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Res. 25738-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 10/07/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber archived the environmental wetland damage claim due to an identical pending parallel case (25-027587-0007-CO) and denied the judicial delay claim because the petitioner had not exhausted the pronto despacho mechanism before the Fiscal or Judicial Inspectorate.La Sala archivó el reclamo por daño ambiental al humedal de Playa Negra por existir un proceso paralelo con pretensiones idénticas (25-027587-0007-CO), y declaró sin lugar el extremo de mora judicial por no haberse agotado el mecanismo de pronto despacho ante la Inspección Fiscal.
SummaryResumen
The amparo petition was filed against SINAC and the Public Prosecutor's Office over alleged ongoing damage to the Río Carbón – Playa Negra wetland in Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, including a 21-year judicial delay in criminal case 05-001155-0597-PE (illegal construction in the maritime-terrestrial zone, invasion of protected areas, and wetland drainage) and SINAC's purportedly inadequate institutional response. The Constitutional Chamber denied the judicial delay claim, holding that the proper remedy is an expedited-dispatch (pronto despacho) petition before the Fiscal or Judicial Inspectorate under Article 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and noting that the accused is currently in absentia with an active arrest warrant. Regarding the environmental damage claims, the Chamber ordered the case archived on procedural economy grounds because the same petitioner already has a virtually identical amparo (25-027587-0007-CO) pending with equivalent claims, including wetland delimitation and suspension of filling activities.El recurso de amparo fue interpuesto contra el SINAC y el Ministerio Público por presuntas afectaciones al Humedal Río Carbón – Playa Negra en Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, incluyendo mora judicial de veintiún años en la causa penal 05-001155-0597-PE (construcción ilegal en zona marítimo terrestre, invasión de áreas de protección y drenaje de humedal) y la supuesta insuficiencia institucional del SINAC ante la urbanización ilegal del ecosistema. La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el extremo de mora judicial, señalando que el mecanismo idóneo es el pronto despacho ante la Inspección Fiscal o Judicial conforme al artículo 174 del Código Procesal Penal, y destacando que el imputado se halla en rebeldía con orden de captura vigente. En cuanto al alegado daño ambiental al humedal, la Sala ordenó el archivo del expediente por economía procesal, al existir un recurso de amparo paralelo y prácticamente idéntico (25-027587-0007-CO) donde el mismo recurrente plantea pretensiones sustancialmente equivalentes, incluyendo delimitación del humedal y suspensión de actividades de relleno.
Key excerptExtracto clave
That criterion applies to the present case, and the interested party may therefore resort to the applicable channels. In any event, the Chamber notes that the accused in those proceedings is currently in absentia with an arrest warrant in effect, which prevents the case from advancing promptly. For these reasons, this aspect of the petition is denied. In the interest of procedural economy and to avoid contradictory rulings, this case file is ordered archived with respect to that claim. The petitioner may raise whatever arguments he deems appropriate in the indicated case file. It is explained that the amparo proceeding, being a summary remedy, is incompatible with complex evidentiary activity, as broad evidentiary debate and exhaustive analysis undermine the speed and direct protection of fundamental rights that characterize this remedy.Ese criterio es aplicable al sub lite, por lo que podrá el interesado acudir a las vías respectivas. En todo caso, la Sala nota que el imputado en ese proceso se encuentra actualmente rebelde y con orden de captura, lo que impide un pronto avance del proceso. Por los motivos expuestos, se declara sin lugar este extremo del recurso. por economía procesal y a los efectos de evitar resoluciones contradictorias, se dispone el archivo de este expediente, en lo que respecta a ese reclamo. Podrá el justiciable plantear los argumentos que estime prudentes en el expediente señalado. se explica que el proceso de amparo, por tratarse de una vía sumaria, es incompatible con actividad probatoria compleja, pues un amplio debate probatorio y análisis exhaustivo desnaturaliza la rapidez y protección directa de los derechos fundamentales.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la Sala nota que el imputado en ese proceso se encuentra actualmente rebelde y con orden de captura, lo que impide un pronto avance del proceso. Por los motivos expuestos, se declara sin lugar este extremo del recurso."
"The Chamber notes that the accused in those proceedings is currently in absentia with an arrest warrant in effect, which prevents the case from advancing promptly. For these reasons, this aspect of the petition is denied."
Considerando III
"la Sala nota que el imputado en ese proceso se encuentra actualmente rebelde y con orden de captura, lo que impide un pronto avance del proceso. Por los motivos expuestos, se declara sin lugar este extremo del recurso."
Considerando III
"por economía procesal y a los efectos de evitar resoluciones contradictorias, se dispone el archivo de este expediente, en lo que respecta a ese reclamo. Podrá el justiciable plantear los argumentos que estime prudentes en el expediente señalado."
"In the interest of procedural economy and to avoid contradictory rulings, this case file is ordered archived with respect to that claim. The petitioner may raise whatever arguments he deems appropriate in the indicated case file."
Considerando IV
"por economía procesal y a los efectos de evitar resoluciones contradictorias, se dispone el archivo de este expediente, en lo que respecta a ese reclamo. Podrá el justiciable plantear los argumentos que estime prudentes en el expediente señalado."
Considerando IV
"el proceso de amparo, por tratarse de una vía sumaria, es incompatible con actividad probatoria compleja, pues un amplio debate probatorio y análisis exhaustivo desnaturaliza la rapidez y protección directa de los derechos fundamentales."
"The amparo proceeding, being a summary remedy, is incompatible with complex evidentiary activity, as broad evidentiary debate and exhaustive analysis undermine the speed and direct protection of fundamental rights that characterize this remedy."
Considerando IV
"el proceso de amparo, por tratarse de una vía sumaria, es incompatible con actividad probatoria compleja, pues un amplio debate probatorio y análisis exhaustivo desnaturaliza la rapidez y protección directa de los derechos fundamentales."
Considerando IV
"en materia penal, y en aplicación de lo dispuesto en el artículo 174 del Código Procesal Penal, si en la tramitación de algún asunto, recurso o gestión se ha producido algún retardo, la parte interesada puede presentar un pronto despacho y, de no obtener respuesta dentro del plazo legalmente establecido, interponer la respectiva denuncia ante la Inspección Judicial, la Inspección Fiscal o la Corte Plena, según corresponda."
"In criminal matters, and pursuant to Article 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, if a delay has occurred in the processing of any matter, appeal, or motion, the interested party may file an expedited-dispatch petition and, if no response is received within the legally established deadline, file a complaint with the Judicial Inspectorate, the Fiscal Inspectorate, or the Full Court, as appropriate."
Considerando III (citando Sentencia nro. 2025008180)
"en materia penal, y en aplicación de lo dispuesto en el artículo 174 del Código Procesal Penal, si en la tramitación de algún asunto, recurso o gestión se ha producido algún retardo, la parte interesada puede presentar un pronto despacho y, de no obtener respuesta dentro del plazo legalmente establecido, interponer la respectiva denuncia ante la Inspección Judicial, la Inspección Fiscal o la Corte Plena, según corresponda."
Considerando III (citando Sentencia nro. 2025008180)
Full documentDocumento completo
EV Template Generation: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH001.dpj Ruling No. 2026025738 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours twenty-five minutes on the tenth of July, two thousand and twenty-six.
Amparo action (recurso de amparo) filed under case number 26-016746-0007-CO, brought by Nombre01, national identification number (cédula de identidad) CED01, against the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC) and the MINISTERIO PÚBLICO.
Background:
• Since the end of 2002, Nombre03, a local resident and community leader, filed a complaint with the Concejo Municipal de Talamanca regarding the activities being carried out on land used by Nombre02, on the grounds that they were disrupting the natural balance of the site. These facts were linked to file N.° 0027-03-TAA of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, which constitutes a key precedent, as it demonstrates that the alleged damages to the Río Carbón wetland had already been brought to the attention of administrative environmental authorities at that time.
• On October 26, 2002, officials from the Talamanca Sub-region of the Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe—specifically Eng. Lucrecia Monterrosa Smith and Biologist Donald Campbell Lindo—conducted an inspection of the land used by Nombre02. During that inspection, brush-clearing (chapeo), filling, drainage, and burning activities were identified within a wetland zone. As a result, a technical communication was issued to the then Mayor of Talamanca, Derloy Mayrie, noting the findings and, in particular, the drainage of the wetland.
• On February 4, 2003, through official letter AAA-076-2003, the Procuraduría General de la República addressed the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo regarding the removal of vegetation and the fencing of the restricted zone adjacent to the land occupied by Nombre02. In that official letter, with a copy to the Concejo Municipal de Talamanca, it was requested that the report provided for in Article 13 of Ley N.° 6043 be prepared, with the aim of assessing the eviction of alleged violators, the demolition of structures if warranted, and the filing of complaints with the Ministerio Público.
• The Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo processed file N.° 0027-03-TAA against the then Mayor of Talamanca, Lic. Rugeli Morales, and against Nombre02.
• In October 2004, Biologist Juan Sánchez of SINAC's wetlands office, together with Vera Montero of SINAC and Anael Fuentes of ACLAC, proceeded to delimit the area of the Río Carbón wetland. In this inspection, the wetland and forest character of the area was established, along with activities carried out by Nombre02, identified in the document as "el checo." This milestone is essential because it technically consolidates the protected environmental status of the site.
• In April 2005, Eng. Marcelo Pacheco, head of the ACLAC Talamanca Sub-region, visited the site along with Lic. Dani Arguello, legal advisor to the Municipalidad de Talamanca, to verify whether construction and filling activities were ongoing. During the inspection, the presence of construction materials and signs of recent work were confirmed.
• Through official letter SINAC-SE-GASP-165-05, dated July 13, 2005, the inspection report on the delimitation of the Río Carbón wetland was documented; this report was prepared by Biologist Juan Sánchez of what was then the Wetlands Department of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. This document was offered as documentary evidence within the criminal complaint, as it constitutes a key technical input to establish the wetland status of the affected area.
• In November 2005, officials from the Comité Local Forestal de Talamanca, ACLAC, and the Ministerio de Salud conducted a new inspection of the aforementioned land. During that inspection, the existence of four structures, holes for electrical posts, ditches, burned vegetation, and other anomalies were confirmed, and it was noted that the structures were located within the wetland. It was also confirmed that the road was blocked starting from Nombre02's house.
• Based on the administrative, technical, and inter-institutional background described above, in 2005 a criminal complaint was filed with the Ministerio Público, giving rise to case N.° 05-001155-0597-PE, for alleged offenses of wetland drainage, illegal logging, and land-use change within the area of the Río Carbón wetland, on land used by private individuals within the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre, ZMT), in the Playa Negra sector of Puerto Viejo de Talamanca.
