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Res. 25675-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 10/07/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied the amparo, finding that the petitioners' sector is State Natural Heritage land per SINAC's technical determination, legally and materially preventing water service installation; two justices dissented.La Sala declaró sin lugar el amparo, al determinar que el sector donde habitan las recurrentes es Patrimonio Natural del Estado según criterio técnico del SINAC, lo que imposibilita legal y materialmente la instalación del servicio de agua potable; dos magistrados salvaron el voto.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber denied an amparo filed by a mother on behalf of herself and her two minor daughters against ASADA La Palma Integrada and ICAA, alleging denial of potable water service in the Playa Colibrí community, Puerto Jiménez. The Chamber found that the petitioners' sector falls within Patrimonio Natural del Estado (State Natural Heritage) as certified by SINAC's technical assessment, legally and materially preventing water service installation. The ASADA had completed Phase 1 of a water project, installing seven connections for residents outside the restricted zone; Phase 2 — covering the petitioners' sector — remains suspended due to ongoing criminal and environmental proceedings. The majority referred land tenure and occupancy disputes to ordinary courts rather than the amparo process. Two justices (Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal) dissented, ordering continuation of proceedings to obtain a report from public services regulator ARESEP.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo interpuesto por una madre a favor de sí misma y sus dos hijas menores de edad en contra de la ASADA de La Palma Integrada y el ICAA, por la negativa de acceso al agua potable en la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, Puerto Jiménez. La Sala determinó que el sector donde residen las recurrentes se ubica en Patrimonio Natural del Estado, conforme al criterio técnico del SINAC, lo que imposibilita legal y materialmente la instalación del servicio. La ASADA ejecutó la Etapa 1 de un proyecto hídrico instalando siete previstas para vecinos fuera de la zona restringida; la Etapa 2, que incluiría el sector de las amparadas, permanece detenida por litigios penales y ambientales vigentes. La mayoría de la Sala remitió las controversias sobre tenencia de tierra y legitimidad de la ocupación a la vía ordinaria. Dos magistrados salvaron el voto y ordenaron requerir informe a ARESEP.
Key excerptExtracto clave
From this overview, in the terms set forth in the petition, there is no situation at this time that warrants the Chamber's intervention. In the first place, the petitioner did not allege that the ASADA denied any specific request she had formally submitted. It is worth noting that it is through ordinary legal channels where the petitioner may contest her position, in order to determine whether she lawfully occupies the referenced property, whether it falls within an area classified as Patrimonio Natural del Estado, or whether she has the right to a water service connection. Furthermore, the placement of public water sources or the offering of provisional supply alternatives, insofar as this constitutional jurisdiction is concerned, is not appropriate in settlements located in areas classified as Patrimonio Natural del Estado, since determining whether the properties are lawfully occupied exceeds the summary nature of the amparo remedy.Desde este panorama, en los términos planteados en el escrito de interposición, se descarta alguna situación que, en este momento, amerite la intervención de la Sala. En primer lugar, la persona accionante no expuso que la Asada le haya denegado alguna solicitud específica planteada por ella. Ahora, no está de más señalar que, es en las vías ordinarias, donde la persona recurrente puede someter a contradictorio su posición, a fin de que se ventile si ocupa de forma legítima la propiedad aludida, si esta se encuentra en zona de Patrimonio Natural del Estado, o bien, si tiene derecho a la conexión del servicio de agua. Además, la colocación de fuentes públicas o el ofrecimiento de alternativas provisionales de suministro, en lo que atañe a esta jurisdicción constitucional, no resultan procedentes en asentamientos que se encuentren en zonas catalogadas como Patrimonio Natural del Estado, toda vez que determinar si las propiedades se encuentran ocupadas de forma legítima excede la sumariedad del recurso de amparo.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales."
"As long as the failure to provide potable water service is not an arbitrary, capricious, or unfounded action, but is instead justified by legal or material impossibility, there is no violation of fundamental rights."
Considerando IV (citando sentencia 2014-9134, adoptada por la Sala)
"siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales."
Considerando IV (citando sentencia 2014-9134, adoptada por la Sala)
"las autoridades accionadas están imposibilitadas legal y materialmente a su inclusión en la facturación o para la instalación del servicio de agua potable que alega la recurrente, por las condiciones especiales que presenta la zona."
"The respondent authorities are legally and materially prevented from including the petitioner in billing or from installing the potable water service she claims, due to the special conditions the zone presents."
Considerando IV (citando sentencia 2025041106)
"las autoridades accionadas están imposibilitadas legal y materialmente a su inclusión en la facturación o para la instalación del servicio de agua potable que alega la recurrente, por las condiciones especiales que presenta la zona."
Considerando IV (citando sentencia 2025041106)
"lo alegado en el sub lite corresponde, prima facie, a un problema de gran magnitud, pues no solamente se trata de una comunidad que se encuentra desabastecida de agua potable, sino que incluso se menciona que la fuente de agua a la que deben acudir irrespeta los estándares fijados por el Ministerio de Salud para el consumo humano."
"What is alleged in this case corresponds, prima facie, to a problem of great magnitude — it is not merely a community lacking potable water, but one where the water source they must resort to fails to meet the standards set by the Ministry of Health for human consumption."
Considerando V — Voto salvado (magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal)
"lo alegado en el sub lite corresponde, prima facie, a un problema de gran magnitud, pues no solamente se trata de una comunidad que se encuentra desabastecida de agua potable, sino que incluso se menciona que la fuente de agua a la que deben acudir irrespeta los estándares fijados por el Ministerio de Salud para el consumo humano."
Considerando V — Voto salvado (magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal)
"el recurso es admisible, por cuanto la Asada recurrida presta un servicio público."
"The resource is admissible, given that the respondent ASADA provides a public service."
Considerando I
"el recurso es admisible, por cuanto la Asada recurrida presta un servicio público."
Considerando I
Full documentDocumento completo
Template Generation: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH001.dpj SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours twenty-five minutes on the tenth of July, two thousand twenty-six.
Writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) filed under case number 26-012749-0007-CO, brought by Nombre01, national identity document (cédula de identidad) CED01, on behalf of HERSELF and of Nombre02 and Nombre03, against the ASOCIACIÓN ADMINISTRADORA DEL ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARILLADO SANITARIO (Asada) DE LA PALMA INTEGRADA Nombre04 and the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (ICAA).
Procedural Background:
"FIRST: THE LOCATION OF THE PETITIONERS' RESIDENCE IS NOT WITHIN OUR KNOWLEDGE. On this point, Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales, ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact One: Not within our knowledge. The petitioners allege that they reside in the community of Playa Colibrí; however, it is not possible to determine their exact location, since no cadastral survey map (plano catastrado) or georeferenced location of any kind can be inferred from the facts — only a photograph with a notation indicating Playa Colibrí and other annotations. It is likewise not possible to determine the location of the water meter (hidrómetro) they reference, since neither the meter number nor at least a NIS number is provided. However, it is important to note that the sector of the community of Playa Colibrí has already been the subject of a writ of amparo (recurso de amparo), addressed by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) in case file No. 25-032602-0007-CO, in which Resolution No. 2025041106 was issued at 10 hours 10 minutes on December 11, 2025, which stated: "CONSIDERING: I. SUBJECT MATTER OF THE WRIT.
The petitioning party requests that ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez be ordered to provide potable water service to the community of Playa Colibrí, alleging that for years they have undertaken various proceedings before the Municipality of Golfito, the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez, MINAE, and other authorities; however, these have been ignored or denied, despite the fact that other communities also located within a national heritage zone do have such service. It is alleged that they currently depend on a well that does not meet health standards and that the repeated refusal violates their access to an essential basic service… V. PROVEN FACTS. The following facts are considered duly established as material to the decision in this matter, either because they have been duly substantiated or because the respondent failed to address them, as directed in the initial order: With respect to the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados: 1) On September 6, 2024, through official communication SINAC-ACOSA-DT-PNE-154-2024, addressed to the president of ASADA La Palma, SINAC concluded that the occupation in the Playa Colibrí sector has taken place without permits in areas declared State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) and recommended working toward the eviction of the irregular occupants… 8) Pursuant to the Regulations for the Provision of Services of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (Board of Directors Resolution No. 2020-442), in the case of territories administered by the State and occupants who lack a qualifying title, express authorization from the competent entity and compliance with specific requirements for special connections and certificates of service availability are required…
VI. ON THE SPECIFIC CASE… In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber rules out any violation of the fundamental rights of the protected party. This is because, although the petitioner alleges that, despite years of various proceedings before the respondent authorities seeking potable water service for the community of Playa Colibrí, this has not been possible, while other communities also located within a national heritage zone do have such service. However, from the reports submitted and the evidence in the record, it is established that the underlying problem is that the zone in question is State Natural Heritage, where only scientific research, training, and ecotourism activities may be authorized, subject to prior permit from SINAC, since it is State property. That is to say, these are publicly owned assets that cannot be subject to private ownership; they are inalienable, imprescriptible, and non-attachable, are outside private commerce, and are subject to a special regime of use and protection.
That being said, the respondent authorities are legally and materially unable to include the petitioner's property in their billing system or to install the potable water service the petitioner requests, given the special conditions of the zone. Furthermore, as can be seen from the proven facts in this judgment, the respondent authorities undertook a series of actions and investigations in order to address the petitioner's request, and they provided a response both to her and to the community of Playa Colibrí regarding the legal impediment to providing potable water service; a situation that is not considered arbitrary, since it was based on objective reasons and technical criteria. For the foregoing reasons, the Constitutional Chamber rules out any violation of the fundamental rights of the protected party, since, as stated, the respondent authority resolved the matter and informed the interested party of the reasons for which potable water supply was denied to the population of Playa Colibrí…" (bold in original) SECOND: THE REASONS FOR WHICH THE SERVICE IS ALLEGEDLY NOT PROVIDED ARE NOT WITHIN OUR KNOWLEDGE.
In this regard, Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, ORAC Brunca, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Two: Not within our knowledge. The Playa Colibrí community sector is served directly by ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, ID CED03 (ASADA La Palma), which holds a delegation agreement (convenio de delegación) granted by AyA for the administration, operation, maintenance, and development of the La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, Golfito system, approved by Board of Directors Resolution No. 2013-129, in Ordinary Session No. 2013-014, of March 19, 2013, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 80 of April 26, 2013, and countersigned by the Institution on May 27, 2013, in accordance with Resolution No. R-CO-33, Article 3, subsection 1.i, of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. Furthermore, we must note that this Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, has no pending matter to attend to regarding petitioners Nombre01 and Nombre03, nor is there any pending matter concerning ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez related to the Playa Colibrí sector in general or the petitioners in particular.' THIRD: THE DRILLING OF WELLS FOR SELF-SUPPLY IS NOT WITHIN OUR KNOWLEDGE.
Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Three: Not within our knowledge. The drilling of wells or their use is not within AyA's purview; therefore, this ORAC Brunca maintains no records of private wells or their sanitary conditions. We reiterate that, as this is a private matter, it is the responsibility of the users of those wells themselves to coordinate with the institutions responsible for overseeing the matter.' FOURTH: PARTIALLY TRUE with respect to the public water source (fuente pública) installed by the ASADA of Puerto Jiménez. Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Four: Partially within our knowledge.
ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez POSSESSES AT ITS OFFICE PREMISES IN La Palma de Puerto Jiménez a public water source. However, it is important to note that, in the writ of amparo No. 25-032602-0007-CO, according to the Online Judicial Branch System, the evidentiary record includes the "Report on socio-environmental conflict mediation in Playa Colibrí and complaint regarding land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in the community of Playa Blanca," in which Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of ORAC Brunca, participated in several of the meetings, according to the attendance list noted therein. In this regard, concerning the public water source referenced by the petitioners, Meeting Record No. 04.09.2024, Virtual Meeting on Conflicts in Playa Colibrí, held via the Zoom platform, states: "… 3. The problem of access to potable water. On August 1, 2024, ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez met with the community committee of Playa Colibrí to discuss the water access crisis.
Lineth explained that the installation of a community-administered public water tap (paja pública) was offered, but this proposal was rejected. ASADA also requested from SINAC and the Municipality a certification of the areas that are State Natural Heritage in order to clarify the boundaries and possible solutions." In this regard, it is important to note that, from the evidence submitted to the case file of this writ of amparo, it is not possible to establish the exact location of the petitioners' property to determine whether or not it falls within the State Natural Heritage zone. It must be reiterated that this ORAC Brunca has no pending matter to attend to regarding the petitioners.' FIFTH: IT IS NOT TRUE that the ASADA system is administered under a functional coordination arrangement with AyA. Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Five: Not true.
As indicated in point two, ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, ID CED03, holds a delegation agreement granted by AyA for the administration, operation, maintenance, and development of the La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, Golfito system; it is not true that any functional coordination arrangement exists, since said association operates the sector directly. Furthermore, as was established in amparo No. 25-032602-0007-CO, there is a sector located within State Natural Heritage; it is not for AyA to make that determination, as the petitioners appear to suggest. It must also be reiterated that there is no pending matter to attend to in the particular case of Ms. Nombre01 or of the minors Nombre02 and Nombre03; therefore, once they submit the documents required by the AyA Service Provision Regulations, Board of Directors Resolution No. 2020-442, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 27, Supplement No. 29, of February 9, 2021, as applicable to their case, since it is not possible to locate the petitioners' property based on the evidence submitted to the case file.' SIXTH: IT IS NOT TRUE that there has been arbitrary exclusion.
Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Six: Not true. ASADA La Palma provides potable water service to a population encompassing several communities in the canton and surrounding areas to the extent that such provision is feasible. In the case of Playa Colibrí, the aqueduct branch line (ramal) extends to the point defined by the environmental authorities, given the presence of State Natural Heritage (see the following images: cf. Document annex SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024) (…) Accordingly, we must reiterate that, once the petitioners submit the requirements applicable to their specific case, it will be for ASADA La Palma to assess the request and issue the corresponding resolution.' SEVENTH: IT IS NOT TRUE that effective measures have not been taken.
Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Seven: Not true. The effective measures for providing potable water service are carried out in compliance with the applicable regulations and pursuant to the directives of the competent institutions. In this case, action was taken in Playa Colibrí in conformity with the provisions established by SINAC given the presence of State Natural Heritage, and as indicated in point six, the ASADA La Palma pipeline extends to the limit permitted by the relevant authorities. It is unknown whether the petitioners' property is located in that sector, since it is not possible to determine the exact location of the dwelling based on the photographs submitted to the case file.' EIGHTH: THE CONDITIONS OF THE POPULATION THAT SELF-SUPPLIES FROM PRIVATE WELLS ARE NOT WITHIN OUR KNOWLEDGE.
Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, reports: 'Fact Eight: Not within our knowledge. It is not possible to determine the exact location of the petitioners' property to ascertain whether or not it falls within the restricted zone established by the MINAE authorities, nor has any request been submitted to this ORAC Brunca that is pending attention.' NINTH: IT IS NOT TRUE that there is an omission on the part of AyA that affects the health of the population of Playa Colibrí. In this regard, Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Nine: Not true. As indicated in point seven, the effective measures for providing potable water service are carried out in compliance with the applicable regulations and pursuant to the directives of the competent institutions.
