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Res. 25136-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 07/07/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Court found the Municipality of Belén in material non-compliance and reiterated the immediate compliance order to the mayor, environmental comptroller, and Concejo president, under threat of criminal referral to the Ministerio Público.La Sala acreditó la desobediencia material de la Municipalidad de Belén y reiteró la orden de cumplimiento inmediato a la alcaldesa, al contralor ambiental y al presidente del Concejo Municipal, bajo apercibimiento de remisión al Ministerio Público.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Court rules on a post-judgment non-compliance motion filed against the Municipality of Belén for failure to comply with Ruling 2026006234, which had ordered definitive resolution within two months of environmental complaint 3341-2025 concerning illegal wastewater discharges into the Quebrada El Yurro within the Humedal La Ribera protection zone. The Municipality issued a technical diagnostic report (UA-054-2026) but acknowledged that the remediation plan was still in draft form when the deadline expired. The Court finds non-compliance established, reiterates the compliance order to the mayor and environmental comptroller, extends the obligation to the new Concejo Municipal president, and warns that continued non-compliance will result in criminal referral to the Ministerio Público under Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. The case reveals a prolonged administrative omission dating to 2023, when the municipality's own Environmental Unit identified the problem and recommended a remediation plan that was never implemented.La Sala Constitucional resuelve una gestión de desobediencia interpuesta contra la Municipalidad de Belén por incumplimiento de la sentencia 2026006234, que ordenó resolver definitivamente en dos meses la denuncia ambiental 3341-2025 sobre descargas irregulares de aguas residuales en la Quebrada El Yurro, dentro de la zona de protección del Humedal La Ribera. La Municipalidad emitió el oficio UA-054-2026 con un diagnóstico técnico, pero reconoció que el plan remedial aún estaba en elaboración al vencer el plazo. La Sala acredita la desobediencia, reitera la orden de cumplimiento inmediato a la alcaldesa y al contralor ambiental, extiende la obligación al nuevo presidente del Concejo Municipal, y advierte que el incumplimiento persistente dará lugar a testimonio de piezas ante el Ministerio Público conforme al artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. El caso evidencia una omisión administrativa prolongada desde 2023, cuando la propia Unidad Ambiental identificó la problemática y recomendó un plan remedial que nunca fue implementado.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In this case, the respondent authorities themselves acknowledge that the 'Remediation Plan for the Environmental Problem Caused by the Irregular Discharge of Wastewater into Quebrada El Yurro' remains in draft form; it is therefore established that the filed complaint has not been definitively resolved, and the situation complained of has not been remedied even though the deadline set by the Court has already expired. Accordingly, the alleged non-compliance is established, the motion is granted, and compliance is reiterated as to the Mayor and the Environmental Comptroller. Moreover, given that the person currently serving as President of the Municipal Council is not the same person to whom the order was originally directed, the obligation to comply with what was ordered is now extended to whoever currently holds that position. The respondents are warned that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, a prison term of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that they are required to comply with or enforce, issued in an amparo proceeding, and who fails to comply with or enforce it, provided the offense is not more severely punishable under another law.Así las cosas, véase que las autoridades recurridas aceptan que el "Plan remedial a la problemática ambiental por el vertido irregular de aguas residuales a la quebrada El Yurro" aún se encuentra en elaboración, por lo que, en efecto, consta que la denuncia planteada no ha sido resuelta de forma definitiva, por lo que la situación reclamada no ha sido subsanada a pesar de que el plazo otorgado por la Sala ya venció. En consecuencia, se acredita la desobediencia acusada, motivo por el cual se acoge la gestión formulada y se reitera el cumplimiento en cuanto a la alcaldesa y al contralor ambiental. Por otra parte, visto que la persona que actualmente ejerce el cargo de presidente del Concejo Municipal, no es la misma que a quien se le ha girado la orden el pronunciamiento aludido, se ordena el cumplimiento de lo ahí dispuesto a quien en la actualidad ostente tal cargo. Se advierte a los recurridos, que según el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"lo ordenado por la Sala fue: "que coordinen lo necesario y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a los efectos de que, en el plazo de DOS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de este pronunciamiento, se resuelva de manera definitiva la denuncia planteada el 30 de octubre de 2025 -trámite nro. 3341-2025- y se notifique lo correspondiente a la parte denunciante"."
"What the Court ordered was: 'that they coordinate what is necessary and carry out all actions within the scope of their competencies, so that, within TWO MONTHS counted from the notification of this ruling, the complaint filed on October 30, 2025 — proceeding no. 3341-2025 — is definitively resolved and the complainant is duly notified.'"