• Within the criminal complaint, the Ministerio Público was requested to seek precautionary measures (medidas cautelares) before the Juzgado Penal de Talamanca, including the immediate suspension of construction works, the undertaking of actions to restore the wetland to its natural state, and the demolition of any erected structures, if warranted. It was also requested that documentary evidence, an ocular inspection, expert assessments (peritajes técnicos), and certifications be obtained from various institutions, including the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, the Municipalidad de Talamanca, the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, and SINAC.
Furthermore, the appellant is aware of these administrative actions, given that on July 4, 2025, he sent an email to Lic. Carlos Matamoros Ureña regarding the Playa Negra wetland ecosystems, as shown in the image (…)
Figure No. 1: Email from the appellant requesting resolution of case 05-001155-0597-PE Additionally, other interventions carried out at the site gave rise to complaints filed before the judicial authority, identified under the following case file numbers: 23-000190-0597-PE; 24-000377-0597-PE; 05-001155-0597-PE; 20-001193-0472-PE; 22-000001-1851-PE; 20-001095-0485-PE. That is to say, the state forestry administration has carried out and processed the administrative, technical, and legal actions to address environmental crimes in the Playa Negra sector of Puerto Viejo de Talamanca.
THIRD: In response to note MLV-00140-2026, relating to a complaint regarding damage to the Río Carbón wetland in Playa Negra, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, addressed by MSc. Rotney Piedra through official letter CARTA-SINAC-SE-DE-PNH-0017-2026 of May 7, 2026, the complainant was informed: "within the scope of his competences, it has been informed that ACLAC filed a criminal case since 2005 with respect to the alleged damages to the Río Carbón wetland in the Playa Negra sector of Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, which is being processed under file N° 05-001155-0597-PE. Since then, the technical information generated by ACLAC has been contributed to the judicial file. Since an open criminal case already exists, SINAC reiterates its active willingness to coordinate with the Fiscalía Ambiental, the Organismo de Investigación Judicial, and any other competent authority to expand information, participate in field inspections, provide expert assessments, contribute institutional background, or collaborate in all proceedings formally required to achieve the resolution of that file.
The Programa Nacional de Humedales will remain attentive to support ACLAC in whatever is needed, while SINAC emphasizes its institutional responsibility, which is exercised within the applicable legal framework and in coordination with the corresponding judicial and investigative bodies. Lastly, regarding the generation of a wetland map, it is noted that the information available to date is contained in the Registro Nacional de Humedales and can be consulted through the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) viewer. The Ley Marco de Acceso a la Información Pública (Ley N.º 10554) does not require the generation of new technical products upon private request." It is thus demonstrated that the response provided by Mr. Piedra is correct and consistent with the appellant's request, the institutional competence, the available public information, and the access to information held by the administration.
FOURTH: Regarding the request for an updated, georeferenced, and official map of the impacts on the Río Carbón–Playa Negra wetland, what was stated in CARTA-SINAC-SE-DE-PNH-0017-2026 is reiterated, to the effect that the official cartographic information available on wetlands is part of the Registro Nacional de Humedales and may be publicly consulted through the SNIT viewer, created by Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 37773-JP-H-MINAE-MICITT. This is stipulated by Article 8 of Ley N.° 10554, which provides that the Administration may direct the petitioner toward official public-information access platforms when the requested data are already available institutionally, without that entailing, in all cases, the obligation to generate new technical studies or specific cartographic products at the request of a party. Similarly, through official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACLAC-DR-DT-DRFVS-PH-0030-2026, the complainant was provided a response to query MLV-009-2026, stating that the preparation of a new historical map, chronological reconstruction of occupancy, retrospective image analysis, cadastral records, or environmental studies for evidentiary purposes is not information available at this time; what has been requested constitutes a new technical product that exceeds the scope of an ordinary public-information request.
Should an expert or evidentiary product be required within the judicial investigation, it must be requested by the competent authority. In that regard, this Administration is not obligated to generate a new customized map, with layer overlays, hydrological analysis, or specific ecological assessment, upon private request, when the available cartographic information is already published on official platforms.
FIFTH: Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 37773-JP-H-MINAE-MICITT, of May 7, 2013, published in La Gaceta N.° 134 of July 12, 2013, establishes the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) as the official platform of Costa Rica for publishing and consulting georeferenced geographic and territorial information, and is administered by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional of the Registro Nacional. The following information is published on this platform:
Official cartography (base maps of the territory). Administrative boundaries: provinces, cantons, districts, and population centers. Cadastral and territorial information. Road network and transportation. Hydrography and water resources: rivers, streams (quebradas), lakes, and watersheds. Forest cover (cobertura forestal) and land use. Environmental information: protected areas, wetlands, biological corridors, life zones, and other environmental features. Topographic and relief information. Mosaic of orthophotos (ortofotos) and satellite images for the periods 2005-2008 (scale 1:1000 and 1:5000) and 2014-2017 (scale 1:1000 and 1:5000). Thematic layers generated by public institutions.
The SNIT is thus the official medium for publishing geospatial information; however, responsibility for the official status and updating of each layer belongs to the institution that generates and publishes it. For example, in the case of the Registro Nacional de Humedales (based on the National Wetlands Inventory of 2018), it is SINAC, as the responsible technical authority, that submits the information for periodic updating and publication. The report mentioned by the complainant, entitled "Caracterización y delimitación de humedales en la zona marítimo terrestre del litoral del cantón de Talamanca" (ACLAC, June 2021), was never published on the SNIT, as the complainant erroneously states. For its results to be published, it must comply with the due process and technical rigor required at the internal institutional level and established by current regulations. This was affirmed by the Sala Constitucional in resolution 2024010951 under file 24-005929-0007-CO, in which it ordered:
"The appeal is declared partially upheld. Maylin Mora Arias, in her capacity as acting regional director (a.i.) of the Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, or whoever holds that position, is hereby ordered to issue the relevant instructions, carry out all actions within the scope of her competences, and coordinate whatever is necessary so that, within THREE MONTHS following compliance with the order given in judgment no. 2024003959 of 9:16 hours of February 16, 2024, issued in file 23-014549-0007-CO at 9:30 hours of February 16, 2024, namely: 'to conclude, within a period of THREE MONTHS, counted from the notification of this judgment, the process to supplement the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) certification for the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone of the Canton of Talamanca with the "Caracterización y delimitación de humedales en la zona marítimo terrestre del litoral del cantón de Talamanca" of June 2021,' the delimitation and scope of the State Natural Heritage contemplated in certification SINAC-ACLAC-DR-PNE-C-011-2017 are reviewed and, with current and precise elements, as well as the appropriate technical support, an updated certification is issued that encompasses and delimits all State Natural Heritage strips in the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone of the Canton of Talamanca." In compliance with the foregoing, certification SINAC-ACLAC-DRFVS-PNE-C-014-2025, updated to 2025, was issued. Figure No. 1 shows a compilation of the State Natural Heritage in the Canton of Talamanca, which includes the area referred to by the complainant, known as the Playa Negra wetland.
(…) Figure No. 2: Map of forests and wetlands delimited in the ZMT of Talamanca Source: certification SINAC-ACLAC-DRFVS-PNE-C-014-2025, updated to 2025.
In that regard, the State Natural Heritage Certification is regulated by the Executive Branch through Decreto Ejecutivo No. 36786, the "Manual para la clasificación de tierras dedicadas a la conservación de los recursos naturales dentro de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre en Costa Rica," which has been in force since November 11, 2011, and constitutes the legal norm underpinning it. The "Technical Report on Classification and Delimitation of the State Natural Heritage in the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone of the Litoral of the Canton of Talamanca," SINAC-ACLAC-DRFVS-PH-006-2025, is the result of the exercise, review, classification, delimitation, and technical characterization of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone of the Talamanca coast, and constitutes the Technical Study that precedes and underpins the issuance of a State Natural Heritage Certification, as established by the applicable legal norm, namely Decreto Ejecutivo No. 36786, and which enables the issuance of the State Natural Heritage Certification at the official level. Note that Decreto Ejecutivo No. 36786 is the legal norm for preparing a technical-level report based on the Manual and Directriz SINAC-IRT-001-2016; the norm is exhaustive with respect to the requirements and procedures to be followed.
Decreto Ejecutivo No. 36786 establishes the following: "I. Objectives. i. To identify, within the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone, those lands classified as forests, of forestry aptitude (aptitud forestal) (Class VII and VIII soils), and wetlands (mangroves, estuaries (esteros), rias, salt marshes (marismas), coastal lagoons, swamps (pantanos), flooded forests, and salt flats (salitrales)), in order to certify them and incorporate them as part of the State Natural Heritage (PNE). ii. To delimit, in accordance with Article 33 of the Ley Forestal, the protection areas (áreas de protección)." The legal norm, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 36.786, establishes the following general procedure: V. Units to be classified; VI. General procedures applicable to the units to be classified; VII. Procedure for classifying forest in the ZMT; VIII. Parameters for defining forestry-aptitude land without forest cover (Classes VII and VIII); IX. Procedure for defining wetlands; X. Procedure for defining protection areas; XI. Preparation of the Certification; XII. Registry and control of Certifications.
In accordance with the foregoing, the administration has categorically demonstrated, under the principle of legality, that it complied with the requirements and procedures established under the valid and effective legal instruments at the time of issuance of the State Natural Heritage Certification SINAC-ACLAC-DRFVS-PNE-C-014-2025, of March 2025. It is also important to bring to this Honorable Chamber's attention that through report SINAC-ACLAC-DRFVS-PH-006-2025, in compliance with resolution Nº2024-003959 of file Nº23-014549-0007-CO, in which the complainant is a party, the matter relating to the characterization and delimitation of wetlands in the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone of the litoral of the Canton of Talamanca was addressed, and therefore this mapping is duly updated and protected through the determination of the State Natural Heritage. In summary, the delimitation of the area corresponding to the Playa Negra–Río Carbón wetland is duly included both in the State Natural Heritage certification for the Canton of Talamanca and in the information published on the SNIT, to which the appellant has and has had public and immediate access. A diagram of the foregoing is shown below.
(…) Figure No. 4: Location diagram of the wetlands in the Playa Negra sector and PNE in the ZMT of Talamanca, Playa Negra sector. Source: PNE-ACLAC office, 2026 It is of vital importance to emphasize that the Sala Constitucional itself, through resolution N.° 2025030106, issued in file N.° 25-024124-0007-CO—an amparo appeal filed by Nombre01 against the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación—dismissed the appeal and upheld as valid the guidance provided by SINAC regarding the use of official platforms such as the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) and the Sistema Integrado de Trámite de Denuncias Ambientales (SITADA). In accordance with that ruling, the official cartographic information available on wetlands, State Natural Heritage, environmental layers, delimitations, and territorial information linked to the Playa Negra or Río Carbón wetland is available for free public consultation in the SNIT viewer.