In this case, action was taken in Playa Colibrí in conformity with the provisions established by SINAC given the presence of State Natural Heritage, and as indicated in point six, the ASADA La Palma pipeline extends to the limit permitted by the relevant authorities. It is unknown whether the petitioners' property is located in that sector, since it is not possible to determine the exact location of the dwelling based on the photographs submitted to the case file.' TENTH: IT IS NOT TRUE that there is an omission on the part of AyA that affects the health of the population of Playa Colibrí. It must be reiterated that Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Ten: Not true. It must be reiterated that the effective measures for providing potable water service are carried out in compliance with the applicable regulations and pursuant to the directives of the competent institutions.
In this case, action was taken in Playa Colibrí in conformity with the provisions established by SINAC given the presence of State Natural Heritage, and as indicated in point six, the ASADA La Palma pipeline extends to the limit permitted by the relevant authorities.' ELEVENTH: IT IS NOT TRUE that AyA has failed to adopt measures to resolve the situation in Playa Colibrí. On this point, Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Eleven: Not true. It must be reiterated that ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, ID CED03, holds a delegation agreement granted by AyA for the administration, operation, maintenance, and development of the La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, Golfito system; therefore, said association directly operates the sector, not the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
Furthermore, in this case in Playa Colibrí, action was taken in conformity with the provisions established by SINAC given the presence of State Natural Heritage; accordingly, the ASADA La Palma pipeline extends to the limit permitted by the relevant authorities.' TWELFTH: IT IS NOT TRUE that there is an omission by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados that directly affects minors, elderly persons, and families in general. In this regard, Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC), Brunca Region, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: 'Fact Twelve: Not true. It must be reiterated that the effective measures for providing potable water service are carried out in compliance with the applicable regulations and pursuant to the directives of the competent institutions. In the case of Playa Colibrí, action was taken in conformity with the provisions established by SINAC given the presence of State Natural Heritage, and as indicated in point six, the ASADA La Palma pipeline extends to the limit permitted by the relevant authorities.
It is unknown whether the petitioners' property is located in that sector, since it is not possible to determine the exact location of the dwelling based on the photographs submitted to the case file.'
LEGAL GROUNDS
On the Provision of Public Services. Limits and Limitations. That Constitutional Tribunal has addressed this issue and concluded that there are valid reasons for denying the provision of the service, one of which is the absence of infrastructure belonging to the operator (AyA or an ASADA with a delegation agreement). In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber held:
"Thus, this character as a fundamental right does not imply unrestricted access to water services, since the administration may validly establish general requirements that each applicant must fulfill in order for their particular request to be evaluated; accordingly, the possibility is recognized of limiting the granting of new water service connections (pajas de agua) for the purpose of ensuring the continuity of the public service of potable water supply to current users and residences receiving said service — see judgments Nos. 2007-17475, of eleven hours five minutes on November 30, two thousand and seven, and 2008-11390, of eleven hours twenty-nine minutes on July 22, two thousand and eight. In this regard, in judgment No. 2006-1898, of nine hours fifty-three minutes on February 17, two thousand and six — reiterated, among others, by judgment No. 2007-13310, of ten hours fifty-seven minutes on September 14, two thousand and seven — the Constitutional Chamber established that: 'The petitioner alleges (…) that, despite the requests and efforts made, the respondent Institute has refused to provide them with potable water service, alleging that the area is an informal settlement (precario) and that its inhabitants do not have a cadastral subdivision plan (plano de segregación) establishing that they are property owners.
In this regard, it is established in the record, on the basis of the report submitted under oath by the respondent authority, that there is an impossibility of installing domestic potable water services in the community where the petitioner resides, for two specific reasons: the lack of adequate infrastructure and the failure to submit applications fulfilling the applicable legal requirements on the part of the interested parties (…). This Constitutional Chamber, in judgment No. 2004-12185 of 13:31 hours on October 29, 2004, in a case similar to the present one, held that it was not possible to require the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados to circumvent the provisions of its Customer Service Provision Regulations or the General Law on Potable Water. Therefore, to the extent that the protected party does not meet the conditions and requirements set out therein, although potable water service must be accessible to every person as an essential service, it cannot be provided on a regular basis.
Given the existence of those two objective grounds for which it is impossible to provide regular potable water service to the claimant — failure to comply with the requirements for a new service connection, beginning with the filing of the application and the existence of adequate infrastructure in the area — there is no basis for concluding that the denial of regular service provision by the respondent Institute is due to the fact that the protected party and his neighbors do not hold title deeds to the properties they occupy. It should be added that, pursuant to Article 33 of the aforementioned Regulations, the absence of a title deed does not appear to be an obstacle to applying for a new potable water service connection, provided that the requirements specified in that provision are met. In any event, it is also established that, although regular potable water service has not been provided, the petitioner and other neighboring residents have access to a public water source that the Institute installed for them to meet their basic needs.
This Tribunal therefore finds that it has been the petitioners' own omission — namely that of the petitioner and the other residents of the locality, who have not demonstrated that they submitted applications for the installation of a new potable water service in the community where they reside — that has prevented an assessment of their situation for the purpose of determining whether, particularly upon compliance with the requirements of Article 33 of the Customer Service Provision Regulations, the infrastructure limitations can be overcome in their case and whether regular potable water service can be provided to them.' It is therefore understood that, while a fundamental right to water exists that may be asserted against the relevant administration, the provision of the service may properly be made subject to compliance with the established requirements for its granting and to the material possibility of supply — that is, the absence of technical circumstances that would make it impossible or inadvisable for the administration to provide potable water service.
This determines that the administration has no obligation to provide potable water service where technical reasons make such provision inadvisable or impossible, and it must adequately inform the applicant of the reasons for which their request cannot be addressed." Voto N. 2009-009936. (de-emphasis is ours) In this regard, it is important to note that Lic. Boris Gamboa Valladares, ORAC Brunca, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, affirms that, on the part of AyA, there is no pending matter to attend to regarding the petitioners. Furthermore, in said report he states: "Regarding what is indicated in Section I of the extension of the writ of amparo: It is clear that the administrative action of ASADA La Palma is taken as governed by a restriction established by SINAC given the declaration of State Natural Heritage and the disposition of the Judicial authorities to protect said Heritage.
Regarding what is indicated in Section II: Point 1: The extension of the branch line (see the following image, which can be seen in the upper right box of Image 3 in the attached document SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024) is complete. Point 2: Both the SINAC authorities and the Environmental Prosecutor's Office (Fiscalía Ambiental) have explained to the population of the Playa Colibrí sector the existence of impact arising from the presence of inhabitants on State Natural Heritage land. This is the situation of institutional intervention in that sector. Point 3: In the attached document SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024, the boundary and extent of the branch line were established: '…which is located alongside the main road (ruta 245), at the southern entrance to Playa Colibrí, specifically at coordinates longitude 560552 latitude 956043 (CRTM05) (Figure 1). From this point, the installation extends northward approximately 1,020 m, where it turns along a road toward Playa Colibrí for approximately 1,600 m, turning again approximately 180 m southward to reach the final point of said installation, located at coordinates longitude 561921 latitude 957090 (CRTM05) (Figure 3).' The branch line is currently complete.
Regarding what is indicated in Section III: The established right is clear. In the case of the sector where the Playa Colibrí population that is the subject of this writ of amparo is located, there is a structural impediment established by SINAC given the presence of State Natural Heritage." In this regard, it is reiterated that it is not possible to determine the exact location of the petitioners' property to ascertain whether or not they are within the restricted zone established by MINAE. Furthermore, with respect to the fulfillment of requirements, the AyA Service Provision Regulations, Board of Directors Resolution No. 2020-442 of the Institute, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 27, Supplement No. 29, of February 9, 2021, provide:
"Article 33 — On the Application for a Certificate of Service Availability (constancia de disponibilidad de servicios) for Territories Administered by the State or Its Institutions under a Special Legal Regime. In addition to the provisions of Articles 15 and 30 of these regulations, for applications associated with properties under the category of territories administered by the State or its institutions under a special legal regime — maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre), border zones, indigenous territories, tourism development poles, and similar areas — that are granted by way of concessions, leases, and assignments, applicants must submit the express authorization of the relevant authority, in which the processing of the application is approved, in accordance with the regulations governing them. In the case of indigenous territories, when the ADII is inactive, the applicant must submit a sworn statement (declaración jurada) of no more than 30 days from issuance, signed by the indigenous community representative or the beneficiaries' representative and two witnesses, with a description of the property specifying the nature of their acts of possession (actos posesorios) and the existence, number, and location of the dwellings in a sketch map (croquis) delineating the area of coverage. This requirement shall also apply for the application for a permanent connection…
Article 71 — On the Requirements for Applying for a Special Connection, in the Case of Occupants of Properties Who Lack a Qualifying Title for Occupancy. Based on the recognition of access to water as a Human Right, AyA shall establish the conditions for supply in the case of occupants of properties who lack a qualifying title for occupancy and where this results from a technical and commercial feasibility study conducted by AyA. Supply in these cases shall be collective. The authorization of this type of service does not apply to nor shall it generate legal effects for the granting of a certificate of service availability, or the authorization of construction permits. Its consideration additionally requires compliance with and submission to the Service Platforms of the following requirements: a) If a Community Development Association or other formally and legally recognized organization exists that supports the application of the residential settlement, it shall be necessary for the legal representative of said legal entity to carry out the proceedings.
If a duly formalized legal entity does not exist, a mandate contract (contrato de mandato) shall be required, whereby all beneficiaries of the service delegate the carrying out of proceedings to a representative. In accordance with the verification and rectification of conditions necessary for the approval of services, AyA shall verify through the official and available virtual platforms the following conditions: Registry or administrative certifications of current legal standing (personerías jurídicas), authorized representatives (apoderados) with powers to act as judicial and extrajudicial representatives or authorized to that effect, executors (albaceas), guardians (tutores), and administrators (curadores). b) Submit a sworn statement of no more than 30 days from issuance, signed by the representative of the community association or the representative of the beneficiaries and two witnesses, with a description of the property specifying the nature of their acts of possession and the existence, number, and location of the dwellings in a sketch map delineating the area of coverage. c) Authorization from the registered owner.
In accordance with the verification of the conditions necessary for the approval of the services, as indicated in general terms in Article 15 of these Regulations, it is for AyA to verify the requirements set out therein, as well as the general conditions established therein for all proceedings. Upon submission of all required documents in full, the Institution shall have a period of 15 business days (días hábiles) to resolve the application." (emphasis ours) Furthermore, Lic. Boris Boris Gamboa Valladares, ORAC Brunca, in memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, dated May 28, 2026, states: "… the Playa Colibrí community sector has already been the subject of a writ of amparo, addressed by the Constitutional Chamber in case file No. 25-032602-0007-CO, in which Resolution No. 2025041106 was issued at 10 hours 10 minutes on December 11, 2025, which stated: 'CONSIDERING: I. SUBJECT MATTER OF THE WRIT.
The petitioning party requests that ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez be ordered to provide potable water service to the community of Playa Colibrí, alleging that for years they have undertaken various proceedings before the Municipality of Golfito, the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez, MINAE, and other authorities; however, these have been ignored or denied, despite the fact that other communities also located within a national heritage zone do have such service. It is alleged that they currently depend on a well that does not meet health standards and that the repeated refusal violates their access to an essential basic service… V. PROVEN FACTS.
For purposes of deciding this matter, the following facts are deemed duly established, either because they have been so proven or because the respondent (recurrido) failed to address them, as required by the initial order (auto inicial): VI.-ON THE SPECIFIC CASE… In this regard, the Sala Constitucional finds no violation of the fundamental rights (derechos fundamentales) of the protected party (parte amparada). This is so because, although the petitioner (recurrente) alleges that for years she and the community of Playa Colibrí have made various requests to the respondent authorities (autoridades accionadas) seeking drinking water service (servicio de agua potable) for the community, none of those efforts has succeeded, while other communities also located in national heritage zones (zona de patrimonio nacional) do in fact receive such service. However, based on the reports submitted and the evidence contained in the case record (autos), it is established that the core issue is that the zone in question constitutes State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), where only scientific research, training, and ecotourism activities may be authorized, subject to prior approval by SINAC, as it is State property (bien del Estado).
In other words, these are publicly owned assets (bienes de titularidad pública) that cannot be subject to private ownership; they are inalienable (inalienables), imprescriptible (imprescriptibles), and non-attachable (inembargables), lying outside the sphere of private commerce, as they are subject to a special regime of use and protection (régimen especial de utilización y protección). That being said, the respondent authorities are legally and materially precluded from including the zone in billing (facturación) or from installing the drinking water service claimed by the petitioner, owing to the special conditions of the area. Likewise, as reflected in the proven facts (hechos probados) of this judgment (sentencia), the respondent authorities carried out a series of actions and investigations in order to address the petitioner's request, providing a response both to her and to the community of Playa Colibrí regarding the legal impediment to supplying drinking water service; this conduct is not considered arbitrary, as it was grounded in objective reasons and technical criteria.
For the foregoing reasons, the Sala Constitucional finds no violation of the fundamental rights of the protected party, since, as noted, the respondent authority resolved the matter and informed the interested party of the reasons for which the supply of drinking water to the population of Playa Colibrí was denied…" (emphasis added) PETITION Based on the evidence submitted, we respectfully request of this Honorable Sala Constitucional the following:
- That the writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) No. 26 – 012749 – 0007 – CO filed by Nombre01, national identity card (cédula de identidad) No. CED01, on her own behalf and on behalf of the minor children (menores de edad) Nombre02 and Nombre03, against the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, be dismissed, as there is no pending matter for my client to address.
- That the Instituto not be ordered to pay damages (daños y perjuicios) or court costs (costas) in connection with this writ, since AyA, as has been demonstrated, has acted in accordance with the governing principles in this field and within the framework of legality established by the Constitución Política, the laws, and the regulations that govern us; - That the constitutional case file (expediente constitucional) be archived.
"A.- This same set of facts was already decided by this Chamber in the constitutional protection remedy proceedings (Recurso de Amparo) No. 25-032602-0007-CO, in which SINAC appeared as a third party in addition to those named as respondents here. That constitutional proceeding was resolved at ten hours and ten minutes on December 11, 2025, by ruling 2025041106, which held: 'POR TANTO: The remedy is denied. Justice Castillo Víquez files a concurring note. Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal file a dissenting vote and order that the proceedings continue for the purpose of requesting a report from the general regulator of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos. Notifíquese.' This is respectfully submitted, and without prejudice to the report that will be provided, it is considered important to mention because the subject matter of this Recurso de Amparo is regarded as a closed matter, and entertaining a new request or petition on a topic that has already been decided and previously reviewed is precluded.
B.- Regarding the documentary evidence that I will reference herein, it will be submitted in PDF files and in two certifications: one certification (Certificación-ASADALAPALMA-001-2025) corresponding to the documents that have been compiled for the purpose of reporting on Recurso de Amparo No. 25-032602-0007-CO, and another certification (Certificación-ASADALAPALMA-001-2026) covering folios 428, 429, and 430 of Board of Directors (Junta Directiva) Minutes Book No. 4, Minutes No. 16, Regular Session (Sesión Ordinaria) of October 1, 2024.