Considerando II
"lo ordenado por la Sala fue: "que coordinen lo necesario y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a los efectos de que, en el plazo de DOS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de este pronunciamiento, se resuelva de manera definitiva la denuncia planteada el 30 de octubre de 2025 -trámite nro. 3341-2025- y se notifique lo correspondiente a la parte denunciante"."
Considerando II
"Se le reitera a Zeneida Chaves Fernández y Esteban Ávila Fuentes, por su orden, alcaldesa y contralor ambiental, ambos de la Municipalidad de Belén, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, el cumplimiento inmediato de lo ordenado en la sentencia nro. 2026006234 de las 9:30 horas del 20 de febrero de 2026. Lo anterior se dicta bajo el apercibimiento de testimoniarse piezas para ante el Ministerio Público en su contra si no lo hiciere."
"Compliance with Ruling No. 2026006234 of 9:30 a.m. on February 20, 2026 is hereby reiterated and directed immediately to Zeneida Chaves Fernández and Esteban Ávila Fuentes, in their respective capacities as Mayor and Environmental Comptroller of the Municipality of Belén, or whoever holds those positions. This is issued under the warning that proceedings will be referred to the Ministerio Público against them if they fail to comply."
Por tanto
"Se le reitera a Zeneida Chaves Fernández y Esteban Ávila Fuentes, por su orden, alcaldesa y contralor ambiental, ambos de la Municipalidad de Belén, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, el cumplimiento inmediato de lo ordenado en la sentencia nro. 2026006234 de las 9:30 horas del 20 de febrero de 2026. Lo anterior se dicta bajo el apercibimiento de testimoniarse piezas para ante el Ministerio Público en su contra si no lo hiciere."
Por tanto
"a pesar de dicho conocimiento previo y de las recomendaciones técnicas emitidas por la propia Unidad Ambiental desde el año 2023, la problemática persiste a la fecha sin que se hayan adoptado medidas correctivas efectivas, limitándose la Administración a reiterar diagnósticos y a señalar la implementación futura de un plan remedial que ya había sido propuesto desde años atrás."
"Despite this prior knowledge and the technical recommendations issued by the Municipality's own Environmental Unit since 2023, the problem persists to date without any effective corrective measures having been adopted, the Administration limiting itself to reiterating diagnoses and pointing to the future implementation of a remediation plan that had already been proposed years earlier."
Análisis Anexo 1 (gestión de desobediencia)
"a pesar de dicho conocimiento previo y de las recomendaciones técnicas emitidas por la propia Unidad Ambiental desde el año 2023, la problemática persiste a la fecha sin que se hayan adoptado medidas correctivas efectivas, limitándose la Administración a reiterar diagnósticos y a señalar la implementación futura de un plan remedial que ya había sido propuesto desde años atrás."
Análisis Anexo 1 (gestión de desobediencia)
"la pretendida diferenciación entre la quebrada El Yurro y el Humedal La Ribera resulta artificial y contraria a un enfoque integral de protección ambiental, en tanto ambos forman parte de un mismo sistema hídrico y ecológico, cuya integridad debe ser resguardada conforme a los principios preventivo, precautorio y protector que rigen en materia ambiental."
"The claimed distinction between Quebrada El Yurro and Humedal La Ribera is artificial and contrary to an integrated environmental protection approach, given that both form part of the same hydrological and ecological system, whose integrity must be safeguarded in accordance with the preventive, precautionary, and protective principles governing environmental law."
Análisis Anexo 3 (gestión de desobediencia)
"la pretendida diferenciación entre la quebrada El Yurro y el Humedal La Ribera resulta artificial y contraria a un enfoque integral de protección ambiental, en tanto ambos forman parte de un mismo sistema hídrico y ecológico, cuya integridad debe ser resguardada conforme a los principios preventivo, precautorio y protector que rigen en materia ambiental."
Análisis Anexo 3 (gestión de desobediencia)
Full documentDocumento completo
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours and twenty-five minutes on the seventh of July, two thousand and twenty-six.
Subsequent motion (gestión posterior) filed by Nombre01, national identity document (cédula de identidad) CED01, on their own behalf and on behalf of Nombre02, national identity document CED02, in relation to judgment (sentencia) no. CED03 of 9:30 hours on February 20, 2026.