Therefore, the referral to that platform does not constitute a denial of information, but rather guidance toward the corresponding official public-access medium. Article 8 of Ley N.° 10554 (Ley Marco de Acceso a la Información Pública) likewise provides that the right of access encompasses public information existing in the Administration's possession, but does not imply an obligation to generate new studies, expert assessments, or previously nonexistent technical products upon private request. Notwithstanding the foregoing, SINAC remains fully willing to collaborate technically with the competent authorities within the framework of criminal case N.° 05-001155-0597-PE, or in response to requests formally submitted in accordance with the applicable legal framework.
SIXTH: Matters relating to construction permits and land-use planning (ordenamiento territorial) outside of protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) and State Natural Heritage are within municipal jurisdiction; therefore, SINAC neither administers nor maintains the registry of municipal construction permits, land uses, building licenses, or urban authorizations. Such information must be requested from the Municipalidad de Talamanca, as the competent authority in matters of construction permits and local land-use planning, or from such other institutions as may be appropriate depending on the nature of the proceeding. Evidently, SINAC's regulatory framework enables it to provide information only within the scope of its competences and the records it maintains.
SEVENTH: The conservation area possesses the State Natural Heritage certification, updated to 2025, which made it possible to identify and delimit the State Natural Heritage comprising forests, wetlands, forestry-aptitude lands, and protection areas—sites where monitoring and protection actions are carried out to prevent encroachments on the heritage and/or activities prohibited by environmental regulations. Should possible unlawful acts occur, the state forestry authority carries out the corresponding inspection and files a criminal complaint with the Ministerio Público. In that regard, the institutional action is summarized as follows:
Receiving and processing the complaint. Conducting inspections and technical investigations. Issuing technical and legal reports. Adopting precautionary or administrative measures when appropriate. Filing a criminal complaint with the Ministerio Público when the facts may constitute an environmental crime. Following up on administrative proceedings within its competence.
EIGHTH: Without prejudice to the actions taken in judicial proceedings, SINAC maintains its administrative competences for monitoring, oversight, and technical environmental support over the referenced ecosystem, within the applicable legal framework and in accordance with any institutional or judicial requirements that may arise. Likewise, SINAC reiterates its willingness to participate in field inspections, issue technical opinions, and contribute institutional information in proceedings formally requested by the competent authorities.
CONCLUSIONS.
The Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), in its capacity as State Forestry Administration, has diligently and promptly exercised the technical and legal competences conferred upon it by the legal framework for the handling, investigation, and follow-up of the alleged environmental crimes reported in the Playa Negra–Río Carbón sector of Puerto Viejo de Talamanca.
The public information held by the Administration that is relevant to addressing the submitted request has been made available to the interested party, including information contained on the official SNIT platform, created by Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 37773-JP-H-MINAE-MICITT, which constitutes the official medium for consulting geospatial and cartographic information that is freely and publicly accessible.
Consequently, the response provided by the acting official is in conformity with the law, consistent with the content of the request submitted, with SINAC's institutional competences, and with the principles of transparency and public access to information, by directing the petitioner toward the official sources where the requested information is available.
There is no legal obligation for this Administration to generate new information, prepare specific cartography, produce customized maps with thematic layer overlays, conduct particular hydrological analyses, or develop individualized ecological assessments at the request of a petitioner, when the existing official information is duly systematized and available through the institutional public-consultation mechanisms.
The right of access to public information encompasses access to information existing in the Administration's possession, but does not impose the duty to create non-existent documents, studies, or technical products.
In accordance with the available institutional records, the delimitation and location of the Playa Negra–Río Carbón wetland is incorporated—with respect to the area corresponding to the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone—in the official State Natural Heritage certification for the Canton of Talamanca, as well as in the official geospatial layers published on the SNIT, information that has remained permanently and unreservedly accessible to the public.
The referral to the information available on the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) does not constitute a denial of or restriction on the right of access to public information, but rather an indication of the official consultation medium established by the State to ensure efficient, transparent, and timely access to the territorial and environmental information administered by the competent institutions.
authorizations relating to land-use planning outside of Protected Wildlife Areas and State Natural Heritage, primary competence belongs to municipalities and other entities with urban and territorial powers. By virtue of the principle of legality, SINAC does not administer, maintain, or generate the municipal records associated with such authorizations, and therefore can only provide information relating to the substantive areas that fall within its legal competence.
From the analysis of the administrative file and the institutional background, it is evident that SINAC has fulfilled the obligations corresponding to it within its area of competence, including the receipt and processing of complaints, the conduct of field inspections and technical investigations, the issuance of technical and legal reports, the adoption of administrative measures when warranted, the filing of complaints with the Ministerio Público upon identification of possible environmental crimes, and the monitoring of administrative proceedings within its competence.
Without prejudice to the proceedings currently underway or that have been referred to the competent judicial authorities, SINAC fully retains its oversight (fiscalización), monitoring, control, and technical support powers with respect to the Playa Negra–Río Carbón wetland (humedal) ecosystem, within the framework of the competencies conferred upon it by the Ley Forestal, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, and other applicable regulations.
Finally, SINAC reiterates its standing willingness to collaborate with the competent administrative and judicial authorities, through participation in field inspections, the issuance of specialized technical opinions (criterios técnicos especializados), and the provision of institutional information formally requested for the clarification of the facts and the effective protection of the natural resources and ecosystems involved.
All of this reflects that, according to what the petitioning party (parte recurrente) has stated, this is not an inter-institutional matter to be resolved by the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, and that, having submitted the present attached official communications (oficios) as evidence and in light of the foregoing, it is requested that the writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) filed by the petitioning party be dismissed (sin lugar), inasmuch as the actions of the represented institution have not constituted a violation of any fundamental right with respect to the alleged facts."
Through this filing, I submit as new and highly relevant documentary evidence the following documents, which demonstrate the persistence of a serious, fragmented, and inadequate institutional omission on the part of SINAC, which heightens the risk of irreparable harm to the wetland (humedal) ecosystem and violates the constitutional rights enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution:
1. CARTA-SINAC-SE-DE-PNH-0027-2026 of June 22, 2026, signed by MSc. Rotney Piedra Chacón, Coordinator of the National Wetlands Program. 2. The undersigned's reply to the aforementioned letter (request for expansion and comprehensive administrative investigation of June 24, 2026). 3. Report on the Characterization and Delimitation of Wetlands in the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre, ZMT) of the Coastal Strip of the Canton of Talamanca, prepared by SINAC in June 2021 (Bach. Oscar Fonseca Rivera and Geographer Francisco Domínguez Barros).
A. On CARTA-SINAC-SE-DE-PNH-0027-2026 (June 22, 2026) The National Wetlands Program acknowledges the complexity of the wetland cases in ACLAC and states that it is working on a joint "roadmap" with ACLAC. However:
• It merely refers to criminal case N° 05-00155-0597-PE of 2005, without providing an updated assessment of the state of the ecosystem. • It expressly declares that it lacks the legal authority (competencias legales) to order, execute, or impose preventive, corrective, or restorative administrative measures at specific sites, transferring all responsibility to ACLAC. • It establishes no concrete timelines or effective coordination actions for the comprehensive protection of the wetland.
This response confirms an omissive and fragmented institutional stance that runs counter to the constitutional duty of effective environmental protection.
B. On the Report on the Characterization and Delimitation of Wetlands (SINAC, June 2021) This official document from SINAC itself, prepared just five years ago, expressly covers the Río Carbón–Puerto Viejo coastal plain and constitutes irrefutable proof of the following:
• The area presents predominantly hydromorphic soils (suelos hidromórficos) (Entisoles, Inceptisoles e Histosoles) with an aquic moisture regime, slow-to-nil drainage, and severe to very severe flood risk. • The dominant vegetation is hydrophilic and characteristic of wetlands: Raphia taedigera (yolillo), Pterocarpus officinalis (sangrillo), araceae, Cyclanthus bipartitus, among other obligate or facultative wetland species. • Multiple human interventions have been documented (constructions, lot subdivisions (lotificaciones), fill operations (rellenos), and works) within or at the edges of areas with wetland characteristics. • The report emphasizes the hydrological fragility of the system: altering one sector affects others, and protection must be carried out under a comprehensive ecosystemic approach (enfoque ecosistémico integral).
This report demonstrates that SINAC had already possessed detailed technical knowledge of the presence, extent, and vulnerability of these wetlands since 2021. It is particularly alarming that, despite having this internal official information, the June 2026 response merely cites a 2005 criminal case file without updating or applying the technical knowledge already generated by the institution.
C. On the undersigned's reply (June 24, 2026) In light of the insufficiency of SINAC's position, a formal request was made for the conduct of a comprehensive, detailed, and exhaustive administrative investigation of the Humedal Río Carbón – Playa Negra as an indivisible ecological unit, to update the 2021 report and to include the current quantification of the impact (in excess of 30-40 hectares of lost integrity), the cumulative impacts, and an action plan with defined timelines.
The submitted evidence establishes the violation of the following constitutional rights and principles:
• Article 50 of the Political Constitution: The right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The State has the duty to protect it in an effective manner, not merely a formal one. • The principles of prevention and precaution, as well as the in dubio pro natura principle. • The duty of promptness and effectiveness of the Public Administration (Articles 15, 16, and 269 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública). • The right to effective judicial protection and the timely safeguarding of fundamental rights (Articles 27, 41, and 48 of the Political Constitution).
SINAC's attitude—acknowledging the complexity of the case while declaring itself incompetent to act directly and referring to a criminal case file more than 21 years old—constitutes a failure to protect (omisión de protección) that places the wetland ecosystem at imminent and irreparable risk, in clear contradiction with the reiterated jurisprudence of this Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) in matters of environmental protection and wetlands." Additionally: "I. OBJECT OF THIS REPLY Through this filing, a reply is submitted to the report rendered by the Executive Directorate of SINAC through CARTA-SINAC-SE-DE-0760-2026 of June 18, 2026, which incorporates and endorses the input report from the Regional Directorate of ACLAC (CARTA-SINAC-ACLAC-DR-0357-2026 of June 17, 2026). The purpose of this reply is to note that the Executive Directorate's report does not refute the facts alleged in the writ of amparo (recurso de amparo), omits any reference to the current state of impact on the wetland, and maintains a position that is insufficient to establish compliance with the constitutional and legal obligations to protect the ecosystem.
The Executive Directorate's report essentially argues that:
• The response from the Coordinator of the National Wetlands Program cannot be characterized as insufficient, because that Program has technical and advisory functions, while execution falls to the Conservation Areas. • Since 2005, criminal case N° 05-001155-0597-PE has been active and administrative actions and investigations have been carried out. • Cartographic information is available in the National Territorial Information System (Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial, SNIT) and in the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) certification updated to the year 2025 (SINAC-ACLAC-DRFVS-PNE-C-014-2025), which incorporated the technical characterization report of June 2021. • There is no obligation to generate new technical products or customized maps upon individual request, pursuant to Article 8 of Ley N° 10554. • Construction permits for areas outside protected wildlife areas and the State Natural Heritage fall under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Talamanca. • SINAC has fulfilled its competencies by receiving complaints, conducting inspections, issuing reports, and filing criminal complaints when appropriate. • The dismissal of the writ of amparo is requested.
