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Res. 16167-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 07/05/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Court denied the amparo by majority, finding that the ASADA's and ICAA's refusal to issue a water availability certificate was grounded in a real technical impossibility rather than arbitrary conduct, with verification of technical requirements falling outside constitutional jurisdiction; Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal dissented and would have ordered concrete progressive measures with a definite deadline.La Sala Constitucional, por mayoría, declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo al estimar que la denegatoria de disponibilidad hídrica obedeció a una imposibilidad técnica real y no a una actuación arbitraria, siendo la verificación de requisitos materia de legalidad ordinaria; los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvaron el voto y habrían ordenado medidas concretas y progresivas con fecha cierta.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Court denied an amparo petition against the ASADA of Cascajal de Coronado and ICAA, which had refused to issue a water availability certificate for property registration number 705630. The petitioner argued the refusal violated her fundamental right to water and that ICAA had since 2020 ordered the ASADA to find new water sources without compliance. The Court majority held that the denial was technically grounded in ICAA reports documenting an actual water deficit and thus did not constitute arbitrary conduct, adding that the verification of technical and legal requirements for granting water availability is a matter of ordinary legality outside constitutional jurisdiction. Two magistrates dissented, arguing that the right to water imposes positive, progressive duties on the State and that technical limitations cannot serve as an absolute justification for leaving citizens without access to this essential human right.La Sala Constitucional resolvió sin lugar un recurso de amparo interpuesto contra la ASADA de Cascajal de Coronado y el ICAA, que habían negado una constancia de disponibilidad hídrica para la finca matrícula 705630. La accionante argumentó que la negativa vulneraba su derecho fundamental al agua y que el ICAA había ordenado desde 2020 buscar nuevas fuentes sin que la ASADA lo cumpliera. El Tribunal, por mayoría, estimó que la denegatoria estuvo técnicamente fundamentada en informes del ICAA que acreditan un déficit hídrico real, sin configurar actuación arbitraria. Señaló además que la verificación de requisitos técnicos y legales para otorgar disponibilidad es materia de legalidad ordinaria, ajena al control constitucional. Dos magistrados salvaron el voto sosteniendo que el acceso al agua es un derecho humano que impone al Estado deberes positivos y progresivos, y que las limitaciones técnicas no pueden ser justificación absoluta para dejar a las personas sin este servicio esencial.
Key excerptExtracto clave
On this matter, this Court has indicated that ICAA, the community aqueduct and sewerage associations, municipalities and other institutions providing drinking water service may reject requests for drinking water service, or condition their granting, when there are technical or legal reasons that so justify. Accordingly, the Court finds these considerations applicable to the case at hand, as it involves the same type of claim. As such, as explained in the cited precedent, at this time there is a technical impossibility that prevents the granting of the requested service, since there is no hydraulic capacity to grant water availability, so that no illegitimate or arbitrary conduct by the respondents can be established. It must also be noted that the verification of compliance with legal or technical requirements for obtaining water service availability falls to the ordinary administrative or judicial authorities; in principle, this Court cannot venture into this area, as these are matters of ordinary legality outside its competence.Sobre el particular, esta Sala ha indicado que el ICAA, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, las municipalidades y demás instituciones que prestan el servicio de suministro de agua potable, pueden rechazar las solicitudes de servicio de agua potable que les sean formuladas, o bien condicionarlas si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifican. Así las cosas, el Tribunal estima que estas consideraciones son aplicables al caso en estudio, pues se trata del mismo tipo de reclamo. En ese tanto, como se explicó en el antecedente de cita, en este momento existe una imposibilidad técnica que no permite el otorgamiento del servicio requerido, pues no existe capacidad hídrica que permita otorgar la disponibilidad de agua, de manera que no es posible acreditar una actuación ilegítima o arbitraria por parte de los recurridos. Ahora, cabe también resaltar que la verificación del cumplimiento de requisitos legales o técnicos para obtener la disponibilidad del servicio de agua corresponde a las autoridades administrativas o jurisdiccionales comunes, sin que, en principio, esta Sala pueda incursionar en la materia, pues se trata de aspectos de legalidad ordinaria ajenos a su competencia.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El agua no es un servicio cualquiera, es un derecho humano esencial, por ello, la autoridad accionada no puede desentenderse de su deber de garantizarlo, escudándose en limitaciones técnicas sin ofrecer soluciones efectivas."