Background:
Anexo 1: Official Letter No. UA-177-2023 from the Environmental Unit
The respondent party presents as Anexo 1 official letter No. UA-177-2023 from the Environmental Unit, prepared in 2023, as technical support for the actions taken in relation to the problem of quebrada El Yurro. However, rather than refuting the noncompliance alleged, this document demonstrates that the Municipal Administration had prior, clear, and documented knowledge of the reported situation, without having adopted effective measures to resolve it as of this date. Indeed, that technical report expressly establishes: The existence of a permanent wastewater discharge through the stormwater drainage system into quebrada El Yurro. That such discharges constitute noncompliance with current environmental and sanitary regulations. The existence of a de facto easement (servidumbre de hecho) through which said infrastructure operates. The need to address the problem from a comprehensive perspective, including the identification of illegal discharges and their correction.
Furthermore, the report itself expressly recommends the adoption of immediate actions by the Municipality, as well as the preparation of a remediation plan aimed at eliminating irregular discharges and addressing the identified environmental problem. However, despite said technical diagnosis and the recommendations issued by the Environmental Unit itself since 2023, the Administration did not execute the necessary corrective actions nor did it implement the recommended remediation plan, merely allowing the situation to continue without substantial change to this day. On the contrary, in official letter No. UA-054-2026, the Municipality again refers to the future execution of a remediation plan, which demonstrates that, more than two years after the problem was identified and the actions required to address it were defined, these have not been implemented. Thus, Anexo 1 does not evidence compliance with the Chamber's order, but rather confirms the existence of a prolonged omission, in which the Administration, despite having sufficient technical knowledge, did not adopt effective measures to correct the reported contamination.
Anexo 2: Memorandum No. DSP-ALS-M-005-2026 from the Sanitary Sewerage Unit (Unidad de Alcantarillado Sanitario).
The respondent party presents as Anexo 2 memorandum No. DSP-ALS-M-005-2026, issued by the Sanitary Sewerage Unit of the Municipalidad de Belén, which addresses aspects related to the alleged contamination from wastewater discharge into quebrada El Yurro. However, this document does not evidence compliance with the Chamber's order, but rather confirms the persistence of the reported problem and the absence of effective corrective measures by the Administration. Indeed, the memorandum itself acknowledges the possible existence of irregular wastewater discharges into the stormwater drainage system, in contravention of current sanitary regulations, particularly Article 292 of the Ley General de Salud and the Reglamento de Vertido y Reuso de Aguas Residuales. However, rather than adopting specific measures to correct this situation, the Administration merely recommends the establishment of a remediation plan, comprised of actions such as the delineation of the micro-watershed (microcuenca), the performance of dye tracing tests, the identification of responsible parties, and the eventual issuance of sanitary orders (órdenes sanitarias) by the Ministry of Health.
This again constitutes a reiteration of proposals that had already been recommended since 2023, without their implementation having been realized as of this date and without effective measures having been adopted to address the problem. Additionally, the memorandum assigns a central role to the Ministry of Health in the execution of the proposed measures, indicating that it is that entity that will be responsible for conducting tests, issuing sanitary orders, and coordinating actions, which suggests a limited direct intervention by the Municipality in the exercise of its responsibilities for environmental control, oversight, and protection within its jurisdiction. Likewise, responsibility for the contamination is attributed to private parties as generators of the discharges, without any concrete actions by the Administration being evidenced for identifying, sanctioning, or correcting such conduct, despite the fact that this is a problem that has been known and documented for years.
Consequently, Anexo 2 does not constitute a decisive or corrective action in response to the reported problem, but rather evidences a reiteration of diagnoses and unimplemented proposals, as well as limited direct intervention by the Municipality in the adoption of measures, which does not exempt it from its duty to act effectively in the protection of the environment.
Anexo 3: Memorandum No. UO-013-2026 from the Works Unit (Unidad de Obras).
The respondent party presents as Anexo 3 memorandum No. UO-013-2026, issued by the Works Unit of the Municipalidad de Belén, through which a general technical assessment of the behavior of stormwater in the La Chácara sector is provided. However, this document does not constitute a response to the reported problem nor does it evidence compliance with the Chamber's order, as it is limited to setting forth general considerations on the terrain topography, the natural runoff (escorrentía) of water, and the historical operation of the existing infrastructure. Indeed, the memorandum maintains that the flow of water responds to natural conditions of slope and gravity, and that the conveyance system has developed historically, even through de facto easements and works more than 25 years old. Reference is also made to the existence of natural watercourses draining toward the río Segundo, which would have been utilized or channeled through public infrastructure.