3.1. Failure to provide effective protection and the duty arising from Article 50 of the Political Constitution Article 50 of the Political Constitution recognizes the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. This right imposes on the State obligations of active protection, which include the adoption of preventive, control, and restorative measures whenever the impact on a protected ecosystem is established or credibly alleged.
The Executive Directorate's report merely describes actions carried out more than twenty years ago and refers to the existence of a criminal case initiated in 2005. It does not establish that effective measures have been adopted to halt the destruction alleged to be ongoing and accelerating in recent years, nor does it provide information on the current state of the wetland. This failure to take concrete action is incompatible with the duty of protection derived from Article 50 of the Constitution.
3.2. Insufficiency of the reference to the 2005 criminal case in light of conduct of a continuing nature The report highlights criminal case N° 05-001155-0597-PE and mentions other complaints filed in subsequent years. However, the report does not establish that this case has progressed effectively, nor that precautionary or restorative measures have been imposed that prevented the continuation of the alleged conduct. The existence of multiple criminal case files spanning more than two decades, without demonstrated effective resolution or cessation of the impacts, does not establish current protection. The conduct alleged in this amparo proceeding is of a continuing nature. Exclusive reference to an old criminal case does not satisfy the obligation to adopt timely and effective measures for the protection of the ecosystem.
3.3. On the State Natural Heritage certification and the information available in the SNIT The report indicates that the wetland area is included in the State Natural Heritage certification updated to the year 2025 and that cartographic information is available in the SNIT. The State Natural Heritage certification is an act of identification and delimitation. Its issuance does not, in itself, substitute for the obligations of oversight, control, and adoption of material measures to prevent the destruction of the delimited ecosystem. The report does not establish that, following the issuance of that certification or prior to it, concrete control actions were taken that prevented the fill operations, drainage, and construction alleged as current facts. The availability of information in the SNIT constitutes a means of public access. However, when an amparo proceeding specifically requests a technical input to establish the current state of impact and support judicial protective measures, a mere referral to general platforms is insufficient when the institution possesses the underlying information necessary to prepare or provide that input.
3.4. On the obligation to provide technical inputs in the context of the amparo proceeding The report argues that there is no legal obligation to generate new technical products or customized maps upon individual request. In the context of a writ of amparo for the alleged violation of Article 50 of the Political Constitution, the authorities have a duty to cooperate with the constitutional jurisdiction by providing the elements necessary to verify the alleged facts and adopt the appropriate measures. The appellant has repeatedly requested an updated map of the wetland's impact. SINAC prepared in 2021 a technical characterization report that covers the Río Carbón–Puerto Viejo coastal plain and served as the basis for the 2025 State Natural Heritage certification. The refusal to facilitate an updated analysis based on information already available and in the institution's possession hinders the exercise of effective judicial protection.
3.5. On municipal jurisdiction and the protection of areas within the State Natural Heritage and the wetland The report states that construction permits outside protected wildlife areas and the State Natural Heritage fall under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Talamanca. The alleged facts refer to fill operations, drainage, and construction carried out within the wetland area and the State Natural Heritage. When impacts occur within areas subject to special protection, SINAC has jurisdiction to conduct inspections, adopt administrative measures, request the annulment of acts incompatible with the protection of the area, and file the appropriate complaints. The report does not establish that these competencies have been effectively exercised in response to the specific occupations and impacts alleged in the Playa Negra / Río Carbón sector in recent years.
3.6. Inconsistencies between the Executive Directorate's report and ACLAC's input report The Executive Directorate's report substantially reproduces and endorses the arguments in ACLAC's input report. Both documents:
• Emphasize actions taken between 2002 and 2005 and the existence of the 2005 criminal case, without demonstrating effective control over the conduct alleged to be ongoing. • Justify the institutional response on the basis of internal jurisdictional distribution, without assuming comprehensive responsibility for the protection of the ecosystem. • Present the 2025 State Natural Heritage certification as a protective element, without demonstrating that said certification has prevented or halted the impacts alleged to be current. • Fail to address in concrete terms the current state of the wetland, the extent of the alleged impact, or the specific measures adopted in recent years for its protection.
These commonalities between both reports make clear that the Executive Directorate's position contributes no new elements that would refute the allegations of the writ of amparo." "By means of this filing, and pursuant to Articles 1, 2, 27, 30, 48, and 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as Articles 2, 9, 15, 29, 30, 48, and 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, I hereby submit as additional documentary evidence Inspection Report SINAC-SE-GASP-005, dated January 13, 2009, prepared by Biologist Juan Sánchez Ramírez, then Coordinator of the National Program for Wetlands and the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone of the Protected Wildlife Areas Division of SINAC.
This report constitutes a piece of evidence of high technical and legal value, for the following reasons:
First. It is an official State document, prepared by the institution with jurisdiction over the conservation of wetlands and protected wildlife areas. It documents, in detail and with field-based technical support, the existence of serious and systematic environmental damage in the Playa Negra sector and surrounding areas near Río Carbón, within and in the vicinity of the Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge (REGAMA). Among the documented damages are: felling of wetland vegetation (including yolillo), drainage and filling of wetlands, illegal construction in the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone, encroachment upon public watercourse buffer zones (áreas de protección de cauces públicos), and land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in forest and wetland areas.
Second. The report demonstrates that, as early as 2008, the competent authorities—including the Environmental Prosecutor's Office (Fiscalía Ambiental)—had institutional knowledge of these impacts, as reference is made to prior complaints that had received no effective response. This establishes a historical pattern of State omission in the protection of this ecosystem, which persists to the present day.
Third. The technical findings contained in this document are directly relevant to establishing the persistence, severity, and continuity of the environmental impacts alleged in these constitutional proceedings. The situation described in 2008 has not only gone unresolved, but reflects a structural problem affecting a high ecological value ecosystem, including sea turtle nesting areas and wetlands of importance for biodiversity in the southern Caribbean.
Fourth. This report reinforces the need for the Sala Constitucional to adopt effective protective measures to prevent the continuation of environmental damage that, by its nature, may become irreversible. This, in accordance with the powers conferred on this Chamber by Article 48 of the Political Constitution and Articles 29, 30, and 48 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which authorize the Constitutional Tribunal to issue, at any stage of the proceedings, the measures necessary to protect threatened or violated fundamental rights, including those aimed at safeguarding the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully request that the Sala Constitucional:
1. Accept this additional documentary evidence and order its incorporation into case file N° 26-016746-0007-CO. 2. Assess the content of Report SINAC-SE-GASP-005 as evidence of the existence of serious, persistent environmental damage that has been within institutional knowledge for more than fifteen years. 3. Adopt, in accordance with its constitutional powers, the measures necessary to guarantee effective protection of the Playa Negra wetland and the Río Carbón ecosystem, including, if appropriate, the issuance of constitutional or precautionary protective measures." "By means of this filing, and pursuant to Articles 1, 2, 27, 30, 48, and 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as Articles 2, 9, 15, 29, 30, 48, and 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, I hereby submit as additional documentary evidence the following official technical reports:
1. Report SINAC-SE-GASP-165-05 dated July 13, 2005, prepared by Biologist Juan Sánchez Ramírez. 2. Report SINAC-SE-GASP-005 dated January 13, 2009, prepared by Biologist Juan Sánchez Ramírez. 3. Report TAA-DT-272-2024 dated August 27, 2024, and official communication O-906-2024-TAA of October 22, 2024. 4. Report TAA-DT-333-2024 dated October 9, 2024.
These documents, taken together, constitute evidence of high technical and legal value, for the following reasons:
First. Since 2005, the Costa Rican State, through SINAC, had detailed technical knowledge of the existence, extent, and ecological value of the Playa Negra wetland (then referred to as Humedal Río Carbón). Report SINAC-SE-GASP-165-05 already documented:
• The presence of an interconnected complex of wetlands (yolillo wetland, flooded forest, and the Carbón, Hotel, and Hone rivers). • The existence of a coastal forest functioning as a buffer zone and ecotone (ecotono). • Evidence of human interventions, including fill operations for construction and the cutting and burning of yolillo. • The importance of the site as a nesting area for four species of sea turtles (Baula, Carey, Verde, and Cabezona), making it one of the most significant in the southern Caribbean. • Pressure from a neighboring banana plantation through agrochemical spraying. • The express recommendation not to grant concessions or develop infrastructure in the area due to its fragility and the narrowness of the available strip.
Second. Report SINAC-SE-GASP-005 of 2009 confirmed and updated the findings of 2005, documenting additional damage such as wetland drainage, illegal construction in the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone, and the failure of authorities to follow up on prior complaints. This demonstrates that, by 2009, the State had repeated knowledge of the problem without effective protective measures being adopted.
Third. The reports from the Administrative Environmental Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo) of 2024 (TAA-DT-272-2024 and TAA-DT-333-2024) demonstrate that the environmental damage persists and has worsened after nearly twenty years. These reports establish:
• The existence of more than one hundred registered parcels within or overlapping the probable boundaries of the wetland. • The insufficiency of the official delimitation of the National Wetland Registry (Registro Nacional de Humedales, RNH), which understates the actual extent of the ecosystem. • The construction of roads with rubble within the wetland, burning of yolillo, structures operating despite municipal closure orders (sellos de clausura municipal), and progressive loss of vegetation cover between 2005 and 2023, based on orthophoto and satellite imagery analysis. • The express request for urgent precautionary measures and for the correct delimitation of the wetland by ACLAC and SINAC.
Fourth. The continuity of the same technician (Juan Sánchez Ramírez) preparing reports from 2005 through 2024, and the persistence of the same problems over more than two decades, establishes a clear pattern of institutional knowledge and prolonged State omission in fulfilling its constitutional duty to protect the environment (Article 50 of the Political Constitution). This situation has allowed a high ecological value ecosystem—including critical habitat for endangered sea turtles—to suffer continuous and potentially irreversible deterioration.
Fifth. The submitted reports powerfully reinforce the need for the Sala Constitucional to adopt effective and urgent protective measures, including the technical delimitation of the Playa Negra wetland and the suspension of activities affecting it. This, in accordance with the powers conferred on this Chamber by Article 48 of the Political Constitution and Articles 29, 30, and 48 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which expressly authorize the Constitutional Tribunal to issue, at any stage of the proceedings, the measures necessary to protect threatened or violated fundamental rights.
