care to the domestic duck population of the artificial lake of Campo Real, and to conduct an on-site inspection to draw a technical distinction between wildlife and domestic fauna (fauna doméstica), so that each species may be protected in a differentiated and reasonable manner according to its biological nature.
The following facts are considered duly established as relevant to the decision in this matter:
(…) Findings from the monitoring During the monitoring it was confirmed that tenants feed the ducks with food scraps. Two individuals were observed feeding the ducks and other birds. The images show muscovy ducks (*Cairina moschata*) and great-tailed grackles (*Quiscalus mexicanus*) feeding on food scraps provided by the residents. This indicates that other wild species come to the lake in search of food, such as fish, crustaceans, and others, and that these species may ingest the food scraps provided by residents, causing harm to their health and to wild populations. Wild species such as *Zenaida asiática* — White-winged Dove — and *Quiscalus mexicanus* — Great-tailed Grackle — were also observed feeding on concentrated feed and other food scraps left by tenants. (…) Conclusions and Recommendations · It was confirmed on-site that the duck species in question is *Cairina moschata* — Muscovy Duck, a wild species for Costa Rica, not classified as domestic by any entity in Costa Rica to date. · The other duck species present in the lake is *Dendrocygna autumnalis* — Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Piche, Quichichi, Pichichi), a wild species. · All species recorded during the monitoring were wild; none were domestic, and therefore feeding them is prohibited under the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre.
Accordingly, Administrative Order N°236-2025 issued by Área de Conservación Central, Alajuela Sub-regional Office, must be complied with. · It was observed that feeding the birds has created a degree of dependency, to the point that the birds — and especially the muscovy ducks — approach residents to be fed. · It is recommended that signs be posted around the perimeter and surroundings of the lake prohibiting the feeding of birds and any other species. · Residents should receive training on the avifauna present in the area and the importance of not feeding it. · It is recommended that both current and new tenants' contracts or condominium rules state the prohibition against feeding wildlife. Establishing a fine for non-compliance is suggested. · Because the species feeding on the food scraps are wild, the scraps may cause them harmful effects and diseases that could affect their population and the populations of other species. · The ducks of the species *Dendrocygna autumnalis* — Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Piche, Quichichi, Pichichi) — do not remain in the lake all day, indicating that they have other resting and feeding areas.
Their presence is likely attributable to residents feeding them, to the point that they were not observed in the water but on land, foraging or resting. · Feeding the birds can create a dependency that may cause them to lose their instinct to seek food on their own, prevent them from visiting other sites, and thereby affect other ecosystems, local and latitudinal migrations, as well as food chains (cadenas tróficas). · It was observed that the lake itself provides food to the species found there, as it contains fish, possibly some crustaceans, aquatic insects, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as grass in the surrounding areas. This indicates that no supplementary feeding of the birds is necessary; the lake and its surroundings can sustain them on their own, including the muscovy ducks (*Cairina moschata*). This means that the ducks and other species will not die if they are not fed by the tenants. · Leaving food scraps in the area will attract vectors such as rodents, insects (flies and mosquitoes) and generate foul odors, which could harm the local fauna and even the residents." (See submitted report and supporting evidence.)
As of today, the species *Cairina moschata* is legally considered wildlife, making it illegal to actively feed, keep as pets, or handle them. (…) 3. Objectives of Condominio Real On the day of the visit, Mr. Nombre03 informed us that the Condominium has 3 objectives it wishes to achieve: 1. Determine whether there is currently an overpopulation of ducks (*Cairina moschata* and *Dendrocygna autumnalis*) 2. Determine whether there are sufficient natural food sources for the ducks (*C. moschata*) 3. Forecast the population size in the event that food plants are planted Based on these objectives, the activities carried out were designed to understand the number of individuals and species present, the area and depth of the artificial lake, and the identification of zones used by the ducks; all of this together to understand the behavior and ecology of the ducks within the macro-condominio Campo Real. 4.
Description of Activities Carried Out The areas visited, inspection activities, and methodologies used are detailed below: ● Lago Campo Real: ○ The surface area of the lake was measured to quantify the water surface (espejo de agua) ○ A preliminary bird species list was compiled (Tabla 1) ○ The habitat was characterized ○ Duck nests were searched for ○ Photographs were taken ● Pool area: ○ The pool area of Condominio Campo Alto was visited, where a few other wild birds and only criollo ducks (*Cairina moschata*) were observed; they were in the surrounding area and not inside the pool enclosure or in the pools themselves, despite the gates being open ● Condominium perimeter: ○ The condominium perimeter was traveled by vehicle, counting the ducks (*C. moschata*) found along it ● Bird observation methodology: ○ To count the bird species and individuals present on-site, walking transects were conducted recording audio with the Merlin app, as well as direct observation with a camera and binoculars. 5.
Findings and Observations 5.1. Data obtained: ● Lago Campo Real: ○ The lake's color is an intense green, indicating that it is eutrophied (eutrofizado) (excess nutrients), possibly due to 2 main factors: fecal discharge by the birds and the active feeding of the tilapia present in the lake ○ Depth: 4 m (as indicated by Mr. Nombre03) ○ The lake bottom is permeable (as indicated by Mr. Nombre03) ○ Area: 1440 m2 ○ 2 duck nests were found, with a total of 4 eggs (Anexo 9.1) ○ Habitat: residential area with a body of water, several mature trees, palm trees, and other vegetation ○ Approximately 4 turtles were observed in the lake (Anexo 9.1) ○ A preliminary list of bird species present on-site was recorded (Anexo 9.1), detailed below in Tabla 1 5.2 Positive Aspects ● The avifauna does not appear to be affecting the condominium's infrastructure ● The visual condition of the avifauna is good; plumage is bright with no signs of recent injuries ● The criollo ducks showed no lesions or abnormal/stereotyped behaviors associated with overcrowding, lack of food resources, or captivity.
However, this does not imply that they are self-sufficient; as documented by Nombre02 (2026) and Nombre04 (2026), the individuals show a clear dependence on food of anthropogenic origin, which was not evident during our field visit ● Individuals were observed foraging for food within the lake ● No carcasses were found during the visit ● The lake has a good water flow and constant oxygenation thanks to the fountain present." (See submitted report and supporting evidence.)
That under the 'General Provisions,' Article 1 'Scope of Application' of the implementing regulation of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre establishes: 'Individuals of exotic ornamental species are excluded from the application of the LCVS and this regulation as they are companion, decorative, or domestic species. The lists of exotic ornamental species shall be prepared by SINAC, SENASA, and SFE, and shall be publicly accessible through the corresponding institutional websites.' That by official communication SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, issued by the Dirección del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal at thirteen hours and twenty minutes on June 18, 2024, the list of scientific names of animals considered exotic ornamental species — excluded from the application of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre — was made official, and that list does not include the duck species *Cairina moschata*; therefore, it retains its status as a wild species regardless of the habitat in which it is found, and is consequently regulated by Ley 7317 and its implementing regulation.
(…) That according to information provided by the persons representing the condominium administration who participated in the field visit, it is customary to provide food to both species. This activity is subject to sanction as established by Article 116 of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, which verbatim states: 'A fine of fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent (30%) of one (1) base salary shall be imposed on any person who, without authorization from SINAC, provides food or unauthorized substances to wildlife.' For the reasons stated above, and in accordance with the applicable legislation governing this matter, administrative order SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 was issued and notified on-site on October 27, 2025, addressed to Mr. Christian Gómez Monge in his capacity as condominium administrator, ordering him to refrain from feeding and handling the wildlife present in the artificial lake.
That the action taken by the officers who responded to the request is grounded in the provisions of Article 219 — Grounds for Administrative Orders. SINAC, in the exercise of its supervisory, control, and protection functions, is authorized by law and by the preventive, precautionary, and effective administrative protection principles to issue administrative orders, with the objective of requiring or prohibiting specific conduct that is contrary to national or international legislation or that generates a negative impact on wildlife. The order may consist of stopping, preventing, eliminating, performing, omitting, restoring, or correcting. Following this, two meetings with condominium residents were scheduled — the first on December 16, 2025, and a second on February 19, 2026 — to inform them of the origin of the two duck species present in the artificial lake and the reasons why wild animal species should not be fed.
Similarly, the condominium administration first contracted biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera, who conducted an avifauna monitoring study at the site and determined the presence of *Cairina moschata*, defining its status as a resident species classified as wild for Costa Rica; then in March of the current year they contracted 'InnoBiosphera, Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología' with the objective of first conducting an area reconnaissance to collect data on the aquatic avifauna present and to identify possible natural food sources for wildlife within the condominium facilities. That study determined that the visual condition of the avifauna is good, with bright plumage and no signs of recent injuries. Furthermore, the ducks showed no lesions or abnormal/stereotyped behaviors associated with overcrowding, lack of food resources, or captivity; individuals were observed foraging for food within the lake, and no dead ducks were observed during the visit.
In the section on next steps in that study, the professionals recommend planting aquatic plants to improve water quality and provide shelter for fish fry (alevines) of the fish species found in the lake, which serve as a food source for the ducks. The annexes include a list of native plant species that can be planted in the green areas, as well as aquatic plants that can be introduced into the lake to improve the site, some of which can serve as natural food sources for the ducks." (See submitted report and supporting evidence.)
On prior occasions, this Tribunal has addressed the constitutional protection afforded to animal welfare (bienestar animal) and the constitutionally legitimate limitations on the duty to protect animal welfare. In this regard, resolution no. 13553-2016 of 11:30 a.m. on September 21, 2016, held as follows:
"III.- Constitutional protection of animal welfare. Although our constitutional text does not contain an express provision protecting animal welfare, as do countries such as Germany and Switzerland, the Sala Constitucional has, through its jurisprudential development, determined that the prohibition of animal cruelty has constitutional grounding in the Costa Rican legal order, derived from Articles 28 and 50 of the Constitución Política. The Sala has determined that human beings have not only a moral duty of conduct toward other persons but also toward the natural environment that surrounds us. In this regard, it has been considered that animal cruelty violates morality, public decency, and public order, and that it also forms part of the right to a healthy and balanced environment. Relevant decisions on this matter include judgments 1993-3705, 1995-5893, and undoubtedly the most emblematic, 2012-4620.
