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Res. 22178-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 17/06/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber rejected outright the unconstitutionality action against AyA norms on legal mortgage and water access, finding that the ARESEP Consumer Advocate lacked direct standing both in her institutional and personal capacity.La Sala rechazó de plano la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra las normas de AyA sobre hipoteca legal y acceso al agua, por carecer la Consejera del Usuario de ARESEP de legitimación directa tanto en su condición institucional como en la personal.
SummaryResumen
An ARESEP Consumer Advocate filed an action of unconstitutionality against Article 12 of the General Potable Water Law (Law 1634), which imposes a legal mortgage on real property for unpaid water service debts, and against Articles 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 122 of the AyA Service Regulations. The petitioner argued that these provisions violate the human right to water (Article 50 of the Constitution) by conditioning access to water service on proof of a legal relationship to the property, disproportionately harming persons in informal housing or precarious tenure situations. The Constitutional Chamber rejected the action outright: the Consumer Advocate acted without institutional authorization from ARESEP — a power vested exclusively in the Regulador General — and, even in a personal capacity, would lack direct standing through diffuse interests because each challenged norm is individually applicable to identifiable persons. Justice Garro Vargas and Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal concurred in the rejection but with partially distinct reasoning.Una Consejera del Usuario de ARESEP interpuso acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el artículo 12 de la Ley General de Agua Potable —que impone hipoteca legal sobre el inmueble por deudas del servicio de cañerías— y contra los artículos 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 y 122 del Reglamento de prestación de servicios de AyA. La accionante argumentó que estas disposiciones vulneran el derecho humano al agua (artículo 50 de la Constitución Política) al condicionar el acceso al servicio a la acreditación de una relación jurídica con el inmueble, perjudicando desproporcionadamente a personas en condición de informalidad habitacional o precariedad. La Sala Constitucional rechazó de plano la acción: la Consejera actuó sin autorización institucional de ARESEP —potestad que corresponde exclusivamente al Regulador General— y, aun en condición personal, carecería de legitimación directa por interés difuso, pues cada norma impugnada es susceptible de aplicación individual a personas identificables. Magistrada Garro Vargas y magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal concurrieron con el rechazo pero con fundamentos parcialmente distintos.
Key excerptExtracto clave
However, in this Tribunal's view, although the regulation grants the Consumer Advocate broad powers to defend users, those powers are conferred by regulation only within the internal scope of the proceedings reviewed before ARESEP, and such competencies cannot be extrapolated externally as institutional representation, since that representation is vested by law exclusively in the Regulador General. Accordingly, the petitioner's standing in that capacity is neither established nor accepted. From a reading of each of them, it is evident that every provision is capable of individual application and of directly affecting the legal sphere of fully identifiable persons — in this case, property owners who may face the imposition of a lien on their property for unpaid water service debts, or those seeking to obtain water service who must produce certain documents to do so. Consequently, in accordance with the foregoing jurisprudential precedents, this Court finds that the petitioner, even had she come in her personal capacity, would equally lack direct standing to file this action in defense of diffuse interests, since each challenged provision is capable of being applied in a concrete case and thus potentially generating a base case. In light of the foregoing, because the petitioner lacks direct standing, the action is inadmissible and must be rejected outright.No obstante, en criterio de este Tribunal, si bien el reglamento le concede amplias potestades al Consejero para ejercer la defensa del usuario, lo cierto es que tales potestades se las confiere reglamentariamente en el ámbito interno de los procedimientos que se revisan ante el ARESEP, competencias que no son extrapolables a lo externo de la institución como representante institucional, pues carece de esa representación conferida por ley únicamente al Regulador General. De ahí que no se acredita ni se admite la legitimación de la accionante en ese sentido. A partir de la lectura de cada una de ellas, es evidente que cada disposición es susceptible de aplicación individual y de incidir directamente en la esfera jurídica de personas plenamente identificables, sea, en este caso, de propietarios que puedan sufrir la imposición de un gravamen sobre su propiedad por el adeudo del servicio de agua, o de aquellos interesados en obtener el servicio de agua y que deban aportar determinados requisitos para conseguirlo. En consecuencia, conforme a los antecedentes jurisprudenciales precitados, esta Sala estima que la accionante, aun cuando viniese en su condición personal, igualmente carecería de legitimación directa para plantear esta acción en defensa de intereses difusos, por cuanto cada disposición cuestionada es susceptible de ser aplicada en un caso concreto y así, generar eventualmente un asunto base. En razón de lo expuesto, por carecer la accionante de legitimación directa, la acción es inadmisible y procede su rechazo de plano.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo."
"It is reiterated that diffuse interest cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the right to uphold constitutional legality (which would amount to tacitly establishing a popular action not contemplated by the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law); nor can it be so concrete as to permit an individual claim, because in that case standing would derive from that claim."
Sentencia nro. 2021-011994, citada en Considerando II
"Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo."
Sentencia nro. 2021-011994, citada en Considerando II
"no parece que resulte válido utilizar "el ropaje" de un interés difuso para garantizar la admisibilidad de una acción de inconstitucionalidad, cuando se puede corroborar que lo que se procura es el resguardo de otro tipo de derechos o intereses que bien podrían ser tutelados en una acción de inconstitucionalidad, pero a través del supuesto contemplado en el art. 75, párrafo 1°, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
"It does not seem valid to use the 'guise' of a diffuse interest to guarantee the admissibility of an unconstitutionality action, when it can be verified that what is sought is the protection of other rights or interests that could well be protected through the pathway contemplated in Art. 75, paragraph 1, of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law."
Nota de la Magistrada Garro Vargas, Considerando III
"no parece que resulte válido utilizar "el ropaje" de un interés difuso para garantizar la admisibilidad de una acción de inconstitucionalidad, cuando se puede corroborar que lo que se procura es el resguardo de otro tipo de derechos o intereses que bien podrían ser tutelados en una acción de inconstitucionalidad, pero a través del supuesto contemplado en el art. 75, párrafo 1°, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
Nota de la Magistrada Garro Vargas, Considerando III
"la normativa impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, sino determinada, pues, estas hacen referencia a personas usuarias o interesadas en acceder al servicio público de agua fácilmente identificables. De modo que, en este caso, lo que se vislumbra son eventuales situaciones particulares, cuyo efecto no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo un interés difuso."
"The challenged norms do not produce a socially diffuse affectation but rather a determinate one, since they refer to water service users or persons interested in accessing the public water service who are easily identifiable. Thus, what is apparent in this case are eventual individual situations whose effect is not of sufficient magnitude to be considered a diffuse interest."
Razones diferentes de los Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal, Considerando IV
"la normativa impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, sino determinada, pues, estas hacen referencia a personas usuarias o interesadas en acceder al servicio público de agua fácilmente identificables. De modo que, en este caso, lo que se vislumbra son eventuales situaciones particulares, cuyo efecto no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo un interés difuso."
Razones diferentes de los Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal, Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Document PJEDITOR CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (Sala Constitucional) OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and forty minutes on the seventeenth of June, two thousand and twenty-six.
Action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) filed by [Nombre 001], bearing national identity card (cédula de identidad) number [Valor 001], in her capacity as User Advocate (Consejera del Usuario) of the Public Services Regulatory Authority (Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, ARESEP), against Article 12 of the General Drinking Water Act (Ley General de Agua Potable), Ley nro. 1634 of 18 September 1953, and Articles 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 122 of the Regulations for the Provision of Water Supply and Sewerage Services (Reglamento para la prestación de servicios de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), published in Alcance nro. 29 to La Gaceta nro. 27 of 09 February 2021.
Findings of Fact:
Grounds of unconstitutionality:
From a constitutional and legal standpoint, the concept of public service has been defined as an activity directed at the satisfaction of a general need that is of public interest and subject to a special legal regime. In accordance with the general parameters established in that definition, the legislature has progressively determined, on the basis of considerations of timeliness, which services are to be understood as public services, as provided in Article 3(a) of the Public Utility Regulatory Authority Law, Law No. 7593, which reads: "Article 3.- Definitions. For the purposes of this law, the following concepts are defined: a) Public Service. A service that, by reason of its importance for the sustainable development of the country, is so classified by the Legislative Assembly in order to subject it to the regulations of this law. (…)" Similarly, Article 4 of the General Law on Public Administration provides: "Article 4°.— The activity of public entities shall, as a whole, be subject to the fundamental principles of public service, in order to ensure continuity, efficiency, adaptation to any change in the legal regime or social need it fulfills, and equal treatment of its recipients, users, or beneficiaries." The constitutional objection does not stem from a denial that different public services may have their own technical or regulatory particularities, but rather from the assertion that such differences may not translate into unreasonable or disproportionate restrictions on access to an essential public service—and this is especially the case with the potable water service, given its immediate connection to life, health, and human dignity.
That said, access to the public aqueduct service is subject to requirements linked to proof of a specific legal relationship with the property, which is not the case to the same degree with other essential public services, such as, for example, the public electricity supply service. In Costa Rica, both the public electricity supply service and the public aqueduct service form part of the public services regulated by law. However, in the case of the aqueduct service, the challenged regulations make the formal obtaining of the service conditional upon proof of a specific legal relationship with the property, linked to the status of owner, possessor, representative, or legally authorized person, as well as to the consequences arising from the in rem liability regime established by law—a requirement that does not apply with the same intensity to access to other essential public services. The petitioner notes that access to the public electricity supply service is governed primarily by the Law Authorizing Autonomous and Parallel Electricity Generation, Law No. 7200, and the Public Utility Regulatory Authority Law, Law No. 7593, together with specific technical regulations.