Sixth. Given the magnitude, technical complexity, and temporal persistence of the environmental damage established in the submitted reports, it is highly pertinent and necessary for the Department of Forensic Sciences (Departamento de Ciencias Forenses) of the Judicial Investigation Agency (Organismo de Investigación Judicial, OIJ) to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the damage caused to the Playa Negra wetland. This assessment must include the technical quantification of the ecological damage, the determination of the necessary restoration measures, and the technical supervision of their implementation. The involvement of the OIJ's Department of Forensic Sciences would contribute independent scientific rigor, technical objectivity, and greater probative weight to the protective measures that the Sala Constitucional may eventually order, ensuring that ecosystem restoration is carried out on the basis of specialized scientific criteria and under specialized institutional supervision.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully request that the Sala Constitucional:
1. Accept these additional documentary evidence submissions and order their incorporation into case file N° 26-016746-0007-CO. 2. Assess the set of technical reports (2005, 2009, and 2024) as evidence of institutional knowledge, the persistence, and the worsening of serious environmental damage in the Playa Negra wetland over more than twenty years. 3. Adopt, in accordance with its constitutional powers, the measures necessary to guarantee effective protection of the Playa Negra wetland and the Río Carbón ecosystem, including, if appropriate:
• The issuance of constitutional or precautionary protective measures. • Ordering the technical and precise delimitation of the Playa Negra wetland by the competent authorities. • Requesting that the OIJ's Department of Forensic Sciences carry out a comprehensive assessment of the environmental damage caused, determine the necessary restoration measures, and technically supervise their implementation." "By means of this filing, and pursuant to Articles 1, 2, 27, 30, 48, and 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as Articles 2, 9, 15, 29, 30, 48, and 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, I hereby submit as additional documentary evidence official communication O-906-2024-TAA dated October 22, 2024, signed by Biologist Juan Sánchez Ramírez of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, together with Inspection Report TAA-DT-272-2024 dated August 27, 2024.
This document constitutes a piece of evidence of high technical, legal, and current relevance, for the following reasons:
First. It is a recent official document, prepared by the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, a State body with technical and legal jurisdiction in environmental matters. It documents, in detail and with field-based technical support (including soil sampling demonstrating gleization (gleyzación) and hydromorphism (hidromorfismo), GPS georeferencing (georreferenciación), photographs, and cadastral analysis), the existence of serious and current environmental damage in the Playa Negra sector, specifically on land associated with the property represented by cadastral plan N° 7-495915-1998 and areas adjacent to Río Carbón. The damage documented in the August 2024 inspection includes:
• Drainage and filling of wetlands through roads built with rubble. • Cutting and burning of wetland vegetation, including yolillo. • Presence of constructions and lot subdivisions within the wetland ecosystem. • Structures operating despite municipal closure orders. • Encroachment upon and impact to watercourse buffer zones.
Second. The report establishes that the environmental damage persists and continues to occur at the present time. The inspection was conducted on August 14, 2024. This demonstrates that the impact on the Playa Negra wetland is not an isolated historical event but a current, continuous, and ongoing problem, notwithstanding the complaints and technical reports that have existed for more than fifteen years (including Report SINAC-SE-GASP-005 of 2009).
Third. The Administrative Environmental Tribunal, in the exercise of its institutional functions, has formally requested that the Agrarian-Environmental Prosecutor's Office (Fiscalía Agrario Ambiental) open an investigation case file and has, in an express and reasoned manner, requested the adoption of urgent precautionary measures, which include:
• Immediate suspension of works and activities. • Removal of fill operations, drainage works, constructions, and bridges within the wetland. • Warnings to the Municipality of Talamanca and to SETENA that no permits or environmental viability approvals be granted in the area. • Correct delimitation of the wetland by ACLAC and SINAC, in accordance with the recommendations chapter of the technical report.
This institutional request for precautionary measures and wetland delimitation reinforces the gravity of the situation and the urgency of effective intervention by the authorities.
Fourth. The report also highlights structural land-use planning (ordenamiento territorial) problems, such as cadastral overlaps, parcels registered within wetland areas, and the existence of constructions operating outside the bounds of legality. All of this constitutes a scenario of serious environmental deterioration and persistent State omission in fulfilling its constitutional duty to protect the environment, enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution.
Fifth. This document, given its recent date (2024) and its origin from a specialized technical body such as the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, powerfully reinforces the need for the Sala Constitucional to adopt effective protective measures to prevent the continuation of environmental damage that, by its nature, may become irreversible. This, in accordance with the powers conferred on this Chamber by Article 48 of the Political Constitution, which guarantees the right to the writ of amparo for the protection of fundamental rights, and Articles 29, 30, and 48 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which expressly authorize the Constitutional Tribunal to issue, at any stage of the proceedings and even on its own motion, the precautionary or protective measures necessary to safeguard threatened or violated fundamental rights, including the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully request that the Sala Constitucional:
1. Accept this additional documentary evidence and order its incorporation into case file N° 26-016746-0007-CO. 2. Assess the content of official communication O-906-2024-TAA and Report TAA-DT-272-2024 as evidence of the existence of serious, current, and persistent environmental damage in the Playa Negra wetland. 3. Adopt, in accordance with its constitutional powers, the measures necessary to guarantee effective protection of the Playa Negra wetland and the Río Carbón ecosystem, including, if appropriate: a) The issuance of constitutional or precautionary protective measures. b) Ordering the correct and technical delimitation of the Playa Negra wetland by ACLAC and SINAC, in accordance with the precautionary principle and the in dubio pro natura principle." "I. OBJECT OF THIS BRIEF This brief is intended to incorporate and explain, in a meticulous, detailed, and technically rigorous manner, the content, scope, methodology, factual findings, and constitutional-legal relevance of the technical-scientific report entitled "Evaluación Preliminar del Brazo Este del Estero de Hone Creek Afuera del Parque Nacional Cahuita (Humedal Entre La Barra y El Hotel Perla Negra)" [Preliminary Assessment of the Eastern Branch of the Hone Creek Estuary Outside Parque Nacional Cahuita (Wetland Between La Barra and Hotel Perla Negra)], prepared by wetland expert Michael J. Barry (Naples, Florida, United States of America), dated October 8, 2003.
This report constitutes documentary evidence of high probative value that establishes the existence, extent, ecological characteristics, hydrological fragility, and the illegal disturbances already present in the wetland subject to protection in this case file. I respectfully request that it be incorporated as evidence for better adjudication (prueba para mejor resolver) or as new evidence in accordance with the Political Constitution, the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (N° 7135), and the reiterated jurisprudence of this Chamber in environmental matters.
The report was prepared by Michael J. Barry, a professional with more than 13 years of specialized experience in wetlands of southern Florida.
His background includes technical assistance to private landowners and the Florida government in development processes compatible with the protection of wetlands (humedales), as well as direct participation in the restoration of the western shore of the Everglades swamp following the failure of a massive development project in the 1970s (more than 300 km of roads and 50 km of canals and ditches) that caused severe and costly damage, now borne by American taxpayers. The author first visited the site in 1991 and conducted intensive fieldwork between August 1999 and December 2000, with follow-up visits in July 2002 and July 2003. His motivation was strictly technical and conservation-oriented: faced with the development interest detected in the area, he contributed plant lists, maps, and observations grounded in his expertise to protect the wetland, the coral reef, and the quality of life of the Atlantic coast. The report is preliminary due to the technical limitations of the time, but the author presents it with full scientific honesty.
The work included systematic walks from the beach toward the interior, exploration from behind the wetland (between the Hotel stream and the Río Hone), use of a kayak in the center of the estero, nocturnal visits, and detailed recording of dominant species. Unknown plants were collected and identified using keys and specialized literature (Holdridge & Poveda 1975, Nombre04 1978, Nombre05 1983, Sánchez 1983, Nombre06 et al. 2000, Henderson et al. 1995, among others). Wetland delineation was carried out primarily through plant communities indicative of ecological zones, supplemented by hydrological observations (permanent or seasonal flooding, soils with high organic content). Central use was made of the national wetland species list of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Reed et al. 1988), an international standard that assigns probability rankings: OBL (obligate — occurring almost exclusively in wetlands) and FACW (facultative wet — more frequent in wetlands).
For species not included in that list, their wetland affinity was verified through regional sources. Cartography was produced using the official Costa Rican topographic map, a 1995 LANDSAT image, and aerial photographs from 1976 and 1992 (rectified), digitized in ArcView. The author acknowledges limitations of access and image resolution at the time and recommends updating with GPS and a land surveyor, but expresses high confidence in the eastern and beach-side boundaries. This methodology is objective, reproducible, and aligned with international scientific standards for wetland delineation applicable under the RAMSAR Convention and Costa Rican legislation.
The report delineates the eastern arm of the estero of the Río Hone (outside Parque Nacional Cahuita) at approximately 89 hectares, in the shape of a triangle with its base at the Río Hone and its vertex at the eastern end of the old pasture (Nombre07 family). Hydrologically and ecologically it is inseparable from the western arm protected within the Park: any alteration on one side affects the other, especially if it involves drainage. Although the report dates from October 2003 — more than twenty-two years ago — its value as an original scientific baseline remains an obligatory reference as of June 2026. At that time, an approximate area of 89 hectares of affected wetland was established with technical precision, a figure that represents the concrete magnitude of the legal interest under persistent threat. This area, measured in 2003, constitutes the indispensable starting point for any current assessment of cumulative impacts.
Three main zones are identified (see Figure 2 of the report):
1. Mud Flat / Deepest Zone (~21.5 ha) Flooded year-round (except edges during extreme droughts). Soft, deep mud with high organic content. Dominants: German grass (Echinochloa polystachya), caña brava (Gynerium sagittatum), pará grass, swamp rice, yolillo palm (Raphia taedigera) on edges. Others: Nombre08 (Annona glabra), sotacaballo (Zygia latifolia), Nombre09 (Pterocarpus officinalis), cativo, huesillo, leather fern (Acrostichum aureum). Nombre10 1988 rankings: Majority OBL and FACW. Fauna: Jacanas, herons, cormorants, possible caiman/crocodile.
2. Nombre09 Zone (the most extensive, ~51 ha) Flooded at least 6 months per year. Dominants: Nombre09 (Pterocarpus officinalis) and yolillo (Raphia taedigera); coquito (Elaeis oleifera) on edges. Abundant understory of aroids (Homalomena wendlandii), peace lily, and ox-tongue. In the old pasture at the eastern end, remnants of sangrillo, coquito, and yolillo persist, confirming its original wetland character, even though German grass now dominates. Reed rankings: Majority OBL and FACW. Fauna: Howler monkeys, iguanas, boa constrictors, basilisk lizards, high diversity of frogs.
3. Intermediate / Transitional Zone (~16 ha) Flooded 0 to 6 months. Transitional strip. Dominants: Nombre09 at the edge + tall forest trees (guácimo colorado, guarumo, higuerón). Presence of white ginger lily (Hedychium coronarium — invasive). Reed rankings: Mix of FACW and OBL.
Coastal buffer zones (mostly within the 50 meters of the maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo-terrestre, ZMT)): Sand forest with sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), beach almond, majagua, and cañagria ginger (Costus woodsonii — a regional endemic deserving conservation). Typical Caribbean beach with railroad vine and shrubs protected by maritime law.