In this last decision, it is established that the inclusion of animals within the concept of environment is based on the role they play in the development of human life, which makes them deserving of protection and dignified treatment. Thus, wild or untamed fauna — that which lives without direct human intervention for its development or feeding — is protected by virtue of the maintenance of biodiversity and the natural balance of species. Domesticated fauna or fauna in the process of domestication, on the other hand, must be protected from suffering, mistreatment, and unjustified cruelty, because this reflects an ethical rationality attending to a growing human awareness of the just and dignified manner in which human beings must interact with nature. Furthermore, it is established that:
"the rational — moral — superiority of man cannot mean the absence of limits on causing suffering, pain, or anguish to non-human sentient beings (seres sintientes)"... "In this context, precisely, the mistreatment of animals constitutes an act contrary to dignity, since the exercise of dignity entails a moral duty of conduct not only toward other human beings but also in relation to the natural environment. It follows readily that the mistreatment of animals violates morality, public decency, and public order, and that its prohibition and prevention therefore constitute a matter of constitutional relevance." (judgment 2012-04620) This line of jurisprudence upheld by the Tribunal is consistent with that of other Constitutional Courts, such as that of Colombia, which has extensively developed the constitutional foundation for the prohibition of animal cruelty, including in judgments C-666-10, C-083-14, and C-095-16. The Colombian Constitutional Court holds that the concept of animal welfare entails a limit on and an obligation for human beings to act with respect toward animals as sentient beings that form part of the context in which human life unfolds. That court considered that the protection of animals is given concrete form from two perspectives:
"(…) that of fauna protected by virtue of the maintenance of biodiversity and the natural balance of species; and that of fauna that must be protected from suffering, mistreatment, and unjustified cruelty — a protection that reflects a content of political morality and an awareness of the responsibility that human beings must bear toward other sentient beings." (judgment C-095-16, Constitutional Court) That court holds that a duty of constitutional rank for the State entails concrete obligations on the various branches of government to restrict their support, sponsorship, or active participation in acts involving animal cruelty, such that the State may not assume a neutral role in the development of the protection that must be granted to animals. Likewise, grounded in human dignity, the protection of animals imposes on human beings duties of respect toward sentient beings. Notwithstanding the existence of the duty to protect animal welfare, the Colombian Court recognized certain legitimate limits, among which are: (i) the dietary habits of human beings, (ii) medical research and experimentation, and (iii) culture.
In such cases, the legal operator must harmonize, on a case-by-case basis, any tension between animal welfare and the limits on the duty of protection. Therefore, from the overriding interest in protecting the environment and fauna, there arises a duty to shield animals from suffering, mistreatment, and cruelty. From the relationship between nature and human beings, the moral status of animal life and the recognition of animals' capacity for suffering can be inferred; animals are thus understood to be sentient beings that give rise to a series of obligations of care and protection for human beings. From this constitutional duty arise obligations of care and prohibitions against mistreatment and cruelty toward animals, unless one of the recognized limits applies.
IV.Constitutionally Legitimate Limitations on the Duty to Protect Animal Welfare. Legal doctrine holds that the duty to protect animals has certain legitimate limits, including at least: (i) the dietary habits of human beings, (ii) medical research and experimentation, and (iii) culture. In such cases, the legal operator must attempt a case-by-case harmonization whenever there is tension between the obligation to seek animal welfare and the limits on the duty of protection. On this matter, judgment C-666-10 of the Constitutional Court has held:
"The principle of animal welfare yields to the dietary customs of the human species, insofar as the slaughter of animals for human consumption is permitted. However, the slaughter of animals in such cases must conform to established parameters aimed at eliminating any practice that involves avoidable suffering for the animal and, likewise, cruelty in slaughter procedures, demonstrating that, even in these cases, the constitutional duty is fully applicable to the relationship that human beings maintain with animals. (iii) Medical research and experimentation. Law 84 of 1989 establishes a special chapter to regulate the conditions necessary for conducting experiments on animals. In this regard, it includes provisions prohibiting the conduct of such experiments when they cause mistreatment as a result of the procedure, when animals are not placed under anesthesia — Art. 24 —, when experimentation is conducted on live animals as a means of illustration in lectures at faculties with programs related to the study of animals — Art. 25 —; as well as provisions requiring the existence of an ethics committee whenever an animal experiment is conducted — Art. 26 —." "Starting from the Constitution of 1991, culture is not a secondary matter, nor can it be a privilege enjoyed only by some Colombians; rather, it must be extended to all, on the understanding that, as one of the foundations of nationhood, its promotion, development, and dissemination is a matter deserving of the State's special attention." Hence the Constitution's emphasis on compelling public authorities to play a leading role in creating means of artistic expression that allow Colombians to identify as a nation through the recognition of their cultural characteristics.
Therefore, "there can be no doubt about the clear constitutional mandate for the State to define and carry out a cultural policy that elevates the artistic and intellectual level of all Colombians — a policy in which the promotion of activities aimed at achieving such ends will be essential pillars." The obligations of the Colombian State arise not only from the Constitution but also from commitments assumed at the international level, among them those derived from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales) of 1966, whose Article 15 recognizes the right of all persons to participate in cultural life and to benefit from the progress of science and its applications, and the correlative duty of States to take the necessary measures for the conservation, development, and dissemination of science and culture.
This provision reiterates what is set forth in Articles 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos) of 1948, and XIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre), both equally binding on Colombia. The foregoing has set out the manner of protecting and promoting the constitutional value of culture. However, culture is an abstract term whose protection and promotion is achieved through the protection and promotion of the various manifestations, practices, and usages that society identifies as cultural expressions. It is important to emphasize that the notion of "national culture" is expressed through "those traditions and canons commonly accepted as 'Colombian' — that is, those involving the practices and values that prevail within the national territory" — without this implying that such a notion supersedes or even nullifies the minority "cultural expressions" that exist within Colombian territory, for it follows from Articles 7 and 70 of the Constitution that all cultural expressions stand on equal footing before the Colombian legal order.
And it is precisely the existence of different cultures — and, consequently, different expressions thereof — as well as different fundamental rights, constitutional values, fundamental principles, and other elements, that cultural expressions, like other elements of constitutional protection, do not carry an absolute value within the Colombian legal order; their interpretation, with a view to giving concrete effect to the guarantee of their protection and development, must be carried out in harmony with all the elements that make up the constitutional framework established by the Constitution of 1991.
"Not all activities of human endeavor that express a personal vision of the world, that interpret reality or modify it through imagination — regardless of whether their execution draws on plastic, linguistic, bodily, or sonic resources — can be considered by the legislator as artistic and cultural expressions of the State. Indeed, it must be recalled that pursuant to the Preamble and Articles 1, 2, 4, and 13 of the Political Constitution, this Court has recognized that the legal criterion of reasonableness — as a limit on legislative discretion (potestad de configuración normativa) — entails the exclusion of any decision the legislator may adopt that is manifestly absurd, unjustified, or senseless; that is, any decision that departs entirely from the dictates of sound reason. This would occur, for example, if one were to attempt to categorize as artistic and cultural expressions of the State those human behaviors that exclusively and solely manifest acts of violence or perversion (e.g., pornography, voyeurism, and sadism) — behaviors that, in addition to being considered harmful to the fundamental values of society, disregard fundamental principles and rights such as human dignity and the prohibition of cruel treatment." On this specific subject, in sentencia 2012-4620 of this Chamber, human consumption and culture are also recognized as legitimate limits on animal protection. The relevant passage reads:
"Now, as indicated, the protection of animal health is ultimately defined in terms of the human being himself. Accordingly, it is valid to limit the scope of protection extended to animals in consideration of other legally relevant interests of the human being. In particular, the slaughter of animals intended for human consumption and use is a clear limit on the duty of animal protection, given that animal-derived products are essential components of the human diet and clothing. Likewise, mention must be made of medical research and experimentation on animals, since this constitutes a fundamental element for the development of drugs and treatments for the benefit of human health. In the same vein, the traditions of the Costa Rican people (pueblo costarricense), whose protection is inferred from Article 89 of the Political Constitution, are protected as values belonging to the nation's cultural heritage (acervo cultural)." In the same way, at the international level there is a growing trend toward expanding the scope of the duty to protect animal welfare (bienestar animal). Among the relevant Conventions and Declarations are the following:
The Universal Declaration of Animal Rights (Declaración Universal de los Derechos de los Animales). It enshrines the right of animals to existence, respect, and the prohibition of extermination, exploitation, or cruelty, as well as the obligation of care and protection by human beings (Arts. 1 to 3).
Convention on Biological Diversity (Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica). It pursues the adoption of strategies and policies for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; the sustainable use of biodiversity must be taken into account in national decision-making processes, and States Parties are obligated to restore threatened species and protect those facing extinction.
The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment (Declaración de Estocolmo sobre el Medio Ambiente Humano) states that the human environment — both natural and artificial — is essential for the well-being and enjoyment of the fundamental human rights of human beings, including fauna among the objects of protection, as follows:
"Principle 2. The natural resources of the Earth, including air, water, land, flora, and fauna, and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be preserved for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning and management, as appropriate." For its part, General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognized that the environment (medio ambiente) constitutes a necessary vehicle for the realization of human life on the planet. Thus:
"(…) the reference in paragraph 1 of Article 12 of the Covenant to 'the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health' is not confined to the right to health care. On the contrary, the drafting history and the express wording of paragraph 2 of Article 12 acknowledge that the right to health embraces a wide range of socioeconomic factors that promote the conditions in which people can lead a healthy life, and extends that right to the underlying determinants of health, such as food and nutrition, housing, access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, safe and healthy working conditions, and a healthy environment." The Ramsar Convention (Convenio de Ramsar) also seeks to safeguard wetlands (humedales) as productive and biodiverse ecosystems that provide, among other benefits, drinking water. Under this Convention, the States Parties undertake to:
work towards the wise use of all wetlands in their territory; designate suitable wetlands for inclusion on the List of Wetlands of International Importance (the "Ramsar List") and ensure their effective management; cooperate internationally on transboundary wetlands, shared wetland systems, and shared species.
In accordance with the foregoing legal provisions, constitutional jurisprudence has established that the environment is a fundamental constitutional right for human beings, since without it, life would lose its viability.
In the same vein, other Tribunals in our jurisdiction have recognized the State's obligation to protect animals because of their importance within the ecosystem, the prohibition on mistreating these species, and their recognition as sentient beings (seres sintientes), reiterating this Chamber's holdings on prior occasions. Thus, resolution no. 01754-2021 of 14:06 hours on October 12, 2021, of the Sala Primera de Casación de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, determined the following:
"IX. Prior to addressing the grievance, this Chamber considers it appropriate to carry out the following analysis. As the Tribunal correctly noted in the judgment under review, at the global level, legal systems have been evolving with respect to the nature and welfare of animals so as to establish, in various forms, the responsibility of human beings to promote, ensure, and carry out the protection of the environment, and within it, of animals. This is evidenced, for example, in various international instruments such as the European Conventions for the Protection of Animals (Convenios Europeos para la Protección de los Animales), the Universal Declaration of Animal Rights, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment. In the same vein, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Corte IDH), through Advisory Opinion OC-23-17 of November 15, 2017, referring to the obligations of respect and guarantee of human rights established in the American Convention on Human Rights (Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos), held: '62.
This Court considers it important to emphasize that the right to a healthy environment as an autonomous right, unlike other rights, protects the components of the environment — such as forests, rivers, seas, and others — as legal interests in themselves, even in the absence of certainty or evidence of risk to specific individuals. The aim is to protect nature and the environment not only because of their connection to human utility or for the effects that their degradation could cause on other rights of persons, such as health, life, or personal integrity, but also for their importance to the other living organisms with whom we share the planet, which are likewise deserving of protection in their own right. In this regard, the Court notes a trend toward recognizing legal personality (personería jurídica) and, therefore, rights in nature — not only in judicial rulings but even in constitutional frameworks.' (Emphasis added.) In keeping with the foregoing, various countries around the world have enacted legislation that contemplates and recognizes animals as sentient beings or non-human persons (Mexico, France, and Portugal), and some have explicitly recognized in their constitutions the right to protection (Germany and Luxembourg), and the dignity of animals (Switzerland).