"Water is not just any service; it is an essential human right, and therefore the respondent authority cannot shirk its duty to guarantee it by hiding behind technical limitations without offering effective solutions."
Considerando V — Voto salvado
"El agua no es un servicio cualquiera, es un derecho humano esencial, por ello, la autoridad accionada no puede desentenderse de su deber de garantizarlo, escudándose en limitaciones técnicas sin ofrecer soluciones efectivas."
Considerando V — Voto salvado
"El enfoque mayoritario normaliza una omisión estructural: acepta que la falta de infraestructura exonera al Estado de su obligación, cuando precisamente esa carencia evidencia un incumplimiento de su deber de previsión."
"The majority approach normalizes a structural omission: it accepts that the lack of infrastructure exonerates the State from its obligation, when precisely that deficiency evidences a breach of its duty of foresight."
Considerando V — Voto salvado
"El enfoque mayoritario normaliza una omisión estructural: acepta que la falta de infraestructura exonera al Estado de su obligación, cuando precisamente esa carencia evidencia un incumplimiento de su deber de previsión."
Considerando V — Voto salvado
"Esta Sala ha considerado que, si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua potable, su ejercicio no es indiscriminado al punto de que exista una obligación de los entes que prestan ese servicio de brindarlo en cualquier condición y oportunidad."
"This Court has held that, while there is a fundamental right to drinking water, its exercise is not unlimited to the point of imposing on the entities providing that service an obligation to deliver it under any conditions and circumstances whatsoever."
Considerando IV — citando Sentencia 2023-012181
"Esta Sala ha considerado que, si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua potable, su ejercicio no es indiscriminado al punto de que exista una obligación de los entes que prestan ese servicio de brindarlo en cualquier condición y oportunidad."
Considerando IV — citando Sentencia 2023-012181
"Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto, declaran con lugar el proceso de amparo, ordenando que se adopten medidas concretas y se le indique a la parte amparada una fecha cierta para satisfacer el abastecimiento de agua."
"Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal record their dissent, declaring the amparo well-founded and ordering the adoption of concrete measures and the setting of a specific date by which water supply for the protected party must be secured."
Por tanto
"Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto, declaran con lugar el proceso de amparo, ordenando que se adopten medidas concretas y se le indique a la parte amparada una fecha cierta para satisfacer el abastecimiento de agua."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours thirty minutes on the seventh of May, two thousand twenty-six.
Writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) processed under case file no. 26-006706-0007-CO, filed by [Nombre 001], national identity card [Valor 001], against the ASOCIACIÓN ACUEDUCTO DE CASCAJAL DE CORONADO and the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (ICAA).
Recitals (Resultando):
Legal Grounds
I — Regarding the Public Service of Potable Water: At the outset, it must be stated that the State, above all, is responsible for safeguarding the Right to Health: it establishes the right to life as a fundamental right protected by the Political Constitution in its article 21, and establishes water as an essential element of life, indispensable for fulfilling other rights such as the Right to Health, thereby making clear that without water there would be no health, sanitation, or satisfaction of many other needs. It must be understood that the entity designated by law as the governing authority (ente rector) in matters of potable water supply and sewerage is AyA, given that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, under its Constituent Law in articles 1 and 2, clearly establishes its competencies and is required to direct, administer, and operate everything relating to potable water supply throughout the national territory, with authority to delegate the administration, operation, and maintenance of aqueduct systems.