REPORT:
FIRST ASPECT OF THE REPORT: It is unknown whether she resides in the Playa Colibrí sector of La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, Puntarenas; it is equally unknown with whom she resides, and the vulnerability condition she refers to is likewise unknown. Furthermore, it is categorically denied that the ASADA I represent has acted with discrimination, arbitrary exclusion, or rejection against families in this Colibrí community on account of their living in conditions of extreme poverty and that, for that reason, the drinking water service is not provided. The reasons are different: as will be explained, the service is in fact not provided to one sector of the community known as Barrio Colibrí, but for different reasons that will be explained below. The various steps that my organization has taken in this specific case will also be explained. It is clarified that this is the result of a legally justified impossibility, and not a baseless or unmotivated decision.
It is unknown whether the persons living in the Colibrí community have drilled wells to meet their water needs. Specifically with regard to the petitioner, there is no record in my organization's files that she ever applied for a water service connection (acometida de agua) or a water supply tap (paja de agua-prevista). Regarding the claim that my organization has acted with arbitrary exclusion against children and elderly persons, and that it has failed to take the necessary measures to guarantee the supply of drinking water as the petitioner contends, that is not true. Efforts have been made to ensure the service; however, there exists a legally justified impossibility of an environmental nature that prevents this, as will be explained in detail below, and it is due to a boundary issue relating to Conservation Areas that further extension into one specific sector cannot proceed—the specific sector in which the petitioner resides, as is assumed from what the petitioner herself has stated, since no precise indication of the exact address of her home or property said to be affected is noted.
SECOND ASPECT OF THE REPORT: With respect to the indication that residents of the Colibrí community (through local committees or neighborhood organizations) submitted requests for drinking water service that were denied, this is true. All of this will be detailed in this report as to the reasons and circumstances, which will also explain why, even though the necessary water resource is available and the administrative and financial conditions for the project exist, the project had to be divided into Stage 1 (Etapa 1) and Stage 2 (Etapa 2). Stage 1 is the one the petitioner criticizes in the sense that some residents of the same Playa Colibrí community have the service while others do not—including the petitioner herself—which, it is reiterated, is due to a boundary issue relating to Conservation Areas that prevents further extension into one specific sector: the specific sector in which the petitioner resides.
THIRD ASPECT OF THE REPORT: Regarding the so-called alternative offered by my organization—whereby drinking water may be collected at a specific pipe or access point located at the central offices of the organization I represent, in the center of the town of La Palma, Puerto Jiménez—it is true that such a pipe or water tap exists and is for general community use and for any passerby, as it is located at the front setback of the building without fencing or gates that would prevent its use. Nevertheless, our organization has never formally or informally indicated, in any document or at any meeting, that this freely accessible water tap is intended for use by residents of the Colibrí community. That is to say, while this supply point is public and free of charge, it has not been specifically designated as the solution to the drinking water supply needs of the residents of the Colibrí community or of the petitioner. The distance between my organization's offices and the Colibrí community is approximately 3 to 4 kilometers.
Regarding alternatives: the full Board of Directors of my organization received, as recorded specifically in folios 428, 429, and 430 of Board of Directors Minutes Book No. 4, Minutes No. 16, Regular Session of October 1, 2024, the Colibrí Committee appointed before the Municipality, and in Article (Artículo) #2 thereof the Committee was informed that it is possible to provide the service of installing a water supply tap (paja de agua) to be administered by that Committee—whose president at that time was Carolina Navarro—so that the Committee itself would manage it. The Committee indicated that it did not accept this offer, as it would delay the process of "running the pipe into the left-hand sector" and because "later [the Committee] will not want to pay what the committee determines based on what the ASADA reports." FOURTH ASPECT OF THE REPORT: Likewise, regarding the indication that within the same Colibrí community, and at a distance of barely 200 meters, drinking water service is provided to a sector with fewer subscribers and persons in vulnerable conditions, as I have mentioned above, this is the result of a legally justified impossibility and not a baseless or unmotivated decision.
FIFTH ASPECT OF THE REPORT: Regarding the manner of administration and the relationship between my organization and Nombre06: this relationship does in fact exist in the sense that Nombre06 delegates and provides oversight by granting an ASADA the administration of water and sanitation in its community, without Nombre06 losing its role as the regulatory body (institución rectora). My organization, as a private, nonprofit organization made up of community volunteers who assume the function of managing the local aqueduct, provides and charges for the service.
SIXTH ASPECT OF THE REPORT: REGARDING THE ADMINISTRATIVE STEPS TAKEN BY MY ORGANIZATION IN THE PRESENT MATTER: As background, our organization has records and knowledge that residents of the Playa Colibrí community, in the course of 2019, made representations to the municipal authority of Golfito (at that time Golfito, since the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez now exists). According to a document dated January 2, 2019, residents of the Playa Colibrí community invited my organization to a meeting scheduled for February 1, 2019, at 2:00 p.m. The meeting was attended but was ultimately held on February 11, 2019. The Board of Directors of my organization adopted a resolution in Minutes No. 225 of the session held on February 11, 2019, in which the then-petitioners were told that it was suggested they draft a note or document addressed to the Municipal Council (Concejo Municipal) and the Mayor (Alcalde) (at that time of the Canton of Golfito), requesting information important to the ASADA, such as information concerning public roads, lots with municipal land-use permits, and certified survey plans.
This was said at that time based on the regulations of Nombre06 (as it has been stated, our regulatory body (Ente Rector)). It was also agreed to include the topographic survey (levantamiento topográfico) that the ASADA was carrying out at that time for all the sectors it administered. A copy is on file of a note dated February 11, 2019, in which that same group of promoters addressed the Municipal Council of Golfito with the intention of following the ASADA's suggestion, and the outcome of that effort is unknown.
It is also reported that my organization at that time (2019) took steps to include the Playa Colibrí community in the above-mentioned topographic survey. This is evidenced by emails sent to Evelyn Lizano Fernández of A y A, who was in charge of the survey, dated February 12, 2023, and by an email dated February 27, 2019, sent to Ricardo Peralta for those purposes.
This Chamber is notified of the existence of official communication (oficio) SMG-T-111-02-2021, in which, in connection with this matter, the minutes of the Municipal Council of Golfito sessions indicate verbatim: "Request for a certification granting the ASADA de la Palma de Puerto Jiménez permission to install a drinking water service connection (prevista de agua potable) for residents of Playa Colibrí." —Apparent italics not in original— and indeed the following resolution was adopted: "Refer this request to the administration so that a response may be given to the residents." —Apparent italics are in original— However, the Municipal Administration of Golfito has never communicated any disposition in that regard to my organization.
On this particular matter, Regular Minutes No. 17 dated April 27, 2022, includes a resolution that verbatim states: "RESOLUTION 14-ORD 17.-2022 By unanimous vote IT IS APPROVED: To send the note to the Environmental Committee. This resolution is declared FINAL AND DEFINITIVELY APPROVED." —Apparent italics are in original.
Finally, by way of report, it is highlighted that, on the part of my organization and in relation to this matter, in light of the attached evidence—namely Regular Minutes No. 17 dated April 27, 2022—a resolution is inserted that verbatim states: "ITEM 10.2 Official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-014-2021 dated February 3, 2021, addressed to the Mayor, signed by Ms. Cynthia Lineth Picado Mena, President of ASADA La Palma Integrada Osa, Golfito, is considered." —Apparent italics are in original.
Regarding the aforementioned official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-014-2021 from my organization, it is important for this Report to note certain aspects for the knowledge of this Constitutional Tribunal in resolving this matter. The first of these is that, attaching a certified copy thereof, it is noted that on February 3, 2021, in official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-014-2021, the ASADA I represent—in a manner closely related to the matter reproached by the petitioner—addressed a note to the then-Mayor of the Municipality of Golfito, Mr. Freiner Lara Blanco, in which my organization is the one asking the Municipal Mayor whether or not a response exists to the request of the "Playa Colibrí Community," as stated in that very note, a request that had been dated February 11, 2019. It is important to make visible from the outset that, at that historical moment (February 2021), the Playa Colibrí or Colibrí community—which now shares the same interests as the petitioner—did not have drinking water service connections (previstas de agua potable) supplied by my organization, nor did it have the distribution branch line (ramal) necessary to supply them.
This has in fact continued to be the case for the group of petitioners, since the residents mentioned by the petitioner and the petitioner herself, in the specific location where they reside, are not subscribers of my organization—a situation that has existed since my organization came into existence. This means it must be understood that, in order to provide the service they requested at that time, a series of resource availability studies and necessary approvals were required before service could begin. That is why my organization addressed the Golfito municipal corporation, to inquire and also to explain how it was indeed necessary that we be provided with information of interest, such as—and this is transcribed: "We need your support to provide us with information on how many families have a lot and the corresponding land-use permit, which are in process, what the development plan is for the lots located in the Playa Colibrí sector, and we also need a sketch map (croquis) of the public roads in that sector." —Apparent italics not in original.
All of this, in the context of the analysis being conducted at that time, was important for determining the scope of the need for drinking water consumption and its expansion for the corresponding topographic survey, budgeting, the route of the aqueduct distribution branch line that needed to be created, and for obtaining the Technical Endorsement (Aval Técnico) from Acueductos y Alcantarillados (A y A) as the regulatory body—an indispensable requirement for meeting the interests of the residents mentioned by the petitioner and of the petitioner herself, and a general requirement for any similar process involving the opening of new drinking water service connections for a community that does not yet have the service. Once that endorsement was in hand, it would be possible to advance further. To go into greater depth: it was necessary to have data on the potential subscribers of the project and their locations.
The project was initially called "Proyecto Colibrí," which was subsequently—for the reasons to be explained—renamed "Proyecto Colibrí Etapa 1" and "Proyecto Colibrí Etapa 2." It was necessary to clarify this by consulting the Municipality of Golfito at that time (bearing in mind that as of May 2024, the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez was created and, territorially, Puerto Jiménez ceased to belong to the Municipality of Golfito and became an independent canton). This was because the Playa Colibrí community is located within the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre), and by mandate of Ley 6043, called "Ley sobre la Zona Marítimo Terrestre," pursuant to Article 3 thereof, these are lands under Municipal Administration. That article clearly states: "Artículo 3º.- Without prejudice to the attributions of that Institute, it is the responsibility of municipalities to directly oversee compliance with the provisions of this law regarding the ownership, development, use, and enjoyment of the maritime-terrestrial zone, and in particular of the tourist areas along the coastlines." Thus, as has been stated, since all of those lands are located within the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone, it was necessary to consult the Municipal Administration—at that time of the Canton of Golfito.
In sum, it can be summarized that the Technical Endorsement from Nombre06 is a guarantee issued by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (A y A) to certify that a specific project, particularly one for the use of water for human consumption, complies with the applicable technical regulations and is viable. This endorsement does not exempt one from other procedures, such as the review of construction plans, but it does validate the technical capacity of the project and of the person responsible for carrying it out, ensuring compliance from start to finish. With this Technical Endorsement, it is possible to evaluate the resources needed to expand the distribution line to the Playa Colibrí community (the water supply branch line) and thereby provide them with drinking water service connections.
The intention of my organization in the content and submission of official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-014-2021 addressed to the Municipality of Golfito was precisely that: to resolve and carry out the requisite steps to address the request of the now-petitioner and, in general, of all the residents. It is noted from the attached evidence that, following this, on February 8, 2021, my organization again communicated by email to the above-mentioned Mayor, stating verbatim in the body of the email the need to convene a meeting, even requesting a specific date and time for it, on which occasion it was stated: (…)
In this connection, our official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-014-2021 was in fact responded to, by the indication made by the Secretary of the Municipal Council (Roxana Villegas Castro) of Golfito, via official communication SMG-T-172-03-2021 dated March 26, 2021, which in turn refers to the official communication of the Acting Head (a.i.) of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Department of the Municipality of Golfito, via official communication ZMT-MG-O-I-046-2021 dated March 11, 2021, which verbatim stated: "Upon reviewing the names of the families (persons) who require the permit for the water service connection, it is determined that the majority do not meet the minimum requirements, such as: the opening of a case file with the proper application for a Permit for Use in the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone, in accordance with the requirements set forth in articles 27, 28, 29, and 30 and following of the Regulations under Decreto Ejecutivo N°7841P, to Ley N° 6043 sobre la Zona Marítimo Terrestre of March 2, 1977, and article 15 of the Manual of Procedures for the Granting of Permits for Use of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Administered by the Municipality of Golfito." Nombre07 not in original; underlining is in original.
It is for this reason that, at that historical moment—when official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-014-2021 was sent to the Municipality of Golfito, together with the applicants' own request (addressed to Boris Gamboa Balladares and received on 07-01-2021 by Iván Mora), as can be seen from official communication ZMT-MG-O-I-046-2021—the applicants did not, in accordance with Ley 6043, called "Ley sobre la Zona Marítimo Terrestre," have the requirements or approval from the Municipality to be granted the service connections.
However, beyond all of the foregoing regarding municipal proceedings, as will be noted below, surrounding the substance of the grievances raised in these constitutional proceedings there are other elements that have frustrated the ability to complete to this day, for technical and legal reasons, the administrative steps for expanding the drinking water distribution line (branch line) with its service connections to the Playa Colibrí community, and thereby providing them with water service connections. These elements and aspects will be noted below.
Regarding the arbitrary exclusion reproached by the petitioner, it must be clarified that in other neighborhoods, hamlets, or communities near Maritime-Terrestrial Zone areas—such as Rincón de Osa, Playa Blanca, and Playa Escondida—drinking water service supplied by my organization is available. I must indicate that my organization is responsible for supplying drinking water to several communities and currently has, as of the date of issuance of this report, exactly 2003 active subscribers and 64 inactive subscribers who receive our service. The communities receiving this service are: Playa Colibrí, La Palma, La Amapola, Playa Blanca, Puerto Escondido, Guadalupe, Riyito, El Campo de Agua Buena, Banegas, Rancho Quemado, Bahía Chal, Rincón, Mogos, Pargos, and Taboga 1. In the work carried out by our organization, it is essential to ensure that technical and legal requirements are met for each drinking water supply project developed—on a large scale when supplying a community that does not yet have the service, and also on a small scale or individually when a drinking water service connection is requested in a community that already receives service.
This is mandated by the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales Nº 42582-S-MINAE, which, within our obligations, frames what is established in article 28, regarding Rights and Obligations of ASADAS, which reads verbatim in the relevant part, in subsection "j" on the issuance of certificates: "Issuance of certificates: Issue certificates of service availability and water capacity letters, contributing to the development of their communities, in accordance with their water balance and whenever technically and legally appropriate." —Bold and italics not in original.
Having stated the foregoing, it is important to keep in mind, in the context of this matter, that the Playa Colibrí, or Colibrí, community did not have drinking water service from our organization prior to April 19, 2024. This is a result of the fact that, in view of this need, from approximately March 11, 2024 onward (the start date of Stage 1 of the project)—following representations made by residents of the Playa Colibrí community to our organization—the new project to supply them with drinking water in its "Stage 1" phase was initiated. In principle, this was done after analysis confirmed that there was a water balance (balance hídrico) sufficient to cover the needs of that population, and that the technical and legal analysis referenced above permitted it. It is also reported that a drinking water meter was installed for certain residents living in the Playa Colibrí community, which is a matter of particular relevance in this case.