In this context, the role played by judicial bodies is decisive in making that protection effective, and adjudicators must lean toward the pursuit of genuine ecological justice. Along these lines, judgments have been issued recognizing rights in natural entities such as the Whanganui River (New Zealand), the Ganges River (India), and the Atrato River (Colombia), and in animals such as Sandra the orangutan (Argentina). Costa Rica has been no exception to this recognition — evidence of this can be found in the various protective statutes enacted, such as the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre, No. 7317; the Ley de Bienestar de los Animales No. 7451; the Ley General del Servicio de Salud Animal No. 8495; and the sanctioning regime regulated by the Código Penal No. 4573. And in the judicial sphere, the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has also developed a line of jurisprudence oriented toward moving beyond anthropocentric reasoning, in line with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights cited above — with a clear firmness in the protection of the environment and animals that this Chamber shares.
In that regard, resolution 13553-2016 of eleven thirty a.m. on September twenty-first, two thousand and sixteen, issued even before the Ley de Bienestar Animal, stated: 'III.- Constitutional protection of animal welfare. While it is true that our constitutional text does not contain express provisions protecting animal welfare, as countries such as Germany and Switzerland do, the Constitutional Chamber has determined, through its jurisprudential development, that the prohibition on animal mistreatment (maltrato animal) has constitutional grounding in the Costa Rican legal order, derived from Articles 28 and 50 of the Political Constitution. The Chamber has determined that human beings have not only a moral duty to act with respect to other persons, but also in relation to the natural environment that surrounds us. In this regard, it has been held that animal mistreatment violates morality, good conduct, and public order, and that it also forms part of the right to a healthy and balanced environment.
On this point, see judgments 1993-3705, 1995-5893, and without doubt the most emblematic, 2012-4620. In this last decision, it is established that the inclusion of animals within the concept of environment is grounded on the role they play in the development of human life, which makes them deserving of protection and dignified treatment. Thus, wildlife (fauna silvestre) — that which lives without the immediate intervention of human beings for its development or sustenance — is protected by virtue of maintaining biodiversity and the natural balance of species. For its part, domesticated fauna or fauna in the process of domestication must be protected from suffering, mistreatment, and cruelty without legitimate justification, since this reflects an ethical rationality that attends to a growing awareness within the human species of the fair and dignified manner in which it must interact with nature.
It is further established that: "the rational — moral — superiority of human beings cannot signify the absence of limits on causing suffering, pain, or distress to non-human sentient beings" … "In this context, precisely, animal mistreatment constitutes an act contrary to dignity, since the exercise of dignity entails a moral duty of conduct both toward other human beings and toward the natural environment that surrounds us. It therefore follows with ease that animal mistreatment violates morality, good conduct, and public order, such that its prohibition and prevention constitutes a matter of constitutional relevance." (sentencia 2012-04620) This line of jurisprudence maintained by the Court is consistent with that of other Constitutional Tribunals, such as that of Colombia, which has extensively developed the constitutional basis for the prohibition on animal mistreatment, including in its judgments C-666-10, C-083-14, and C-095-16.
The Colombian Constitutional Court holds that the notion of animal welfare entails a limit and an obligation on human beings to act with respect toward animals, as they are sentient beings that form part of the context in which human life unfolds. That Court held that the protection of animals takes shape from two perspectives: "(…) that of fauna protected by virtue of maintaining biodiversity and the natural balance of species; and that of fauna that must be protected from suffering, mistreatment, and cruelty without legitimate justification — protection that reflects a content of political morality and an awareness of the responsibility that human beings must bear toward other sentient beings." (sentencia C-095-16, Constitutional Court) That Court states that a constitutional-level duty for the State entails concrete obligations on the different branches of government to restrict their support, sponsorship, or positive participation in acts involving animal mistreatment, so that the State may not assume a neutral role in the development of the protection that must be afforded to animals.
Likewise, grounded in human dignity, animal protection imposes obligations of respect on human beings toward sentient beings. Despite the existence of the duty to protect animal welfare, the Colombian Court endorsed certain legitimate limits, including: (i) the dietary habits (hábitos alimenticios) of human beings, (ii) medical research and experimentation, and (iii) culture. In each such case, the judicial officer (operador jurídico) must harmonize, on a case-by-case basis, any tension between animal welfare and the limits on the duty of protection. Therefore, from the overriding interest in protecting the environment and fauna, there arises a duty to safeguard animals against suffering, mistreatment, and cruelty. From the relationship between nature and human beings, one can infer the moral status of animal life and the recognition of the capacity for suffering in animals; it is thus understood that they are sentient beings giving rise to a series of obligations for human beings of care and protection.
From this constitutional duty flow obligations of care and prohibitions on mistreatment and cruelty against animals, unless one of the stated limits is implicated.' On the basis of the foregoing, the constitutional body added, it is evident that there exists a constitutional and statutory mandate to regulate animal protection — a position that this Chamber recognizes and reaffirms."
In the sub lite, the appellant alleges that, on October 27, 2025, SINAC issued a blanket prohibition on feeding the domestic ducks in the artificial lake at Campo Real, Alajuela. The appellant states that the lake is an artificial structure built by the developer, and that for more than two decades domestic ducks of the species Cairina moschata domesticus have coexisted in that space, originally introduced into the project and dependent on the resident community for their sustenance. The appellant argues that SINAC committed a manifest error by classifying the lake's fauna generically as wildlife, ignoring the fact that those domestic animals have lost any capacity for foraging or autonomous survival. The appellant claims that the feeding ban constitutes, in practice, a direct threat to the lives of the domestic ducks, creating a risk of death by starvation, hepatic lipidosis (lipidosis hepática), and cachexia (caquexia).
The appellant further states that this situation also affects the emotional health of the community — made up of approximately three thousand residents — who are forced to witness the animals' suffering. The appellant requests that SINAC be ordered to permit the feeding and care of the domestic duck population at the artificial lake at Campo Real, and to conduct an on-site inspection to technically distinguish between wildlife and domestic fauna, so that each species may receive differentiated and reasonable protection according to its biological nature.
In this regard, it is established as proven that, on October 14, 2025, in response to a request by the Campo Real condominium management to analyze a possible overpopulation of ducks identified as piches (Dendrocygna autumnalis), located at an artificial lake within the condominium, officials of the Alajuela Sub-regional Office, Área de Conservación Central, conducted a field visit. On that occasion, in addition to the aforementioned species, a significant population of ducks identified as Cairina moschata was also observed.
It is likewise established that the duck species Dendrocygna autumnalis and Cairina moschata are of wild origin. And, in the field investigation of October 14, 2025, it was determined that condominium residents are in the habit of providing food to both duck species.
Consequently, given the characteristics of the ducks cohabiting in the condominium and the fact that, despite being wild species, the residents of that location feed them, administrative order (orden administrativa) no. SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 of October 27, 2025 directed the Campo Real residential complex, Alajuela, as follows: "To refrain from feeding or handling the wildlife (fauna silvestre) located in the artificial lake within Campo Real condominium. This includes all duck species, other birds, and other wild organisms, since such conduct causes environmental harm (daño ambiental) and also violates national wildlife legislation. Feeding wildlife encourages animals to abandon their natural habitats and to lose natural behavioral traits of their species, such as the instinct to move away from human beings. This in turn causes overcrowding (hacinamiento) and stress in individuals, changes in their diet, and even diseases to which the species has not been exposed in its natural environment.
Likewise, measures are to be implemented to inform condominium users that feeding or handling wildlife is not permitted, and to raise awareness about the associated ecological harm; failure to comply will result in the applicable legal consequences." It is also on the case record that, in the report "MONITOREO DE AVIFAUNA LAGO CONDOMINIO HORIZONTAL CAMPO REAL" [Bird Monitoring Report — Campo Real Horizontal Condominium Lake], prepared in November 2025 by biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera, contracted by Campo Real condominium, the following was noted: "All species recorded in the monitoring were wild; none were domestic, and therefore feeding them is prohibited under the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre. Accordingly, Administrative Order N°236-2025 issued by the Área de Conservación Central, Alajuela Sub-regional Office, must be complied with. · It was observed that feeding the birds has generated some form of dependency, to the point that the birds — and especially the Muscovy ducks (patos reales) — approach residents to be fed. · It is recommended that signs be posted around the perimeter and surroundings of the lake prohibiting the feeding of birds and any other species. · Residents must be given training on the avifauna (avifauna) present in the area and the importance of not feeding it. · It is recommended that, for residents as well as new tenants, their contracts or condominium rules specify the prohibition on feeding wildlife.
The establishment of a fine for non-compliance is suggested. · Since the species feeding on food waste are wild, they may suffer harmful effects and diseases that could affect their population and the population of other species. · The ducks of the species Dendrocygna autumnalis — Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Pijije Común [Piche, Quichichi, Pichichi]) — do not remain at the lake all day, which indicates that they have other resting and feeding areas. Their presence is likely due to residents feeding them, as none were observed in the water — instead, they were found on land, seeking food or resting. · Feeding birds can create a dependency that may cause them to lose their instinct to search for food on their own and to stop visiting other sites, thereby affecting other ecosystems, local and latitudinal migrations, and food chains (cadenas tróficas). · It was observed that the lake itself provides food for the species found there, as it contains fish, possibly some crustaceans, aquatic insects, amphibians, and reptiles, in addition to grass in its surroundings.
This indicates that no supplemental feeding of the birds is necessary — the lake and its surroundings can sustain them on their own, including the Muscovy ducks Cairina moschata. This means that the ducks and the other species will not die if they are not fed by the tenants. · Leaving food waste in the area will attract vectors (vectores) such as rodents and insects (flies and mosquitoes) and will produce foul odors, which can affect the fauna of the area and even the residents." Likewise, in the report of March 20, 2026, prepared by the private company InnoBiosphera, contracted by Campo Real condominium, the following was noted: "5.2 Positive Aspects ● The avifauna does not appear to be affecting the condominium's infrastructure ● The visual condition of the avifauna is good — their plumage (plumaje) is bright and shows no signs of recent injury ● The Creole ducks (patos criollos) showed no lesions or abnormal or stereotyped behaviors indicative of overcrowding, lack of food resources, or captivity.
However, this does not imply that they are self-sufficient; as documented by Nombre02 (2026) and Nombre04 (2026), the individuals display a clear dependency on food of anthropogenic origin, which was not evident during our field visit ● Individuals were observed foraging within the lake ● No carcasses were found during the visit ● The lake exhibits good water flow and constant oxygenation thanks to the fountain present." Finally, by official memorandum CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-OSA-0288-2026 dated June 4, 2026, signed by the head of the Alajuela Sub-Regional Office of the Reserva de Biosfera Cordillera Volcánica Central of the Área de Conservación Central of SINAC, the following was recorded: "That on October 14, 2025, in response to a request from the administration of Condominio Campo Real, in order to assess a possible overpopulation of ducks identified locally as piches (Dendrocygna autumnalis), located in an artificial lake within said condominium, officers from the Oficina Subregional de Alajuela, Área de Conservación Central, conducted a field visit to evaluate the situation.