However, these considerations do not refute the reported facts, nor do they justify the discharge of wastewater into the stormwater drainage system and, ultimately, into quebrada El Yurro, within an environmental protection zone. On the contrary, the document itself acknowledges that the existing infrastructure lacks an updated formal hydrological and hydraulic design, which evidences an absence of adequate technical planning in relation to the current conditions of the territory and water management. Additionally, it is stated that the water flowing through the system corresponds to stormwater runoff; however, this assertion is incomplete, insofar as other technical reports submitted by the Administration itself acknowledge the existence of wastewater discharges and irregular connections to the stormwater system. Likewise, the claim that the water does not flow directly into the wetland is not sufficient to rule out the environmental impact reported.
First, the discharge point is located in quebrada El Yurro, which constitutes a public-domain (dominio público) watercourse of a permanent nature, subject to its own protection regime under current environmental regulations. Second, that stream is located within the protection zone of Humedal La Ribera, and therefore any polluting discharge at that point directly affects the ecological balance of the protected ecosystem, regardless of whether the water flow reaches or does not reach the main body of the wetland at a specific point. In that sense, the purported differentiation between quebrada El Yurro and Humedal La Ribera is artificial and contrary to a comprehensive approach to environmental protection, as both form part of the same water and ecological system, the integrity of which must be safeguarded in accordance with the preventive, precautionary, and protective principles that govern environmental matters.
For the foregoing reasons, Anexo 3 does not contribute elements that contradict the existence of the reported problem nor justify its continuance, and is limited to describing natural conditions and historical background that in no way substitute the Administration's obligation to adopt corrective measures in response to an acknowledged contamination situation.
Anexo 4: Notarial inspection record (acta notarial) of March 3, 2026
The respondent party presents as Anexo 4 the notarial inspection record of the inspection conducted on March 3, 2026, in which officials from various institutions participated, in order to verify on-site the conditions of water discharge into quebrada El Yurro. However, this document does not constitute an administrative resolution nor does it evidence compliance with the Chamber's order, as it is limited to recording observations made during a one-time visit, without any corrective measures being adopted in response to the reported problem. The record reflects the existence of discharges into the stream, as well as the presence of water conveyance infrastructure, which is consistent with what is stated in other documents in the case file. Furthermore, during the inspection, representatives of the urban development project Los Toros (Olamí) were present, as recorded in the record. In this regard, it should be noted that this is a private party unrelated to the present writ of amparo, whose participation does not correspond to a technical authority nor to an entity with competence in the matter, and therefore its inclusion in the inspection is not appropriate within a technical-administrative verification.
In that sense, the incorporation of this actor into the inspection introduces an element that must be considered when assessing the objectivity of the inspection and the opinions issued, especially given that this is a party with an interest in the situation being analyzed. Additionally, the record incorporates the assertion that quebrada El Yurro does not traverse the wetland, or that they are separate systems. However, this assessment is not determinative, insofar as the stream constitutes a public-domain watercourse located within the protection zone of Humedal La Ribera, and therefore any polluting discharge at that point affects the protected ecosystem. In that sense, and as already noted in the analysis of the previous annex, the proposed differentiation is artificial and contrary to a comprehensive approach to environmental protection, in accordance with the preventive, precautionary, and protective principles.
Consequently, Anexo 4 does not rebut the reported facts nor does it evidence the adoption of effective measures, and is limited to documenting a preliminary verification without a substantive resolution.
Anexo 5: Official Letter No. DA-UHTPCOSJ-0591-2026 from the Dirección de Agua of MINAE
The respondent party presents as Anexo 5 official letter No. DA-UHTPCOSJ-0591-2026, issued by the Dirección de Agua of MINAE, through which a technical opinion (dictamen técnico) is presented regarding a body of water (El Yurro) located in the La Ribera sector. However, the document itself expressly states that it constitutes a technical opinion that does not constitute an administrative act with legal effects, nor does it imply the issuance of permits or authorizations, but rather corresponds to a material administrative activity that does not directly produce effects in the sphere of those administered. In that sense, the content of the opinion does not substitute the obligation of the Municipalidad de Belén to resolve the environmental complaint nor to adopt corrective measures in response to the problem raised, as it is not a resolution that determines responsibilities or orders specific actions.
Additionally, the opinion is limited to characterizing the evaluated body of water as a public-domain stream of a permanent nature, which is consistent with other elements of the case file and, far from refuting the reported problem, confirms the existence of a natural watercourse subject to environmental protection. Furthermore, the document itself notes that, upon review of the Concessions Registry administered by the Dirección de Agua of MINAE, no concessions were found over the body of water assessed, which reinforces the absence of formal authorizations for its use or intervention. The document also describes the presence of subsurface flows (flujos subsuperficiales) of natural origin at the site, indicating that these do not correspond to wastewater; however, this conclusion is limited to the seepages (afloramientos) evaluated and does not exclude the existence of other discharges within the same water system, as has been noted in other reports submitted by the Administration itself.