In the Playa Colibrí community, as part of our organization's efforts to meet the drinking water needs of the users who requested it, the required studies and analyses were conducted. The results showed that, for the entirety of Barrio or Community Playa Colibrí, there was a water balance that more than sufficed to provide the service; however, the technical and legal analysis revealed that one sector of the community could receive the service and another could not. This was because the sector that could receive the service was located outside the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), while the other sector was situated within State Natural Heritage. It is precisely in this latter sector that the petitioners reside and are seeking to have drinking water service provided on-site—that is, to have "a water service connection (prevista de agua)" installed. This technical-legal situation will be elaborated upon further in this report with documentation and criteria obtained by my organization directly from staff of SINAC, Sub-Regional Peninsular Office (PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), Puerto Jiménez, Puntarenas.
In this regard, concerning the mention of the installation of a water meter for certain residents of the Playa Colibrí community, as well as the mention of the installation of a fire hydrant in the Playa Colibrí community, it must be clarified that, given my organization's awareness that one sector of the Playa Colibrí community was within State Natural Heritage, it was decided to implement the new drinking water supply project in 2 stages, which, as previously noted, were named "Proyecto Colibrí Etapa 1" and "Proyecto Colibrí Etapa 2." This is why references to the installation of a water meter (service connections) and a fire hydrant deserve full credibility, with the clarification that these are part of the project but specifically of "Stage 1," about which the following will immediately report on what it consisted of, how it was carried out, and the various administrative steps that had to be taken during Stage 1 fieldwork.
First, in connection with this matter, our organization has a record of an email received from Nombre08, dated March 22, 2023, in which the need for the Playa Colibrí community to have drinking water is set out and which states in full: (…)
The preceding request was answered the following day, March 23, 2023, and Nombre08 was told that the case would be placed for analysis before the ASADA's Board of Directors in the second week of April 2023. A request was also made for documents from the Municipality (at that time, Golfito). Regarding this request, Mr. Nombre08 (sic) was also sent a summons to receive him—and the equally affected residents, including the petitioner here—at his own home, on the part of my organization, on April 21, 2023, by way of official communication No. ASADALAPALMA-OIG-081-2023 dated April 11, 2023.
On April 21, 2023, the meeting was in fact held, the residents' inquiries were addressed, and a sign-in sheet of 19 persons from the Playa Colibrí or Colibrí sector was drawn up—an important detail for this Recurso de Amparo, since this group of participating residents in some way represented, and continues to represent, the same interests that the petitioner now advances in the object of this Recurso de Amparo.
As a result of this request, my organization began the administrative steps aimed at meeting the drinking water needs of the Colibrí or Playa Colibrí community. For this reason, on April 21, 2023, at our request, Nelson Araya Céspedes (sic) (an A y A official)—a technician from A y Nombre09—produced a document (2 folios) on the location of the "branch line" for the extension needed for the project, on the required pipe, and on the necessary valves. With this, work began on obtaining quotations from various suppliers, such as: R & M de Costa Rica, which issued a proforma invoice (factura proforma) dated 24-04-2023; Hidromedición G&R, which issued a proforma invoice dated 24-04-2023; and RQL INGENIERÍA, which issued a proforma invoice dated 24-04-2023. In each case, the projected costs for materials exceeded 14 million colones—amounts that for an organization like ours are exceedingly high.
For this reason, in search of alternative solutions and in order to request financial assistance to resolve the matter for the Playa Colibrí residents, by official communication No. ASADALAPALMA-OIG-096-2023 dated May 4, 2023, we addressed the Centro Estratégico para el Desarrollo de la Península de Osa; by official communication No. ASADALAPALMA-OIG-097-2023 dated May 4, 2023, we addressed Mr. Arnoldo Romero; and by official communication No. ASADALAPALMA-OIG-098-2023 dated May 4, 2023, we addressed the Oficina de Desarrollo Territorial de Osa. However, no financial collaboration or support was obtained from these parties. For this reason, by official communication No. ASADALAPALMAOIG-007-2024 dated January 25, 2024, we addressed Mr. Boris Gamboa Valladares, an official of Nombre06 responsible for the ORAC (Oficinas Regionales de Acueductos Comunales—the Nombre06 body responsible for providing support and guidance to ASADAS) of Nombre10, in which we inquired about the related and necessary materials for the project.
The Sub-Management of Delegated Systems Management and the Director of ASADA Strengthening had already approved this from March 7, 2024 onward, since, through the various steps taken before A y A itself, it was achieved—by means of official communication GSD-UEN-GAR-2024-00953 from the head of the UEN-Gestión de Acueductos Rurales, Mr. Rafael Barboza Topping—that we were informed that the purchase had already been approved. It was in this way that the materials needed for the branch line project in the Colibrí community were secured, through the A y A document entitled "Solicitud de Ingreso" of the Programa de Comunidades en Riesgo Sanitario, signed on July 21, 2023, by Boris Gamboa Valladares and Alberto Chavarría Gamboa.
Now, in the course of all the administrative procedures and labor carried out for the approval and construction of the branch line (ramal) needed to supply drinking water to the community of Playa Colibrí, at a certain point approximately in mid-March 2024—when work was already underway at the site and the project was in progress—SINAC, specifically on March 19, 2024, conducted an inspection by officials from the Puerto Jiménez Local Office. This inspection arose because, to our understanding, those authorities had become aware of the work our client was carrying out, which involved the laying of pipes by means of trenching (zanjeo), earthworks (movimientos de tierra), and breaking through public-road crossings in order to later cover them again. Our project was therefore reviewed by those authorities at that time, given that it is widely known within the community of Playa Colibrí that State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) areas exist there, as already noted in this report.
For that reason, on March 20, 2024, our client notified Carlos Velásquez Zamora (legal adviser to SINAC) by email of the March 19, 2024 visit and requested a copy of any report generated from that visit, since it was of vital importance for determining whether the project we were carrying out was or was not consistent with environmental law. It is important to note that, as of March 19, 2024, our organization received an email from Carlos Velásquez Zamora requesting that we send him information about the project for the construction of the water supply system (acueducto) serving Playa Colibrí, as he indicated that within that community there is an encroachment on public domain property (bienes demaniales) administered by SINAC. The original text of that communication is inserted herein: (…)
Now, from the evidence that will accompany this Report, and bearing in mind that the initial request was made by a resident by the name of Nombre08, on March 22, 2023, it is important to clarify that throughout the entire project we have been describing for the provision of drinking water by means of the installation of a specific branch line for the community of Playa Colibrí, work was always carried out with a degree of coordination and even assistance or collaboration from the residents of the community of Playa Colibrí. Evidence of this is the fact that the same Nombre08 (sic) Luis, in a document bearing no date but which can be said to have been received by our client in 2024, reflecting the assistance or collaboration provided by the organized group of residents, bears the title: "Economic Report on the Trenching Project for the Installation of Drinking Water Pipes for Playa Colibrí – Santa María Family," and details contribution amounts and various payment receipts that they provided in support of the useful and necessary work carried out by our client in that project.
All of this is important to highlight, because in the interest of providing the community of Playa Colibrí with drinking water and installing their respective water service connections (previstas de agua), as of today that community has a total of 07 water service connections receiving service thanks to the new branch line constructed exclusively for that community, built even with the invaluable assistance of the community's own residents. That said, as previously stated, it was not possible to extend the branch line in certain areas for which connection installations were requested, due to those areas being designated as State Natural Heritage, which is precisely the geographic sector that the appellants are requesting—a detail regarding the existence of State Natural Heritage that will be addressed further below.
It is important to highlight that according to the document entitled "REPORT OF TOTAL RESOURCES USED IN THE COLIBRI BRANCH LINE PROJECT STAGE 1," an investment of ₡ 19,540,593.07 was made, with operations concluding on April 19, 2024, with a fire hydrant installation date of 17-04-2024, and with mention of the actors involved: our client, FEDASUR (Federación de Asadas del Sur, the federation integrating approximately 32 ASADAs from the southern zone of the country) and the Colibrí Community, along with photographs of the project. This same Project Stage 1 was formally delivered and presented with the participation of all community residents who were able to attend at our Organization's offices on May 10, 2024 (see attendance list, 02 pages).
It so happens that this "Stage 1" project was duly reviewed by SINAC through the official communication it issued: SINAC-ACOSA-DFRVS-SRP-0142-2024, dated March 21, 2024, signed by Roy Pérez Vásquez of the Peninsular Sub-Region – SINAC (04 pages), which confirmed that our organization's work did NOT advance into State Natural Heritage areas. This was expressly stated as follows: (…)
Note, moreover, how closely our branch line and project approach the nearest sector of the State Natural Heritage zone—within 40 meters—as the goal was to cover the greatest possible extent of public right-of-way not subject to state protection as State Natural Heritage, thereby reaching as close as possible to, or covering as much as possible of, the locality of Playa Colibrí. Note also that the project reaches that particular point because SINAC determined the site boundaries, and it is that public body that is responsible for issuing that determination, as it is the entity charged with providing the legal and technical criterion under the Ley de Biodiversidad, number 7788, in its SECTION II concerning SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, in Art. 22, all in the interest of ensuring "proper management of natural resources." In light of all of the foregoing, it is deemed necessary to obtain a report from SINAC (SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN), specifically from the PENINSULAR SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE (PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), on this matter, given that, as has been stated throughout, the land over which the denial of water service connections has been claimed is State Natural Heritage.
This connects to what has been termed "Stage 2" of the drinking water supply project for Playa Colibrí, because from what has been stated up to this point and from what will be said in the following lines, even though our client had every intention of being able to provide drinking water to all who require it, it transpired that as Stage 1 progressed, the various interventions by SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, PENINSULAR SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE (PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), made it clear that a large portion of the territory known as Barrio or Comunidad Colibrí or Playa Colibrí falls within what has been determined to be "State Natural Heritage," and, insofar as it concerns the interests represented by the appellant, she and all the residents are requesting a drinking water service via a water service connection within lands that form part of that State Natural Heritage, which is the reason why it has not been possible to grant what was requested at the administrative level at our offices, and which is now the subject of a writ of amparo (recurso de amparo).
As previously stated, for our client to act, it must do so in accordance with the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales Nº 42582-S-MINAE, which, in Art. 28 on the Rights and Obligations of ASADAs, paragraph "j," requires adherence to technical and legal guidelines. And precisely as already noted, through official communication SINAC-ACOSA-DFRVS-SRP-0142-2024 (from Roy Pérez Vásquez of the Peninsular Sub-Region – SINAC), the matter was clarified; moreover, as will be seen below, SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, PENINSULAR SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE (PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), also expressed itself in the same terms through official communication SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVD-SRP-0494-2024 (which will be detailed further below).
Another important detail is that on June 17, 2024, Mr. Juan Carlos Hernández Meza addressed our organization by means of an unnumbered note, acting as a representative of the Colibrí community and as President of the Committee, requesting a meeting to clarify details related to the continuation of Stage II of the project. Almost simultaneously, Mr. Carlos Velásquez Zamora, by email dated June 21, 2024, informed us of matters he deemed relevant to bring to our attention, such as the existence of criminal proceedings for "illegal occupations," stating: "…(…)…in areas administered by SINAC and possibly also on land administered by the Municipalidad de Jiménez, these places being public domain property belonging to the State Natural Heritage, where the construction of dwellings and other structures without the corresponding permits is not permitted,…(…)…Given this situation, I ask that you contact the Public Prosecutor's Office, Attorney Lic. Ángel Gwam" [italics not in the original].
For that reason, our client, through official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-036-2024, dated June 26, 2024, submitted a query by email to the Public Prosecutor, Lic. Ángel Gwam, who informed our client verbatim: (…) Making it clear that, additionally, at the site where the water service connections were requested (Playa Colibrí Community), there are ongoing criminal proceedings for Usurpation, land-use change (Cambio de Uso de Suelo), and Felling in a Protection Zone (Tala de Zona de Protección), and he identified 6 individuals as defendants.
Likewise, in the interest of gaining greater clarity on the matter relating to Stage II of the Project, our organization addressed Paula Mena Corea, in her capacity as Head of SINAC at the Puerto Jiménez office, through official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-041-2024, dated July 16, 2024, requesting information about the process under way in the Colibrí Community. The letter explained that it was necessary for our organization to know about the proceedings taking place in the Colibrí community, since once the email from Carlos Velásquez Zamora was received on June 21, 2024, the "Stage 2" operation was suspended, and a response had to be provided to the interested residents, including the appellant in the present proceedings. In that letter, Paula was informed that the Prosecutor had not provided further details, which was the reason for the request addressed to her. In response to this official communication, Carlos Velásquez Zamora replied by email on the same date, July 16, 2024, stating that no information could be provided.
It was thus that, through official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-052-2024, dated September 4, 2024, our organization addressed Ms. Nombre11 (SINAC – State Natural Heritage Official), with the subject line reading: "Request for State Natural Heritage Certification and request for field visit," the aim of which was to obtain information so as to be able to give a response to the residents of the Playa Colibrí community who were still awaiting the "Stage 2" project. The relevant portion of that communication reads literally: "We are ASADA La Palma Integrada Osa-Golfito, an organization that, with the support of municipal, public and private institutions, and of our governing body the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AYA), has managed to provide continuous and uninterrupted drinking water service to more than 15 communities spread across the cantons of Osa and Puerto Jiménez, serving approximately 7,000 inhabitants.
We currently have an ongoing project called 'Construction of a branch line in the Colibrí community.' This community is located in La Palma, in the district of Puerto Jiménez, canton of Puerto Jiménez, in the province of Puntarenas. We have divided the project into Stage 1 and Stage 2, as we are aware of the existence of criminal case 19-2.000124-1137-PE and case 22-002777-0062-PE, concerning the destruction and unlawful appropriation of State land in the community. Given this situation, we have only carried out Stage 1, which covers the portion of the community free of this situation; however, Stage 2 of the project has yet to be carried out, and the population in this sector continually requests solutions from us, given that access to drinking water is a human right. Accordingly, we respectfully request the following: 1.) State Natural Heritage Certification: With this document in hand, we can inform the population of the Colibrí community that we are indeed unable to carry out our project on those lands because doing so would mean working illegally on State property. 2.) Field visit: We request a field visit by a staff member who can indicate to us precisely where the boundaries of our project lie—that is, up to what point we may legally continue our project to supply drinking water to that community.
By way of background, on March 19, 2024, SINAC personnel visited the project site after receiving a complaint while we were working on Stage 1, and then, upon contacting us, we requested that they conduct an inspection. The document is dated March 21, 2024, and bears the consecutive number SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024, which we are attaching to this email. Nonetheless, while the result confirmed that we were not in violation of any requirement and we were able to continue with Stage 1, the document did not delimit how far we may proceed with Stage 2. For this reason, we turn to you with these requests, in the interest of finding a solution for the community's residents, who currently lack access to drinking water in their homes." This request was answered through official communication SINAC-ACOSA-DT-PNE-154-2024, signed by Nombre11, which states: (…) This thereby confirms that the lands in that area of Playa Colibrí are indeed part of the State Natural Heritage, and that any occupation of that site was carried out illegally, and it states that at the site: "efforts should rather be directed toward evicting all of these irregular occupants" [italics not in the original].