At the site, in addition to the duck species mentioned in the preceding paragraph, a significant population of another duck identified as (Cairina moschata) was also observed on the day of the inspection; both species are of wild origin (origen silvestre) and are therefore regulated by the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre 7317, its amendments and regulations. That under 'General Provisions,' Article 1, 'Scope of Application,' of the regulations to the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre establishes that: 'Individuals of exotic ornamental species (especies exóticas ornamentales) are excluded from the application of the LCVS and these regulations, as they are companion, decorative, or domestic species. The lists of exotic ornamental species shall be prepared by SINAC, SENASA, and SFE, and shall be publicly accessible through the corresponding institutional websites.' That by official memorandum SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, issued by the Directorate of the National Animal Health Service (Dirección del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal) at thirteen hours and twenty minutes on the eighteenth of June two thousand twenty-four, the list of scientific names for those animals considered exotic ornamental species that would be excluded from the application of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre was officially adopted; said list does not include the duck species Cairina moschata, and therefore that species retains its status as a wildlife species regardless of the habitat in which it is found, and is accordingly regulated by Ley 7317 and its regulations.
(…) That according to information provided by the persons representing the condominium administration who participated in the field visit, it is customary to supply food to both species. Such activity is subject to sanction as established in Article 116 of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, which expressly and verbatim states the following: 'Shall be sanctioned with a fine of fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent (30%) of one (1) base salary (salario base), whoever, without authorization from the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, supplies food or unauthorized substances to wildlife (fauna silvestre).' For the foregoing reasons and in adherence to the provisions of the applicable legislation governing this matter, administrative order (orden administrativa) SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 was served on site on October 27, 2025, addressed to Mr. Christian Gómez Monge, in his capacity as administrator of the condominium, ordering him to refrain from feeding and handling the wildlife present in the artificial lake.
That the action taken by the officers who attended to the request is grounded in the provisions of Article 219.— Grounds for Administrative Orders. SINAC, in the exercise of its oversight, control, and protection functions, is empowered by law and by the preventive, precautionary, and effective administrative guardianship principles to issue administrative orders, with the aim of requiring or prohibiting certain conduct that is contrary to national or international legislation or that generates a negative impact on wildlife. The order may consist of halting, preventing, eliminating, performing, omitting, restoring, or correcting. Following this, two meetings have been scheduled to which condominium residents (condóminos) were invited: the first on 16-12-2025 and a second meeting on February 19, 2026, to inform them about the origin of the two duck species present in the artificial lake and why wild animal species should not be fed.
Likewise, the condominium administration first hired biologist Giovanni Delgado Herrera, who conducted monitoring of the avifauna (avifauna) present at the site and determined the presence of Cairina moschata, defining its status as a resident species classified as wild for Costa Rica; and in the month of March of the current year they hired 'InnoBiosphera, Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología' with the objective of first conducting a reconnaissance of the area, in order to collect data on the aquatic avifauna present and to identify possible natural food sources for wildlife within the condominium facilities. This study determined that the visual condition of the avifauna is good, their plumage is bright and shows no signs of recent aggression. Furthermore, the ducks showed no injuries or abnormal or stereotyped behaviors indicative of overcrowding, lack of food resources, or captivity; individuals were observed foraging for food within the lake, and no dead ducks were observed during the time of the visit.
In the section on next steps to be taken in that study, the professionals recommend planting aquatic plants that improve water quality and provide shelter for the fish fry (alevines) of the fish species present in the lake, which serve as a food source for the ducks. The annexes provide a list of native plant species that can be planted in the green areas, as well as aquatic plants that can be introduced into the lake in order to improve the site, some of which may serve as natural food sources for the ducks." Given this background, the appropriate course of action is to declare the writ without merit.
Thus, it should be noted that the duck species are of wild origin. Furthermore, it is recalled that by official memorandum SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, issued by the Directorate of the National Animal Health Service at 13:20 hours on June 18, 2024, the list of scientific names for those animals considered exotic ornamental species that would be excluded from the application of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre was officially adopted; said list does not include the aforementioned duck species. Accordingly, the species in question are considered of wild origin and are protected under the provisions of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, which establishes: "Article 116.— Shall be sanctioned with a fine of fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent (30%) of one (1) base salary, whoever, without authorization from the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, supplies food or unauthorized substances to wildlife." It is precisely for these reasons that administrative order no. SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 of October 27, 2025 was issued, which, prima facie, is neither unreasonable nor arbitrary.
And, in any case, it is noteworthy that the reports from November 2025 and March 2026, funded by the residential complex itself, determined that the ducks are in good condition and, moreover, that the fact of being fed by the residents of the residential complex could be harmful; accordingly, those documents expressly stated: "· As they are wild species that feed on food waste, this can cause them health effects and diseases that may affect their population and the population of other species. · (…) Feeding the birds can generate a dependency that may cause them to lose their instinct to seek food on their own, to stop visiting other sites, and thereby affect other ecosystems, local and latitudinal migrations, as well as food chains (cadenas tróficas). · It was observed that the lake itself provides food to the species found there, as the lake contains fish, possibly some crustaceans, aquatic insects, amphibians, and reptiles, in addition to grass in its surroundings.
This indicates that it is not necessary to supplement the birds' diet with anything extra; the lake and its surroundings can sustain them on their own, even the Muscovy ducks Cairina moschata. This means that the ducks and the other species will not die if they are not fed by the residents. · Leaving food waste in the area will attract vectors such as rodents, insects (flies and mosquitoes) and cause foul odors, which can affect the wildlife of the site and even the residents." In view of the foregoing, the Court observes no situation that, prima facie, would translate into harm to animal welfare or any failure by SINAC to fulfill its obligations relating to the duty to protect animal welfare. Ergo, the appropriate course of action is to dismiss the amparo writ (amparo).
The parties are hereby advised that, should they have submitted any paper documents, objects, or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device, such materials must be retrieved within a maximum period of 30 business days, counted from the notification of this judgment. It is hereby warned that all materials not collected within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (approved by the Corte Plena under Article XXVI of session no. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, and published in the Boletín Judicial no. 19 of January 26, 2012) and under Article LXXXI of the session of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial no. 43-12 of May 3, 2012.
Por tanto:
The writ is declared without merit.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Telephones: Telf01/ ALA-4TA (Telf02). Fax: Telf03 / Telf04. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección01, Dirección02, 100 mts. Sur de la iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinticinco minutos del treinta de julio de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 26-015100-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, contra el SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC).
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
La parte recurrente acusa que, el 27 de octubre de 2025, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación prohibió en forma general la alimentación de los patos domésticos del lago artificial de Campo Real, Alajuela. Señala que ese lago es una obra artificial construida por la empresa desarrolladora y, desde hace más de dos décadas, en ese espacio coexisten patos domésticos de la especie Cairina moschata domesticus, introducidos originalmente en el proyecto y dependientes de las personas residentes para su sustento. Alega que el SINAC incurrió en un error manifiesto al clasificar de forma genérica a la fauna del lago como silvestre, ignorando que esos animales domésticos han perdido cualquier capacidad de forrajeo o supervivencia autónoma. Reclama que la orden de prohibición de alimento constituye, en la práctica, una amenaza directa a la vida de los patos domésticos, al generar riesgo de muerte por inanición, lipidosis hepática y caquexia.
Agrega que esa situación también afecta la salud emocional de la comunidad, integrada por aproximadamente tres mil habitantes, quienes se ven obligados a presenciar el sufrimiento de los animales. Solicita que se ordene al SINAC permitir el suministro de alimentos y atención a la población de patos domésticos del lago artificial de Campo Real, así como realizar una inspección en sitio para distinguir técnicamente entre fauna silvestre y fauna doméstica, de modo que se tutele de forma diferenciada y razonable a cada especie, según su naturaleza biológica.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
(…) Hallazgos encontrados durante ei monitoreo Durante el monitoreo, se logró comprobar que los inquilinos alimentan a los patos con residuos de comida. Se observaron dos personas alimentando a los patos y otras aves. En la imagen se logra observar a los patos reales Cairina moschata y al Zanate Quiscalus mexicanus alimentándose de los residuos de comida que les ofrecen los residentes. Lo anterior es un indicador, que al lago llegan otras especies silvestres en busca de alimento como peces, crustáceos y otros. Lo anterior hace que estas especies puedan ingerir de los desechos de comida, que ofrecen los residentes y provocarles un daño en su salud y las poblaciones silvestres. De igual forma se observaron especies silvestres como la Zenaida asiática-Paloma Aliblanca y Quiscalus mexicanus-Zanate, especies silvestres, alimentándose de restos de concentrado y otros residuos de comida dados por los inquilinos.
(…) Conclusiones y Recomendaciones · Se comprobó en el lugar que la especie de pato en cuestión es Cairina moschata - Pato Real, especie silvestre para Costa Rica y que no está catalogada como doméstica a la fecha por ninguna entidad en Costa Rica. · La otra especie de pato presente en el lago es Dendrocygna autumnalis-Pijije Común (Piche, Quichichi, Pichichi), especie silvestre. · Todas especies registradas en el monitoreo fueron silvestres, ninguna doméstica, por lo que es prohibido alimentarlas, según La Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre. Por lo anterior, se debe de acatar lo dispuesto en la Orden Administrativa N°236-2025 girada por el Área de Conservación Central Oficina Subregional de Alajuela. · Se observó que el alimentar a las aves, ha generado algún tipo de dependencia, al punto que las aves y especialmente los patos reales, se acercan a los residentes para ser alimentados. · Se recomienda colocar rótulos en la circunferencia y alrededores del lago. referentes a la prohibición de alimentar a las aves y cualquier otra especie. · Se le debe de dar capacitación a los residentes, sobre la avifauna presente en el lugar y la importancia de no alimentarla. . · Se recomienda que, para los residentes, como a los nuevos inquilinos, en su contrato o reglas del condominio, se les indique la prohibición de alimentar a la fauna silvestre.
Se sugiere establecer una multa, ante el incumplimiento de la norma. · Al ser especies silvestres las que se alimentan de los desechos de comida, les pueden provocar efectos y enfermedades, que pueden afectar su población y la población de otras especies. · Los patos de la especie Dendrocygna autumnalis-Pijije Común (Piche, Quichichi, Pichichi), no permanecen todo el día en el lago, lo que indica que tienen otras zonas de descanso y alimentación. La presencia de ellos posiblemente se deba a que los residentes los alimentan, al punto que no se observaron en el agua, sino en tierra, buscando comida o descansando. · El alimentar a las aves, puede generar una dependencia que hace puedan llegar a perder su instinto de buscar alimento por si solas y que no visiten otros sitios y con ello la afectación de otros ecosistemas, migraciones locales, latitudinales, así como las cadenas tróficas. · Se observó que el mismo lago, provee de alimento a las especies que ahí se encuentran, ya que el lago tiene peces, posiblemente algunos crustáceos, insectos acuáticos, anfibios y reptiles, además de zacate en sus alrededores.
Lo anterior indica que no es necesario alimentar con nada extra a las aves, el lago y sus alrededores por si solos las pueden alimentar, incluso a los patos reales Cairina moschata. Lo anterior significa que los patos y las otras especies, no se van a morir si no son alimentados por los inquilinos. · El dejar desechos de comida en el lugar va a provocar que al lago lleguen vectores como roedores, insectos (moscas- zancudos) y malos olores, que puede afectar a la fauna del lugar e incluso a los residentes”. (Ver informe rendido y prueba aportada).