The requirements for accessing the service may vary slightly depending on the electricity distribution company (such as ICE, CNFL, COOPELESCA, among others); it is not required that the registered owner be the one who formally applies for the service, but rather the interested party may submit the application, subject to fulfillment of applicable requirements. On the other hand, applying for a new aqueduct service connection in Costa Rica requires meeting conditions that vary depending on the type of property or project to be developed, and even on the service provider. It is essential that the property have a positive and current certificate of service availability that is consistent with the purposes for which it was approved. Specifically, Article 30 of the Regulations for the Provision of AyA Services establishes that the application for the certificate of service availability must be filed by the property owner, possessor, representative, or legally authorized person.
That is to say, the application for the public aqueduct service in Costa Rica is closely tied to the right of property, and this is developed across several articles of the Regulations for the Provision of AyA Services, as follows:
• Article 32 addresses cases in which water service is requested for unregistered properties (this is the case for many inhabitants living in precarious or informal occupancy situations); in such cases, the requirement is submission of a sworn statement (declaración jurada), signed by the applicant and two witnesses, describing the nature of the property and specifying the nature of the possessory acts (actos posesorios), the existence of structures, the improvements made, and the fact that the property is not registered.
• Article 33 provides that, in the case of applications associated with properties under the category of territories administered by the State or its institutions under special legal regimes—such as the maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre), border zones, indigenous territories, tourist development poles, among others—which are granted through concessions, leases, and assignments, applicants must present the express authorization of the relevant entity, in which the processing of the application is endorsed.
In general terms, access to new electricity connections begins with a formal application by the interested party, subject to fulfillment of technical and documentary requirements. By contrast, in the case of the public aqueduct service, Articles 30, 32, and 33 of the Regulations for the Provision of AyA Services make clear that formal obtaining of the service is contingent upon proof of a specific legal relationship with the property, whether in the capacity of owner, possessor, representative, legally authorized person, or through the special forms of proof established for specific situations. That regulatory requirement does not apply with the same intensity to access to other essential public services. The constitutional objection therefore lies not in denying the legislature's power to establish requirements for the provision of public services, but in pointing out that, in this case, the challenged statutory and regulatory regime may translate into a difference in treatment that bears with greater severity upon access to the public service of potable water.
Given that this is a service directly linked to life, health, and human dignity, the requirement to prove a specific legal relationship with the property and to bear the associated patrimonial consequences cannot become a disproportionate condition for obtaining the service, particularly to the detriment of persons in vulnerable, precarious, or informally housed situations. The Constitutional Chamber's reasoning in judgment 2021-7467 is relevant to the present case, insofar as it demonstrates that the establishment or application of access requirements may not translate into unreasonable or practically impossible conditions for obtaining the public service of potable water. In light of the foregoing, the unconstitutional inequality challenged here does not consist in the mere existence of regulatory differences between different public services, but rather in the fact that formal access to the public aqueduct service is subject, by reason of the text, effects, and manner in which the challenged provisions have been interpreted and applied, to patrimonial requirements or legal proof of entitlement to the property that may be disproportionate for broad sectors of the population, particularly for those in vulnerable, precarious, or informally housed situations.
This is deemed incompatible with the principles of equality, universality, accessibility, and non-discrimination that govern the provision of essential public services, and acquires particular constitutional significance as it bears upon the basic and inalienable human right of access to potable water. It is not reasonable that the public aqueduct service—which the Constitutional Chamber has recognized in repeated case law as a fundamental human right—should be subject to limitations associated with property rights, while, by contrast, the public electricity supply service, which, as noted above, constitutes an essential public right, is subject to fewer restrictions on access.
The legal regulation of water resources in Costa Rica is primarily governed, among other provisions, by the Water Law, Law No. 276 of August 27, 1942, the General Law on Potable Water, Law No. 1634 of September 18, 1953, the Organic Environmental Law, Law No. 7554 of October 4, 1995, and the Mining Code, Law No. 6797 of October 4, 1982, as well as by constitutional and international provisions recognizing the essential role of water for life, health, and human dignity. From that framework it follows that water is a public domain (dominio público) asset and, at the same time, an indispensable good for the satisfaction of basic human needs. The Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has repeatedly recognized the fundamental human right of access to water in its case law (judgment No. 2003-04654 of 15:44 hours of May 27, 2003) as part of constitutional law, derived from the fundamental rights to health, life, a healthy environment, food, and adequate housing, among others, as it has also been recognized in international human rights instruments applicable in Costa Rica.
This is explicitly provided for in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (article 14) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (art. 24); it is also set forth in the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo (principle 2), and is declared in other instruments of International Humanitarian Law. Within the Inter-American Human Rights System, Costa Rica is particularly bound in this area by the provisions of Article 11.1 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ("Protocol of San Salvador" of 1988). In Costa Rica, water is recognized as a human right under current constitutional, international, and statutory law; in particular, it is considered to derive from Article 21 of the Constitution, which provides: "Human life is inviolable." It is from this constitutional principle that the human right to water indisputably flows, given its close connection to the rights to health and to life.
Likewise, the fundamental right to water has been recognized in numerous international instruments. Its earliest recognitions were implicit in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women of 1979, the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, the Earth Summit of 1992, and the General Comment on the Right to Health of 2000, among others. The first explicit recognition of the human right to water (not including sanitation) took place in 2002 through General Comment No. 15 to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the United Nations, which established "the right of everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, and physically and economically accessible water for personal and domestic uses" (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the United Nations, 2002). However, it was not until July 28, 2010, that a qualitative leap occurred in the recognition of this right, when the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring "the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights" (General Assembly A/64/L.63/Rev.1, 2010).
On September 30 of that same year, the United Nations Human Rights Council issued a resolution (CDH A/HRC/RES/15/9, 2010) that also explicitly recognizes access to water and sanitation as part of this right, and urges countries to take measures for its effective fulfillment. The Council affirms that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation "derives from the right to an adequate standard of living; and is associated with the right to health, as well as the right to life and human dignity"—all recognized in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Human Rights Council, 1976). For its part, the United Nations, on February 22, 2016, determined that access to safe drinking water and sanitation constitute two distinct rights. At issue, therefore, is not a single right but two: the human right of access to potable water and the human right to sanitation. Water resources are regulated in Costa Rican law beginning with the Constitution.
Article 21 establishes that "Human life is inviolable," and this fundamental right to life is linked to the right to health; from this, access to potable water derives as a guarantee of those rights. In this way, access to potable water ensures the rights to life and to health of individuals—essential for food, drink, and hygiene—(Article 21 of the Constitution) and, of course, is associated with the social and economic development and growth of communities, so as to guarantee each individual an adequate standard of living and quality of life (Article 33 of the Constitution). The foregoing is consistent with the case law of the Constitutional Chamber, which has issued binding decisions recognizing, as part of constitutional law, the fundamental right to potable water, derived from the fundamental rights to health, life, a healthy environment, food, and adequate housing, among others (Judgment No. 200412263 of October 29, 2004, of the Constitutional Chamber).
Recently, with the enactment of Law No. 9849 of June 5, 2020, a paragraph was added to Article 50 of the Constitution recognizing and guaranteeing the human right of access to water. On the basis of this express constitutional recognition, access to potable water cannot be understood as a mere factual expectation or as a benefit entirely subordinated to patrimonial criteria, but rather as a basic and inalienable human right whose effectiveness must be guaranteed in conformity with the legal order and under parameters compatible with the principles of equality, accessibility, universality, and non-discrimination.
progressively recognized access to water and sanitation as human rights linked to a dignified life, health, and equality, and has highlighted that the State must refrain from practices that deny or restrict, on equal terms, access to goods and services indispensable for a dignified life. That frame of reference is relevant to the present case, as it reinforces the interpretation consistent with the Constitution and with the constitutional bloc (bloque de constitucionalidad) that must guide the constitutional review of the challenged provision.
That said, in line with what was developed in the preceding section, this action proceeds from the premise that the limitations on formal access to the aqueduct service associated with property rights originate in the General Law on Potable Water—which dates from September 18, 1953—since Article 12 thereof provides that the debt arising from the water pipe service imposes a legal mortgage on the property or properties on which the obligation to pay falls. By virtue of that provision of Article 12 as noted above, even though it formally regulates an in rem guarantee for the collection of service charges, it projects its effects onto the way in which access to the service is organized at the regulatory and administrative level, by linking the granting of the service to a specific legal relationship with the property. The constitutional restriction challenged here does not consist in asserting that only the registered property owner may access the service, but rather in pointing out that the challenged statutory and regulatory regime conditions the formal obtaining of the service on proof of a qualified legal relationship with the property, whether as owner, possessor, representative, legally authorized person, or through other special mechanisms of proof.
To that extent, access to potable water becomes contingent upon legal requirements related to the tenure or formal availability of the property, as well as upon the patrimonial consequences arising from the in rem liability regime established by law. By imposing a legal mortgage in respect of the debt for the potable water supply service, persons who do not own a property find their ability to obtain service availability from the provider restricted; they are required to fulfill certain prior requirements, for example, presenting authorization from the registered owner of the property. That conditioning is particularly problematic from a constitutional standpoint, because the human right to potable water operates in a social reality in which broad sectors of the population are not in a position to access formal property ownership or to fully regularize their ownership or registration status—since, in many cases, due to their household income, they do not qualify for a full housing voucher or face difficulties in qualifying as creditworthy borrowers at Costa Rican financial institutions.