Likewise, Nombre11 herself issued Certificate No. SINAC-ACISA-DT-PNE-046-2024, dated March 2, 2024, addressed at the time to Lic. Gwam in his capacity as Public Prosecutor of Puerto Jiménez on behalf of the Office of the Prosecutor, indicating the geographic coordinates of the site, which bear a strong resemblance to those referenced in the above-mentioned email received from Lic. Gwam when he noted the existence of criminal proceedings.
In a similar vein, official communication signed by Andrés Carvajal Ruiz, dated October 8, 2024, numbered SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVD-SRP-0494-2024, provided our client with a report on a field visit conducted on September 26, 2024, to the community of Playa Colibrí, the purpose of which was to "respond to the possibility of installing a water supply system to provide drinking water service to private individuals located in that area," and it concluded literally: (…) This once again constitutes a legal impediment that has prevented our client from being able to provide the service sought through this writ of amparo—namely, water service connections or drinking water service in Stage 2. (…)
Another action related to the subject matter of this writ of amparo that was presented by the appellant herself was the one pursued by means of a note addressed to our client, dated August 1, 2023, in which the resident named Nombre12, representing the same subject matter as the present appellant, signed as president of the "Comité pro mejora y desarrollo de comunidad Playa Colibrí" [Playa Colibrí Community Improvement and Development Committee]; this request was analyzed and answered through official communication ASADALAPALMA-OIG-184-2023, dated September 13, 2023, which was personally delivered to Nombre12 on September 14, 2023, since she had not designated a means of notification, and which rejected her request on the grounds that, beyond the lack of a survey plan for the properties (needed to locate the specific site where the service would be installed), she was requesting water service connections for other individuals without holding any power of attorney or authorization granted by them—that is, without demonstrating the standing required to act on behalf of others—and, furthermore, she did not request a water service connection for herself. (The evidence of this action is attached hereto.)
As the final action deemed relevant in this report with regard to administrative proceedings undertaken by Ms. Nombre12 to represent the same interests now being pursued through the writ of amparo by the present appellant—even though these are not facts covered by the requested report—it is deemed important to note them since they concern requests made by residents of the same community of Playa Colibrí. On March 1, 2025, Nombre12 sent an email requesting a meeting with the Assembly to request three water service connections. On March 3, 2025, she was told by the same means that the request would be referred to the Board of Directors of our client. Along the same lines as the request being made by the present appellant, she was informed by email dated March 13, 2025 that there was still no date available to receive her, but that in order to advance her request, she was asked to please submit any documents she might have concerning the properties for which she was seeking drinking water service connections (properties located near those of the appellant, according to her own statements).
In response, Nombre12, by email dated March 14, 2025, attached an image named "IMG_2550314_090556.JPG," which is a draft cadastral survey plan (plano catastrado) submitted to the Registro Nacional de la Propiedad, Sección Catastro, with the following filing references: Tomo: 2025, Asiento: 15887-C. Then, on March 20, 2025, Nombre12 sent an email inquiring about the status of her application and the Assembly meeting she had requested, and was scheduled for a meeting at the ASADA offices located in La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, at 3:30 p.m. on April 8, 2025.
While this was taking place, SINAC in Puerto Jiménez was consulted as to whether Ms. Nombre12 had requested the approval or endorsement of any cadastral survey plan, which resulted in Certificate No. SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-171-2025, signed by engineer Andrés Carvajal Ruiz, indicating that no such endorsement or certification existed.
Subsequently, in an email received on April 7, 2025, from address ...03, our client received a document that, in addition to containing the national identity card of Ms. Nombre12, attached a registry qualification note (minuta de calificación registral) from the Catastro section of the Registro Nacional de Propiedad, corresponding to the filing references previously cited as belonging to the draft cadastral survey plan (Tomo: 2025, Asiento: 15887-C). As a result of this, our client decided to once again consult SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, PENINSULAR SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE (PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), and one of our client's field inspectors made a site visit and determined, based on the draft cadastral survey plan submitted by Ms. Nombre12, that "There is no distribution pipe in front of the property. 4/4/2025. SIRI used." It was further determined that the draft plan fell within the zone that had by then been indicated on so many occasions to be State Natural Heritage.
It was at that point that, through official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-024-2025, our client submitted a query to SINAC at its Puerto Jiménez office regarding the new request from Nombre12, specifically asking that entity, as the technical authority in the field of natural resources and biodiversity, to address the following questions, which were determinative for processing Ms. Carolina's request, verbatim as follows: "Nombre09.- Whether the Geographic Unit visible within the Survey identified by Tomo: 2025 and Asiento: 15887-C, referenced above, contains wetlands (humedales) and/or falls within the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre). B.- Whether, within the Geographic Unit visible within the Survey identified by Tomo: 2025 and Asiento: 15887-C, referenced above, it is technically feasible to carry out residential development, or agricultural or livestock use. C.- Whether, within the Geographic Unit visible within the Survey identified by Tomo: 2025 and Asiento: 15887-C, referenced above, it is legally permissible to carry out residential development, or agricultural or livestock use." [Italics not in the original.]
Simultaneously, Ms. Carolina was informed through official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-026-2025, dated April 21, 2025, that her request would be resolved with everything expected to be ready by May 2, 2025. She was subsequently notified that the deadline was being extended pursuant to a note dated May 2, 2025, and it was not until May 15, 2025 that a final response was provided.
In response to the query in official communication ASADALAPALMA-IOG-024-2025, Engineer Andrés Carvajal provided an answer through official communication SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0264-2025, in which he states verbatim: "Nombre09. Based on a field visit to the aforementioned Geographic Unit and subsequent technical desktop analysis, evidence shows an overlap with a State Natural Heritage area in a section classified as forest (bosque) code B9 based on official communication ACOSA-008-2010 on State Natural Heritage Río Rincón – Playa Blanca. Furthermore, based on sampling conducted during that inspection, ecological characteristics of wetlands were identified, including: hydromorphic soils, hydrological conditions, and hydrophilic vegetation, which extend even beyond the requested geographic unit. Additionally, the property shows anthropogenic interventions such as the removal of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), filling, and drainage, with the apparent intent of degrading and/or eliminating the wetland conditions.
It is therefore established that the area is a wetland. B.- As already indicated under the preceding point, since it is a wetland ecosystem, it is not technically feasible to carry out residential, agricultural, or livestock activities without altering the wetland ecosystem, as these are ecosystems that regulate hydrological regimes. Such activities require the implementation of actions (filling, drainage, removal of forest cover, among others) to mitigate the influence of water in the area, which would cause the degradation or even elimination of the wetland, not to mention the displacement of the flora and fauna characteristic of these ecosystems. Therefore, based on the general mandate set forth in Art. 2, Decreto Ejecutivo 42760, regardless of where these ecosystems are located, the State shall exercise special legal protective oversight over them by virtue of their status as assets of public interest, encompassing both the environmental dimension of the social function of property and the right of individuals to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
C.- Starting from Art. 50 of the Political Constitution, which establishes the right of individuals to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and together with the principle set out in Art. 19 of Ley 7575, which prohibits land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) and thereby established the principle of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest—meaning that removal or elimination of forest to establish another type of activity is not permitted—the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, in its Art. N° 32, declares wetlands to be a protected wildlife area. Likewise, the RAMSAR Convention, approved through Ley N° 7224, requires that such areas be managed in accordance with Management Plans in order to adopt measures that respect their ecological characteristics. Furthermore, paragraph b of Art. 2 of Decreto N° 42760-MINAE prohibits all anthropogenic actions that degrade or eliminate the wetland, and as previously noted, given the conditions of shallow water tables and hydric soil types, such actions would generate an impact that degrades this type of ecosystem." [Nombre07 not in the original.]
In response to the foregoing official communication, our client, through official communication ASADALAPALMAIOG-DNP-030-2025, dated May 15, 2025, sent by email to the addressee (Nombre12) on the same date, addressed Nombre12 in order to explain that: "The foregoing queries addressed to the Área de Conservación Osa, Dirección de Recursos Forestales y Vida Silvestre, Subregión Peninsular, were made because it is that entity that is charged with issuing the required criterion as the Technical and Legal authority pursuant to the Ley de Biodiversidad, in its SECTION II concerning SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, in Art. 22, all in the interest of ensuring 'proper management of natural resources.' With regard to that criterion, it should be noted that it establishes as a definite premise that the Geographic Unit visible within the Survey identified by Tomo: 2025 and Asiento: 15887-C overlaps with a State Natural Heritage area in a section classified as forest code B9 based on official communication ACOSA-008-2010 on State Natural Heritage Río Rincón – Playa Blanca, and that it is therefore an area where neither technically nor legally is it possible to engage in residential development, or in agricultural or livestock use.
Accordingly, pursuant to the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales Nº 42582-S-MINAE, under Art. 28, paragraph 'j,' which provides for the possibility of issuing service availability certificates and water capacity letters whenever technically and legally warranted, your request must be denied, because as has been seen and explained herein, from the information gathered through your actions and the documents submitted, and from SINAC's criterion, it is neither technically nor legally possible for you to carry out any type of use whatsoever in that area." [Italics not in the original.]
And so it was that finally, through official communication Nombre13-IOG-DNP-061-2025, dated May 27, 2025, sent by email on the same date, our client addressed Nombre12, identity card CED04, with a denial of her request based on official communication SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0264-2025 and other details, informing her in full as follows: (…)
Regarding the reference to the Municipalidad de Golfito having sent the request to an Environment Commission to issue a "certification of permission for ASADA de la Palma to proceed with the installation of the meters," it must be reported that the actions taken by the ASADA in connection with this matter are those set out herein through this Report, and that the Municipalidad de Golfito never sent our client any certification or permit in the sense of approving or authorizing the installation of a drinking water service connection to serve the community interests of Dirección03 with respect to the provision of drinking water—this notwithstanding the fact that the Municipal entity does not hold any authority of that kind over our client.
As matters stand, the actions taken by the ASADA in connection with this matter are those set out previously in this Report.
Finally, with respect to the health impacts suffered by the appellant and the residents who are said to be affected, as referred to in her written request, our client wishes to state in this report, clearly and unequivocally, that at no point has it acted arbitrarily in analyzing the matter now before the Court in this writ of amparo proceeding. On the contrary, we are an organization that strives to provide the highest quality and broadest possible service, but in this matter, it so happens that we must adhere to our own governing legal framework—the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales Nº 42582-S-MINAE—in a case such as the one under review, which requires the installation of new water service connections and necessarily entails heavy machinery work on site for the opening of trenches, and knowing that it is a State Natural Heritage zone.
It is on that basis, and in accordance with the principle of legality (Bloque de Legalidad), that in order to carry out the technical and legal analysis required to approve a service, we have had to seek guidance from the responsible authority, which in this case is SINAC. That authority, despite the health impacts reported by the appellants, has indicated—as previously referenced and in those same terms—that it is not possible to grant water service connections in that area. (…)
INTEGRATION OF THE DISPUTE. I submit that, for the proper resolution of this matter, and in light of the administrative interventions that have given rise to the challenged actions considered unconstitutional herein, a report should also be requested from SINAC (SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN), specifically from the PENINSULAR SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE (PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), as well as from the Office of the Prosecutor (the Environmental Prosecutor's Office and/or the Puerto Jiménez Prosecutor's Office).
11. By a written filing incorporated into the digital case file on June 3, 2026, Óscar Andrés Vargas Cordero appears as attorney of record. He states: "The undersigned clarifies that, when responding to the report in this matter (via Delivery Number 1305464-2026 of the Online Management System, dated June 1, 2026, at 08:27 hours, on behalf of CYNTHIA LINETH PICADO MENA, of legal age, identity card number CED05, married twice, homemaker, resident of Puntarenas, Puerto Jiménez, Caserío La Palma, acting as representative of the 'ASOCIACIÓN ADMINISTRADORA DEL ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARILLADO SANITARIO DE LA PALMA INTEGRADA OSA GOLFITO,' with legal entity number three-zero zero two-two hundred ninety-eight thousand seven hundred seventy-three), the heading incorrectly indicated the case number as CED06, when the correct number is CED07, as hereby clarified." 12. By a written filing incorporated into the digital case file on June 16, 2026, the petitioner appears.
She states: "I. PRELIMINARY: ABSENCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL RES JUDICATA (cosa juzgada material constitucional). The respondent authorities allege that this matter constitutes Constitutional Res Judicata by virtue of the ruling in Judgment No. 2025041106 (Case File No. 25-032602-0007-CO) of December 11, 2025. I technically refute that consideration, as the causa petendi and the subject matter of the present remedy differ substantially from those of the prior, truncated proceeding. That proceeding concerned the feasibility of extending the permanent distribution network (Stage 2) for regular household services in the coastal zone. In contrast, the present amparo petition (recurso de amparo) sets aside any discussion of possession, the legality of structures, or the registral stability of the land, and is strictly limited to demanding, on an individualized basis, the provisional and humanitarian protection of the Fundamental Right to Health and to Life of two girls, aged 5 and 10, who face a current sanitary risk from consuming untreated well water.
It is likewise clarified that criminal or civil disputes brought against third parties unrelated to this family unit cannot be invoked against the protected persons, and therefore boundary disputes over State-owned lands cannot operate as a punitive extension that deprives minor children of access to water. II. ON THE ABSENCE OF TECHNICAL CERTAINTY ACKNOWLEDGED BY THE OPERATOR. It is of vital relevance that this Tribunal note that the Head of the Regional Office of Community Aqueducts (ORAC) Brunca Region, through Memorandum No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370, admitted under oath that: 'it is not possible to establish the exact location of the petitioners' property in order to determine whether or not it falls within a zone of State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado).' That express admission demonstrates that the denial of service to the protected persons does not arise from a technical delimitation applied to their specific case, but from a sweeping generalization.
The respondent authorities are restricting a fundamental right to water based on mere geographic suspicion, violating the principle of reasoned decision-making by failing to verify on-site whether the specific dwelling does or does not harm the ecological environment. III. NEW FACT: GEOGRAPHIC ARBITRARINESS, SOCIOECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION, AND SELECTIVE SECTORIZATION OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE (ARTICLE 33 OF THE CONSTITUTION). It appears as a fact of legal and institutional significance that the respondent ASADA and the AyA apply markedly discriminatory water-distribution criteria along the public road leading to Playa Colibrí, thereby engaging in an evident selective sectorization (sectorización selectiva) of the water service based on economic profiles: 1. Preferential commercial and tourism treatment (Right Side of Road): The respondent authorities provide regular potable-water service to the neighboring AGROPECUARIA TOSCANA S.A. (a multi-hectare property located immediately before the protected persons' home).