Anteriormente a este decreto no existía legislación que regulara la tenencia, comercialización o mascotización de esta especie de pato, por lo que antes del 2017 no era ilegal alimentarles activamente. A la fecha de hoy la especie Cairina moschata es considerada en el marco legal como fauna silvestre, por lo que es ilegal el alimentar activamente, mascotizar o manipularles. (…) 3. Objetivos del Condominio Real El día de la visita don Nombre03 nos comunica que el Condominio tiene 3 objetivos que desean cumplir: 1. Conocer si actualmente existe sobrepoblación de los patos (Cairina moschata y Dendrocygna autumnalis) 2. Conocer si existen suficientes fuentes de alimentación natural para los patos (C. moschata) 3. Pronóstico del tamaño de la población en caso de sembrar plantas que sirvan como alimento natural Basándonos en estos objetivos, las actividades realizadas fueron planeadas para entender la cantidad de individuos y especies presentes, área y profundidad del lago artificial, y reconocimiento de las zonas utilizadas por los patos; todo esto en conjunto para comprender el comportamiento y la ecología de los patos dentro del macro-condominio Campo Real. 4.
Descripción de las Actividades Realizadas A continuación se detallan las áreas visitadas, las actividades de inspección y las metodologías empleadas: ● Lago Campo Real: ○ Se midió el área superficial del lago para cuantificar el espejo de agua ○ Se levantó un listado preliminar de la avifauna presente (Tabla 1) ○ Se caracterizó el Hábitat ○ Se buscaron nidos de patos ○ Se tomaron fotografías ● Piscina: ○ Se visitó la zona de la piscina del Condominio Campo Alto donde se observaron pocas otras aves silvestres y únicamente patos criollos (Cairina moschata), estos se encontraban en los alrededores y no dentro de la zona de la piscina, ni dentro de las piscinas, a pesar de que los portones se encontraban abiertos ● Perimetro del condominio: ○ Se recorrió el perímetro del condominio en vehículo donde se contabilizaron los patos (C. moschata) que se encontraban en dicho perímetro ● Metodología de observación de aves: ○ Para contabilizar las especies e individuos de aves presentes en el sitio, se realizaron transectos de caminata grabando audio con Merlin app y así mismo observación directa con cámara fotográfica y binoculares. 5.
Hallazgos y Observaciones 5.1. Datos obtenidos: ● Lago Campo Real: ○ El color del lago es de un verde intenso, lo que indica que está eutrofizado (exceso de nutrientes), posiblemente debido a 2 factores principales: la descarga de excremento por parte de las aves y la alimentación activa de las tilapias presentes en el lago ○ Profundidad de 4 m (indicada por don Nombre03) ○ El fondo del lago está permeabilizado (indicado por don Nombre03) ○ Área: 1440 m2 ○ Se encontraron 2 nidos de patos, con un total de 4 huevos (Anexo 9.1) ○ Hábitat: zona residencial con espejo de agua, varios árboles maduros, palmeras y otros ○ Se observaron ~4 tortugas en el lago (Anexo 9.1) ○ Se registró una lista preliminar de las aves presentes en el sitio (Anexo 9.1), a continuación detallada en la Tabla 1 5.2 Aspectos Positivos ● La avifauna no parece estar afectando la infraestructura del condominio ● El estado visual de la avifauna es bueno, su plumaje es brillante y sin muestras de agresiones recientes ● Los patos criollos no presentaban lesiones o comportamientos anormales/estereotipados de hacinamiento, falta de recurso alimenticio, ni de cautiverio.
Sin embargo, esto no implica que sean autosuficientes; tal como documentan Nombre02 (2026)y Nombre04 (2026), los individuos presentan una clara dependencia del alimento de origen antrópico, lo cual no fue evidente durante nuestra visita de campo ● Se observaron individuos forrajeando alimento dentro del lago ● No se encontró ningún cadáver durante la visita ● El lago presenta un buen flujo de agua y oxigenación constante gracias a la fuente presente”. (Ver informe rendido y prueba aportada).
Que en las “Disposiciones Generales” el artículo 1 “Ámbito de Aplicación” del reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre establece que; “Los individuos de especies exóticas ornamentales se excluyen de la aplicación de la LCVS y este reglamento por tratarse de especies de compañía, decorativas o domésticas. Los listados de especies exóticas ornamentales serán elaborados por SINAC, SENASA y SFE, y serán de acceso público a través de las páginas web institucionales correspondientes”. Que mediante el oficio SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, emitido por la Dirección del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, a las trece horas con veinte minutos del dieciocho de junio del dos mil veinticuatro, se oficializó la lista de los nombres científicos para aquellos animales considerados como especies exóticas ornamentales que se excluirían de la aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, misma que no incluye la especie de pato Cairina moschata, por lo que la misma mantiene su condición de especie de vida silvestre independientemente del hábitat donde se encuentre y por lo tanto es regulada por la ley 7317 y su reglamento.
(…) Que según lo informado por las personas que representan la administración del condominio y que participaron en la visita de campo se estila el suministro de alimento a ambas especies. Dicha actividad es sancionada según así lo establece el artículo 116 de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre el cual textualmente indica lo siguiente; “Será sancionado con multa de un quince por ciento (15%) hasta un treinta por ciento (30%) de un (1) salario base, quien, sin autorización de Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, suministre alimentos o sustancias no autorizadas a la fauna silvestre”. Por lo anteriormente indicado y en apego a lo que establece la legislación vigente que regula el tema se notificó en el sitio el 27 de octubre del 2025 la orden administrativa SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025, dirigida al señor Christian Gómez Monge, en calidad de administrador del condominio, donde se le ordenaba abstenerse a alimentar y manipular la fauna silvestre que se encuentra presente en el lago artificial.
Que la acción implementada por los funcionarios que atendieron la solicitud se fundamenta en lo establecido en el articulo Artículo 219.- Procedencia de las órdenes administrativas. El SINAC, en el ejercicio de sus funciones de supervisión, control y protección, se encuentra facultado por ley y por los principios preventivo, precautorio y el de tutela administrativa efectiva, para emitir órdenes administrativas, con el objetivo de hacer o no hacer determinada conducta contraria a la legislación nacional o internacional, o que genere impacto negativo a la vida silvestre. La orden puede consistir en paralizar, prevenir, eliminar, realizar, omitir, restaurar o corregir. Posterior a esto en dos ocasiones se han programado reuniones donde se invitaron a los condóminos; la primera el 16-12-2025 y una segunda reunión el 19 de febrero del 2026, para informarles sobre el origen de las dos especies de patos presentes en el lago artificial y por qué no se deben de alimentar especies de animales silvestres.
De igual forma la administración del condominio primeramente contrató al biólogo Giovanni Delgado Herrera, quien realizó un monitoreo de la avifauna presente en el lugar y se determinó la presencia de Cairina moschata y define su estatus como una especie residente catalogada como silvestre para Costa Rica y en el mes de marzo del año en curso contrataron a “InnoBiosphera, Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología” con el objetivo de que se realizara primeramente un reconocimiento de la zona, con el fin de la toma de datos sobre la avifauna acuática presente y reconocer posibles fuentes de alimentación natural para la vida silvestre en las instalaciones del condominio. En este estudio se determina que el estado visual de la avifauna es bueno, su plumaje es brillante y sin muestras de agresiones recientes. Además, los patos no presentaban lesiones o comportamientos anormales/esteriotipados de hacinamiento, o falta de recurso alimenticio, ni de cautiverio, que se observan individuos forrajeando alimento dentro del lago y no se observó ningún pato muerto durante el tiempo de la visita.
En el apartado de próximos pasos a seguir en dicho estudio los profesionales recomiendan sembrar plantas acuáticas que mejoren la calidad del agua y de refugio para los alevines de la especie de pez que se encuentra en el lago y que sirven como fuente de alimento para los patos. En los anexos se suministra un listado de especies de plantas nativas que se pueden sembrar en las zonas verdes, así como plantas acuáticas que se pueden introducir en lago con el fin de mejorar el sitio y que algunas de ellas sirvan como fuente de alimento natural para los patos”. (Ver informe rendido y prueba aportada).
En ocasiones anteriores, este Tribunal se ha referido a la protección constitucional que se brinda al bienestar de los animales y a las limitaciones constitucionalmente legítimas al deber de protección del bienestar animal. De esta forma, la resolución nro. 13553-2016 de las 11:30 horas del 21 de setiembre de 2016 determinó lo siguiente:
“III.- La protección constitucional al bienestar de los animales. Si bien es cierto, nuestro texto constitucional no tiene una normativa expresa que tutele el bienestar animal, como la tienen países como Alemania y Suiza, en su desarrollo jurisprudencial, la Sala Constitucional ha determinado que la prohibición del maltrato animal, tiene asidero constitucional en el ordenamiento costarricense, derivado de los artículos 28 y 50 de la Constitución Política. La Sala ha determinado que los seres humanos no sólo tenemos un deber moral de actuación con respecto a las demás personas, sino también en relación con el entorno natural que nos rodea. En ese sentido, se ha considerado que el maltrato a los animales vulnera la moral, las buenas costumbres y el orden público, y que además forma parte del derecho a un ambiente sano y equilibrado. Sobre ello pueden consultarse al respecto las sentencias 1993-3705, 1995-5893 y sin duda la más emblemática, la 2012-4620.
En ésta última decisión se establece que la inclusión de los animales dentro del concepto de ambiente se hace con base en el papel que estos juegan en el desarrollo de la vida humana y que los hace merecedores de protección y un trato digno. Así, la fauna silvestre o salvaje, aquella que vive sin intervención inmediata del hombre para su desarrollo o alimentación, es protegida en virtud del mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y el equilibrio natural de las especies. Por su parte, la fauna domesticada o en proceso de domesticación se debe proteger del padecimiento, maltrato y crueldad sin justificación legítima, porque ello refleja una racionalidad ética que atiende a una concienciación de la especie humana respecto del modo justo y digno con el que debe interactuar con la naturaleza. Por otra parte, se establece que:
“la superioridad racional –moral- del hombre no puede significar la ausencia de límites para causar sufrimiento, dolor o angustia a seres sintientes no humanos”.... “En este contexto, precisamente, el maltrato a los animales constituye un acto contrario a la dignidad toda vez que el ejercicio de esta última comporta un deber moral de actuación tanto con respecto a los demás seres humanos como en relación con el entorno natural que lo rodea. De ahí que se coliga con facilidad que el maltrato a los animales vulnera la moral, las buenas costumbres y el orden público, por lo que su prohibición y prevención deviene un asunto de relevancia constitucional.” (sentencia 2012-04620) Esta línea jurisprudencial sostenida por Tribunal es conteste con la de otros Tribunales Constitucionales, como el de Colombia, que ha hecho un amplio desarrollo del fundamento constitucional a la prohibición al maltrato animal, entre otras, en sus sentencias C-666-10, C-083-14 y C-095-16. La Corte Constitucional Colombiana señala que la noción del bienestar animal comporta un límite y una obligación de los seres humanos de actuar con respeto a los animales por tratarse de seres sintientes que forman parte del contexto en que se desarrolla la vida de las personas. Ese Tribunal consideró que la protección a los animales se concreta a partir de dos perspectivas:
“(…) la de fauna protegida en virtud del mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y el equilibrio natural de las especies; y la de fauna a la cual se debe proteger del padecimiento, maltrato y crueldad sin justificación legítima, protección esta última que refleja un contenido de moral política y conciencia de la responsabilidad que deben tener los seres humanos respecto de los otros seres sintientes”. (sentencia C-095-16 Tribunal Constitucional) Señala ese Tribunal que un deber de rango constitucional para el Estado, comporta obligaciones concretas de las diferentes ramas públicas de restringir el apoyo, el patrocinio o participación positiva en actos que impliquen el maltrato animal, de tal forma que no podrá asumir un papel neutro en el desarrollo de la protección que corresponde otorgarse a los animales. Asimismo, teniendo como fundamento a la dignidad humana, la protección animal impone cargas de respeto de los seres humanos con los seres sintientes.