Those circumstances must not be ignored when assessing the reasonableness and proportionality of the challenged provisions, which, by their effects, ultimately bear upon access to a good essential to life. From a human rights perspective, the interpretation and application of the legal order must pay special attention to persons and groups in vulnerable situations, in order to prevent the regulatory design from reproducing or deepening structural inequalities. That criterion applies to the present case, since access to potable water cannot be made subject to a legal framework that, by its effects, ends up excluding or unreasonably and disproportionately hindering access for persons in situations of poverty, precarious occupancy, housing informality, or subject to special territorial occupation regimes. In that regard, the report "Balance y Tendencias del Sector Vivienda 2023" presented by the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica (CFIA) in partnership with the Universidad de Costa Rica, which aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the country's situation in terms of housing and urban settlements, analyzed the housing market supply in contrast with households grouped by decile according to the National Household Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, ENAHO) 2023, and concluded that nearly 90% of the housing solutions offered by the market are designed for only 30% of households—meaning that 70% of the country's households have no opportunity to access home ownership.
From a human rights perspective, the interpretation and application of the legal order must pay special attention to persons and groups in vulnerable situations, in order to prevent the regulatory design from reproducing or deepening structural inequalities. That criterion applies to the present case, since access to potable water cannot be made subject to a legal framework that, by its effects, ends up excluding or unreasonably and disproportionately hindering access for persons in situations of poverty, precarious occupancy, housing informality, or subject to special territorial occupation regimes.
In light of the foregoing, it is considered that Article 12 of the General Law on Potable Water, in connection with the regulatory provisions governing formal access to the service, may translate into an indirect yet effective limitation on the fundamental human right of access to potable water, by making it subject, through its effects, to patrimonial requirements or legal proof of entitlement to the property that are incompatible with the basic and inalienable character of that right. What is challenged here is not the legislature's power to regulate the service nor the existence of reasonable requirements for its provision, but rather the fact that an in rem payment guarantee ends up projecting itself in such a way as to disproportionately condition the very possibility of formally accessing the public potable water service. That premise is relevant to the present case, because it confirms that the legal regime governing the service cannot be constructed or applied in such a way that access to potable water is unlawfully restricted for persons who, by reason of their social or housing circumstances, face greater difficulties in meeting formal requirements linked to property tenure.
In light of the foregoing, it is considered that Article 12 of the General Law on Potable Water is contrary to constitutional law insofar as, by its effects and its connection with the current regulatory regime, it subjects formal access to the public service of potable water to conditions of legal proof and patrimonial subjection of the property that may translate into a disproportionate limitation on the basic and inalienable human right of access to potable water. It must be emphasized: what is challenged is not the legislature's power to regulate the service nor the existence of reasonable requirements for its provision, but rather the fact that an in rem payment guarantee ends up limiting or conditioning, in a disproportionate manner, the exercise of the basic and inalienable human right of access to potable water.
The declaration of unconstitutionality sought herein would have the effect of removing from the legal order a statutory provision that, by its effects, allows the maintenance of a formal-access regime for drinking water that is unduly conditioned by patrimonial requirements or by the juridical accreditation of the real property. This would compel the companies that provide the public service of drinking-water supply to bring their regulations and administrative practice into conformity with the constitutional standard of reinforced protection of the human right of access to drinking water, in such a way that the conditions for accessing the said public service are not tied to the right of property, thereby enabling many citizens to become formal users and subscribers of the public service upon satisfying the requirements imposed by the applicable technical rules.
In accordance with Article 3 of the LJC and the reiterated case law of the Constitutional Chamber, whoever brings an action of unconstitutionality must demonstrate clearly, precisely, and with reasoned argument how the challenged provision infringes a constitutional right or principle, and must justify why the claim should be upheld — a minimum argumentation burden that has been expressly developed, among other decisions, in judgment no. 2014-04239 of 16:00 hours on 26 March 2014.
In the present case, Article 12 of the Ley General de Agua Potable, by establishing a regime of real liability (responsabilidad real) through the legal mortgage (hipoteca legal) as a mechanism to guarantee the collection of the service charge, produces effects that extend beyond the patrimonial or credit sphere, because it structurally conditions access to the essential public service of drinking water upon the existence of a real-property link with the immovable property. This normative design produces an indirect, yet effective, restriction on the fundamental human right to water, insofar as it makes formal access to the service contingent upon proof of a specific legal relationship with the property.
The constitutional injury denounced herein does not consist in claiming that only the registered owner (propietario registral) may access the service, but rather in pointing out that the challenged statutory and regulatory regime makes formal access to the service contingent upon proof of a specific legal relationship with the property, as well as upon the consequences flowing from the regime of real liability provided for in the law. That conditionality is constitutionally significant when it falls upon the basic and inalienable human right of access to drinking water, because, by its effects, it may translate into a disproportionate limitation on the exercise of a right that is essential to life, health, and human dignity.
The causal link between the challenged statutory provision and the impairment of the fundamental right is direct and verifiable, to the extent that the legal mortgage regime provided for in the law conditions the content of the regulations, forms, and administrative practices of the entities that provide the service. Indeed, those instruments make formal access to the service contingent upon proof of a specific legal relationship with the property, which may translate into a disproportionate limitation for persons who are tenants (arrendamiento), precarious possessors (posesión precaria), lawful occupants of land subject to special regimes, residents of informal settlements, or persons in situations of socioeconomic vulnerability.
From the perspective of constitutional review of provisions that restrict fundamental rights, it is necessary to apply the proportionality test (test de proporcionalidad), in accordance with the methodology consistently used by the Constitutional Chamber.
Regarding suitability (idoneidad): while the legal mortgage mechanism pursues a legitimate aim — namely, to ensure the collection of service charges and to protect the financial sustainability of the system — that aim is strictly financial in nature. Nevertheless, this does not preclude a constitutional examination of the means chosen when its effects end up impinging upon formal access to a basic and inalienable human right.
Regarding the criterion of necessity (necesidad): the challenged measure does not pass this test, since there are alternative collection mechanisms and credit-risk-management tools that are less burdensome to the fundamental right to drinking water and that do not require linking access to the service to ownership of the property or imposing real encumbrances on the property.
Finally, in the analysis of proportionality in the strict sense (proporcionalidad en sentido estricto): the sacrifice imposed on the human right to water — a right indispensable to life, health, and human dignity — is manifestly excessive and unreasonable in relation to the economic benefit sought to be protected, producing a structural and discriminatory impairment that falls disproportionately on the most vulnerable sectors of the population.
Although it is true that, in actions of unconstitutionality, evidence in the strict sense is not required, when the alleged infringement is grounded in the practical effects and the administrative application of the provision, the Chamber has indicated the need for a minimum factual basis that makes it possible to ascertain that the injury is real and not merely hypothetical. In that context, the regulations and administrative forms submitted make it possible to demonstrate objectively how the challenged statutory regime translates into real barriers to access the service, confirming that the impairment denounced is not conjectural but is rather a direct consequence of the normative design under challenge.
Accordingly, it is submitted that Article 12 of the Ley General de Agua Potable infringes the fundamental human right of access to drinking water, in that, by its effects and through its connection with the regulatory regime in force, it makes formal access to the public drinking-water service contingent upon patrimonial requirements or requirements of juridical accreditation of the property that are incompatible with the basic and inalienable character of that right, as well as the constitutional principles of universality, equality, accessibility, and non-discrimination, by making the exercise of an essential right contingent upon the existence of a real link with property, in contravention of the prevailing constitutional order.
The following relief is requested:
1. To admit and give effect to the present action of unconstitutionality.
2. To declare the unconstitutionality of Article 12 of the Ley General de Agua Potable, Law no. 1634 of 18 September 1953, and of Articles 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 122 of the Reglamento para la prestación de los servicios de AyA, published in Supplement no. 29 to La Gaceta no. 27 of 09 February 2021, insofar as, by their text, by their effects, and by the manner in which they have been interpreted and applied by public authorities, they violate the basic and inalienable human right of access to drinking water as an essential good for life, recognized in Article 50 of the Constitution, as well as the constitutional principles of equality, accessibility, and non-discrimination.
Drafted by Magistrado Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
Considering:
This Court has repeatedly stated that an action of unconstitutionality is a proceeding subject to specific formal requirements which, if not met, preclude a ruling on the merits. Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional sets out the admissibility conditions for actions of unconstitutionality and governs distinct situations. The first paragraph requires the existence of a pending case (asunto pendiente de resolver), either before a judicial forum (sede judicial) — including habeas corpus or amparo proceedings — or before an administrative forum (sede administrativa) — in the course of exhausting administrative remedies (agotamiento de la vía administrativa), that is, in the administrative challenge proceeding against the final administrative act — in which the unconstitutionality of the contested provision is invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest considered to be harmed in the underlying case.
The second and third paragraphs govern the direct action — where no underlying case is required — in the following circumstances: a) when, by the nature of the matter, no individual and direct harm exists; b) the action involves the defense of diffuse interests (intereses difusos) or interests affecting the community as a whole; and c) when the action is brought by the Procurador General de la República, the Contralor General de la República, the Fiscal General de la República, or the Defensor de los Habitantes. With respect to the requirement of a pending case, this Court, by Sentencia nro. 04190-95 of 11:33 hours of July 28, 1995, stated the following:
"(…) In the first place, this is a proceeding of an incidental nature, and not a direct or popular action, which is to say that the existence of a pending case is required — either before the courts of justice or in the course of exhausting administrative remedies — in order to access the constitutional forum, but in such a way that the action constitutes a reasonable means of protecting the right considered to be harmed in the underlying case, so that the ruling of the Constitutional Court has a positive or negative impact on that pending proceeding, since it rules on the constitutionality of the provisions to be applied in that case; and only by exception does the legislation permit direct access to this forum — the circumstances set out in the second and third paragraphs of Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (…)".