In any given case, technical and legal feasibility is required, as is the existence of service availability, pursuant to articles 6 and 9 of AyA's Service Provision Regulations (Reglamento de Prestación de Servicios del AyA), as can be seen: "Article 6.- Services. AyA shall provide water supply services for residential use and wastewater sanitation services within its coverage area, provided that technical and legal feasibility exists. The internal systems and installations required to enjoy the services are the responsibility of the user. Article 9.- Guiding principle for granting water service. The provision of water service in existing coverage areas shall be governed by the principle that human consumption is a priority. In the case of deficit systems, AyA shall ensure the necessary hydrological and hydraulic conditions, aimed at granting availability and eventual connection of the service, for requests corresponding to the maximum growth development." (See AyA Service Provision Regulations) In that regard, as stated above and in accordance with Office No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577, the ASADA of Cascajal de Coronado is the authorized operator in that community and holds a Delegation Agreement (Convenio de Delegación) for the administration, operation, maintenance, and development of the system, signed with AyA since March 11, 2003, and is the enabled operator for service provision in said community.
II — Regarding Service Availability Certificates: It is essential to clarify that, for the issuance of service availability certificates, the relevant provisions are those of AyA's Service Provision Regulations, Board of Directors Agreement No. 2020-442, in its articles 7.72, 7.73, 8, 14, and 30, as can be seen: "7.72 Technical inspection: Specialized review conducted by AyA and/or the delegated operator regarding the operation and use of water, sanitation, and metering systems located on public roads, in right-of-way easements (servidumbres de paso), or on private properties and buildings, as provided in article 5, subparagraph i) of AyA's Constituent Law (Ley Nº 2726). This also refers to inspections carried out by AyA as part of its oversight duty, at the various stages of construction of primary works under a developer's responsibility. 7.73. Technical inspection for supply: A review conducted by the operator on its own initiative or at the user's request, in order to update the database with respect to the cadastral registry, service use, and basic service data.
Article 8.- Services. AyA shall provide water supply services for residential use and wastewater sanitation services within the coverage area, provided that the area has technical and legal feasibility. The internal systems and installations required to enjoy the services are the responsibility of the user. Article 14.- Conditions for service provision. AyA shall provide its services upon verification of technical feasibility for built or to-be-built properties intended for residential use, or for commercial or industrial activities that comply with the requirements and uses authorized under these regulations. Potable water and sanitation services shall be provided by AyA on public roads or streets or on a pipeline and right-of-way easement (servidumbre de tubería y de paso) registered in favor of AyA or registered in favor of third parties, as applicable pursuant to article 16 of these regulations.
The foregoing applies only when AyA networks are in operation. If the public network does not reach the connection point, AyA shall, within no more than 15 days, propose to the owner or possessor the construction of a branch line extension (ramal) or other components of the hydraulic system, in compliance with the requirements detailed by AyA in article 39 of these regulations through the corresponding technical study. In highly qualified cases, particularly on socioeconomic and sanitary risk grounds, and in conformity with provisions issued by AyA, it may carry out the branch line extension and/or other hydraulic components in order to guarantee access to potable water and sanitation as a human right and in compliance with its legal obligation to guarantee service provision throughout the national territory. The special qualification must be duly substantiated by the GAM and Peripheral Systems Management Operating Sub-Directorates or by the Delegated Systems Management Sub-Directorate, as applicable, through an administrative resolution, to be issued within 20 business days from the generation of the request.
Article 30.- Admissibility requirements and conditions for the request for a service availability certificate. The request for a service availability certificate must be made by the property owner or their legal representative, pursuant to article 15 of these Regulations, through the physical, digital, or virtual platforms offered by the public service provider. For such purposes, the following requirements must be submitted in physical or digital form: a) Request form provided by AyA, physically or digitally available on AyA's website and on the APC-R platform, fully completed and signed by the registered owner, possessor, representative, or legally authorized party, in accordance with the form of submission, indicating the purpose of the availability and a detailed description of the project. b) Presentation of an identification document of the property owner or their legal representative.