A pesar de la existencia del deber de protección al bienestar animal, la Corte colombiana avaló unos límites legítimos, entre los cuales se encuentran: (i) los hábitos alimenticios de los seres humanos, (ii) la investigación y experimentación médica y, (iii) la cultura. En cuyo caso, el operador jurídico deberá armonizar en cada caso concreto, cuando haya tensión entre el bienestar animal y los límites al deber de protección. Por lo tanto, del interés superior de protección del medio ambiente y a la fauna, surge un deber de resguardo de los animales contra el padecimiento, el maltrato y la crueldad. De la relación entre la naturaleza y los seres humanos se puede inferir el estatus moral de la vida animal y el reconocimiento de la capacidad de sufrimientos a los mismos, por ello se entiende que son seres sintientes que conllevan a una serie de obligaciones para los seres humanos, de cuidado y protección. De este deber constitucional que surgen obligaciones de cuidado y prohibiciones de maltrato y crueldad contra los animales, a menos que éste de por medio de alguno de los límites señalados.
IV.Limitaciones constitucionalmente legítimas al deber de protección del bienestar animal. La doctrina señala que el deber de protección animal, tiene unos límites legítimos, entre los cuales se encuentran al menos: (i) los hábitos alimenticios de los seres humanos, (ii) la investigación y experimentación médica y, (iii) la cultura. En esos casos, el operador jurídico deberá intentar una armonización caso por caso, cuando haya tensión entre la obligación de buscar el bienestar animal y los límites al deber de protección. Sobre este tema, la sentencia C-666-10 del Tribunal Constitucional ha señalado:
“El principio de bienestar animal cede ante las costumbres alimenticias de la especie humana, al admitirse el sacrificio de animales para el consumo humano. Sin embargo, el sacrificio animal en estos casos debe ajustarse a parámetros establecidos con el objetivo de eliminar cualquier práctica que implique sufrimiento evitable para el animal y, así mismo, la crueldad en los procedimientos de sacrificio, demostrando que, incluso en estos casos, el deber constitucional resulta plenamente aplicable a la relación que los humanos mantengan con los animales. (iii) Investigación y experimentación médica. La ley 84 de 1989 consagra un capítulo especial para regular aquellas condiciones que son necesarias para la realización de experimentos con animales. En este sentido se incluyen normas que prohíben la realización de los mismos cuando como fruto de su práctica se cause maltrato, cuando éstos no sean puestos bajo anestesia –artículo 24-, cuando se realice experimentación con animales vivos como medio de ilustración en conferencias de facultades con carreras relacionadas con el estudio animal –artículo 25-; así como normas que exigen la existencia de un comité de ética siempre que se realice un experimento con animales –artículo 26-.” “A partir de la Constitución de 1991, la cultura no es asunto secundario, ni puede constituir un privilegio del que disfruten solamente algunos colombianos, sino que ella ha de extenderse a todos, bajo el entendido de que por constituir uno de los fundamentos de la nacionalidad su promoción, desarrollo y difusión es asunto que ha de gozar de la especial atención del Estado”.
De allí el énfasis de la Carta por obligar a las autoridades públicas a asumir un papel protagónico en la creación de medios de expresión artística que permitan a los colombianos identificarse como nación a partir del reconocimiento de sus características culturales. Por lo tanto, “no puede existir ninguna duda, sobre el claro mandato constitucional de que el Estado defina y lleve a cabo una política cultural que eleve el nivel artístico e intelectual de todos los colombianos, política ésta en la cual serán pilares esenciales el fomento de actividades encaminadas a la obtención de tales fines”. Los compromisos del Estado colombiano no sólo se derivan de la Constitución, sino, además, de los contraídos en el plano internacional, dentro de los cuales se cuentan los derivados del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de 1.966, en cuyo artículo 15 se reconoce el derecho de todas las personas a participar en la vida cultural y a beneficiarse de los progresos de la ciencia y sus aplicaciones, y el deber correlativo de los Estados de tomar las medidas necesarias para la conservación, el desarrollo y la difusión de la ciencia y la cultura.
Este precepto reitera lo dispuesto en los artículos 27 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de 1.948, y XIII de la Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre, igualmente vinculantes para Colombia. Hasta aquí se ha expuesto la forma de proteger y promocionar el bien constitucional de la cultura. Sin embargo, la cultura resulta ser un término abstracto cuya protección y promoción se hace a través de la protección y promoción de distintas manifestaciones, prácticas y usos que la sociedad identifica como manifestaciones culturales. Resulta importante resaltar que la noción de "cultura nacional" se expresa a través de “aquellas tradiciones y cánones corrientemente aceptados como ‘colombianos’, esto es, los que involucran las prácticas y los valores que prevalecen en el territorio nacional”, sin que lo anterior signifique que ésta prime o incluso anule las “manifestaciones culturales” minoritarias existentes en el territorio colombiano, pues de los artículos como el 7º y el 70 de la Constitución se deduce que todas las manifestaciones culturales se encuentran en pie de igualdad ante el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano.
Y es precisamente la existencia de diferentes culturas –y, por consiguiente, las diferentes manifestaciones de ésta-, así como de diferentes derechos fundamentales, bienes constitucionales, principios fundamentales, entre otros, que las expresiones culturales, al igual que otros elementos de protección constitucional, no tienen un valor absoluto en el ordenamiento colombiano y su interpretación, con miras a concretar la garantía de su protección y desarrollo, debe hacerse en armonía con todos los elementos que integran el panorama constitucional previsto por la Constitución de 1991.” “No todas las actividades del quehacer humano que expresan una visión personal del mundo, que interpretan la realidad o la modifican a través de la imaginación, independientemente de que en su ejecución se acudan al auxilio de recursos plásticos, lingüísticos, corporales o sonoros, pueden considerarse por parte del legislador como expresiones artísticas y culturales del Estado.
En efecto, es preciso recordar que conforme al preámbulo y a los artículos 1, 2, 4 y 13 de la Constitución Política, esta Corporación ha reconocido que el criterio jurídico de razonabilidad -en tanto límite a la potestad de configuración normativas- implica la exclusión de toda decisión que éste adopte y que resulte manifiestamente absurda, injustificada o insensata, vale decir, que se aparte por completo de los designios de la recta razón, lo que ocurriría, por ejemplo, al pretenderse categorizar como expresiones artísticas y culturales del Estado, comportamientos humanos que única y exclusivamente manifiesten actos de violencia o de perversión (v.gr. la pornografía, el voyerismo y el sadismo), que además de considerarse lesivos de los valores fundamentales de la sociedad, desconocen principios y derechos fundamentales como los de la dignidad humana y la prohibición de tratos crueles.” Sobre este tema específico, en la sentencia 2012-4620 de esta Sala, también reconoce el autoconsumo humano y la cultura como límites legítimos a la protección animal. En lo que interesa se señaló:
“Ahora bien, como se indicó, la protección a la salud animal se define en última instancia en función del mismo hombre. Por consiguiente, es válido limitar la extensión de espectro de protección a los animales en consideración a otros bienes jurídicamente relevantes para el ser humano. En particular, el sacrificio de animales destinados al consumo y aprovechamiento humanos es un evidente límite al deber de protección animal, toda vez que los productos derivados de los animales constituyen elementos esenciales de la dieta y vestimenta humanas. Igualmente, se debe hacer mención a la investigación y experimentación médica con animales, por cuanto ello constituye un elemento fundamental para el desarrollo de medicamentos y tratamientos en beneficio de la salud humana. Del mismo modo, las tradiciones del pueblo costarricense, cuya protección se infiere del artículo 89 de la Constitución Política, son objeto de tutela por tratarse de valores propios del acervo cultural de la nación.” De igual manera, en el ámbito internacional existe una tendencia de expansión del alcance del deber de proteger bienestar animal. Entre los Convenios y Declaraciones relevantes están:
La Declaración Universal de los Derechos de los Animales. En ella se consagra el derecho a la existencia de los animales, al respeto, a la prohibición de exterminio, explotación o crueldad y a la obligación de cuidado y protección por parte de los hombres (arts. 1 a 3).
Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Se persigue la adopción de estrategias y políticas para la conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad, la utilización sostenible de ésta requiere tenerse en cuenta en la toma de decisiones de los proceso nacionales se obliga a los Estados Partes a reconstruir las especies amenazadas y proteger las que están en vía de extinción.
La Declaración de Estocolmo sobre el Medio Ambiente Humano menciona que el medio ambiente humano, el natural y el artificial son esenciales para el bienestar y goce de los derechos humanos fundamentales de los seres humanos, incluyendo dentro del objeto de protección a la fauna, de la siguiente manera:
“Principio 2. Los recursos naturales de la Tierra, incluidos el aire, el agua, la tierra, la flora y la fauna y especialmente muestras representativas de los ecosistemas naturales, deben preservarse en beneficio de las generaciones presentes y futuras mediante una cuidadosa planificación y ordenación, según convenga”.
Por su parte, la Observación General No. 14 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales reconoció que el medio ambiente constituye una forma de realización necesaria de la vida del hombre en el planeta. Así:
“(...) la referencia que en el párrafo 1 del artículo 12 del Pacto se hace al "más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental" no se limita al derecho a la atención de la salud. Por el contrario, el historial de la elaboración y la redacción expresa del párrafo 2 del artículo 12 reconoce que el derecho a la salud abarca una amplia gama de factores socioeconómicos que promueven las condiciones merced a las cuales las personas pueden llevar una vida sana, y hace ese derecho extensivo a los factores determinantes básicos de la salud, como la alimentación y la nutrición, la vivienda, el acceso a agua limpia potable y a condiciones sanitarias adecuadas, condiciones de trabajo seguras y sanas y un medio ambiente sano.”
También el Convenio de Ramsar pretende el resguardo de los humedales como ecosistemas productivos y diversos que proporcionan entre otros, agua potable, en virtud de este Convenio los Estados partes se comprometen a:
trabajar en pro del uso racional de todos los humedales de su territorio; designar humedales idóneos para la lista de Humedales de Importancia Internacional (la "Lista de Ramsar") y garantizar su manejo eficaz; cooperar en el plano internacional en materia de humedales transfronterizos, sistemas de humedales compartidos y especies compartidas.
De conformidad con las normas precedentes, la jurisprudencia constitucional ha establecido que, que el medio ambiente es un derecho constitucional fundamental para el ser humano, pues sin éste, la vida perdería vigencia.” En el mismo sentido, otros Tribunales en nuestro medio han reconocido la obligación del Estado de proteger a los animales por su importancia dentro del ecosistema, la prohibición sobre el maltrato de estas especies, así como su reconocimiento como seres sintientes, reiterando lo dispuesto por esta Sala en anteriores ocasiones. Así, la resolución nro. 01754-2021 de las 14:06 horas del 12 de octubre de 2021 de la Sala Primera de Casación de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, determinó lo siguiente:
“IX. De previo al conocimiento del agravio, considera esta Cámara oportuno hacer el siguiente análisis. Como bien reseñó el Tribunal en la sentencia en estudio, a nivel mundial, se puede encontrar el sistema jurídico ha venido evolucionando en lo que respecta a la naturaleza y el bienestar de los animales para establecer, de diversas formas, la responsabilidad de los seres humanos de promover, procurar y ejecutar la protección del ambiente, y dentro de ella a los animales. Así, se evidencia, por ejemplo, en diversos instrumentos internacionales tales como, los Convenios Europeos para la Protección de los Animales, la Declaración Universal de los Derechos de los Animales, el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, la Declaración de Estocolmo sobre el Medio Ambiente Humano. En igual sentido, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos mediante la Opinión Consultiva OC-23-17 de 15 de noviembre 2017, refiriéndose a las obligaciones de respeto y garantía de los derechos humanos establecidos en la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, dispuso: “62.