Likewise, there are other formal requirements that must be met, namely: the filing must be authenticated and must contain an explicit identification of the challenged provisions, duly substantiated, with specific citation of the elements of the constitutional bloc (bloque de constitucionalidad) considered to be infringed (Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). In addition, the conditions of standing (legitimación) must be demonstrated (powers of attorney and certifications), the Bar Association stamp (timbre del Colegio de Abogados) must be paid, and a certified literal copy of the pleading in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged provisions was invoked in the underlying case must be submitted (Article 79 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
The petitioner, in her capacity as User Advocate (Consejera del Usuario) of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP), claims to have direct standing on the grounds that she acts in defense of diffuse interests, "that is, a supra-individual interest that does not belong to a closed, determined, or formally organized group, but rather to an indeterminate and indeterminable plurality of persons united by a common social need, such as effective access to the essential public service of potable water." Even though the petitioner notes that the former User Advocate filed action of unconstitutionality nro. 17-010464-0007-CO, which was admitted and decided on the merits by this Court, it must be pointed out that the former petitioner brought that proceeding in a dual capacity — certainly as an institutional official, but also in a personal capacity — and it was in that latter capacity that the existence of diffuse interests was recognized as the basis for standing, not as an institutional representative, since he lacked the authority to access this proceeding in that capacity.
The present petitioner comes forward solely as an institutional representative, without demonstrating in any way that she is authorized by ARESEP to bring this proceeding. In this regard, it is important to note that, pursuant to Article 57.2 of the Ley de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP), it is the General Regulator (Regulador General) who holds the statutory authority to "Promote participation in decision-making and the defense of the rights of users of regulated services." Notably, Article 57 of the Reglamento a la Ley Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos does establish the following:
"Article 57.- User Advocate. The General Regulator shall designate the User Advocate, acting on its own initiative or at the request of consumers, clients, or users, so that they may channel their objections during the course of the hearing.
In the event that users with conflicting interests exist, the General Regulator, acting on its own initiative or at the request of a party, shall designate another advocate. The participation of the advocate or advocates shall not prevent any interested person from intervening personally or through a representative.
The User Advocate shall exercise his or her functions independently and shall not, in his or her capacity as User Advocate and while fulfilling that function, be subject to orders or instructions from immediate or higher-ranking supervisors, and may request the assistance of ARESEP personnel as necessary." Nonetheless, in the view of this Court, while the regulation grants broad powers to the User Advocate to carry out the defense of the user, those powers are granted by regulation within the internal scope of proceedings reviewed before ARESEP, and are not transferable to external representation of the institution, since such representation is conferred by law solely on the General Regulator. Accordingly, the petitioner's standing in that regard is neither established nor recognized.
In any event, in addition to the foregoing, as already noted, the petitioner invokes the existence of diffuse interests as the basis for direct standing — that is, she comes forward as an institutional official, and not in a personal capacity, in defense of diffuse interests. However, this Court, by majority, has held that when the challenged provision is susceptible to individual application, it is not permissible to invoke the defense of diffuse interests in order to admit the action. Thus, in voto nro. 2021-002185 of 12:51 hours of February 3, 2021, this Constitutional Court stated the following:
"(…) II.- On diffuse interests and the standing of the petitioners in the case under review. The petitioners indicate that their standing derives from the defense of diffuse interests with respect to the protection of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. In this regard, it should be noted that, as already mentioned, the circumstances set out in the second paragraph of Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional constitute exceptions to the rule contained in the first paragraph of the same article, and must be carefully analyzed in each specific case. A diffuse interest has been understood as an interest related to a right or legal situation of a special and particular nature, which may be shared by other persons, with all interested parties forming a determinate group or category. Thus, the violation of that right may affect everyone in general or each person in particular, and therefore any member of the community may bring an action to protect the right considered to be harmed. On this point, the consistent case law of the Court holds that:
'It has been noted that this is a special type of interest, whose manifestation is less concrete and individualizable than that of the collective interest just defined in the previous considerando, but which cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the interest recognized for all members of society in upholding constitutional legality, since the latter — as has been repeatedly stated — is excluded from the current system of constitutional review. It is thus an interest distributed among each of the governed, mediate if you will, and diffuse, but no less ascertainable for that, for the defense, before this Court, of certain constitutional rights of singular relevance to the adequate and harmonious development of society. It is the special characteristics of those rights in themselves, and not the particular relationship to them of the subjects who may hold them, that is key to distinguishing and identifying the presence of so-called diffuse interests, as has been expressed in various rulings such as 03705-93 of fifteen hours of the thirtieth of July for the right to the environment, number 05753-93 of fourteen hours forty-five of the ninth of November of that same year for the defense of historical heritage, and number 00980-91 of thirteen thirty of the twenty-fourth of May of nineteen ninety-one for electoral matters.' — see sentencia número 360-90 — From this definition it is possible to conclude that the diffuse interest is composed of an eminently subjective element, relating to membership in or ownership of the interest, and an objective element, related to the impact of the good on society, which distinguishes it from other legal situations.
With respect to the former — the subjective — it is clear that it is diffused among an unindividualized human group that co-participates in the enjoyment of the legal good in question, but whose composition does not consist of a set of identifiable, comprehensible, and relatively well-defined subjects, as is the case with collective interests (intereses colectivos). And from the objective perspective, it should be clarified that not every "diffuse" interest acquires the legal status of a "diffuse interest," but only those imbued with a profound social relevance, whose assessment depends on the circumstances of each case — see, among others, sentencias números 2006-15960 y 2014-4904 —. In this sense, just as it has been said that such an interest cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the right to uphold constitutional legality — which would imply the tacit establishment of a popular action not contemplated by the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional — it likewise cannot be so concrete as to permit an individual claim, since in such a case, standing would derive from that claim — see, among others, sentencias números 2008-13442, 2009-300 y 2009-9201 —.
Examples of such interests include the right to a healthy and harmonious environment, the defense of historical heritage, electoral matters, the defense of the right to health, and the oversight of public funds. Thus, in the case under review, where the petitioners ground their standing in the defense of diffuse interests relating to the protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the appropriate course is to rule in accordance with what is stated in the following considerandos.
(…)
In the action now before the Court, the same petitioners challenge the same provisions of Articles 50 and 51 of the Regulation in question, as well as Article 52 of the same instrument, and while, beyond the sustainability of wildlife breeding facilities (zoocriaderos), this action focuses on issues of ex situ conservation and environmental education — which were also raised in that earlier action — the fact remains that this Court's own definition of standing, as set out in the cited ruling, is fully applicable to this new action. Note that, as clearly stated by the Procuraduría General de la República and emphatically noted by the Minister of Environment and Energy, the provisions under challenge are indeed entirely susceptible to individual application and to directly affecting the legal sphere of singular and identifiable persons who engage in a specific activity subject to the regulations set out in the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre and its implementing regulation.
It is thus clear that, contrary to the asserted defense of diffuse interests, what underlies this action is some degree of dissatisfaction with the regulatory requirements to which the petitioners must submit in the activity they carry out or intend to carry out; note that, as the Minister of Environment and Energy's report rightly indicates, the petitioners are directly connected as founders, managers, or employees of various companies involved in the display of wildlife or its tourism promotion. Accordingly, it is not viable to invoke supposed problems of conservation and environmental education in order to use the figure of diffuse interests to bring a direct action of unconstitutionality while circumventing the strict admissibility requirements set out in the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, as stated in considerandos II and III of this ruling.
Under this understanding, and taking into account the identity of the petitioners and the challenged provisions, it is clear that the precedent of sentencia 2018-18563 is fully applicable to the action now before the Court, from which it must necessarily be concluded that, as in that earlier instance, the petitioners lack standing to bring this proceeding, and therefore it is improper to consider and rule upon the issues raised. Accordingly, the appropriate course is to dismiss this action" (underlining not in the original).
In a similar vein, in sentencia nro. 2021-011994 of 16:30 hours of May 26, 2021, this Court held that:
"(…) It is reiterated that a diffuse interest cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the right to uphold constitutional legality (which would imply the tacit establishment of a popular action not contemplated by the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); but neither can it be so concrete as to permit an individual claim, since, in such a case, standing would derive from that claim (…)".
Based on the foregoing considerations, this Court observes that the provisions challenged herein are as follows:
"Article 12.- The debt arising from the water supply service imposes a statutory mortgage (hipoteca legal) on the property or properties upon which the obligation to pay it falls." 2) Articles 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 122 of the Reglamento para la prestación de servicios de Acueductos y Alcantarillados:
"Article 29.- Scope of the certificate of service availability (constancia de disponibilidad de servicios). The certificate of service availability shall allow the applicant to seek from the various state agencies the permits and authorizations necessary for the construction of real estate projects of any kind. This certificate constitutes the administrative act that records the actual existence of water supply capacity, hydraulic capacity, and collection and treatment capacity at the boundary of a property, enabling the eventual request for potable water services and wastewater collection and treatment services, without causing any diminishment in the optimal provision of existing services. The aforementioned certificate shall not constitute an authorization at the construction or subdivision (fraccionamiento) level unless the plans have been approved by AyA; likewise, it shall not constitute an authorization for interconnection or for the approval of permanent service connections, for which the requirements and procedures established by the competent authorities must be fulfilled." "Article 30.- Admissibility requirements and conditions for requesting a certificate of service availability.