Documented disturbances with clear causal nexus (evidence of extreme severity):
• Old pastures: The one at the eastern end was cleared before 1976 over a sangrillo/coquito/yolillo zone. Today dominated by grasses but still flooded most of the year; no ditches or fill. Hydrology intact and recoverable.
• Dam, ditch, and illegal fill near the sandbar (the most serious): A foreign national built small houses within the 50-meter ZMT, cut trees (weakening the sand buffer), filled with beach sand using a tractor without a permit from MINAE or the municipality, and constructed a dam and a ditch perpendicular from the house to the center of the mud flat where the Hotel stream enters. The author interviewed the owner in 2000, warned him of the risks, and suggested corrective measures; the owner refused. The author reported to the MINAE office in Cahuita that the works appeared illegal. Measurable effect in December 2002: Following heavy rains, storms, and high tides, water from the eastern wetland and the Hotel stream exited directly to the sea at two new locations on the beach — an event that had never occurred in the previous 50 years according to local memory and evidence from ancient vegetation. This proves direct causality between the dam and tree removal and the rupture of the natural buffer. It demonstrates the extreme fragility of the system.
• Upstream banana plantation: Ditches and river controls altered the hydrology (less water during the dry season, larger pulses during the rainy season), eliminated the natural filter of the floodplain, and increased nutrients, sediments, and chemicals flowing toward the estero and the reefs. The wetland described in this report is the last filter before the sea.
Technical recommendations of the expert (current and urgent): Leave the wetland and the forested sand strip completely undeveloped. Remove the dam and illegal fill. Stop deforestation and improvements in the sand buffer. Prevent direct drainage to the sea. The land farther inland (next to the interior road) could be more sustainable, subject to a prior hydrological study.
V.EVIDENTIARY VALUE, ANALYSIS OF THE RAMSAR CONVENTION, CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCE, THE ROLE OF SINAC, AND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF WETLAND RESTORATION
This report objectively certifies:
1. That the area of ~89 hectares constitutes a wetland according to international scientific standards (many OBL and FACW species per Nombre10 1988) and national standards. 2. The existence of illegal disturbances already carried out, with measurable environmental damage and proven causality (the 2002 dam and its effects). 3. The hydrological indivisibility of the system: any alteration here directly threatens Parque Nacional Cahuita, the reefs, and the fisheries. 4. The appropriate technical measures for protection and restoration.
Specific analysis of the Ramsar Convention and designations in Costa Rica Costa Rica ratified the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention, Iran, 1971) through Ley N° 7224. It currently has twelve internationally designated sites covering approximately 11% of the national territory. Among these, in the province of Limón and the South Caribbean, the following stand out: the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo (designated on 11 December 1995), the Humedal Caribe Noreste (designated on 20 March 1996), and the Turberas de Talamanca (designated on 2 February 2003, with portions in Limón).
Although the specific wetland of Playa Negra (Eastern Arm of the Hone Creek Estero, ~89 hectares) does not appear as an individually designated Ramsar site, the principles of the Convention are directly and bindingly applicable because it forms part of a continuous and indivisible hydrological and ecological system with the western arm protected within Parque Nacional Cahuita and with the broader network of Costa Rican Caribbean wetlands, including connections with nearby Ramsar sites such as Gandoca-Manzanillo. The Convention obligates conservation and the wise use of wetlands (Articles 3 and 4), with wise use understood as that which allows benefits to be obtained for humanity while maintaining natural ecological characteristics. Any alteration of the hydrology (dam, ditch) or of the plant communities indicative of wetland violates these international principles and the duty not to degrade the ecological character of the system.
Constitutional jurisprudence on wetlands and environmental protection The Sala Constitucional has developed consolidated and robust jurisprudence around Article 50 of the Constitución Política, recognizing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment as a fundamental right of collective scope. In repeated rulings (including N° 2006-17126 and subsequent developments), the Sala has derived from Article 50 the principles of prevention, precaution (linked to Article 15 of the Rio Declaration), environmental non-regression, in dubio pro natura, and objectification of environmental protection (requiring sufficient, individualized, and prior technical and scientific studies). Recently, in cases such as ruling N° 2026-14917 (related to the Tempisque basin and associated wetlands), the Sala emphasized the need for integrated inter-institutional assessments that consider cumulative impacts, the ecological connectivity of wetlands, and the interaction between authorized and illegal interventions.
Violations of Article 50 have been declared for omissions in protection, incomplete studies, or lack of effective restoration measures. The jurisprudence also expressly links these principles to the Ramsar Convention (Ley N° 7224), the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (N° 7554), and the Ley de Biodiversidad (N° 7788), requiring the State not only to refrain from degrading, but to adopt active conservation and restoration measures when disturbances are documented.
Role of SINAC and prolonged omission The Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) bears primary responsibility, as the technical-scientific body of MINAE, for the protection, management, and restoration of wetlands and protected wild areas, including oversight and removal of illegal works that alter hydrology. The persistence — more than two decades after the observations in the 2003 report and the complaint filed with the MINAE office in Cahuita in the year 2000 — of the dam, the ditch, and the illegal fill, without any effective hydrological restoration measures having been adopted, constitutes a prolonged omission by SINAC that has permitted regressive effects on the ecological characteristics of the approximately 89-hectare wetland. This reality makes a comprehensive updated assessment of the land imperative.
Technical analysis by a wetland restoration expert From the perspective of ecological wetland restoration (a discipline consolidated globally and with direct lessons from the Everglades case mentioned by the report's own author), the absolute priority is hydrological restoration. The immediate removal of the dam and the perpendicular ditch would allow the natural sheet flow toward the Río Hone estero to be reestablished, recovering the original hydroperiod (permanent flooding in the mud flat, seasonal flooding in the Nombre09 and intermediate zones) that sustains the obligate (OBL) and facultative wet (FACW) indicator species documented in Tables 1-3. Once hydrology is restored, vegetation recovery can be largely passive through the natural recolonization of yolillo (Raphia taedigera), Nombre09 (Pterocarpus officinalis), and coquito (Elaeis oleifera), supplemented by active planting of local propagules in more degraded sectors. Monitoring must include permanent vegetation transects, continuous measurement of water levels and quality, and assessment of organic soils.
Cumulative impacts over the more than 22 years elapsed since the 2003 baseline include the probable reduction in cover of obligate wetland species, alteration of the flooding regime, increased nutrient and sediment loads on the Cahuita reefs, and weakening of the forested sand buffer. These regressive effects, tolerated through SINAC's failure to act effectively, can only be quantified precisely through the comprehensive land assessment requested, combining the original 89-hectare extent with the current state of hydrology, biodiversity, and ecological functionality. International experience (including Everglades restoration) demonstrates that delaying hydrological correction exponentially multiplies costs and reduces the probability of successful recovery. Acting now, on the basis of the 2003 technical report updated through a comprehensive assessment, is the only scientifically sound and legally enforceable pathway to reverse the regression and comply with the principles of Ramsar and Costa Rican constitutional jurisprudence." "In compliance with the ruling of the Sala Constitucional in the processing of the present amparo (constitutional protection) proceeding, and in the exercise of the right of petition and access to information enshrined in Articles 27 and 30 of the Constitución Política, the undersigned requested from the Municipalidad de Talamanca the list of land-use permits (permisos de uso de suelo) granted in the sectors of Playa Negra and Río Carbón during the last ten years.
In response, through official communication SCMT-151-2026 of 25 June 2026 (received in response to official communication MLV-00228-2026 and noted by the Concejo Municipal at ordinary session 112 of 18 June 2026), the Secretaría del Concejo Municipal transmitted an extensive list detailing more than forty land-use permits in the ZMT of the aforementioned sectors. The approvals are concentrated mainly in 2016 (with a notable cluster in March) and continue on a sustained basis through 2026, including multiple "plan updates." It should be noted that the municipality transferred to the Alcaldía the request for construction permits (official communication SCMT-INT-107-2026), so the list provided refers specifically to land-use permits.
The municipal document reveals a systematic and sustained pattern of granting land-use permits in an area of high ecological sensitivity:
• Temporal concentration: A notable accumulation of approvals in March 2016 (at least eight permits on closely spaced dates), with continuous grants in subsequent years (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, and 2026).
• Geographical scope: The vast majority of the permits are located specifically in Playa Negra de Puerto Viejo and sectors adjacent to Río Carbón, the area subject to protection in this amparo proceeding for constituting a wetland of ecological importance.
• Nature of the acts: Land-use permits in the ZMT (public domain in accordance with Ley N° 6043), many with "plan updates," evidencing processes of development or consolidation of pre-existing occupations.
• Volume: More than forty individual authorizations over a ten-year period in a limited and fragile space, with no evidence in the municipal list of cumulative impact assessments or specific considerations regarding the integrity of the wetland.
This pattern constitutes objective documentary evidence of continuous and persistent development pressure on the ecosystem that the present amparo proceeding seeks to protect.
A. Constitución Política and the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional Article 50 of the Constitución Política recognizes the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, imposing on the State the duty to guarantee, defend, and preserve it. The Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (Ley N° 7135), in its Articles 1, 2, and 4, establishes that the amparo proceeding is available to protect fundamental rights and freedoms, including the right to a healthy environment. This Sala has developed consolidated jurisprudence according to which, when there is a threat or violation of this right with a risk of irreparable or difficult-to-repair harm, the immediate adoption of precautionary measures is warranted. The evidence presented demonstrates that the situation is neither static nor merely historical: the continuous granting of more than forty land-use permits through the year 2026 constitutes a current, imminent, and persistent risk of harm to the wetland, making the intervention of this Sala imperative to order effective precautionary measures, in accordance with the principle of effective judicial protection that informs the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
B. Environmental Law — Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554 and Governing Principles • Article 2: The environment is the common heritage of the Nation, and its conservation is a matter of public utility and social interest. • Article 17: Any activity that alters or destroys elements of the environment requires a prior environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental), with indispensable approval before works may begin. • Principles of prevention, precaution, and in dubio pro natura: When there are reasonable indications of environmental harm, protective measures must be adopted without awaiting absolute scientific certainty.
The list provided demonstrates that more than forty permits have been granted in a wetland ecosystem without any cumulative impact assessment being on record. This omission is particularly serious because wetlands are highly sensitive ecosystems with slow recovery rates.
C. Foreseeable Environmental Impacts on the Wetland Ecosystem The quantity and continuity of land-use permits in the ZMT of Playa Negra and Río Carbón give rise to a set of environmental impacts that, by virtue of their cumulative and synergistic nature, may be causing progressive and potentially irreversible degradation of the wetland:
• Alteration of the hydrological regime: Construction and earthworks (movimientos de tierra) modify natural drainage patterns, infiltration, and water flow, reducing the wetland's capacity to regulate flooding and maintain its function as a natural sponge.