From the foregoing, Anexo 5 does not constitute a decisive action nor does it permit the dismissal of the reported facts, and is limited to providing a technical opinion of specific scope that, moreover, confirms the existence of a protected body of water, without comprehensively addressing the contamination problem or the irregular discharges previously identified.
Anexo 6: Technical Report on Differential Flow Gauging and Hydrogeological Assessment of Quebrada El Yurro to the Río Segundo The respondent party presents as Anexo 6 the technical report entitled "Aforos diferenciales y evaluación hidrogeológica de la quebrada Yurro al río Segundo," prepared in March 2026, the purpose of which is to analyze the hydraulic behavior of the channel (cauce) and assess the relocation of the treated wastewater discharge point for the urban development project Los Toros (Olamí). However, from its very approach, the study reveals an orientation toward justifying the feasibility of said relocation, insofar as its primary objective is not to determine the existence or absence of environmental impact, but to provide technical support for a discharge alternative. As to its findings, the report expressly acknowledges that the stream shows evidence of contamination, including foul odors, turbid water, the presence of garbage, and inputs of anthropogenic origin.
Likewise, the water quality analyses confirm significant degradation, with the presence of detergents, ammonia, and elevated levels of microbiological contamination of fecal origin. Despite the foregoing, the document concludes that the discharge of treated wastewater would not generate any additional relevant impact, on the grounds that the stream has sufficient dilution capacity due to the base flow contribution from the aquifer (acuífero). In this regard, such reasoning is incompatible with the principles that govern environmental matters, insofar as it proceeds from the premise that an already degraded body of water can receive new pollutant loads without significant impact, which contravenes the duty to prevent and reduce contamination, rather than to manage or increase it. Additionally, the report itself acknowledges the existence of wastewater discharges in the surrounding area, including domestic inputs into the channel, which confirms the reported problem and evidences the presence of active sources of contamination that have not been corrected.
It is contradictory that, with full knowledge of the existing contamination conditions in the stream, new discharges into that same channel are sought to be authorized, instead of prioritizing the elimination of the already identified contaminating sources. Furthermore, the hydrogeological analysis set out in the document concludes that there is no direct connection between the stream and the wetland, based on differences in level and flow direction. However, this approach is partial, as it is limited to a specific hydraulic analysis, without considering the comprehensive functioning of the water system. Additionally, the report itself acknowledges that the stream is fed by a shallow aquifer (acuífero somero) — that is, a shallow groundwater system that contributes permanently to its flow (caudal) — which evidences the sensitivity of the system to the introduction of contaminants and reinforces the need for its protection.
In that sense, it must be reiterated that quebrada El Yurro constitutes a public-domain body of water, subject to its own protection regime, and that it is also located within the protection zone of Humedal La Ribera, and therefore any polluting discharge at that point is environmentally significant, regardless of the interpretation regarding the direct interaction between the two. For the foregoing reasons, Anexo 6 does not constitute an impartial assessment of the reported problem, but rather a study oriented toward justifying a discharge alternative, which moreover acknowledges the existence of contamination in the stream and the presence of irregular discharges, without any corrective measures being adopted or any existing contaminating sources being eliminated.
Anexos 7 and 8: Hydrogeological studies of a general nature.
The respondent party submits, as Annexes 7 and 8, hydrogeological studies (estudios hidrogeológicos) prepared by SENARA, consisting of a hydrogeological vulnerability (vulnerabilidad hidrogeológica) analysis of the canton of Belén using the DRASTIC method, as well as the delivery of a numerical model of the canton's aquifers (acuíferos). However, these documents constitute general-purpose studies aimed at characterizing the hydrogeological profile of the canton as a whole, and not at specifically evaluating the situation reported in the present case. Indeed, the hydrogeological vulnerability study aims to analyze the general conditions of the territory, including the permeability (permeabilidad), porosity (porosidad), transit times (tiempos de tránsito), and vulnerability of the aquifers at the cantonal level, which is useful as a general technical input but does not make it possible to determine whether contaminating discharges (descargas contaminantes) exist at a specific point, or to establish their concrete effects on a particular water body (cuerpo de agua).