The request for a certificate of service availability must be made by the property owner or his or her legal representative, in accordance with Article 15 of this Regulation, through the physical, digital, or virtual platforms offered by the public service provider. For such purposes, the following requirements must be submitted in physical or digital form:
In accordance with the verification of the conditions required for the approval of services as set out in general terms in Article 15 of this Regulation, it is AyA's responsibility to verify the requirements listed therein, as well as the general conditions established therein for all procedures." "Article 31.- Request for a certificate of service availability for properties registered in undivided shares (derechos), subdivisions, or urbanizations. In addition to the provisions of Articles 15 and 30 of this Regulation, in the case of properties registered in undivided shares, the request may be made by the co-owner (copropietario) seeking access to the service, without requiring authorization or the submission of identification documents from the other title holders of the remaining shares, along with submission of the cadastral plan (plano catastrado). If the property does not have a cadastral plan, a survey plan (plano de agrimensura) must be submitted that complies with the provisions of Article 2, subsection q) of the Reglamento de la Ley de Catastro Nacional in force and the corresponding CFIA seal in accordance with the provisions of the Reglamento Especial del Administrador de Proyectos de Topografía (APT) of CFIA in force and its amendments, or the regulations that replace them.
When the request concerns urbanization or subdivision projects classified under the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones del INVU, the applicant must expressly indicate the number of services requested and the project type for which the certificate of service availability is being sought. In the case of a property in undivided shares, the applicant must submit the cadastral plan or the survey plan describing the location of the share." "Article 32.- Request for a certificate of service availability for unregistered properties. In the case of requests for services associated with unregistered properties, the possessor must subscribe before the service counter representative (plataformista) a sworn declaration on a form to be supplied by AyA, which shall be signed by the applicant and two witnesses, containing a description of the nature of the property, indicating the nature of the possessory acts, the existence of a building, the improvements made, and that the property is not registered." "Article 33.- Request for a certificate of service availability for territories administered by the State or its institutions under a special legal regime.
In addition to the provisions of Articles 15 and 30 of this Regulation, in the case of requests associated with properties under a special legal regime administered by the State or its institutions — maritime-terrestrial zone, border zones, indigenous territories, tourism development poles, among others — granted by way of concessions, leases, and assignments, the applicants must submit express authorization from the relevant entity endorsing the request for the proceeding, in accordance with the applicable regulations.
In the case of indigenous territories, when the ADII is inactive, the applicant must submit a sworn declaration stating the nature of his or her possessory acts and that his or her presence has been peaceful, continuous, and uninterrupted for more than one year; the applicant must likewise declare his or her status as a member of the corresponding indigenous community, which must be endorsed by two community residents attesting to his or her situation and status. This requirement shall also be validated for the request for a permanent connection." "Article 34.- Request for a certificate of service availability for parcels with agricultural, livestock, forestry, or mixed purposes. In addition to the provisions of Articles 15 and 30 of this Regulation, in the case of requests associated with parcels with agricultural, livestock, forestry, or mixed purposes on which housing or buildings are intended to be constructed, to be supplied with water for residential use, the applicant must submit the authorization issued by the corresponding Municipality in accordance with the provisions for such purposes in the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones and its amendments, for which the interested party must have a soil study and land-use capacity study prepared by a Certified Land-Use Certifier authorized pursuant to the provisions of the Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, Decreto Ejecutivo N°29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT and Decreto Ejecutivo N°30636-MAG, known as the Creación del Registro Oficial de Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo, and its amendments, or the regulations that replace them.
AyA may coordinate with other State institutions such actions as it deems appropriate to verify the nature of the parcel, as well as any other condition it considers relevant for the purposes of granting the requested availability." "Article 122.- Real security interest on debts arising from the services provided by AyA. The debt arising from the water and sanitation service provided by AyA imposes a statutory mortgage on the property that receives those services, it being the property that is legally obligated to answer for the user's obligations to AyA (Ley Nº 1634, Ley General de Agua Potable). This is without prejudice to AyA's ability to use either the foreclosure action (juicio hipotecario) or the summary collection proceeding (juicio monitorio) as a compulsory means of payment. Obligations incurred are transferred from owner to owner, with no possibility of waiver." Based on a reading of each of these provisions, it is evident that each one is susceptible to individual application and to directly affecting the legal sphere of fully identifiable persons — in this case, owners who may be subject to the imposition of a lien on their property due to unpaid water service charges, or persons seeking to obtain water service who must submit specific requirements to obtain it.
Consequently, in accordance with the aforementioned case-law precedents, this Court considers that the petitioner, even if she were acting in a personal capacity, would equally lack direct standing to bring this action in defense of diffuse interests, since each challenged provision is susceptible to application in a specific case and, accordingly, could give rise to an underlying case.
For the reasons set forth above, since the petitioner lacks direct standing, the action is inadmissible and must be dismissed outright.
In this matter I have concurred with my vote in the dismissal of the action of unconstitutionality. However, I have chosen to record a separate note in which I aim to set out my position regarding standing and admissibility in this specific proceeding.
In that regard, I consider it necessary to clarify that the majority's ruling does not mean that it may be accepted — as a general rule — that whenever an individual and direct claim may exist, it follows automatically that the parallel protection of diffuse interests is unavailable. That is to say, there will be cases in which, given the nature of the substantive legal situation affected, both scenarios could be present simultaneously.
Different is the case in which it can reasonably be inferred that, while a diffuse interest is asserted, what underlies the action is a clear personal and individual benefit of another nature, or even another subjective right that does not simultaneously encompass the protection of diffuse interests.
In sum, it does not appear to be valid to use the "guise" of a diffuse interest to guarantee the admissibility of an action of unconstitutionality when it can be verified that what is actually sought is the protection of other types of rights or interests that could well be protected through an action of unconstitutionality, but through the mechanism contemplated in Art. 75, paragraph 1°, of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
IV.Different reasons of Magistrados Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal, drafted by the latter. As we have expressed in other cases, we consider that one characteristic of a diffuse interest is precisely that its impact is general — that is, it affects an entire population or broad sectors thereof — within a context in which the affected subjects need not know one another (they could even lack any legal nexus or relationship between them), but what is required is the presence of a single situation of harm or risk to a constitutional good that, equally and without any need for individualization, encompasses and brings together an entire society in the abstract. Its defense aims to satisfy a need of society as such, and is therefore transcendent to that of a single human being considered individually or collectively. In sentencia n.° 2019-17397 of 12:54 hours of September 11, 2019, this Court reiterated the following:
"(…) Second, the possibility is envisaged of acting in defense of 'diffuse interests'; this concept, whose content has been gradually shaped by the Court, could be summarized in the terms used in sentencia número 3750-93 of this tribunal, of fifteen hours of the thirtieth of July of nineteen ninety-three:
'… Diffuse interests, though difficult to define and even more difficult to identify, cannot in our law — as this Court has already held — be merely collective interests; they cannot be so diffuse that their ownership is confused with that of the national community as a whole, nor so concrete that in relation to them specific persons or personalized groups are identified or easily identifiable, whose standing would derive not from diffuse interests but from corporate interests pertaining to a community as a whole. They are, then, individual interests, yet at the same time diluted among more or less extensive and amorphous groups of persons who share an interest and therefore suffer a harm, actual or potential, more or less equal for all of them, which is why it is aptly said that these are equal interests of groups found in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them individually.
That is, diffuse interests partake of a dual nature, being simultaneously collective — in that they are common to a generality — and individual, and as such may be claimed in that character.' In summary, diffuse interests (intereses difusos) are those whose ownership belongs to groups of persons not formally organized, but united by a particular social need, a physical characteristic, their ethnic origin, a particular personal or ideological orientation, the consumption of a certain product, etc. In such cases, the interest is spread out, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of persons. In these cases, of course, any challenge that a member of one of these sectors might bring under paragraph 2 of Article 75 must necessarily relate to provisions that affect him or her as such. The Sala Constitucional has enumerated various rights to which it has given the qualifier "diffuse," such as the environment, cultural heritage, the defense of the country's territorial integrity, and the proper management of public expenditure, among others.
In this regard, two clarifications must be made: on the one hand, these legally protected interests (bienes jurídicos) transcend the sphere traditionally recognized for diffuse interests, since they refer in principle to matters that affect the national community as a whole and not just particular groups within it; environmental damage does not merely affect the residents of a region or the consumers of a product, but rather injures or poses a serious risk to the natural heritage of the entire country and even of humanity; in the same way, the defense of the proper management of public funds authorized in the national budget (Presupuesto de la República) is an interest of all inhabitants of Costa Rica, not merely of any particular group among them. On the other hand, the enumeration made by the Sala Constitucional amounts to nothing more than a simple description inherent in its obligation—as a jurisdictional body—to confine itself to the cases brought before it, and it cannot under any circumstances be understood to mean that only those rights expressly recognized as such by the Court can be considered diffuse interests; that would imply an undesirable reversal in the scope of the Rule of Law (Estado de Derecho), and its correlative "State of rights" ("Estado de derechos"), which—as in the Costa Rican model—proceeds from the premise that what must be expressly stated are the limits on freedoms, since those freedoms underlie the human condition itself and therefore require no official recognition.
Finally, when paragraph 2 of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional) speaks of interests "that concern the community as a whole," it refers to the legally protected interests explained in the preceding lines, that is, those whose ownership rests in the very holders of sovereignty, in each and every inhabitant of the Republic. This does not mean, therefore, that any person may bring an action before the Sala Constitucional to protect any interest whatsoever (popular action (acción popular)), but rather that every individual may act in defense of those interests that affect the entire national community, and in this field as well no attempt at an exhaustive enumeration is valid" (see judgment No. 2007-01145).
In keeping with what has been set forth and upheld by this Court in its case law (jurisprudencia), these are individual interests, but at the same time diluted among more or less extensive and amorphous groups of persons who share an interest and, therefore, suffer harm—actual or potential—more or less equally for all; it is therefore rightly said that they are equal interests of the groups that find themselves in certain circumstances, and at the same time, of each person within those groups. It is precisely for this reason that, beginning with judgment n.° 2021-2185 of 12:51 hours on 3 February 2021, we consider—unlike the Majority of this Court—that some of these interests may be manifested in a specific individual case without thereby losing their character as a diffuse interest, as occurs with environmental protection, the impact of which affects one person and all persons in general; and such impact may be individualized in a particular situation, such as, for example, the construction of a factory in a specific neighboring area without the corresponding environmental studies, the negative effects of which affect the planet's ozone layer.