Moreover, entering the neighborhood sector on the right-hand side of the public road, there is commercial-tourism infrastructure (a complex of tourist cabins and coastal vacation developments), on which side the respondents actively extended the water distribution networks, installing metered connections with ready-made provisions, even on uninhabited, vacant lots with no established buildings. 2. Selective exclusion of residential vulnerability (Left Side of Road): By contrast, on the left-hand side of the same stretch of public road — the residential sector where the protected person lives together with her low-income family and the two minor children in a condition of extreme socioeconomic vulnerability — the respondent authorities maintain an absolute denial of service. This asymmetric distribution demonstrates irrefutably that THERE IS NO TECHNICAL OR MATERIAL IMPOSSIBILITY of providing water service to this coastal sector.
Using the State Natural Heritage regime and wetland protection as a legal shield to deny a water hose or humanitarian measure to a settlement of impoverished families on the left side, while supplying water networks, water taps, and meters to the commercial developments and tourist estates on the right side, constitutes a flagrant violation of the Principle of Equality and Non-Discrimination (Article 33 of the Constitution). Environmental restrictions must be applied in a general and objective manner, and not as a selective barrier of exclusion to the detriment of the health of low-income minor children. IV. MATERIAL REALITY CONFIRMED BY THE AGRARIAN COURT: ABSENCE OF ACTIVE FOREST COVER (cobertura boscosa). This Tribunal is informed that the area of Playa Colibrí where the dwelling is located constitutes a human settlement that has been consolidated and anthropogenically altered for decades, whose dominant flora in the yards consists of century-old mango fruit trees and pipa palm plantations.
There is no virgin forest or woodland at the site whose active forest cover could be harmed by laying a provisional water supply mechanism. Evidence of the historical consolidation, the nature of the land, and the use of the coastal access routes is provided by Ruling No. 194-F-2022 issued by the Agrarian Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José (Case File No. 21-000007-0419-AG), an injunction proceeding brought by the neighboring AGROPECUARIA TOSCANA S.A., in which the judges judicially established the material condition of the land as a clear access road, with the presence of pipa palm crops and posts, used continuously by community residents, and dismissed WITHOUT MERIT the claims for closure of the community access routes. The disconnect is therefore evident between the satellite-based desk approximations of SINAC and the material and historical reality upheld by the Republic's own courts.
V. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND JURISPRUDENTIAL BASIS (NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW). In order to strengthen the grounds for this reply, the following binding legal framework, applicable to this Tribunal, is expressly invoked: 1. Explicit Constitutional Recognition: Article 50 of the Constitution prescribes that 'Access to potable water is a basic, inalienable, non-waivable, imprescriptible human right guaranteed by the State.' This right is inseparable from life and health (Articles 21 and 33). 2. The international conventionality block: General Comment No. 15 of the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (PIDESC) provides that water is a cultural and social good, not a purely economic commodity. Likewise, Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (ratified by Costa Rica through Law No. 7184) obliges the State to combat disease through the provision of safe potable water. 3.
Binding jurisprudential line of the Constitutional Chamber (analogous cases): o Water as a humanitarian priority over boundary or environmental obstacles: This Chamber has firmly established that disputes over the legal nature of the land or the absence of formal requirements do not authorize the Administration to leave a family unprotected. In Ruling No. 2014-019565, this Constitutional Tribunal categorically held: 'Even when a property is located in an environmental protection zone or lacks survey plans, the operator has the obligation to supply water on a provisional basis for strictly humanitarian reasons, if a health risk to minors is established.' o The Best Interest of the Child versus public service: Constitutional jurisprudence (see Rulings No. 2019-015891 and 2021-008240) reiterates that, under the protection of the Code on Children and Adolescents (Ley 7739), the Best Interest of the Child obligates the AyA and the ASADAs to provide immediate provisional water solutions through communal water taps or water tanker trucks while definitive infrastructure controversies are resolved.
This responds to the principle of adaptability and continuity of public service. VI. REQUEST FOR EVIDENCE FOR A BETTER RESOLUTION (ARTICLE 41 LJC). I respectfully ask this Tribunal to request and evaluate the sworn report submitted by the respondent ASADA, from which it expressly appears that: i) there was sufficient water resource availability and administrative and financial capacity to supply the community of Playa Colibrí; ii) a specific project was designed for that community, divided into what was called 'Stage 1' and 'Stage 2'; iii) only Stage 1 was executed; iv) water service connections (previstas de agua) and fire hydrants were installed for certain residents of the same community; and v) the excluded population continues to require a solution, with the respondent itself acknowledging that 'access to potable water is a human right.' These facts constitute a relevant administrative admission establishing that the alleged obstacle does not correspond to an absolute impossibility of supply, but rather to the absence of effective alternative measures to guarantee minimum potable-water access for the protected family unit.
Moreover, the ASADA's own statements demonstrate that the supply problem in Playa Colibrí was institutionally known at least since 2021, without an effective, individualized solution compatible with the best interests of the affected minor children having been provided to date. What is truly relevant is that the respondents failed to demonstrate that they had exhausted effective substitute measures for this specific family unit. They did not demonstrate having implemented a nearby fixed supply point, a communal water tap, a provisional collective system, periodic supply by water tanker trucks, or any other modality that would reconcile environmental protection with the effective protection of the human right to water. Therefore, the challenged omission lies not only in the failure to execute the so-called 'Stage 2,' but in the absence of an adequate institutional response to a basic, current, and urgent need that directly affects the health, dignity, and best interests of two minor children.
VII. NEW FACT: EXPRESS ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE PROJECT AND ABSENCE OF SUBSTITUTE MEASURES FOR THE EXCLUDED POPULATION. It is of particular constitutional significance that the respondent ASADA itself acknowledges under oath that: i) there was sufficient water resource availability to supply the community of Playa Colibrí; ii) a specific project was designed for that community; iii) that project was partially executed through what was called 'Stage 1'; iv) water service connections and fire hydrants were installed for certain residents of the same community; and v) the so-called 'Stage 2' was not executed, even though the affected population continues to require a solution. Consequently, the constitutional debate no longer concerns the non-existence of water resources or an absolute material impossibility of providing service. On the contrary, the respondent authority's own statements show that supply was technically and economically feasible for part of the population, leaving a specific group excluded from the implemented solution.
Even conceding, solely for the sake of argument, the existence of environmental restrictions with respect to certain sectors, this does not exempt the AyA or the ASADA from their constitutional obligation to adopt alternative, reasonable, and proportionate measures to guarantee minimum potable-water access for the minor children and families in a condition of vulnerability. The respondents failed to demonstrate that they had exhausted or evaluated humanitarian water-contingency options prior to issuing an absolute denial. VIII. FINAL PETITION. Based on all of the foregoing, I respectfully ask the Honorable Justices: 1. TO DECLARE MERITORIOUS in all respects the present amparo petition for flagrant violation of Articles 21, 33, 50, and 51 of the Constitution, General Comment No. 15 of the PIDESC, and Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. 2. TO ORDER the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA) and the ASADA de La Palma de Puerto Jiménez that, immediately and subject to the legal penalty of contempt, they install a provisional potable-water supply mechanism (whether through a provisional humanitarian water tap, extension of a community hose from the right side of the public road, or periodic home delivery via water tanker trucks) for the benefit of the petitioner and her two minor daughters, so as to guarantee their right to health while the underlying infrastructure disputes are resolved. 3.
TO CONDEMN the respondent institutions to pay costs, damages, and losses arising from the facts giving rise to this amparo petition. [1]." 13. The legal formalities have been observed throughout the proceedings.
Drafted by Justice Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
I.On the admissibility of the amparo petition against a private-law entity. Article 57 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction stipulates the circumstances in which an amparo petition against the actions or omissions of private-law entities is admissible, providing that such a claim is admissible when those entities act or must act in the exercise of public functions or powers, or when they are, in fact or by law, in a position of power against which ordinary judicial remedies are clearly insufficient or untimely to guarantee the rights or fundamental freedoms referred to in Article 2(a) thereof. In the specific case, the petition is deemed admissible inasmuch as the respondent ASADA provides a public service.
II.Subject matter of the petition. The petitioner, Nombre01, files an amparo petition on her own behalf and on behalf of Nombre05 and Nombre03, against the ASADA de La Palma Integrada Nombre04 and ICAA, for the failure to guarantee access to potable water. She states that they reside in the community of Playa Colibrí in a condition of vulnerability. She affirms that it is a settlement of families living in poverty. She maintains that they are not provided the service, even though another sector does receive it. She argues that the neighborhood committee of Colibrí made the request; however, it was denied to the community. She states that they had to dig wells for their daily activities; but, since the water is untreated, it constitutes a health risk. She adds that, despite the existence of nearby infrastructure, neither ICAA nor the ASADA have taken measures to resolve the situation. She seeks to have the water supply guaranteed at least on a provisional basis as a humanitarian measure while the sanitary risk persists, since the minor children are without water. She requests that the service be provided to her family and to others who have been denied it. She further adds that only the first stage of a supply project for the Playa Colibrí sector was implemented.
(…) ASADA La Palma provides potable-water service to a population in various communities in the canton and surrounding areas to the extent feasible. In the case of Playa Colibrí, the water distribution branch line (ramal) of the aqueduct (acueducto) extends to the point defined by the environmental authorities, given the presence of State Natural Heritage (see the following images: cf. Attached document SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024) (…) In this case in Playa Colibrí, action was taken in accordance with the provisions established by SINAC given the location of State Natural Heritage, and as stated in point six, the pipeline of ASADA La Palma reaches the limit permitted by the competent authorities. (…) The attached document SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024 established the limit and scope of the branch line '…which is located adjacent to the main road (route 245) at the southern entrance to Playa Colibrí, specifically at the coordinates longitude 560552 latitude 956043 (CRTM05) (Figure 1).
From this point the installation runs northward approximately 1020 m, then diverges along the road toward Playa Colibrí for approximately 1600 m, then diverges again approximately 180 m to the south, reaching the final point of said installation at the coordinates longitude 561921 latitude 957090 (CRTM05) (Figure 3).' The branch line is currently completed. (…) In the sector where the Playa Colibrí population subject to this amparo petition is located, there is a structural impediment established by SINAC due to the presence of State Natural Heritage. (…)." (Evidence submitted by ICAA).
(…) it is important to highlight that, in the interest of supplying the community of Playa Colibrí with potable water and installing the respective water service connections (previstas de agua), there are currently 07 such connections in that community, which receive service thanks to the new branch-line extension built exclusively for that community, constructed even with the very valuable assistance of the community residents themselves — however, as stated before, it was not possible to extend the branch line in certain requested areas for the installation of service connections, due to those areas being within the State Natural Heritage sector, which is precisely the geographic sector the petitioners are requesting; this detail regarding the existence of State Natural Heritage (…). (…) at the site where the potable-water service connections were requested (Playa Colibrí community), there are ongoing criminal proceedings for Unlawful Encroachment, Land-use Change (Cambio de Uso de Suelo), and Logging in a Protection Zone, with 6 persons named as defendants." (Evidence submitted by the president of the ASADA de La Palma Integrada Osa Golfito).
IV.On the specific case. In the present matter, the petitioner, Nombre01, files an amparo petition on her own behalf and on behalf of Nombre05 and Nombre03, against the ASADA de La Palma Integrada Nombre04 and ICAA, for the failure to guarantee access to potable water. She states that they reside in the community of Playa Colibrí in a condition of vulnerability. She affirms that it is a settlement of families living in poverty. She maintains that they are not provided the service, even though another sector does receive it. She argues that the neighborhood committee of Colibrí made the request; however, it was denied to the community. She states that they had to dig wells for their daily activities; but, since the water is untreated, it constitutes a health risk. She adds that, despite the existence of nearby infrastructure, neither ICAA nor the ASADA have taken measures to resolve the situation. She seeks to have the water supply guaranteed at least on a provisional basis as a humanitarian measure while the sanitary risk persists, since the minor children are without water. She requests that the service be provided to her family and to others who have been denied it. She further adds that only the first stage of a supply project for the Playa Colibrí sector was implemented.
From the review of the record it is established that the UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales, in memorandum GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370 of May 28, 2026, stated: "The community sector of Playa Colibrí is served directly by the ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, legal entity number CED03 (ASADA La Palma), which holds a Delegation Agreement granted by the AyA for the administration, operation, maintenance, and development of the La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, Golfito system, approved by Board of Directors Resolution No. 2013-129, at Ordinary Session No. 2013-014 of March 19, 2013, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 80 of April 26, 2013, and countersigned by the Institution on May 27, 2013, in accordance with Resolution No. R-CO-33, Art. 3 inciso 1.i, of the Contraloría General de la República. We must further note that ORAC Brunca Region has no pending matter to address for the petitioners Nombre01 and Nombre03, nor does ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez have any pending matter related to the Playa Colibrí sector in general or to the petitioners in particular.
(…) ASADA La Palma provides potable-water service to a population in various communities in the canton and surrounding areas to the extent feasible. In the case of Playa Colibrí, the branch line of the aqueduct extends to the point defined by the environmental authorities, given the presence of State Natural Heritage (see the following images: cf. Attached document SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024) (…) In this case in Playa Colibrí, action was taken in accordance with the provisions established by SINAC given the location of State Natural Heritage, and as stated in point six, the pipeline of ASADA La Palma reaches the limit permitted by the competent authorities. (…) The attached document SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024 established the limit and scope of the branch line '…which is located adjacent to the main road (route 245) at the southern entrance to Playa Colibrí, specifically at the coordinates longitude 560552 latitude 956043 (CRTM05) (Figure 1).
From this point the installation runs northward approximately 1020 m, then diverges along the road toward Playa Colibrí for approximately 1600 m, then diverges again approximately 180 m to the south, reaching the final point of said installation at the coordinates longitude 561921 latitude 957090 (CRTM05) (Figure 3).' The branch line is currently completed. (…) In the sector where the Playa Colibrí population subject to this amparo petition is located, there is a structural impediment established by SINAC due to the presence of State Natural Heritage. (…)." The president of the ASADA de La Palma Integrada Osa Golfito, in the response brief signed on June 1, 2026, stated: "some residents of the same community of Playa Colibrí do have the service and others do not, (…) this is due to a boundary issue with Conservation Areas that prevents further extension toward a specific sector, which is the specific sector where the petitioner resides.
(…) It is further noted that a potable-water meter was installed for some residents of the Playa Colibrí community, which is of particular relevance in this case, because indeed in the community of Playa Colibrí, as part of our organization's effort to meet the potable-water needs of users who requested it, the required studies and analyses were conducted, with the result that, for the community of Playa Colibrí as a whole, there was a water balance that was more than sufficient to provide the service, but upon analyzing the applicable technical and legal aspects, one sector of the settlement could receive the service and another could not — this was because the sector that could receive the service was located outside the State Natural Heritage zone, while the other was within the State Natural Heritage zone, and it is precisely this latter sector where the petitioners reside and where they seek to have the on-site potable-water service provided (…).
(…) it is important to highlight that, in the interest of supplying the community of Playa Colibrí with potable water and installing the respective water service connections, there are currently 07 such connections in that community, which receive service thanks to the new branch-line extension built exclusively for that community, constructed even with the very valuable assistance of the community residents themselves — however, as stated before, it was not possible to extend the branch line in certain requested areas for the installation of service connections, due to those areas being within the State Natural Heritage sector, which is precisely the geographic sector the petitioners are requesting; this detail regarding the existence of State Natural Heritage (…). (…) at the site where the potable-water service connections were requested (Playa Colibrí community), there are ongoing criminal proceedings for Unlawful Encroachment, Land-use Change, and Logging in a Protection Zone, with 6 persons named as defendants." In view of this panorama, in the terms set forth in the petition as filed, no situation is found that, at this time, warrants intervention by the Chamber.