Likewise, the document concerning the numerical model of aquifers constitutes a technical product developed in the context of a cantonal water planning (planificación hídrica) process, the content of which does not yield a direct assessment of the reported facts or of the specific conditions at the site in question. In that regard, the inclusion of these studies does not substitute the need for a specific, up-to-date technical analysis directly linked to the reported problem, especially given that the Administration itself has acknowledged that such a report has not yet been issued. Consequently, Annexes 7 and 8 do not rebut the reported facts, but merely provide general information about the canton that, while it contextualizes the hydrogeological conditions, does not allow for a concrete assessment of the situation that is the subject of the present writ (recurso).
Taken together, the documents submitted by the respondent party do not allow the complaint to be considered resolved; on the contrary, they demonstrate the existence of an environmental problem that has not yet been addressed in a comprehensive manner. Various reports acknowledge conditions of contamination in the stream (quebrada) and the presence of irregular discharges in the surrounding area, without any concrete corrective measures having been adopted as a result. Furthermore, part of the documentation consists of technical opinions with no binding effect, inspections with limited scope, or general-purpose studies that do not analyze the specific situation that was reported, making it impossible to regard them as an adequate response to the reported facts. Although the Administration states that it has addressed the complaint, the information it has itself submitted reveals that no concrete measures aimed at correcting the identified situation have been adopted, nor is there a defined remediation plan, notwithstanding the fact that since 2023 the assessment and implementation of a series of technical recommendations aimed at addressing the problem had been agreed upon.
In this way, the response provided does not satisfy what was ordered, nor does it definitively resolve the complaint; the situation remains unresolved, and there is evidence of mere formal compliance with the constitutional ruling (sentencia constitucional) issued by that Sala, without this having resulted in an effective solution to the reported problem, which in turn affects the protection of the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
PETITION For the foregoing reasons, we respectfully request:
1. That this non-compliance motion regarding a constitutional ruling be accepted as filed.
2. That the material non-compliance with resolución N.º 2026-006234 on the part of the Municipalidad de Belén be declared.
3. That the Municipalidad de Belén be ordered to comply immediately, fully, and effectively with what that Sala has ordered, through the issuance of a final administrative resolution (resolución administrativa) that addresses the environmental complaint (denuncia ambiental) that was filed.
4. That the Administration be ordered to immediately adopt concrete and effective measures to halt and correct the irregular water discharges into quebrada El Yurro, within the protection zone (zona de protección) of Humedal La Ribera.
5. That the responsible officials be warned of the personal legal consequences in the event that non-compliance with the constitutional order persists.
6. That, should non-compliance continue, the case file be referred to the Ministerio Público for the appropriate proceedings.
7. That the Municipalidad de Belén be ordered to refrain from authorizing new wastewater (aguas residuales) discharges into quebrada El Yurro — even if such discharges are treated — in order to safeguard the water body and the ecological balance of Humedal La Ribera, until an effective, final, and implemented solution to the reported problem has been guaranteed.
The opinion is drafted by Justice Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
"The writ is granted. Zeneida Chaves Fernández, Teresita Venegas Murillo, and Esteban Ávila Fuentes—respectively, mayor, president of the Municipal Council, and environmental comptroller, all of the Municipalidad de Belén, or whoever may hold those positions—are ordered to coordinate all necessary steps and to carry out all actions within the scope of their respective competencies, so that, within a period of TWO MONTHS counted from the notification of this ruling, the complaint filed on October 30, 2025—case No. 3341-2025—is definitively resolved and the corresponding notification is served on the complaining party. The foregoing is issued with the warning that, pursuant to Art. 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional [Constitutional Jurisdiction Act], imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on any person who receives an order that they must comply with or cause to be complied with, issued in a writ of amparo, and fails to comply with or cause compliance with that order, provided the offense is not more severely punishable.
The Municipalidad de Belén is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, which shall be assessed in enforcement proceedings before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo). Justice Castillo Víquez appends a concurring note. Justice Salazar Alvarado appends a concurring note. Serve notice." That judgment was served on the respondent authorities on February 24, 2026.
In the present case, the petitioner files a non-compliance motion with respect to judgment No. 2026006234, issued at 9:30 hours on February 20, 2026. The petitioner alleges that the Municipal Administration carried out certain technical and administrative actions, such as the preparation of a technical report, the execution of water-quality monitoring, the conduct of an inter-institutional inspection, and coordination with other public entities, as well as the ongoing formulation of a potential remedial plan aimed at addressing the detected problem. However, the petitioner considers that such actions do not substitute the obligation imposed by this Chamber to definitively resolve the complaint, inasmuch as they are limited to a preliminary, diagnostic, or follow-up approach, without resulting in a final administrative decision or in the adoption of concrete, immediate, and effective measures to correct the reported situation.