Undoubtedly, the outcome of a claim or proceeding that a neighbor might bring against that factory would affect not only his or her own interests, but also those of the rest of the community. For this reason, it constitutes a diffuse interest; and yet, it is also the subject of an individualized particular situation. That said, this does not mean, in any way, that the existence of a diffuse interest may be alleged in every invoked situation, even if that situation may be the subject of a particular case. Let us recall that for an interest to be considered "diffuse," it must not only affect a community, but must also be spread out and diffused throughout that community. If it does not produce such an effect, it cannot be considered a diffuse interest. In the case of the petitioner, as the Majority notes, the challenged regulations do not produce a socially diffuse impact, but rather a determinate one, since they refer to persons who are users of or interested in accessing the public water service and who are easily identifiable.
Thus, in this case, what is discernible are possible particular situations, the effect of which is not of such magnitude as to be considered a diffuse interest. For the foregoing reason, we agree with the Majority in dismissing this action; however, we do so on the basis of the reasoning set forth above.
The parties are hereby notified that if they have submitted any document in paper form, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device, said materials must be retrieved from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not retrieved within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by the Corte Plena in session N° 27-11 of 22 August 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial número 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial in session N° 43-12 held on 3 May 2012, Article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The action is dismissed outright. Justice Garro Vargas appends a separate opinion. Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal concur on different grounds.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Telephone: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. Sur de la iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).
Documento PJEDITOR SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas cuarenta minutos del diecisiete de junio de dos mil veintiseis .
Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por [Nombre 001], con cédula de identidad número [Valor 001], en su condición de Consejera del Usuario de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP), contra el artículo 12 de la Ley General de Agua Potable, Ley nro. 1634 del 18 de setiembre de 1953 y los artículos 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 y 122 del Reglamento para la prestación de servicios de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, publicado en el Alcance nro. 29 a La Gaceta nro. 27 del 09 de febrero de 2021.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
Considerando:
Esta Sala ha señalado, de forma reiterada, que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que, si no se reúnen, imposibilitan pronunciarse sobre el fondo del asunto. En el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se establecen los presupuestos de admisibilidad para las acciones de inconstitucionalidad y se regulan situaciones distintas. En el párrafo primero se exige la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, sea en sede judicial –incluyendo los recursos de habeas corpus o de amparo– o en la administrativa –en el procedimiento de agotamiento de esta vía, sea, en el procedimiento administrativo de impugnación contra el acto final–, en el que se invoque la inconstitucionalidad de la norma cuestionada, como medio razonable de amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado en el asunto principal. En los párrafos segundo y tercero se regula la acción directa –no se requiere del asunto base–, en los siguientes supuestos: a) cuando por la naturaleza del asunto no exista lesión individual y directa; b) se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto y c) cuando la acción sea promovida por el Procurador General de la República, el Contralor General de la República, el Fiscal General de la República y el Defensor de los Habitantes. En cuanto a la exigencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, esta Sala, mediante Sentencia nro. 04190-95 de las 11:33 horas del 28 de julio de 1995, señaló lo siguiente:
“(…) En primer término, se trata de un proceso de naturaleza incidental, y no de una acción directa o popular, con lo que se quiere decir que se requiere de la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver -sea ante los tribunales de justicia o en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa- para poder acceder a la vía constitucional, pero de tal manera que, la acción constituya un medio razonable para amparar el derecho considerado lesionado en el asunto principal, de manera que lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional repercuta positiva o negativamente en dicho proceso pendiente de resolver, por cuanto se manifiesta sobre la constitucionalidad de las normas que deberán ser aplicadas en dicho asunto; y únicamente por excepción es que la legislación permite el acceso directo a esta vía -presupuestos de los párrafos segundo y tercero del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (…)”.
Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser cumplidas, a saber: el escrito de interposición debe estar autenticado y contener una determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de los componentes del bloque de constitucionalidad que se consideren infringidos (artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Debe, además, acreditarse las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), procederse al pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados y aportarse certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas en el asunto base (artículo 79 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
La accionante, en su condición de Consejera del Usuario de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP), dice ostentar legitimación directa, porque acude en defensa del interés difuso, “esto es, de un interés supraindividual que no corresponde a un grupo cerrado, determinado u organizado formalmente, sino a una pluralidad indeterminada e indeterminable de personas unidas por una necesidad social común como lo es, el acceso efectivo al servicio público esencial de agua potable”.
Aun cuando la accionante señala que el anterior Consejero del Usuario planteó la acción de inconstitucionalidad nro. 17-010464-0007-CO, la cual fue admitida y resuelta por el fondo por este Tribunal, debe advertirse que, el entonces accionante interpuso tal proceso en su doble condición, ciertamente como funcionario de la institución, pero también a nivel personal, y fue bajo esa última calidad que se admitió la existencia de un interés difuso, no como representante institucional, pues carece de tales poderes para acceder a este proceso en esa condición. La aquí accionante, acude únicamente como representante institucional, sin acreditar de ninguna forma estar autorizada por la ARESEP para interponer este proceso. Al respecto es importante advertir que, de conformidad con el artículo 57.2 de la Ley de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP), es el Regulador General el que tiene la potestad legal para “Promover la participación en la toma de decisiones y la defensa de los derechos de los usuarios de los servicios regulados”. Ciertamente el mismo numeral 57, pero del reglamento a la Ley Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, establece lo siguiente:
“Artículo 57.-Consejero del usuario. El Regulador General designará al Consejero del Usuario, de oficio o a petición de los consumidores, clientes o usuarios, a fin de que éstos canalicen sus oposiciones durante el transcurso de la audiencia.
En el caso de que existan usuarios con intereses contrapuestos, el Regulador General, de oficio o a petición de parte, designará a otro consejero. La participación del consejero o de los consejeros, no obstará para que toda persona interesada pueda intervenir personalmente o mediante apoderado.
El consejero del usuario ejercerá sus funciones en forma independiente y no se sujetará, en cuanto consejero del usuario y mientras cumpla esa función, a órdenes o instrucciones de sus superiores jerárquicos inmediatos o de diverso grado y podrá requerir la asistencia del personal de la ARESEP, que resulte necesario”.
No obstante, en criterio de este Tribunal, si bien el reglamento le concede amplias potestades al Consejero para ejercer la defensa del usuario, lo cierto es que tales potestades se las confiere reglamentariamente en el ámbito interno de los procedimientos que se revisan ante el ARESEP, competencias que no son extrapolables a lo externo de la institución como representante institucional, pues carece de esa representación conferida por ley únicamente al Regulador General. De ahí que no se acredita ni se admite la legitimación de la accionante en ese sentido.
En todo caso, aunado a lo anterior, tal como ya se indicó, la gestionante alega la existencia de intereses difusos como legitimación directa, es decir, que como funcionaria institucional -y no en su carácter personal- acude en defensa de intereses difusos. No obstante, esta Sala, por mayoría, ha estimado que cuando la norma que se impugna es susceptible de aplicación individual, no cabe invocar la defensa de intereses difusos para admitir la acción. Así, en el voto nro. 2021-002185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021, este Tribunal Constitucional señaló lo siguiente:
“(…) II.- Sobre los intereses difusos y la legitimación de los accionantes en el caso bajo estudio. Las accionantes señalan que su legitimación proviene de la defensa de los intereses difusos respecto de la protección al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Al respecto, cabe indicar que, como ya se mencionó, los supuestos del párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional constituyen excepciones a la regla contenida en el párrafo primero del mismo artículo, que deben ser analizados cuidadosamente en cada caso concreto. El interés difuso ha sido entendido como aquel interés relacionado con un derecho o situación jurídica de naturaleza especial y particular, que puede ser compartido por otras personas, formando todos los interesados un grupo o categoría determinada. Así, la vulneración de ese derecho puede afectar a todos en general o a cada uno en particular, de ahí que cualquier miembro de la colectividad puede interponer la acción para proteger el derecho que se estima lesionado. Sobre el particular, la reiterada jurisprudencia de la Sala indica que:
"Se ha señalado que se trata un tipo especial de interés, cuya manifestación es menos concreta e individualizable que la del colectivo recién definido en el considerando anterior, pero que no puede llegar a ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el reconocido a todos los miembros de la sociedad de velar por la legalidad constitucional, ya que éste último -como se ha dicho reiteradamente- está excluido del actual sistema de revisión constitucional. Se trata pues de un interés distribuido en cada uno de los administrados, mediato si se quiere, y diluido, pero no por ello menos constatable, para la defensa, en esta Sala, de ciertos derechos constitucionales de una singular relevancia para el adecuado y armónico desarrollo de la sociedad. Son las especiales características de éstos derechos por sí mismas y no la particular situación frente a ellos de los sujetos que puedan ostentarlos, la clave para la distinción y determinación de la presencia de los llamados intereses difusos tal y como se manifestado en distintas resoluciones como la 03705-93 de las quince horas del treinta de julio para el derecho al ambiente, la número 05753-93 de las catorce horas cuarenta y cinco del nueve de noviembre de ese mismo año para la defensa del patrimonio histórico y la número 00980-91 de las trece y treinta del veinticuatro de mayo de mil novecientos noventa y uno para la materia electoral." –ver sentencia número 360-90- De esta definición es posible estimar que el interés difuso está conformado por un elemento eminentemente subjetivo, relativo a su pertenencia o titularidad del interés, y otro objetivo, relacionado con la incidencia del bien en la sociedad, que lo distingue de otras situaciones jurídicas.