Esta Corte considera importante resaltar que el derecho al medio ambiente sano como derecho autónomo, a diferencia de otros derechos, protege los componentes del medio ambiente, tales como bosques, ríos, mares y otros, como intereses jurídicos en sí mismos, aún en ausencia de certeza o evidencia sobre el riesgo a las personas individuales. Se trata de proteger la naturaleza y el medio ambiente no solamente por su conexidad con una utilidad para el ser humano o por los efectos que su degradación podría causar en otros derechos de las personas, como la salud, la vida o la integridad personal, sino por su importancia para los demás organismos vivos con quienes se comparte el planeta, también merecedores de protección en sí mismos. En este sentido, la Corte advierte una tendencia a reconocer personería jurídica y, por ende, derechos a la naturaleza no solo en sentencias judiciales sino incluso en ordenamientos constitucionales.” (El destacado está agregado).
En consonancia con lo anterior, diversos países alrededor del mundo han emitido normativa en la que se contempla y reconoce a los animales como seres sintientes o personas no humanas (México, Francia y Portugal), y algunos han reconocido explícitamente en sus constituciones el derecho a la protección, (Alemania y Luxemburgo), y de la dignidad de estos (Suiza). En ese contexto, el papel que desempeñan las instancias jurisdiccionales resulta determinante para que esa protección sea efectiva, debiendo decantarse las personas juzgadoras por la búsqueda de una verdadera justicia ecológica. En esa línea se han emitido sentencias reconociendo derechos a entidades naturales como los ríos Whanganui (Nueva Zelanda), Ganges (India) y Atrato (Colombia), y de animales como es el caso de la orangutana Sandra (Argentina). Costa Rica no ha sido excepción en este reconocimiento, prueba de ello es que se han emitido diversas normas con vocación protectora, tales como Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre, No.7317; la Ley de Bienestar de los Animales No. 7451, la Ley General del Servicio de Salud Animal No. 8495 y el sistema sancionatorio regulado en el Código Penal No. 4573.
Y, en el ámbito judicial, la Sala Constitucional, también ha trazado una línea jurisprudencial que se orienta a superar los razonamientos antropocentristas en línea con la Corte IDH supra transcrita; con una evidente firmeza en la protección del ambiente y de los animales que esta Sala comparte. En ese sentido, la resolución 13553-2016 de las once horas y treinta minutos del veintiuno de setiembre de dos mil dieciséis, emitida incluso antes de la Ley de Bienestar Animal, señaló: “III.- La protección constitucional al bienestar de los animales. Si bien es cierto, nuestro texto constitucional no tiene una normativa expresa que tutele el bienestar animal, como la tienen países como Alemania y Suiza, en su desarrollo jurisprudencial, la Sala Constitucional ha determinado que la prohibición del maltrato animal tiene asidero constitucional en el ordenamiento costarricense, derivado de los artículos 28 y 50 de la Constitución Política.
La Sala ha determinado que los seres humanos no sólo tenemos un deber moral de actuación con respecto a las demás personas, sino también en relación con el entorno natural que nos rodea. En ese sentido, se ha considerado que el maltrato a los animales vulnera la moral, las buenas costumbres y el orden público, y que además forma parte del derecho a un ambiente sano y equilibrado. Sobre ello pueden consultarse al respecto las sentencias 1993-3705, 1995-5893 y sin duda la más emblemática, la 2012-4620. En ésta última decisión se establece que la inclusión de los animales dentro del concepto de ambiente se hace con base en el papel que estos juegan en el desarrollo de la vida humana y que los hace merecedores de protección y un trato digno. Así, la fauna silvestre o salvaje, aquella que vive sin intervención inmediata del hombre para su desarrollo o alimentación, es protegida en virtud del mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y el equilibrio natural de las especies.
Por su parte, la fauna domesticada o en proceso de domesticación se debe proteger del padecimiento, maltrato y crueldad sin justificación legítima, porque ello refleja una racionalidad ética que atiende a una concienciación de la especie humana respecto del modo justo y digno con el que debe interactuar con la naturaleza. Por otra parte, se establece que: “la superioridad racional –moral- del hombre no puede significar la ausencia de límites para causar sufrimiento, dolor o angustia a seres sintientes no humanos” .... “En este contexto, precisamente, el maltrato a los animales constituye un acto contrario a la dignidad toda vez que el ejercicio de esta última comporta un deber moral de actuación tanto con respecto a los demás seres humanos como en relación con el entorno natural que lo rodea. De ahí que se coliga con facilidad que el maltrato a los animales vulnera la moral, las buenas costumbres y el orden público, por lo que su prohibición y prevención deviene un asunto de relevancia constitucional.” (sentencia 2012-04620) Esta línea jurisprudencial sostenida por Tribunal es conteste con la de otros Tribunales Constitucionales, como el de Colombia, que ha hecho un amplio desarrollo del fundamento constitucional a la prohibición al maltrato animal, entre otras, en sus sentencias C-666-10, C-083-14 y C-095-16.
La Corte Constitucional Colombiana señala que la noción del bienestar animal comporta un límite y una obligación de los seres humanos de actuar con respeto a los animales por tratarse de seres sintientes que forman parte del contexto en que se desarrolla la vida de las personas. Ese Tribunal consideró que la protección a los animales se concreta a partir de dos perspectivas: “(…) la de fauna protegida en virtud del mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y el equilibrio natural de las especies; y la de fauna a la cual se debe proteger del padecimiento, maltrato y crueldad sin justificación legítima, protección esta última que refleja un contenido de moral política y conciencia de la responsabilidad que deben tener los seres humanos respecto de los otros seres sintientes”. (sentencia C-095-16 Tribunal Constitucional) Señala ese Tribunal que un deber de rango constitucional para el Estado comporta obligaciones concretas de las diferentes ramas públicas de restringir el apoyo, el patrocinio o participación positiva en actos que impliquen el maltrato animal, de tal forma que no podrá asumir un papel neutro en el desarrollo de la protección que corresponde otorgarse a los animales.
Asimismo, teniendo como fundamento a la dignidad humana, la protección animal impone cargas de respeto de los seres humanos con los seres sintientes. A pesar de la existencia del deber de protección al bienestar animal, la Corte colombiana avaló unos límites legítimos, entre los cuales se encuentran: (i) los hábitos alimenticios de los seres humanos, (ii) la investigación y experimentación médica y, (iii) la cultura. En cuyo caso, el operador jurídico deberá armonizar en cada caso concreto, cuando haya tensión entre el bienestar animal y los límites al deber de protección. Por lo tanto, del interés superior de protección del medio ambiente y a la fauna, surge un deber de resguardo de los animales contra el padecimiento, el maltrato y la crueldad. De la relación entre la naturaleza y los seres humanos se puede inferir el estatus moral de la vida animal y el reconocimiento de la capacidad de sufrimientos a los mismos, por ello se entiende que son seres sintientes que conllevan a una serie de obligaciones para los seres humanos, de cuidado y protección.
De este deber constitucional que surgen obligaciones de cuidado y prohibiciones de maltrato y crueldad contra los animales, a menos que éste de por medio de alguno de los límites señalados.” Con base en lo anterior, adicionó el órgano constitucional, se evidencia que existe un mandato en el ámbito constitucional y legal para regular la protección animal, posición que reconoce y reafirma esta Cámara.”
En el sub lite, la parte recurrente acusa que, el 27 de octubre de 2025, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación prohibió en forma general la alimentación de los patos domésticos del lago artificial de Campo Real, Alajuela. Señala que ese lago es una obra artificial construida por la empresa desarrolladora y, desde hace más de dos décadas, en ese espacio coexisten patos domésticos de la especie Cairina moschata domesticus, introducidos originalmente en el proyecto y dependientes de las personas residentes para su sustento. Alega que el SINAC incurrió en un error manifiesto al clasificar de forma genérica a la fauna del lago como silvestre, ignorando que esos animales domésticos han perdido cualquier capacidad de forrajeo o supervivencia autónoma. Reclama que la orden de prohibición de alimento constituye, en la práctica, una amenaza directa a la vida de los patos domésticos, al generar riesgo de muerte por inanición, lipidosis hepática y caquexia.
Agrega que esa situación también afecta la salud emocional de la comunidad, integrada por aproximadamente tres mil habitantes, quienes se ven obligados a presenciar el sufrimiento de los animales. Solicita que se ordene al SINAC permitir el suministro de alimentos y atención a la población de patos domésticos del lago artificial de Campo Real, así como realizar una inspección en sitio para distinguir técnicamente entre fauna silvestre y fauna doméstica, de modo que se tutele de forma diferenciada y razonable a cada especie, según su naturaleza biológica.
En este sentido, se tiene por acreditado que, el 14 de octubre de 2025, en atención a una solicitud por parte de la administración del condominio Campo Real, con el fin de analizar una posible sobrepoblación de patos identificados como piches (Dendrocygna autumnalis), ubicados en un lago artificial de ese condominio, funcionarios de la Oficina Subregional de Alajuela, Área de Conservación Central, realizaron una visita de campo. En tal ocasión, además de la especie antedicha, también se identificó una población importante de patos identificados como (Cairina moschata).
Asimismo, se constata que las especies de patos Dendrocygna autumnalis y Cairina moschata son de origen silvestre. Y, en la investigación de campo del 14 de octubre de 2025, se determinó que los habitantes del condominio estilan suministrar alimento a ambas especies de patos.
En consecuencia, por las características de los patos que cohabitan en el condominio y debido al hecho de que, pese a ser especies silvestres, los habitantes de ese lugar los alimentan, es que mediante orden administrativa nro. SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 del 27 de octubre de 2025, se le ordenó al residencial Campo Real, Alajuela lo siguiente: “Abstenerse de alimentar y manipular a la fauna silvestre que se ubique en el lago artificial ubicado en el condominio Campo Real. Esto incluye todas las especies de patos, otras aves u otros organismos silvestres. por cuanto dicho acto genera un daño ambiental y además infringe la legislación nacional en materia de vida silvestre. Al alimentar la fauna silvestre se estimula el abandono de sus hábitats naturales y la pérdida de conductas propias de la especie, como la reacción a alejarse de los seres humanos. Esto a su vez, provoca el hacinamiento y estrés de individuos, variaciones en su dieta v hasta enfermedades a las cuales la especie no ha sido expuesta en su entorno natural. Así mismo, se instruye a implementar acciones para informar a los usuarios del condominio que no está permitido alimentar ni manipular a la fauna silvestre y sensibilizar sobre los daños ecológicos asociados, caso omiso se establecerán las responsabilidades legales correspondientes”.