In this regard, it is recalled that what the Chamber ordered was: "that they coordinate all necessary steps and carry out all actions within the scope of their respective competencies, so that, within a period of TWO MONTHS counted from the notification of this ruling, the complaint filed on October 30, 2025—case No. 3341-2025—is definitively resolved and the corresponding notification is served on the complaining party." On this matter, the municipal authorities assert that official memorandum (oficio) UA-054-2026, issued by the Environmental Unit of the Municipalidad de Belén, addressed the complaint that had been filed. In that regard, they report that: "It is important to note that technical report UA-054-2026, issued by the Environmental Unit of the Municipalidad de Belén—the very report the petitioners challenge—was categorical in stating that the Municipal Administration has not only initiated, but is actively maintaining, a continuous technical process of evaluation, monitoring, and planning, aimed at identifying contamination sources and formulating corrective measures that are proportionate and technically grounded.
These measures are to be integrated into the 'Plan Remedial a la Problemática Ambiental por el Vertido Irregular de Aguas Residuales a la Quebrada El Yurro' (which is currently being drafted), in coordination with the competent institutions, in strict compliance with the applicable regulatory framework and the principles of prevention, precaution, and sustainable environmental management." That being the case, it is evident that the respondent authorities acknowledge that the 'Plan Remedial a la Problemática Ambiental por el Vertido Irregular de Aguas Residuales a la Quebrada El Yurro' is still being drafted. It is therefore established that the complaint filed has not been definitively resolved, and the situation complained of has not been remedied despite the fact that the deadline granted by the Chamber has already expired.
Consequently, the alleged non-compliance is established, which is why the motion filed is granted and compliance is reiterated as to the mayor and the environmental comptroller. Furthermore, given that the person currently serving as president of the Municipal Council is not the same person to whom the order was directed in the aforementioned ruling, compliance with what was ordered therein is now directed to whoever currently holds that position.
The parties are hereby notified that, should any document in paper form, or any objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device have been submitted, such items must be retrieved within a maximum period of 30 business days, counted from the notification of this judgment. It is hereby warned that all material not retrieved within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" [Regulations on the Electronic Case File before the Judiciary] (approved by the Corte Plena under item XXVI of session No. 27-11 dated August 22, 2011, and published in the Boletín Judicial No. 19 dated January 26, 2012) and pursuant to item LXXXI of the session of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial No. 43-12 dated May 3, 2012.
Therefore:
The motion filed is granted. Zeneida Chaves Fernández and Esteban Ávila Fuentes—respectively, mayor and environmental comptroller, both of the Municipalidad de Belén, or whoever holds those positions—are hereby reiterated the order to immediately comply with what was ordered in judgment No. 2026006234, issued at 9:30 hours on February 20, 2026. The foregoing is issued under the warning that, if they fail to do so, certified copies of the relevant portions of the record shall be forwarded to the Ministerio Público for criminal prosecution (testimoniarse piezas para ante el Ministerio Público) against them. Gilberth González González, in his capacity as (en condición de) municipal president of Belén, is ordered to immediately comply with what was ordered in judgment No. 2026006234, issued at 9:30 hours on February 20, 2026. The respondents are warned that, pursuant to Art. 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on any person who receives an order that they must comply with or cause to be complied with, issued in a writ of amparo, and fails to comply with or cause compliance with that order, provided the offense is not more severely punishable.
This ruling shall be served personally on Zeneida Chaves Fernández, Gilberth González González, and Esteban Ávila Fuentes—respectively, mayor, president of the Municipal Council, and environmental comptroller, all of the Municipalidad de Belén, or whoever may hold those positions.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Telephones: Telf02/ ALA-4TA (Telf03). Fax: Telf04 / Telf05. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección03, Dirección04, 100 mts. South of the Iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinticinco minutos del siete de julio de dos mil veintiseis .
Gestión posterior planteada por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, a su favor y el de Nombre02, cédula de identidad CED02, en relación con la sentencia nro. CED03 de las 9:30 horas del 20 de febrero de 2026.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
"Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se les ordena a Zeneida Chaves Fernández, Teresita Venegas Murillo y Esteban Ávila Fuentes, por su orden, alcaldesa, presidenta del Concejo y contralor ambiental, todas de la Municipalidad de Belén, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, que coordinen lo necesario y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a los efectos de que, en el plazo de DOS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de este pronunciamiento, se resuelva de manera definitiva la denuncia planteada el 30 de octubre de 2025 -trámite nro. 3341-2025- y se notifique lo correspondiente a la parte denunciante. Lo anterior se dicta con el apercibimiento de que con base en lo establecido en el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quienes recibieren una orden que deban cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y que no la cumplieren o no la hicieren cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena a la Municipalidad de Belén al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. El magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese".