En relación con el primero -el subjetivo-, es claro que la misma se encuentra difuminada en un grupo humano no individualizado, que coparticipa en el disfrute del bien jurídico objeto del interés, pero cuya conformación no resulta de un conjunto de sujetos identificable, abarcable y de contornos relativamente nítidos, como sí ocurre en el interés colectivo. Y desde la perspectiva objetiva, debe aclararse que no todo interés "difuminado" adquiere la categoría jurídica de "interés difuso", sino únicamente aquellos impregnados de una profunda relevancia social, cuya valoración resulta de las circunstancias de cada caso –ver, entre otras, sentencias números 2006-15960 y 2014-4904-. En este sentido, así como se ha dicho que ese interés no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional -lo que supondría la instauración tácita de una acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional-, tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo –ver, entre otras, sentencias números 2008-13442, 2009-300 y 2009-9201-.
Así, ejemplos de tales intereses son el derecho a un ambiente sano y armonioso, la defensa del patrimonio histórico, la materia electoral, la defensa del derecho a la salud y la fiscalización de los fondos públicos. De tal forma, en el caso bajo estudio, donde las accionantes refieren su legitimación respecto de la defensa de intereses difusos en materia de protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, lo que corresponde es pronunciarse conforme se indica en los considerandos siguientes.
(…)
En la acción que ahora se conoce, los mismos accionantes cuestionan las mismas normas de los artículos 50 y 51 del Reglamento en cuestión, así como el artículo 52 del mismo instrumento, y si bien, más allá de la sostenibilidad de los zoocriaderos, en esta acción se centran sobre temas de conservación ex situ y educación ambiental -que también fue señalado en aquella acción-, lo cierto es que la misma definición de esta Sala sobre la legitimación, tal como se dispuso en la sentencia de cita, resulta de plena aplicación en esta nueva acción. Nótese que, ciertamente, tal como lo señala claramente la Procuraduría General de la República y de manera enfática lo refiere el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, la normativa que se cuestiona sí es totalmente susceptible de aplicación individual y de incidir directamente en la esfera jurídica de personas singulares e identificables, que ejercen una determinada actividad, sujeta a la regulación señalada en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y su reglamento.
De tal manera, es claro que contrario a la aducida defensa de intereses difusos, lo que se encuentra de por medio es algún grado de inconformidad con la sujeción a que deben someterse para la regulación de la actividad que ejercen o pretenden ejercer; véase que como bien refiere el informe del Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, los accionantes se encuentran directamente relacionados como fundadores, gerentes o servidores de diversas empresas relacionadas con la exhibición de fauna silvestre o su promoción turística. Así, resulta inviable aducir presuntos problemas de conservación y de educación ambiental, para utilizar la figura de los intereses difusos y promover con ello una acción de inconstitucionalidad directa obviando los estrictos requisitos de admisibilidad señalados en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, tal como se indicó en los considerandos II y III de esta resolución.
Bajo esta inteligencia, y tomando en consideración la identidad de accionantes y de la normativa cuestionada, es claro que el precedente de la sentencia 2018-18563 resulta plenamente aplicable a esta acción que ahora se conoce, de donde debe necesariamente concluirse que al igual que en aquella anterior ocasión, los accionantes carecen de legitimación para la interposición de este proceso, por lo que resulta improcedente conocer y pronunciarse sobre los aspectos planteados. De tal manera, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar esta acción” (el subrayado no corresponde al original).
En similar sentido, en la sentencia nro. 2021-011994 de las 16:30 horas del 26 de mayo de 2021 esta Sala dispuso que:
“(…) Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo (…)”.
Con base en las anteriores consideraciones, observa este Tribunal que la normativa aquí impugnada, dispone lo siguiente:
“Artículo 12.- La deuda proveniente del servicio de cañerías impone hipoteca legal sobre el bien o bienes en que recae la obligación de pagarlo”.
“Artículo 29- Del alcance de la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios. La constancia de disponibilidad de servicios permitirá gestionar ante las diferentes instancias estatales la obtención de los permisos y las autorizaciones necesarias para la construcción de proyectos inmobiliarios de toda índole. Esta constancia constituye el acto administrativo que consigna la existencia real en cuanto a capacidad hídrica, capacidad hidráulica, así como de recolección y tratamiento en el lindero de un inmueble, que le permita la eventual solicitud de los servicios de agua potable, la recolección y tratamiento de las aguas residuales; sin ocasionar menoscabo a la prestación óptima de los servicios existentes. La constancia mencionada no implicará una autorización a nivel constructivo o de segregación sin haberse aprobado los planos por AyA; de la misma forma, tampoco constituirá una autorización de interconexión ni de aprobación de conexiones de servicios permanentes ya que para ello deberá cumplirse con los requisitos y procedimientos establecidos por las instancias competentes”.
“Artículo 30- De los requisitos de admisibilidad y condiciones para la solicitud de la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios. La solicitud de la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios debe realizarla el propietario del inmueble o su representante legal, conforme lo dispone el artículo 15 de este Reglamento, ante las plataformas físicas digitales o virtuales que le ofrezca el prestador del servicio público. Para tales efectos se deben presentar de forma física o digital, los siguientes requisitos:
De acuerdo con la verificación de las condiciones necesarias para la aprobación de los servicios indicada de manera general en el artículo 15 de este Reglamento, le corresponde a AyA verificar los requisitos ahí desglosados, así como las condiciones generales ahí establecidas para todos los trámites”.
“Artículo 31- De la solicitud de la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios para inmuebles registrados en derechos, fraccionamientos o urbanizaciones. Además de lo previsto en los artículos 15 y 30 de este reglamento, para el caso de inmuebles registrados en derechos la solicitud podrá realizarla el copropietario que pretenda acceder al servicio, sin que sea necesaria la autorización, ni presentación de documentos de identificación de los demás titulares de los derechos restantes y presentación de plano catastrado. En caso de que la propiedad no cuente con plano catastrado, deberá presentar un plano de agrimensura que cumpla con lo estipulado en el Artículo 2 inciso q) del Reglamento de la Ley de Catastro Nacional vigente y el correspondiente sello del CFIA conforme a lo dispuesto en el Reglamento Especial del Administrador de Proyectos de Topografía (APT) del CFIA vigente y sus reformas o las normativas que los sustituya.
Cuando la solicitud refiera a proyectos de urbanización o fraccionamiento tipificados en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones del INVU el solicitante deberá indicar expresamente el número de servicios solicitados y la tipología de proyecto para el cual se gestiona la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios. En el caso de estar la propiedad en derechos el solicitante deberá aportar el plano catastrado o el plano de agrimensura que describa la localización del derecho”.
“Artículo 32- De la solicitud de la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios para inmuebles sin inscribir. Para el caso de solicitudes de servicios asociadas a inmuebles sin inscribir, el poseedor deberá suscribir ante el plataformista, la declaración jurada cuyo formulario será suplido por AyA, la cual será firmada por el solicitante y dos testigos con una descripción de la naturaleza del inmueble, señalando en qué consisten sus actos posesorios, la existencia de edificación, las mejoras realizadas y que la propiedad no se encuentra inscrita”.
“Artículo 33- De la solicitud de la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios para territorios administrados por el Estado o sus instituciones con régimen jurídico especial. Además de lo previsto en los artículos 15 y 30 de este reglamento, para el caso de solicitudes asociadas a inmuebles bajo la modalidad de territorios administrados por el Estado o sus instituciones con régimen jurídico especial: zona marítimo terrestre, zonas fronterizas, territorios indígenas, polos de desarrollo turístico, entre otros; que se otorgan mediante concesiones, arriendos y asignaciones; los solicitantes deberán presentar la autorización expresa del ente correspondiente, en la cual se avale la solicitud del trámite, de conformidad con la norma que los regule.
Para el caso de territorios indígenas, cuando la ADII esté inactiva, el solicitante deberá rendir mediante declaración jurada en qué consisten sus actos posesorios, y que su permanencia ha sido en forma pacífica, continúa e ininterrumpida por más de un año; igualmente deberá declarar su condición de miembro de la comunidad indígena que corresponda, lo cual deberá ser avalado por dos habitantes de la comunidad que respalde su situación y condición. Este requisito también será validado para la solicitud de la conexión permanente”.
“Artículo 34- De la solicitud de la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios para parcelas con fines agrícolas, pecuarios, forestales o mixtos. Además de lo previsto en los artículos 15 y 30 de este reglamento, para el caso de solicitudes asociadas a parcelas con fines agrícolas, pecuarios, forestales o mixtos, donde se pretendan construir viviendas o edificaciones, para ser abastecidas con agua para uso poblacional, el solicitante deberá presentar la autorización emitida por la Municipalidad correspondiente conforme a lo dispuesto para tal efecto en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones y sus reformas, para lo cual el interesado debe contar con un estudio de suelos y de capacidad de uso de las tierras elaborado por un Certificador de Uso Conforme del suelo autorizado según las disposiciones establecidas en el Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, Decreto Ejecutivo N°29375- MAG-MINAE-S- HACIENDA-MOPT y el Decreto Ejecutivo N°30636-MAG, denominado Creación del Registro Oficial de Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo y sus reformas o la normativa que les sustituya.
El AyA podrá coordinar con otras Instituciones del Estado, las acciones que considere pertinentes a fin de verificar la naturaleza de la parcela, así como cualquier otra condición que considere relevante para efectos del otorgamiento de la disponibilidad solicitada”.