• Loss and fragmentation of habitat: Each new permit reduces the surface area of native vegetation and wetland, fragmenting biological corridors and affecting the fauna and flora characteristic of these ecosystems.
• Increased sedimentation and pollution: Works generate sediment runoff and, if the buildings lack adequate wastewater treatment systems, contamination by nutrients and pathogens occurs, altering water quality and favoring eutrophication processes.
• Reduction of ecosystem services: Wetlands provide water purification, carbon capture, coastal protection, and biodiversity support. The accumulation of permits progressively weakens these services and increases the area's vulnerability to climate change.
• Regressive effect: The sustained granting of permits in an area under constitutional and legal protection constitutes a regressive action that contravenes the principle of non-regression in environmental matters. Instead of advancing toward greater protection of the wetland, a process of occupation and transformation is being allowed that makes future recovery difficult — and in many cases impossible.
These impacts derive directly from the volume and continuity of the documented authorizations and are aggravated by the condition of a coastal wetland, an ecosystem internationally recognized for its high ecological value and fragility (Ramsar Convention, Ley N° 7224).
D. Urgency of Precautionary Measures The Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional empowers this Sala to order precautionary measures when there is imminent danger of irreparable or difficult-to-repair harm to a fundamental right. The present case clearly meets this requirement:
• The wetland is already in a situation of extreme severity. • Authorizations continue through 2026, demonstrating that the threat is current and persistent. • The described impacts are cumulative and, once materialized, their reversal is technically complex, costly, and in many cases impossible within reasonable timeframes. • The principle in dubio pro natura requires tipping the balance in favor of ecosystem protection.
Therefore, it is imperative that this Sala order urgent precautionary measures to halt the advance of the degradation while the merits of the amparo proceeding are resolved."
Drafted by Justice Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
I.Subject of the writ (recurso). The petitioner (recurrente) alleges judicial delay (mora judicial) in case file (expediente) 05-001155-0597-PE, concerning alleged damage to the río Carbón-Playa Negra wetland (humedal). The petitioner states that trucks enter on a daily basis to dump rubble and fill material. The petitioner considers SINAC's response to be insufficient.
II.Proven facts. The following facts are deemed duly established as relevant to the decision in this matter, either because they have been substantiated or because the respondent failed to address them, as required by the initial order:
III.On the specific case. In the sub examine, the petitioner alleges judicial delay in case file 05-001155-0597-PE, concerning alleged damage to the río Carbón-Playa Negra wetland. The petitioner states that trucks enter on a daily basis to dump rubble and fill. The petitioner considers SINAC's response to be insufficient.
With regard to the judicial delay, the Court found it proven that, in case file 05-001155-0597-PE, a criminal case is being prosecuted against Nombre02, a Canadian national, for the offenses of Illegal Construction in the Maritime Terrestrial Zone, Invasion of Protection Areas, and Wetland Drainage, in Limón, Talamanca, Cahuita, Puerto Viejo, Playa Negra. That case file is currently before the Tribunal de Juicio de Limón, sede Bribri. By order issued at 11:20 hours on August 1, 2024, that court declared the defendant a fugitive and ordered his arrest.
With respect to claims related to judicial delay in criminal proceedings, the Court has stated:
"II.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. In the present matter, this Court has held that, in criminal matters, and pursuant to article 174 of the Código Procesal Penal, if a delay has occurred in the processing of any matter, appeal, or motion, the interested party may file an expedited processing request (pronto despacho) and, if no response is received within the legally established time limit, file the corresponding complaint before the Inspección Judicial, the Inspección Fiscal, or the Corte Plena, as applicable. In this case, the petitioner does not even mention having filed such a motion, and must therefore—if so desired—file the corresponding pronto despacho, so that the competent criminal authorities may take whatever action the law requires. Accordingly, the writ is inadmissible and is so declared." (Judgment No. 2025008180 of 9:20 hours of March 14, 2025.)
That standard applies to the sub lite, and the interested party may therefore pursue the appropriate channels. In any event, the Court notes that the defendant in those proceedings is currently a fugitive with an outstanding arrest warrant, which prevents the case from advancing promptly. For the reasons stated, this ground of the writ is denied.
IV.Regarding the alleged environmental damage to the Playa Negra wetland, this Court finds that the petitioner currently has another proceeding pending that is related to that matter. Indeed, by the order of course issued at 7:41 hours on October 9, 2025, this Court admitted amparo (constitutional protection writ) 25-027587-0007-CO, filed by the petitioner. In that order, the Court stated:
"…the facts alleged by the petitioner, in summary: that the Playa Negra wetland, located in Puerto Viejo, Talamanca, forms part of the río Carbón watershed, bordering the Parque Nacional Cahuita. This ecosystem, described in the 'Preliminary Assessment of the Eastern Branch of the Hone Creek Estero Outside the Parque Nacional Cahuita (Wetland Between La Barra and El Hotel Perla Negra)' and in official memorandum SINAC-SE-GASP-165-2005 (July 13, 2005), harbors protected biodiversity, including endangered species such as sea turtles (Leatherback, Hawksbill, Green, and Loggerhead), monkeys, crocodiles, otters, and migratory birds. Furthermore, it performs critical hydrological regulation functions and is a key nesting site for sea turtles, according to biologist Didiher Chacón of the Asociación ANAI. The petitioner notes that since October 28, 2005, the Comité Local Forestal de Talamanca (CLFT), coordinated by Engineer Gustavo Alvarado Salazar, documented illegal activities on the property of Mr.
Pool Pavel Jareslav in Playa Negra, including wetland drainage, filling with hundreds of truckloads (vagonetas) of sand and gravel fill (lastre), unauthorized construction, tree felling (corta de árboles), and obstruction of the public zone (zona pública) (official memorandum SINAC-SE-GASP-165-2005). These activities, carried out with heavy machinery, including equipment from the Municipalidad de Talamanca, have persisted for more than 20 years without effective restoration, as confirmed by criminal case 24-00377-0597-PE, pending since 2004. The petitioner states that on August 9, 2025, the petitioner submitted to the respondent authority official memorandum AEL-0313-2025, requesting a follow-up report and a full copy of report SINAC-ACLAC-DASP-RNVSGM136-2024 (March 26, 2024), concerning the drainage and filling of the wetland allegedly by the Municipalidad de Talamanca. In response, Attorney Maylin Mora Arias forwarded official memoranda CARTA-SINAC-ACLAC-DASP-RNVSGM-421-2025 and CARTA-SINAC-ACLAC-DASP-RNVSGM-416-2025 (August 26, 2025), which confirm the expansion of the complaint and the additional deposit of gravel fill, but limit SINAC's action to halting activities and referring the matter to the Ministerio Público, without adopting immediate precautionary measures (medidas precautorias) or corrective measures.
The petitioner adds that official memorandum CARTA-SINAC-ACLAC-DASP-RNVSGM-416-2025 and the images dated August 26, 2025 evidence the extent of the gravel fill operation, aggravating the damage to the wetland. Report SINAC-SE-GASP-165-2005 details the presence of wetland indicator plants (yolillo, majagua, araceae), muddy soils, and threatened fauna, as well as human intervention through fill operations (rellenos) and drainage that have altered the natural conditions of the ecosystem. The absence of an updated characterization and delineation of the wetland, despite the 2004 and 2005 background, perpetuates the risk of irreversible damage. The petitioner indicates that criminal case 24-00377-0597-PE, pending since 2004, has not achieved the restoration of the wetland, and SINAC's actions have been limited to reports without effective measures. The petitioner emphasizes that the respondent authority has failed to adopt immediate precautionary and corrective measures to protect and restore the Playa Negra wetland, Puerto Viejo, Talamanca, an ecosystem of high ecological value, despite having had indications, evidence, and documented background since 2004, including official memorandum SINAC-SE-GASP-165-2005 and SINAC's recent reports.
This omission violates fundamental rights guaranteed by articles 21, 33, 46, and 50 of the Constitución Política, as well as applicable environmental regulations, including the Ley de Biodiversidad (Ley N° 7788), the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (Ley N° 7554), the Ley Forestal (Ley N° 7575), and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 39838-MINAE on wetland protection." Likewise, the Court notes the similarity of the claims in that proceeding and this one. For example, in case file 25-027587-0007-CO, the petitioner (accionante) requested "…the updated delineation and characterization of the Playa Negra wetland…" and the "…suspension of any drainage or filling activity in the wetland and the complete removal of the deposited gravel fill…." In this amparo, the petitioner seeks "…an updated descriptive and georeferenced (georreferenciado) map of the Playa Negra Wetland…" and the "…immediate and complete suspension of all filling, extraction, logging, and urban development activities in the wetland…." Furthermore, in case file 25-027587-0007-CO, the petitioner raises claims regarding the illegal activities on the property of Pavel Jareslav, who is the defendant in the criminal case file for whose delay the petitioner complains here.
Accordingly, in the interest of judicial economy (economía procesal) and to avoid contradictory rulings, this case file is ordered archived with respect to that claim. The party may present the arguments deemed appropriate in the indicated case file.
Finally, the petitioner is advised that Section 38 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional requires the petitioner to state in the filing "…as clearly as possible, the act or omission giving rise to the writ, the right considered to have been violated or threatened, the name of the public official or body responsible for the threat or grievance, and the supporting evidence…." (Emphasis added.)
In this regard, the Court observes that the petitioner's filing does not expressly identify the respondent authority and, moreover, contains incomprehensible paragraphs typical of a preliminary draft text (for example: "7. Technical characteristics of the Humedal Río Carbón – Playa Negra [Full text of the technical data sheet as it appeared in the previous version – from 'El humedal objeto de protección…' to '…El Humedal de Playa Negra es un área sumamente vulnerable, extremadamente frágil y por demás hermosa.']"; "9. Structural imprecision and serious deficiencies of the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) with respect to the Natural Heritage of the State [Full text as it appeared in the previous version – from 'La imprecisión crónica…' to the end of point 9.]"; "III. RIGHTS VIOLATED (Kept the same – full text of the original writ)"; "IV. IMPERATIVE NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES (medidas cautelares) (Kept the same – full text of the original writ)"; "V. EVIDENCE (All evidence and relevant details from the original amparo writ are brutally incorporated, strengthened and expanded with technical and evidentiary elements of extreme gravity)").
Moreover, having reviewed the party's multiple filings, and if so desired, the interested party may bring before this Court any grievances deemed appropriate, in which case the party must comply with the legal requirements mentioned, or pursue the administrative or legality channels deemed relevant. In this regard, it is explained that the amparo proceeding, being a summary proceeding (vía sumaria), is incompatible with complex evidentiary activity, as extensive evidentiary debate and exhaustive analysis would undermine the speed and direct protection of fundamental rights.