In the first place, the petitioner did not state that the ASADA had denied any specific request made by her. It further bears noting that it is through the ordinary channels (vías ordinarias) that the petitioner may submit her position to adversarial proceedings, in order to litigate whether she lawfully occupies the property in question, whether it falls within a State Natural Heritage zone, or whether she has a right to a water service connection.
It should be noted that both ICAA and the ASADA stated that the infrastructure extends to the limit established by SINAC. The ASADA likewise established that the property referred to by the petitioner falls within the zone defined as State Natural Heritage. Therefore, any disagreement regarding such matters is properly suited for discussion through ordinary procedural channels. The same applies if the petitioner intends to continue residing in that settlement with the minor children.
Regarding the present matter, the Chamber, in Judgment No. 2025041106 of 10:10 a.m. on December 11, 2025, held:
"CONSIDERING:
The petitioning party requests that ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez be ordered to supply potable water service to the community of Playa Colibrí, alleging that for years they have pursued various requests before the Municipalidad de Golfito, the Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez, MINAE, and other authorities; however, these have been ignored or denied, despite the fact that other communities also situated within a State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) zone do have such service. The petitioner asserts that the community currently relies on a well that does not meet health standards and that the repeated refusal violates their access to an essential basic service.
(…)
On the matter under discussion here, this Court has held that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, the associations administering aqueduct and sewerage systems (asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados), municipalities, and other institutions that provide potable water service may deny requests for potable water service submitted to them, or may impose conditions on such requests, where technical or legal grounds so warrant. Accordingly, in Judgment No. 2014-9134, issued at 14:05 hours on June 19, 2014, the Court held as follows:
(…) This Court has stated in repeated judgments on this subject that the supply of potable water is recognized within the Costa Rican legal framework as a public service, and that as such, every public service provider—whether a public entity or a private entity—is obligated to provide the service on a continuous, efficient, and equal basis, while adapting to technological changes (see, in this regard, Judgment 2001-09676, issued at eleven hours twenty-five minutes on September 26, 2001, and Judgment 2004-08161, issued at ten hours fifty-three minutes on July 23, 2004). It is therefore clear that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, as one of the state bodies charged with providing the public potable water service, is likewise obligated to render that service continuously, adaptably, efficiently, and on equal terms to all residents. That said, the jurisprudence of this Constitutional Tribunal has also indicated that, faced with a legal impossibility (meaning the failure to satisfy requirements established in the applicable regulations) or a formal impossibility (meaning the absence of a water distribution network (Red de Distribución de Aguas)), it is reasonable to decline service requests or to require the interested party to assume installation costs when no potable water distribution network exists and the construction of infrastructure is necessary.
Thus, in these cases it has been established that there is no refusal of access to potable water service, but rather an inability to provide it or the necessary involvement of the interested party in overcoming a technical obstacle—namely, the lack of infrastructure. In other words, as long as the failure to supply potable water service is not capricious, arbitrary, or unfounded, but is instead justified by legal or material impossibility, we are not confronted with a violation of fundamental rights." (Emphasis not in the original text.)
In this regard, the Court dismisses any infringement of the fundamental rights of the protected party (parte amparada). While the petitioner alleges that, despite years of requests addressed to the respondent authorities seeking potable water service for the community of Playa Colibrí, such service has not been forthcoming—even though other communities also located within State Natural Heritage zones do have that service—the reports submitted and the evidence in the record establish that the root of the problem lies in the fact that the area in question is State Natural Heritage, where only scientific research, training, and ecotourism activities may be authorized, subject to prior permission from SINAC, since it is state-owned property. That is to say, these are assets of public ownership that cannot be the subject of private property; they are inalienable, imprescriptible, and immune from attachment, and they lie outside the bounds of private commerce, because they are subject to a special regime of use and protection. In light of the foregoing, the respondent authorities are legally and materially unable to include the residents in their billing system or to install the potable water service that the petitioner requests, given the special conditions applicable to the zone.
Likewise, as reflected in the established facts of this judgment, the respondent authorities undertook a series of actions and investigations in order to resolve the petitioner's request, providing both the petitioner and the community of Playa Colibrí with a response explaining the legal impediment to supplying potable water service—a situation that is not considered arbitrary, since it was grounded in objective reasons and technical criteria.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court dismisses any infringement of the fundamental rights of the protected party, since, as stated, the respondent authority resolved the matter and informed the interested party of the reasons for denying potable water service to the population of Playa Colibrí." Furthermore, the installation of public water sources or the offering of provisional supply alternatives—insofar as this constitutional jurisdiction is concerned—is not appropriate in settlements located in areas classified as State Natural Heritage, since determining whether properties are legitimately occupied exceeds the summary nature (sumariedad) of the amparo writ (recurso de amparo). It should also be noted that the petitioning party itself mentioned the construction of a well in this area by local residents and the use of untreated water, a matter that is properly subject to review by the competent administrative authorities.
V.Dissenting opinion (voto salvado) of Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal, drafted by the latter. In this regard, we note that in Judgment No. 2025041106, issued at 10:10 hours on December 11, 2025, we entered a dissenting opinion in the following terms:
"VIII.- DISSENTING OPINION OF JUSTICES CRUZ CASTRO AND RUEDA LEAL, DRAFTED BY THE LATTER. In the sub examine, the petitioning party states that in 2018 the community committee of Nombre87788 applied to the Municipalidad de Golfito for authorization for the respondent ASADA to supply potable water to residents; however, the local government ignored the request. The petitioner details that on February 13, 2021, the request was again submitted to the Municipalidad de Golfito, seeking the issuance of a certification instructing the respondent association to install potable water service for residents of the area. The petitioner indicates that, through Official Communication No. SMG-T-111-02-2021 of February 25, 2021, the Concejo Municipal of Golfito took note of the request and, in Regular Session No. 7, Chapter 5, Article 10, resolved to refer the matter to the Administration so that a response could be provided to the community.
However, the petitioner contends that ASADA failed to implement the municipal council's resolution. The petitioner maintains that they requested that the community of Nombre87788 be granted potable water service, since other nearby communities within the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre)—Rincón de Osa, Playa Blanca, Playa Juanito Mora, among others—do enjoy that basic service. The petitioner asserts that since 2016 they have fought to have water supplied to them. In addition, the petitioner states that approximately one year ago the respondent ASADA installed a meter 500 meters from the community of Playa Colibrí. The petitioner notes that the distance from the hydrant to the community is 100 meters. The petitioner notes that the respondent authorities have argued that the community cannot have access to potable water because it constitutes national heritage. The petitioner adds that within the same canton there are other communities (Playa Blanca and Playa Escondida) that are also situated within the State Natural Heritage area and do have potable water service.
The petitioner maintains that all of these requests were made when the Municipalidad de Golfito was responsible for administering the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone. The petitioner details that residents of the community of Nombre87788 approached the Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez to request a permit for the respondent ASADA to supply water; however, the request was denied. The petitioner also notes that they approached MINAE to request potable water service, but their request was likewise rejected. Furthermore, officials of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados from Nombre87789 met with the community and informed them that the community should have access to potable water service, but provided no document and set no date for a site visit. The petitioner alleges that the community consumes water from a well that fails to meet the standards established by the Ministry of Health for human consumption.
On this matter, the undersigned Justices note that what is alleged in the sub lite corresponds, prima facie, to a problem of great magnitude, for it is not merely a question of a community being without potable water; indeed, the very source of water to which residents must resort is reported to fall short of the standards set by the Ministry of Health for human consumption.
In this regard, we consider it essential to include the Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos (Aresep) as a party, since, in Judgment No. 2020007754, issued at 9:45 hours on April 24, 2020, the Court took into account that Aresep, in rendering its report, identified a series of problems with the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados relating to infrastructure investment, losses from unaccounted-for water, and execution capacity. On that occasion, this Tribunal held: 'In this regard, the record not only shows that the water supply shortage had been manifesting since 2017, but ARESEP also noted that ICAA was lagging in infrastructure investment and, in addition, had significant losses on account of unaccounted-for water. The regulatory body further stated that the capacity of potable water service operators to execute projects had not been what would be desired.' Consequently, we enter a dissenting opinion and order that the processing of the writ continue for the purpose of requesting a report from the General Regulator of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos." Accordingly, in the same terms set out above, we enter a dissenting opinion and order that the processing of the writ continue for the purpose of requesting a report from the General Regulator of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
VI.Documentation Submitted to the Case File. The parties are hereby notified that, should they have submitted any paper documents, objects, or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer-based, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device, these must be retrieved within a maximum period of 30 business days, counted from the date of notification of this judgment. It is advised that all materials not retrieved within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (approved by the Corte Plena in Article XXVI of Session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, and published in the Boletín Judicial No. 19 of January 26, 2012) and pursuant to Article LXXXI of the Session of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial No. 43-12 of May 3, 2012.
Por tanto:
The writ is denied. Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal enter a dissenting opinion and order that the processing of the writ continue for the purpose of requesting a report from the General Regulator of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
EV Generación de Machote: D:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\MODELOS\S4SENAMH001.dpj SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinticinco minutos del diez de julio de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente nro. 26-012749-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, a favor de SÍ MISMA y de Nombre02 y Nombre03, contra la ASOCIACIÓN ADMINISTRADORA DEL ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARILLADO SANITARIO (Asada) DE LA PALMA INTEGRADA Nombre04 y el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (ICAA).
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
I.Sobre la admisibilidad del recurso de amparo contra sujeto de derecho privado. La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 57, estipula en cuáles supuestos es admisible el amparo contra las acciones u omisiones de sujetos de derecho privado, y señala que resulta admisible este tipo de demanda cuando estos actúen o deban actuar en ejercicio de funciones o potestades públicas, o, se encuentren, de hecho o de derecho, en una posición de poder frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales comunes resulten claramente insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos o libertades fundamentales a que se refiere el artículo 2 inciso a) eiusdem. En el caso concreto se estima que el recurso es admisible, por cuanto la Asada recurrida presta un servicio público.
II.Objeto del recurso. La persona accionante Nombre01 interpone recurso de amparo a favor de sí misma y de Nombre05 y Nombre03, en contra de la Asada de La Palma Integrada Nombre04 y el ICAA, por la omisión de garantizar el acceso al agua potable. Menciona que habitan la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, en condición de vulnerabilidad. Afirma que se trata de un asentamiento de familias en condición de pobreza. Sostiene que no se les brinda el servicio, pese a que otro sector sí lo recibe. Arguye que el comité de vecinos de Colibrí lo pidió; sin embargo, le fue negado a la comunidad. Manifiesta que tuvieron que construir pozos para sus actividades cotidianas; empero, al ser agua sin tratamiento constituye un riesgo para la salud. Acota que, pese a que existe infraestructura cercana, ni el ICAA ni la Asada han adoptado medidas para solucionar la situación. Pretende que se garantice el abastecimiento del servicio al menos de forma provisional, como medida humanitaria mientras exista riesgo sanitario, ya que las menores de edad están sin agua. Pide que se otorgue el servicio a su familia y a las demás a quienes se les haya negado. Agrega que solo se implementó la primera etapa de un proyecto de abastecimiento para el sector de Playa Colibrí.
(…) La ASADA La Palma brinda el servicio de agua potable a una población de varias comunidades en el cantón y lugares circunvecinos hasta donde le sea factible dicha prestación. En el caso de Playa Colibrí el ramal del Acueducto llega hasta donde las autoridades ambientales lo definieron, dada la presencia de Patrimonio Natural del Estado (ver imágenes siguientes: cfr. Documento anexo SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024) (…) Para este caso en Playa Colibrí se actuó de conformidad con lo establecido por el SINAC dada la ubicación de Patrimonio Natural del Estado, y como se indicó en el punto sexto, la tubería de la ASADA La Palma llega al límite que ha sido permitido por las autoridades correspondientes. (…) En el oficio anexo SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024 se estableció el límite y el alcance del ramal “…el cual se encuentra junto a la carretera principal (ruta 245) entrada sur a playa Colibrí, específicamente en las coordenadas longitud 560552 latitud 956043 (CRTM05) (Figura 1).
De este punto la instalación avanza hacia el norte aproximada mente 1020 m donde se desvía sobre camino hacia playa colibrí cerca de 1600 m desviándose nuevamente cerca de 180 m al sur llegando al punto final de dicha instalación ubicado en las coordenadas longitud 561921 latitud 957090 (CRTM05) (Figura 3).” Actualmente el ramal está concluido. (…) En el caso del sector donde se ubica la población de Playa Colibrí objeto de este recurso de amparo existe impedimento estructural establecido por el SINAC dada la presencia de Patrimonio Natural del Estado. (…)”. (Prueba aportada por el ICAA).
(…) es importante destacar, pues en aras de suministrar a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí de Agua Potable, de instalarles su respectiva prevista de agua, a la fecha en esa comunidad existen una suma de 07 previstas de agua, que reciben el servicio gracias a la ampliación del ramal que se hizo nuevo y exclusivo para esa comunidad, y que se hizo hasta con muy valiosa ayuda de los mismos vecinos de la comunidad, eso sí, como se ha dicho antes, no siendo posible la ampliación del ramal en ciertas zonas solicitadas para instalación de previstas, eso por motivos de ser sector Patrimonio Natural del Estado, y que es precisamente en el sector geográfico que los recurrentes solicitan, detalle este último de la existencia de Patrimonio Natural del Estado (…). (…) en sitio de solicitud de las Previstas de Agua Potable (Comunidad Playa Colibrí), existen litigios penales de índole de Usurpación, Cambio de Uso de Suelo, y Tala de Zona de Protección, y menciona como imputados a 6 personas”. (Prueba aportada por la presidenta de la Asada de La Palma Integrada Osa Golfito).
IV.Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub examine, la persona accionante Nombre01 interpone recurso de amparo a favor de sí misma y de Nombre05 y Nombre03, en contra de la Asada de La Palma Integrada Nombre04 y el ICAA, por la omisión de garantizar el acceso al agua potable. Menciona que habitan la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, en condición de vulnerabilidad. Afirma que se trata de un asentamiento de familias en condición de pobreza. Sostiene que no se les brinda el servicio, pese a que otro sector sí lo recibe. Arguye que el comité de vecinos de Colibrí lo pidió; sin embargo, le fue negado a la comunidad. Manifiesta que tuvieron que construir pozos para sus actividades cotidianas; empero, al ser agua sin tratamiento constituye un riesgo para la salud. Acota que, pese a que existe infraestructura cercana, ni el ICAA ni la Asada han adoptado medidas para solucionar la situación. Pretende que se garantice el abastecimiento del servicio al menos de forma provisional, como medida humanitaria mientras exista riesgo sanitario, ya que las menores de edad están sin agua. Pide que se otorgue el servicio a su familia y a las demás a quienes se les haya negado. Agrega que solo se implementó la primera etapa de un proyecto de abastecimiento para el sector de Playa Colibrí.