“Artículo 122- De la garantía real sobre las deudas generadas por los servicios que presta AyA. La deuda proveniente del servicio de agua y saneamiento que brinda AyA, impone hipoteca legal sobre el inmueble que los recibe, siendo la propiedad la que por ley responde a las obligaciones del usuario ante éste (Ley Nº 1634, Ley General de Agua Potable). Lo anterior, sin perjuicio de que AyA pueda indistintamente utilizar el juicio hipotecario o monitorio, como medio compulsivo de pago. Las responsabilidades contraídas, son transferidas de propietario a propietario, sin posibilidad de renuncia”.
A partir de la lectura de cada una de ellas, es evidente que cada disposición es susceptible de aplicación individual y de incidir directamente en la esfera jurídica de personas plenamente identificables, sea, en este caso, de propietarios que puedan sufrir la imposición de un gravamen sobre su propiedad por el adeudo del servicio de agua, o de aquellos interesados en obtener el servicio de agua y que deban aportar determinados requisitos para conseguirlo. En consecuencia, conforme a los antecedentes jurisprudenciales precitados, esta Sala estima que la accionante, aun cuando viniese en su condición personal, igualmente carecería de legitimación directa para plantear esta acción en defensa de intereses difusos, por cuanto cada disposición cuestionada es susceptible de ser aplicada en un caso concreto y así, generar eventualmente un asunto base.
En razón de lo expuesto, por carecer la accionante de legitimación directa, la acción es inadmisible y procede su rechazo de plano.
En este asunto he concurrido con mi voto en la desestimatoria de la acción de inconstitucionalidad. Pero he optado por consignar una nota separada con la que pretendo perfilar mi criterio en relación con la legitimación y la admisibilidad de este proceso en concreto.
En ese sentido, considero necesario precisar que lo resuelto por la mayoría no significa que se pueda admitir ‒como regla general‒ que, cuando pueda existir un reclamo por una violación individual y directa, no procede per se afirmar que no corresponde tutelar paralelamente la protección de los intereses difusos. Es decir, habrá casos en que en atención a la situación jurídica sustancial afectada podría configurarse ambos supuestos.
Distinto es el caso en que razonablemente se pueda desprender que, si bien se alega un interés difuso, lo que subyace es una clara utilidad personal e individual de otra naturaleza o, incluso, otro derecho subjetivo que no engloba paralelamente la protección de los intereses difusos.
En definitiva, no parece que resulte válido utilizar “el ropaje” de un interés difuso para garantizar la admisibilidad de una acción de inconstitucionalidad, cuando se puede corroborar que lo que se procura es el resguardo de otro tipo de derechos o intereses que bien podrían ser tutelados en una acción de inconstitucionalidad, pero a través del supuesto contemplado en el art. 75, párrafo 1°, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
IV.Razones diferentes de los Magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal, con redacción del segundo. Tal como lo hemos expresado en otros casos, estimamos que una cualidad del interés difuso consiste precisamente, en que su afectación es general -esto es, incide en toda una población o en amplios sectores de ella- dentro de un contexto, donde no se precisa que los sujetos perjudicados se conozcan entre sí (incluso podrían carecer de nexo o relaciones jurídicas entre ellos), pero sí se requiere de la presencia de una misma situación de daño o peligro a un bien constitucional que, por igual y sin necesidad de individualización alguna, comprende y aglomera a toda una sociedad en abstracto. Su defensa tiene como finalidad satisfacer una necesidad de la sociedad como tal, por ello, es trascendente a la de un ser humano individual o colectivamente considerado. En sentencia n.° 2019-17397 de las 12:54 horas del 11 de setiembre de 2019, este Tribunal reiteró lo siguiente:
“(…) En segundo lugar, se prevé la posibilidad de acudir en defensa de "intereses difusos"; este concepto, cuyo contenido ha ido siendo delineado paulatinamente por parte de la Sala, podría ser resumido en los términos empleados en la sentencia de este tribunal número 3750-93, de las quince horas del treinta de julio de mil novecientos noventa y tres) "… Los intereses difusos, aunque de difícil definición y más difícil identificación, no pueden ser en nuestra ley -como ya lo ha dicho esta Sala- los intereses meramente colectivos; ni tan difusos que su titularidad se confunda con la de la comunidad nacional como un todo, ni tan concretos que frente a ellos resulten identificados o fácilmente identificables personas determinadas, o grupos personalizados, cuya legitimación derivaría, no de los intereses difusos, sino de los corporativos que atañen a una comunidad en su conjunto. Se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es decir, los intereses difusos participan de una doble naturaleza, ya que son a la vez colectivos -por ser comunes a una generalidad- e individuales, por lo que pueden ser reclamados en tal carácter".
En síntesis, los intereses difusos son aquellos cuya titularidad pertenece a grupos de personas no organizadas formalmente, pero unidas a partir de una determinada necesidad social, una característica física, su origen étnico, una determinada orientación personal o ideológica, el consumo de un cierto producto, etc. El interés, en estos casos, se encuentra difuminado, diluido (difuso) entre una pluralidad no identificada de sujetos. En estos casos, claro, la impugnación que el miembro de uno de estos sectores podría efectuar amparado en el párrafo 2° del artículo 75, deberá estar referida necesariamente a disposiciones que lo afecten en cuanto tal. Esta Sala ha enumerado diversos derechos a los que les ha dado el calificativo de "difusos", tales como el medio ambiente, el patrimonio cultural, la defensa de la integridad territorial del país y del buen manejo del gasto público, entre otros.
Al respecto deben ser efectuadas dos precisiones: por un lado, los referidos bienes trascienden la esfera tradicionalmente reconocida a los intereses difusos, ya que se refieren en principio a aspectos que afectan a la colectividad nacional y no a grupos particulares de ésta; un daño ambiental no afecta apenas a los vecinos de una región o a los consumidores de un producto, sino que lesiona o pone en grave riesgo el patrimonio natural de todo el país e incluso de la Humanidad; del mismo modo, la defensa del buen manejo que se haga de los fondos públicos autorizados en el Presupuesto de la República es un interés de todos los habitantes de Costa Rica, no tan solo de un grupo cualquiera de ellos. Por otra parte, la enumeración que ha hecho la Sala Constitucional no pasa de una simple descripción propia de su obligación –como órgano jurisdiccional- de limitarse a conocer de los casos que le son sometidos, sin que pueda de ninguna manera llegar a entenderse que solo pueden ser considerados derechos difusos aquellos que la Sala expresamente haya reconocido como tales; lo anterior implicaría dar un vuelco indeseable en los alcances del Estado de Derecho, y de su correlativo "Estado de derechos", que –como en el caso del modelo costarricense- parte de la premisa de que lo que debe ser expreso son los límites a las libertades, ya que éstas subyacen a la misma condición humana y no requieren por ende de reconocimiento oficial.
Finalmente, cuando el párrafo 2° del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional habla de intereses "que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto", se refiere a los bienes jurídicos explicados en las líneas anteriores, es decir, aquellos cuya titularidad reposa en los mismos detentadores de la soberanía, en cada uno de los habitantes de la República. No se trata por ende de que cualquier persona pueda acudir a la Sala Constitucional en tutela de cualesquiera intereses (acción popular), sino que todo individuo puede actuar en defensa de aquellos bienes que afectan a toda la colectividad nacional, sin que tampoco en este campo sea válido ensayar cualquier intento de enumeración taxativa” (véase la sentencia No. 2007-01145).” En consonancia con lo expuesto y sostenido por este Tribunal en su jurisprudencia, se trata entonces de intereses individuales, pero a la vez, diluidos en conjuntos más o menos extensos y amorfos de personas que comparten un interés y, por ende, reciben un perjuicio, actual o potencial, más o menos igual para todos, por lo que con acierto se dice que se trata de intereses iguales de los conjuntos que se encuentran en determinadas circunstancias y, a la vez, de cada una de ellas.
Es por ello, precisamente, que, a partir de la sentencia n.° 2021-2185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021, consideramos, a diferencia de la Mayoría de este Tribunal, que algunos de estos intereses pueden estar plasmados en un caso particular en concreto, sin perder por ello su condición de interés difuso, tal como ocurre con la protección al ambiente, cuyo impacto afecta a una persona y a todos en general; y puede ser individualizada tal afectación en una situación en particular, como por ejemplo, la construcción de una fábrica en un sector vecino determinado, sin los estudios ambientales respectivos, cuyos efectos negativos incidan en la capa de ozono del planeta. Indudablemente el resultado de un reclamo o proceso que pueda plantear un vecino contra esa fábrica, no solo incidirá en sus intereses propios, sino también en el resto de la colectividad. Por ello, constituye un interés difuso; y, sin embargo, también es objeto de una situación particular individualizada.
Ahora bien, ello no quiere decir, en modo alguno, que en toda situación invocada se pueda alegar la existencia de un interés difuso, aunque este pueda ser objeto de una situación particular. Recordemos que para que un interés sea considerado “difuso”, no solo debe afectar una colectividad, sino también debe difuminarse, difundirse en esa colectividad. Si no produce tal efecto, no puede ser considerado un interés difuso. En el caso de la accionante, tal como refiere la Mayoría, la normativa impugnada no produce una afectación socialmente difuminada, sino determinada, pues, estas hacen referencia a personas usuarias o interesadas en acceder al servicio público de agua fácilmente identificables. De modo que, en este caso, lo que se vislumbra son eventuales situaciones particulares, cuyo efecto no es de tal magnitud como para considerarlo un interés difuso. Por el motivo expuesto coincidimos con la Mayoría en desestimar esta acción; empero, con la fundamentación expuesta.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se rechaza de plano la acción. La magistrada Garro Vargas pone nota. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal dan razones diferentes.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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