V.Documentation submitted to the case file. The parties are advised that, should any paper documents, objects, or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device have been submitted, these must be retrieved within a maximum period of 30 business days from the notification of this judgment. All materials not retrieved within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (approved by the Corte Plena in Article XXVI of session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, and published in the Boletín Judicial No. 19 of January 26, 2012) and pursuant to Article LXXXI of Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial session No. 43-12 of May 3, 2012.
Por tanto:
The case file is ordered archived with respect to the alleged environmental damage to the Playa Negra wetland. In all other respects, the writ is denied.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE No. 26-016746-0007-CO Telephone numbers: Telf01/ ALA-4TA (Telf02). Fax: Telf03 / Telf04. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección01, Dirección02, 100 m. south of the Perpetuo Socorro church).
EV Generación de Machote: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH001.dpj SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinticinco minutos del diez de julio de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en el expediente nro. 26-016746-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, contra el SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC) y el MINISTERIO PÚBLICO.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. La parte recurrente acusa mora judicial en el expediente 05-001155-0597-PE, sobre presuntas afectaciones al humedal río Carbón-Playa Negra. Afirma que camiones entras de forma cotidiana a dejar escombros y relleno. Considera que la respuesta del SINAC es insuficiente.
II.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
III.Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub examine, el parte recurrente acusa mora judicial en el expediente 05-001155-0597-PE, sobre presuntas afectaciones al humedal río Carbón-Playa Negra. Afirma que camiones entras de forma cotidiana a dejar escombros y relleno. Considera que la respuesta del SINAC es insuficiente.
En lo que respecta a la mora judicial, la Sala tuvo por probado que, en el el expediente 05-001155-0597-PE se sigue una causa penal en contra de Nombre02, canadiense, por el delito de Construcción Ilegal en la Zona Marítimo Terrestre, Invasión de Áreas de Protección y Drenaje de Humedal, en Limón, Talamanca, Cahuita, Puerto Viejo, Playa Negra. Ese expediente está actualmente ante el Tribunal de Juicio de Limón, sede Bribri. Mediante resolución de las 11:20 horas del 1 de agosto de 2024, ese tribunal declaró rebelde al imputado y ordenó su captura.
Ante reclamo, relacionados con mora judicial en procesos penales, la Sala ha indicado:
“II.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. En la especie, esta Sala ha dicho que, en materia penal, y en aplicación de lo dispuesto en el artículo 174 del Código Procesal Penal, si en la tramitación de algún asunto, recurso o gestión se ha producido algún retardo, la parte interesada puede presentar un pronto despacho y, de no obtener respuesta dentro del plazo legalmente establecido, interponer la respectiva denuncia ante la Inspección Judicial, la Inspección Fiscal o la Corte Plena, según corresponda. En este caso, la parte recurrente ni siquiera menciona que haya planteado dicha gestión, de modo que deberá -si a bien lo tiene- solicitar el pronto despacho respectivo, a fin de que las autoridades penales competentes dispongan lo que en derecho corresponda. En consecuencia, el recurso es inadmisible y así se declara”. (Sentencia nro. 2025008180 de las 9:20 horas del 14 de marzo de 2025).
Ese criterio es aplicable al sub lite, por lo que podrá el interesado acudir a las vías respectivas. En todo caso, la Sala nota que el imputado en ese proceso se encuentra actualmente rebelde y con orden de captura, lo que impide un pronto avance del proceso. Por los motivos expuestos, se declara sin lugar este extremo del recurso.
IV.Atinente a alegado daño ambiental al humedal de playa Negra, este Tribunal determina que el recurrente tiene actualmente otro proceso en trámite, relacionado con ese tema. En efecto, en la resolución de curso de las 7:41 horas del 9 de octubre de 2025, este Tribunal dio trámite al amparo 25-027587-0007-CO, interpuesto por el recurrente. En esa resolución se indicó:
“…los hechos alegados por la parte recurrente, en resumen: que el humedal de Playa Negra, ubicado en Puerto Viejo, Talamanca, forma parte de la cuenca del río Carbón, colindante con el Parque Nacional Cahuita. Este ecosistema, descrito en la “Evaluación Preliminar del Brazo Este del Estero de Hone Creek Afuera del Parque Nacional Cahuita (Humedal Entre La Barra y El Hotel Perla Negra)” y el oficio SINAC-SE-GASP-165-2005 (13 de julio de 2005), alberga biodiversidad protegida, incluyendo especies en peligro como tortugas marinas (Baula, Carey, Verde y Cabezona), monos, cocodrilos, nutrias y aves migratorias. Además, cumple funciones críticas de regulación hidrológica y es un sitio de anidación clave para tortugas marinas, según el biólogo Didiher Chacón de la Asociación ANAI. Señala que desde el 28 de octubre de 2005, el Comité Local Forestal de Talamanca (CLFT), coordinado por el Ing. Gustavo Alvarado Salazar, documentó actividades ilegales en la propiedad del señor Pool Pavel Jareslav en Playa Negra, incluyendo drenaje de humedales, rellenos con cientos de vagonetas de arena y lastre, construcciones sin permiso, corta de árboles y obstrucción de la zona pública (oficio SINAC-SE-GASP-165-2005).
Estas actividades, realizadas con maquinaria pesada, incluyendo equipos de la Municipalidad de Talamanca, han persistido por más de 20 años sin una restauración efectiva, como lo confirma la causa penal 24-00377- 0597-PE, pendiente desde 2004. Afirma que el 9 de agosto de 2025, presentó ante la autoridad recurrida el oficio AEL-0313-2025, mediante el cual solicitó un informe de seguimiento y copia integral del informe SINAC-ACLAC-DASP-RNVSGM136-2024 (26 de marzo de 2024), referente al drenaje y relleno del humedal presuntamente por la Municipalidad de Talamanca. En respuesta, la Licda. Maylin Mora Arias trasladó los oficios CARTA-SINAC-ACLAC-DASP-RNVSGM-421- 2025 y CARTA-SINAC-ACLAC-DASP-RNVSGM-416-2025 (26 de agosto de 2025), que confirman la ampliación de la denuncia y el depósito adicional de lastre, pero limitan la acción del SINAC a la paralización de actividades y la remisión del caso al Ministerio Público, sin adoptar medidas precautorias ni correctivas inmediatas.
Agrega que el oficio CARTA-SINACACLAC-DASPRNVSGM-416-2025 y las imágenes del 26 de agosto de 2025 evidencian la extensión del relleno con lastre, agravando el daño al humedal. El informe SINACSE-GASP-165- 2005 detalla la presencia de plantas indicadoras de humedal (yolillo, majagua, araceas), suelos fangosos y fauna amenazada, así como la intervención humana mediante rellenos y drenajes que han alterado las condiciones naturales del ecosistema. La falta de una caracterización y delimitación actualizada del humedal, a pesar de los antecedentes de 2004 y 2005, perpetúa el riesgo de un daño irreversible. Indica que la causa penal 24- 00377-0597-PE, en trámite desde 2004, no ha logrado la restauración del humedal, y las acciones del SINAC se han limitado a informes sin medidas efectivas. Enfatiza que la autoridad recurrida ha omitido adoptar medidas precautorias y correctivas inmediatas para proteger y restaurar el humedal de Playa Negra, Puerto Viejo, Talamanca, un ecosistema de alto valor ecológico, a pesar de contar con indicios, pruebas y antecedentes documentados desde 2004, incluyendo el oficio SINAC-SE-GASP-165-2005 y los informes recientes del SINAC.
Esta omisión viola derechos fundamentales garantizados por los artículos 21, 33, 46 y 50 de la Constitución Política, así como la normativa ambiental vigente, incluyendo la Ley de Biodiversidad (Ley N° 7788), la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (Ley N° 7554), la Ley Forestal (Ley N° 7575) y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 39838-MINAE sobre protección de humedales”.
Asimismo, la Sala observa la similitud de pretensiones en ese y este proceso. Así, por ejemplo, en el expediente 25-027587-0007-CO, el accionante solicitó “…la delimitación y caracterización actualizada del humedal de Playa Negra…” y la “…suspensión de cualquier actividad de drenaje o relleno en el humedal y el retiro total del lastre depositado…”. Por su parte, en este amparo, el recurrente pretende un “…Mapa descriptivo y georreferenciado actualizado del Humedal de Playa Negra…” y la “…suspensión inmediata y total de toda actividad de relleno, extracción, tala y obras urbanísticas en el humedal…”. Incluso, en el expediente 25-027587-0007-CO reclama por las actividades ilegales en la propiedad de Pavel Jareslav, que es la persona imputada en el expediente penal, cuya mora acusa aquí. En ese tanto, por economía procesal y a los efectos de evitar resoluciones contradictorias, se dispone el archivo de este expediente, en lo que respecta a ese reclamo. Podrá el justiciable plantear los argumentos que estime prudentes en el expediente señalado.
Finalmente, se explica al amparado que el numeral 38 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional exige que el recurrente exprese en su escrito de interposición “…con la mayor claridad posible, el hecho o la omisión que lo motiva, el derecho que se considera violado o amenazado, el nombre del servidor público o del órgano autor de la amenaza o del agravio, y las pruebas de cargo…”. (El subrayado es agregado).
Al respecto, la Sala observa que el escrito de interposición del recurrente no señala expresamente la autoridad recurrida y, además, contiene párrafos incomprensibles, propios de la versión preliminar de un texto (Por ejemplo: “7. Características técnicas del Humedal Río Carbón – Playa Negra [Texto completo de la ficha técnica tal como estaba en la versión anterior – desde “El humedal objeto de protección…” hasta “…El Humedal de Playa Negra es un área sumamente vulnerable, extremadamente frágil y por demás hermosa.”]”; “9. Imprecisión estructural y deficiencias graves del Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) respecto del Patrimonio Natural del Estado [Texto completo tal como estaba en la versión anterior – desde “La imprecisión crónica…” hasta el final del punto 9.]”; “III. DERECHOS VIOLADOS (Se mantiene igual – texto completo del recurso original)”; “IV. IMPERIOSA NECESIDAD DE MEDIDAS CAUTELARES AMBIENTALES (Se mantiene igual – texto completo del recurso original)”; “V. PRUEBAS (Se incorporan brutalmente todas las pruebas y detalles relevantes del recurso de amparo original, fortalecidas y ampliadas con los elementos técnicos y probatorios de extrema gravedad construidos)”).
Además, vistos los múltiples escritos del justiciable y, en caso de que a bien lo tenga, podrá el interesado plantear los agravios que estime ante esta jurisdicción, en cuyo caso deberá cumplir los requisitos de ley mencionados, o en la vía administrativa o de legalidad que estime pertinente. En ese sentido, se explica que el proceso de amparo, por tratarse de una vía sumaria, es incompatible con actividad probatoria compleja, pues un amplio debate probatorio y análisis exhaustivo desnaturaliza la rapidez y protección directa de los derechos fundamentales.
V.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Archívese el expediente en lo que respecta al presunto daño ambiental al humedal de Playa Negra. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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