Del estudio de los autos se tiene por demostrado, que la UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales, en el memorando GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-02370 de 28 de mayo de 2026, consignó: “El sector de la comunidad de Playa Colibrí es atendido directamente por la ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jimenez cédula CED03 (ASADA La Palma) que posee Convenio de Delegación otorgado por el AyA para la administración, operación, mantenimiento y desarrollo del sistema de La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, de Golfito, aprobado mediante acuerdo de Junta Directiva No. 2013-129, en la Sesión Ordinaria No. 2013-014, del 19 de marzo del 2013, publicado en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta No. 80 del 26 de abril del 2013, y refrendado por la Institución el día 27 de mayo del 2013, de conformidad con la resolución No. R-CO-33, Artículo 3 inciso 1.i, de la Contraloría General de la República. Además, debemos indicar que, esta Oficina Regional de Acueductos Comunales (ORAC) Región Brunca no tiene asunto pendiente que atender de las recurrentes Nombre01 y Nombre03, así como tampoco hay asunto pendiente de atender de la ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez, relacionado con el sector de Playa Colibrí en general o de las recurrentes en particular.
(…) La ASADA La Palma brinda el servicio de agua potable a una población de varias comunidades en el cantón y lugares circunvecinos hasta donde le sea factible dicha prestación. En el caso de Playa Colibrí el ramal del Acueducto llega hasta donde las autoridades ambientales lo definieron, dada la presencia de Patrimonio Natural del Estado (ver imágenes siguientes: cfr. Documento anexo SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024) (…) Para este caso en Playa Colibrí se actuó de conformidad con lo establecido por el SINAC dada la ubicación de Patrimonio Natural del Estado, y como se indicó en el punto sexto, la tubería de la ASADA La Palma llega al límite que ha sido permitido por las autoridades correspondientes. (…) En el oficio anexo SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024 se estableció el límite y el alcance del ramal “…el cual se encuentra junto a la carretera principal (ruta 245) entrada sur a playa Colibrí, específicamente en las coordenadas longitud 560552 latitud 956043 (CRTM05) (Figura 1).
De este punto la instalación avanza hacia el norte aproximada mente 1020 m donde se desvía sobre camino hacia playa colibrí cerca de 1600 m desviándose nuevamente cerca de 180 m al sur llegando al punto final de dicha instalación ubicado en las coordenadas longitud 561921 latitud 957090 (CRTM05) (Figura 3).” Actualmente el ramal está concluido. (…) En el caso del sector donde se ubica la población de Playa Colibrí objeto de este recurso de amparo existe impedimento estructural establecido por el SINAC dada la presencia de Patrimonio Natural del Estado. (…)”. La presidenta de la Asada de La Palma Integrada Osa Golfito, en el oficio de respuesta firmado el 1 de junio de 2026, consignó: “hay vecinos de la misma comunidad de Playa Colibrí que si tienen el servicio y otros que no, (…) es por un tema limítrofe de Áreas de Conservación que no se puede avanzar más hacia un sector específico, que es el sector específico en que reside la recurrente.
(…) Además se da cuenta que se instaló un medidor de agua potable a unos vecinos que viven en la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, aspecto que es de especial relevancia en este caso, pues efectivamente en la comunidad de Playa Colibrí como parte del afán de nuestra organización por satisfacer la necesidad de agua potable a los usuarios que lo solicitaron, se hicieron el estudio y análisis que se requerían, y dan con el resultado que en lo que es la totalidad del Barrio o Comunidad de Playa Colibrí, si existía un balance hídrico que permitía de sobrada cuenta dar el servicio, pero que en lo que se debía analizar sobre aspectos técnico legales, un sector del poblado sí podía recibir el servicio y otro no, esto debido a que el sector del poblado que si podía recibir el servicio se ubicaba fuera del Patrimonio Natural del Estado, y el otro si estaba inmerso en Patrimonio Natural del Estado, y es precisamente este último sector en el que residen y pretenden los recurrentes que se les brinde el servicio en sitio de agua potable (…).
(…) es importante destacar, pues en aras de suministrar a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí de Agua Potable, de instalarles su respectiva prevista de agua, a la fecha en esa comunidad existen una suma de 07 previstas de agua, que reciben el servicio gracias a la ampliación del ramal que se hizo nuevo y exclusivo para esa comunidad, y que se hizo hasta con muy valiosa ayuda de los mismos vecinos de la comunidad, eso sí, como se ha dicho antes, no siendo posible la ampliación del ramal en ciertas zonas solicitadas para instalación de previstas, eso por motivos de ser sector Patrimonio Natural del Estado, y que es precisamente en el sector geográfico que los recurrentes solicitan, detalle este último de la existencia de Patrimonio Natural del Estado (…). (…) en sitio de solicitud de las Previstas de Agua Potable (Comunidad Playa Colibrí), existen litigios penales de índole de Usurpación, Cambio de Uso de Suelo, y Tala de Zona de Protección, y menciona como imputados a 6 personas”.
Desde este panorama, en los términos planteados en el escrito de interposición, se descarta alguna situación que, en este momento, amerite la intervención de la Sala.
En primer lugar, la persona accionante no expuso que la Asada le haya denegado alguna solicitud específica planteada por ella. Ahora, no está de más señalar que, es en las vías ordinarias, donde la persona recurrente puede someter a contradictorio su posición, a fin de que se ventile si ocupa de forma legítima la propiedad aludida, si esta se encuentra en zona de Patrimonio Natural del Estado, o bien, si tiene derecho a la conexión del servicio de agua.
Nótese que tanto el ICAA como la Asada señalaron que la infraestructura llega hasta el límite establecido por el Sistema Nacional de Área de Conservación. Asimismo, la Asada estableció que la propiedad aludida por la parte recurrente se encuentra dentro de la zona definida como Patrimonio Natural del Estado. Ergo, cualquier inconformidad sobre tales aspectos es propia de ser discutida en los cauces procesales comunes. En igual sentido, si la persona accionante pretende seguir habitando ese asentamiento con las personas menores de edad.
Atinente al sub examine, la Sala, en la sentencia nro. 2025041106 de las 10:10 horas de 11 de diciembre de 2025, dispuso:
“CONSIDERANDO:
La parte recurrente solicita que se ordene a la ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez suministrar el servicio de agua potable a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, alegando que por años han efectuado diversas gestiones ante la Municipalidad de Golfito, la Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez, el MINAE y otras autoridades; sin embargo, han sido omitidas o denegadas, pese a que otras comunidades ubicadas también en zona de patrimonio nacional sí cuentan con dicho servicio. Afirma que actualmente dependen de un pozo que no cumple los estándares de salud y que la negativa reiterada vulnera su acceso a un servicio básico esencial.
(…)
Sobre el tema que aquí se discute, esta Sala ha indicado que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, las municipalidades y demás instituciones que prestan el servicio de suministro de agua potable, pueden rechazar las solicitudes de servicio de agua potable que les sean formuladas, o bien condicionarlas si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifican. Es así como, mediante sentencia No 2014-9134 de las 14:05 horas del 19 de junio de 2014, dispuso lo siguiente:
(...) Esta Sala ha indicado en reiteradas sentencias sobre el tema que el suministro de agua potable es considerado dentro del ordenamiento jurídico costarricense como un servicio público, y que como tal, todo prestador de servicios públicos -sea sujeto público o sujeto privado- está obligado a prestar el servicio de forma continua, eficiente, en condiciones de igualdad y debiendo adaptarse a los cambios tecnológicos (véase al respecto la sentencia 2001-09676 de las once horas veinticinco minutos del veintiséis de setiembre del dos mil uno y la sentencia 2004-08161 de las diez horas con cincuenta y tres minutos del veintitrés de julio del dos mil cuatro). Resulta claro entonces concluir que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, al ser uno de los entes estatales encargados de la prestación del servicio público de agua potable, está obligado también a prestar este servicio de forma continua, adaptable, eficiente y por igual a todos los habitantes.
Ahora bien, también la jurisprudencia de este Tribunal Constitucional ha indicado que, frente a la imposibilidad jurídica (que es la falta de cumplimiento de requisitos establecidos en la reglamentación respectiva) o frente a la imposibilidad formal (que es la falta de una Red de Distribución de Aguas), es razonable no atender las solicitudes de servicio o solicitar que el interesado asuma los costos de instalación cuando no exista red de distribución de agua potable y se necesite la construcción de infraestructura. Así, en estos casos se ha tenido claro que no es que se trate de una negativa al acceso al servicio de agua potable, sino de la imposibilidad para brindarlo o de la necesaria participación del interesado en el levantamiento de una imposibilidad técnica, cual es, la falta de infraestructura. En otras palabras, siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales”. (Lo resaltado no corresponde al texto original).
Al respecto, la Sala descarta la afectación a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. Lo anterior, porque si bien la recurrente alega que, pese a que por años han realizado diversas gestiones ante las autoridades accionadas para que se les suministre el servicio de agua potable a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí; sin embargo, esto no ha sido posible, mientras que otras comunidades ubicadas también en zona de patrimonio nacional sí cuentan con dicho servicio. No obstante, de los informes rendidos, así como de la prueba que consta en autos, se tiene por acreditado que la problemática radica en que la zona en cuestión es Patrimonio Natural del Estado, donde solo pueden autorizarse actividades de investigación científica, capacitación y ecoturismo, previo permiso del SINAC, ya que es un bien del Estado. Es decir, son bienes de titularidad pública que no pueden ser objeto de propiedad privada, son inalienables, imprescriptibles e inembargables, están fuera del comercio de los hombres, prque (sic) están sujetos a un régimen especial de utilización y protección. Dicho lo anterior, las autoridades accionadas están imposibilitadas legal y materialmente a su inclusión en la facturación o para la instalación del servicio de agua potable que alega la recurrente, por las condiciones especiales que presenta la zona.
Asimismo, como se aprecia en los hechos probados de esta sentencia, las autoridades accionadas realizaron una serie de actuaciones e investigaciones, a fin de resolver la solicitud de la recurrente, siendo que le dieron respuesta tanto a ella como a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, sobre el impedimento legal para suministrar el servicio de agua potable; situación que no se considera arbitraria, toda vez que se fundamentó en razones objetivas y en criterios técnicos.
Por lo expuesto, la Sala descarta la afectación a los derechos fundamentales de la tutelada, pues como se indicó, la autoridad accionada resolvió y le informó a la interesada las razones por las cuales se le negó el suministro de agua potable a la población de Playa Colibrí”.
Además, la colocación de fuentes públicas o el ofrecimiento de alternativas provisionales de suministro, en lo que atañe a esta jurisdicción constitucional, no resultan procedentes en asentamientos que se encuentren en zonas catalogadas como Patrimonio Natural del Estado, toda vez que determinar si las propiedades se encuentran ocupadas de forma legítima excede la sumariedad del recurso de amparo. Nótese incluso que la parte accionante mencionó la construcción de un pozo en esta zona por parte de los vecinos y el uso de agua sin tratamiento, lo cual es propio de ser revisado por las autoridades administrativas competentes.
V.Voto salvado de los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal, con redacción del segundo. Sobre el particular, debemos mencionar que, en la sentencia nro. 2025041106 de las 10:10 horas de 11 de diciembre de 2025, salvamos el voto en los siguientes términos:
“VIII.- VOTO SALVADO DE LOS MAGISTRADOS CRUZ CASTRO Y RUEDA LEAL, CON REDACCIÓN DEL SEGUNDO. En el sub examine, la parte recurrente manifiesta que, en 2018, el comité de la comunidad Nombre87788 solicitó ante la Municipalidad de Golfito autorización para que la ASADA recurrida les suministrara agua potable a los vecinos; no obstante, la gestión fue omitida por el gobierno local referido. Detalla que el 13 de febrero de 2021 se planteó nuevamente la gestión ante la Municipalidad de Golfito y se solicitó que se emitiera una certificación para instruir a la asociación accionada a instalar las previsiones de agua potable a los vecinos de la zona. Indica que mediante oficio nro. SMG-T-111-02-2021 del 25 de febrero de 2021, el Concejo Municipal de Golfito conoció la solicitud y en la sesión ordinaria nro. 7 capítulo 5° artículo 10 acordó trasladar la gestión a la Administración para que se le brindara una respuesta a la comunidad.
No obstante, acusa que la ASADA omitió ejecutar la resolución del concejo municipal. Sostiene que solicitaron que se le otorgare a la comunidad de Nombre87788 el servicio de agua potable, ya que otras comunidades cercanas a la Zona Marítimo Terrestre (Rincón de Osa, Playa Blanca, Playa Juanito Mora entre otras) sí disfrutan de ese servicio básico. Afirma que desde el 2016 han luchado para que se les suministre el líquido de marras. Agrega que hace un año instaló la Asada recurrida un medidor a 500 metros de la comunidad de Playa Colibrí. Menciona que desde el hidrante hasta la comunidad hay una distancia de 100 metros. Comenta que las autoridades recurridas han alegado que la comunidad de marras no puede tener acceso al agua potable por constituir patrimonio nacional. Acota que en el mismo cantón existen otras comunidades (Playa Blanca y Playa Escondida) que también se ubican dentro del área de patrimonio nacional y sí cuentan con el servicio de agua potable.
Sostiene que todas estas gestiones se realizaron, cuando la Municipalidad de Golfito era la encargada de administrar la Zona Marítimo Terrestre. Detalla que los vecinos de la comunidad de Nombre87788 acudieron a la Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez a fin de solicitar un permiso para que la ASADA recurrida les suministrada agua; no obstante, la gestión fue denegada. Menciona que también acudieron al MINAE para solicitar el servicio de agua potable, pero, su petición igualmente fue rechazada. Además, personeros del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados de Nombre87789 se reunieron con la comunidad y les dijeron que esa comunidad debía tener acceso al servicio de agua potable, pero no entregaron documento alguno ni señalaron una fecha para hacer una visita. Alega que la comunidad consume agua de un pozo que incumple los estándares establecidos por el Ministerio de Salud para el consumo humano.
Sobre particular, los infrascritos magistrados advertimos que lo alegado en el sub lite corresponde, prima facie, a un problema de gran magnitud, pues no solamente se trata de una comunidad que se encuentra desabastecida de agua potable, sino que incluso se menciona que la fuente de agua a la que deben acudir irrespeta los estándares fijados por el Ministerio de Salud para el consumo humano.
En este sentido, consideramos imprescindible tener como parte a la Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos (Aresep), pues incluso, en la sentencia nro. 2020007754 de las 9:45 horas de 24 de abril de 2020, la Sala valoró que Aresep, al rendir su informe, puntualizó una serie de problemas del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados en relación con la inversión en infraestructura, pérdidas por agua no contabilizada y capacidad de ejecución. En esa oportunidad, este Tribunal consideró: “Al respecto, no solo consta que la problemática de desabastecimiento de agua se venía reflejando desde el 2017, sino que la ARESEP puntualizó que el ICAA tenía un rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y, además, significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada. Asimismo, el ente regulador también afirmó que la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores del servicio de agua potable no ha sido la deseable”.
En consecuencia, salvamos el voto y ordenamos continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos”.
Así, en la misma línea transcrita ut supra, salvamos el voto y ordenamos continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
VI.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto y ordenan continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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