Tal sentencia fue notificada a las autoridades recurridas el 24 de febrero de 2026.
En la especie, el recurrente interpone gestión de desobediencia en relación con la sentencia nro. 2026006234 de las 9:30 horas del 20 de febrero de 2026. Alega que la Administración Municipal realizó ciertas actuaciones de carácter técnico y administrativo, tales como la elaboración de un informe técnico, la ejecución de monitoreos de calidad de agua, la realización de una inspección interinstitucional y la coordinación con otras entidades públicas, así como la formulación en curso de un eventual plan remedial orientado a atender la problemática detectada. Sin embargo, considera que dichas actuaciones no sustituyen la obligación impuesta por esa Sala de resolver de manera definitiva la denuncia, en tanto se limitan a un abordaje preliminar, diagnóstico o de seguimiento, sin traducirse en una resolución administrativa final ni en la adopción de medidas concretas, inmediatas y eficaces para corregir la situación denunciada.
Al respecto, se recuerda que lo ordenado por la Sala fue: “que coordinen lo necesario y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a los efectos de que, en el plazo de DOS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de este pronunciamiento, se resuelva de manera definitiva la denuncia planteada el 30 de octubre de 2025 -trámite nro. 3341-2025- y se notifique lo correspondiente a la parte denunciante”.
Sobre el particular, las autoridades municipales afirman que por oficio UA-054-2026 emitido por la Unidad Ambiental de la Municipalidad de Belén se atendió la denuncia planteada. En ese sentido, informan que: “Importante señalar que el informe técnico que reprochan los recurrentes técnico a saber UA-054-2026 emitido por la Unidad Ambiental de la Municipalidad de Belén fue categórico en señalar que la Administración Municipal no solo ha iniciado, sino que mantiene en ejecución un proceso técnico continuo de evaluación, monitoreo y planificación, orientado a la identificación de fuentes de contaminación y a la formulación de medidas correctivas proporcionales y técnicamente sustentadas, las cuales se integraran dentro del “Plan Remedial a la Problemática Ambiental por el Vertido Irregular de Aguas Residuales a la Quebrada El Yurro” (el cual está en elaboración), en coordinación con las instituciones competentes, en estricto apego al marco normativo vigente y a los principios de prevención, precaución y gestión ambiental sostenible”.
Así las cosas, véase que las autoridades recurridas aceptan que el “Plan remedial a la problemática ambiental por el vertido irregular de aguas residuales a la quebrada El Yurro” aún se encuentra en elaboración, por lo que, en efecto, consta que la denuncia planteada no ha sido resuelta de forma definitiva, por lo que la situación reclamada no ha sido subsanada a pesar de que el plazo otorgado por la Sala ya venció.
En consecuencia, se acredita la desobediencia acusada, motivo por el cual se acoge la gestión formulada y se reitera el cumplimiento en cuanto a la alcaldesa y al contralor ambiental. Por otra parte, visto que la persona que actualmente ejerce el cargo de presidente del Concejo Municipal, no es la misma que a quien se le ha girado la orden el pronunciamiento aludido, se ordena el cumplimiento de lo ahí dispuesto a quien en la actualidad ostente tal cargo.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se acoge la gestión formulada. Se le reitera a Zeneida Chaves Fernández y Esteban Ávila Fuentes, por su orden, alcaldesa y contralor ambiental, ambos de la Municipalidad de Belén, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, el cumplimiento inmediato de lo ordenado en la sentencia nro. 2026006234 de las 9:30 horas del 20 de febrero de 2026. Lo anterior se dicta bajo el apercibimiento de testimoniarse piezas para ante el Ministerio Público en su contra si no lo hiciere. Se le ordena Gilberth González González en su condición de presidente municipal de Belén el cumplimiento inmediato de lo ordenado en la sentencia nro. 2026006234 de las 9:30 horas del 20 de febrero de 2026. Se advierte a los recurridos, que según el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Notifíquese este pronunciamiento a Zeneida Chaves Fernández, Gilberth González González y Esteban Ávila Fuentes, por su orden, alcaldesa, presidente del Concejo y contralor ambiental, todas de la Municipalidad de Belén, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, en forma personal.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.