Consta en autos además que, por informe “MONITOREO DE AVIFAUNA LAGO CONDOMINIO HORIZONTAL CAMPO REAL”, elaborado en noviembre de 2025 por el biólogo Giovanni Delgado Herrera, contratado por el condominio Campo Real, se consignó: “Todas especies registradas en el monitoreo fueron silvestres, ninguna doméstica, por lo que es prohibido alimentarlas, según La Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre. Por lo anterior, se debe de acatar lo dispuesto en la Orden Administrativa N°236-2025 girada por el Área de Conservación Central Oficina Subregional de Alajuela. · Se observó que el alimentar a las aves, ha generado algún tipo de dependencia, al punto que las aves y especialmente los patos reales, se acercan a los residentes para ser alimentados. · Se recomienda colocar rótulos en la circunferencia y alrededores del lago. referentes a la prohibición de alimentar a las aves y cualquier otra especie. · Se le debe de dar capacitación a los residentes, sobre la avifauna presente en el lugar y la importancia de no alimentarla. . · Se recomienda que, para los residentes, como a los nuevos inquilinos, en su contrato o reglas del condominio, se les indique la prohibición de alimentar a la fauna silvestre.
Se sugiere establecer una multa, ante el incumplimiento de la norma. · Al ser especies silvestres las que se alimentan de los desechos de comida, les pueden provocar efectos y enfermedades, que pueden afectar su población y la población de otras especies. · Los patos de la especie Dendrocygna autumnalis-Pijije Común (Piche, Quichichi, Pichichi), no permanecen todo el día en el lago, lo que indica que tienen otras zonas de descanso y alimentación. La presencia de ellos posiblemente se deba a que los residentes los alimentan, al punto que no se observaron en el agua, sino en tierra, buscando comida o descansando. · El alimentar a las aves, puede generar una dependencia que hace puedan llegar a perder su instinto de buscar alimento por si solas y que no visiten otros sitios y con ello la afectación de otros ecosistemas, migraciones locales, latitudinales, así como las cadenas tróficas. · Se observó que el mismo lago, provee de alimento a las especies que ahi se encuentran, ya que el lago tiene peces, posiblemente algunos crustáceos, insectos acuáticos, anfibios y reptiles, además de zacate en sus alrededores.
Lo anterior indica que no es necesario alimentar con nada extra a las aves, el lago y sus alrededores por si solos las pueden alimentar, incluso a los patos reales Cairina moschata. Lo anterior significa que los patos y las otras especies, no se van a morir si no son alimentados por los inquilinos. · El dejar desechos de comida en el lugar va a provocar que al lago lleguen vectores como roedores, insectos (moscas- zancudos) y malos olores, que puede afectar a la fauna del lugar e incluso a los residentes”.
Asimismo, mediante informe del 20 de marzo de 2026, realizado por la empresa privada InnoBiosphera, contratada por el condominio Campo Real, se consignó: “5.2 Aspectos Positivos ● La avifauna no parece estar afectando la infraestructura del condominio ● El estado visual de la avifauna es bueno, su plumaje es brillante y sin muestras de agresiones recientes ● Los patos criollos no presentaban lesiones o comportamientos anormales/estereotipados de hacinamiento, falta de recurso alimenticio, ni de cautiverio. Sin embargo, esto no implica que sean autosuficientes; tal como documentan Nombre02 (2026)y Nombre04 (2026), los individuos presentan una clara dependencia del alimento de origen antrópico, lo cual no fue evidente durante nuestra visita de campo ● Se observaron individuos forrajeando alimento dentro del lago ● No se encontró ningún cadáver durante la visita ● El lago presenta un buen flujo de agua y oxigenación constante gracias a la fuente presente”.
Finalmente, por oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACC-DR-DRFVS-OSA-0288-2026 del 4 de junio de 2026, suscrito por el jefe de la Oficina de Alajuela DE LA Reserva de Biosfera Cordillera Volcánica Central del Área de Conservación Central del SINAC, se consignó: “Que el 14 de octubre del 2025, en atención a una solicitud por parte de la administración del Condominio Campo Real, con el fin de analizar una posible sobre población de patos identificados como piches (Dendrocygna autumnalis), ubicados en un lago artificial en dicho condominio, funcionarios de la Oficina Subregional de Alajuela, Área de Conservación Central, realizaron una visita de campo con el fin de valorar la situación. En el lugar además de la especie de pato indicada en el párrafo anterior se observó el día de la inspección una población importante de otro pato identificado como (Cairina moschata), ambas especies son de origen silvestre por lo que se encuentran reguladas por la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre 7317, sus reformas y reglamento.
Que en las “Disposiciones Generales” el artículo 1 “Ámbito de Aplicación” del reglamento a la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre establece que; “Los individuos de especies exóticas ornamentales se excluyen de la aplicación de la LCVS y este reglamento por tratarse de especies de compañía, decorativas o domésticas. Los listados de especies exóticas ornamentales serán elaborados por SINAC, SENASA y SFE, y serán de acceso público a través de las páginas web institucionales correspondientes”. Que mediante el oficio SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, emitido por la Dirección del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, a las trece horas con veinte minutos del dieciocho de junio del dos mil veinticuatro, se oficializó la lista de los nombres científicos para aquellos animales considerados como especies exóticas ornamentales que se excluirían de la aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, misma que no incluye la especie de pato Cairina moschata, por lo que la misma mantiene su condición de especie de vida silvestre independientemente del hábitat donde se encuentre y por lo tanto es regulada por la ley 7317 y su reglamento.
(…) Que según lo informado por las personas que representan la administración del condominio y que participaron en la visita de campo se estila el suministro de alimento a ambas especies. Dicha actividad es sancionada según así lo establece el artículo 116 de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre el cual textualmente indica lo siguiente; “Será sancionado con multa de un quince por ciento (15%) hasta un treinta por ciento (30%) de un (1) salario base, quien, sin autorización de Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, suministre alimentos o sustancias no autorizadas a la fauna silvestre”. Por lo anteriormente indicado y en apego a lo que establece la legislación vigente que regula el tema se notificó en el sitio el 27 de octubre del 2025 la orden administrativa SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025, dirigida al señor Christian Gómez Monge, en calidad de administrador del condominio, donde se le ordenaba abstenerse a alimentar y manipular la fauna silvestre que se encuentra presente en el lago artificial.
Que la acción implementada por los funcionarios que atendieron la solicitud se fundamenta en lo establecido en el artículo Artículo 219.- Procedencia de las órdenes administrativas. El SINAC, en el ejercicio de sus funciones de supervisión, control y protección, se encuentra facultado por ley y por los principios preventivo, precautorio y el de tutela administrativa efectiva, para emitir órdenes administrativas, con el objetivo de hacer o no hacer determinada conducta contraria a la legislación nacional o internacional, o que genere impacto negativo a la vida silvestre. La orden puede consistir en paralizar, prevenir, eliminar, realizar, omitir, restaurar o corregir. Posterior a esto en dos ocasiones se han programado reuniones donde se invitaron a los condóminos; la primera el 16-12-2025 y una segunda reunión el 19 de febrero del 2026, para informarles sobre el origen de las dos especies de patos presentes en el lago artificial y por qué no se deben de alimentar especies de animales silvestres.
De igual forma la administración del condominio primeramente contrató al biólogo Giovanni Delgado Herrera, quien realizó un monitoreo de la avifauna presente en el lugar y se determinó la presencia de Cairina moschata y define su estatus como una especie residente catalogada como silvestre para Costa Rica y en el mes de marzo del año en curso contrataron a “InnoBiosphera, Soluciones ecológicas con innovación y confianza, servicios de biología” con el objetivo de que se realizara primeramente un reconocimiento de la zona, con el fin de la toma de datos sobre la avifauna acuática presente y reconocer posibles fuentes de alimentación natural para la vida silvestre en las instalaciones del condominio. En este estudio se determina que el estado visual de la avifauna es bueno, su plumaje es brillante y sin muestras de agresiones recientes. Además, los patos no presentaban lesiones o comportamientos anormales/esteriotipados de hacinamiento, o falta de recurso alimenticio, ni de cautiverio, que se observan individuos forrajeando alimento dentro del lago y no se observó ningún pato muerto durante el tiempo de la visita.
En el apartado de próximos pasos a seguir en dicho estudio los profesionales recomiendan sembrar plantas acuáticas que mejoren la calidad del agua y de refugio para los alevines de la especie de pez que se encuentra en el lago y que sirven como fuente de alimento para los patos. En los anexos se suministra un listado de especies de plantas nativas que se pueden sembrar en las zonas verdes, así como plantas acuáticas que se pueden introducir en lago con el fin de mejorar el sitio y que algunas de ellas sirvan como fuente de alimento natural para los patos”.
Desde este panorama, lo correspondiente es declarar sin lugar el recurso.
Así, nótese que las especies de patos son de origen silvestre. Además, se recuerda que mediante el oficio SENASA-DG-R00032-2024, emitido por la Dirección del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, a las 13:20 horas del 18 de junio de 2024, se oficializó la lista de los nombres científicos para aquellos animales considerados como especies exóticas ornamentales que se excluirían de la aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, misma que no incluye las especies de pato antedichas. Por ende, las especies en cuestión son consideradas de origen silvestre y se encuentran tuteladas por lo dispuesto en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, las cual establece: “Artículo 116.-Será sancionado con multa de un quince por ciento (15%) hasta un treinta por ciento (30%) de un (1) salario base, quien, sin autorización del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, suministre alimentos o sustancias no autorizadas a la fauna silvestre”.
Es precisamente, por tales circunstancias que se emitió la orden administrativa nro. SINAC-ACC-OA-of-236-2025 del 27 de octubre de 2025, lo que a priori, no resulta irrazonable ni arbitrario.
Y, en todo caso, se destaca que en los informes de noviembre de 2025 y marzo de 2026, costeados por el propio residencial, se determinó que los patos se encuentran en buen estado y, más bien, el hecho de ser alimentados por los habitantes del residencial podría ser dañino, así, en tales insumos se señaló expresamente: “· Al ser especies silvestres las que se alimentan de los desechos de comida, les pueden provocar efectos y enfermedades, que pueden afectar su población y la población de otras especies. · (…) El alimentar a las aves, puede generar una dependencia que hace puedan llegar a perder su instinto de buscar alimento por si solas y que no visiten otros sitios y con ello la afectación de otros ecosistemas, migraciones locales, latitudinales, así como las cadenas tróficas. · Se observó que el mismo lago, provee de alimento a las especies que ahi se encuentran, ya que el lago tiene peces, posiblemente algunos crustáceos, insectos acuáticos, anfibios y reptiles, además de zacate en sus alrededores.
Lo anterior indica que no es necesario alimentar con nada extra a las aves, el lago y sus alrededores por si solos las pueden alimentar, incluso a los patos reales Cairina moschata. Lo anterior significa que los patos y las otras especies, no se van a morir si no son alimentados por los inquilinos. · El dejar desechos de comida en el lugar va a provocar que al lago lleguen vectores como roedores, insectos (moscas- zancudos) y malos olores, que puede afectar a la fauna del lugar e incluso a los residentes”.
Así las cosas, la Sala no se observa situación alguna que, a priori, se traduzca en un perjuicio al bienestar de los animales ni en algún incumplimiento de las obligaciones del SINAC relativas al deber de protección del bienestar animal. Ergo, lo correspondiente es desestimar el amparo.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.