AyA shall exempt the applicant from submitting this requirement upon having the technological capability to verify it. In accordance with the verification of the conditions required for service approval as generally set forth in article 15 of these Regulations, AyA is responsible for verifying the requirements listed therein, as well as the general conditions established therein for all proceedings." For the specific case of ASADAs, pursuant to AyA's Service Provision Regulations, the provisions of articles 5, 39, and 46, subparagraphs a), b), and c) of the ASADA Regulations, Executive Decree No. 42582-S-MINAE, shall apply, as follows: "Article 5. Service provision to users. The services provided by ASADAs shall be governed, among others, by the Regulations for the Provision of AyA Services, the Regulations for the Administrative Collection and Service Suspension of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, the Regulations for the Provision of Services by Collection Agents of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, the Technical Regulation: Provision of Aqueduct, Sanitary Sewerage, and Hydrant Services (AR-PSAyA-2015), the Fee for Water Use (Decreto Nº32868).
Also by the Law on the Promotion of Women's Social Equality No. 7142, the Law on Protection of Citizens against Excess Requirements and Administrative Procedures (Ley 8220), the General Law on Internal Control No. 8292, and any other regulations within our legal system that may apply, by integration of norms. Article 39. Service provision. The ASADA is responsible for providing and ensuring the adequate provision of potable water supply and wastewater sanitation services in the area of delegated competence, pursuant to AyA's Service Provision Regulations. Article 46. Service Granting. The ASADA shall carry out the relevant actions to ensure that all new or future service connections to the systems are granted in accordance with its water and hydraulic capacities. When necessary, the person seeking the new service shall, at their own expense, carry out the improvements required to increase capacity so that service provision complies with the principles of quantity, quality, and continuity, in conformity with technical regulations and provisions issued or validated by AyA, observing the following: a. Water Capacity Certificate (Constancia de Capacidad Hídrica): The ASADA may issue it in accordance with the provisions regulating this matter in the AyA Service Provision Regulations. b. Service Availability Certification: The ASADA may issue it in accordance with the provisions regulating this matter in the AyA Service Provision Regulations. c. Validity and extension: The validity periods, as well as the extensions, of the Water Capacity Certificate and the Service Availability Certification shall be governed by the AyA Service Provision Regulations." Based on the foregoing, in order for the ASADA of Cascajal de Coronado to issue a service availability certificate, said delegated operator requires demonstrated technical and legal feasibility pursuant to the above-cited regulations, in order to assess the specific case.
Said technical feasibility has been reaffirmed by the Sala Constitucional through its judgment No. 2023-007599, as follows: "In this regard, the Sala Constitucional has repeatedly recognized that ICAA, the ASADAs, and the municipalities providing potable water supply services are fully capable of requiring compliance with requirements established under the legal system, and of weighing legal and technical considerations, prior to approving or rejecting potable water availability requests submitted to them. That being the case, while a fundamental right to water exists that may be asserted against the relevant Administration, the provision of the service may well be subject to compliance with the requirements established for its granting and to the material possibility of supply. Based on the foregoing, it is evident that the reason potable water and sewerage availability has not been granted is the existence of a technical impossibility, as it was determined that there was no potable water availability due to insufficient water capacity in the Puriscal aqueduct in the Piedades sector, with the result that the denial complained of by the appellant has not been arbitrary.
It must be recalled that the responsible authorities are obligated to expand their infrastructure to guarantee the population's access to the service; and for the case at hand, it can be seen that in 2020 an expansion project was designed for the aqueduct administered by the ASADA of Grifo Alto, with the purpose of supplying the Calle Máquina, Cuesta de Guerra, Calle Principal, and Ojo de Agua sectors; however, it was not possible to secure the well that would supply water to the community. In other words, measures have been attempted, but the impossibility persists, and this Chamber's case law serves as justification for not granting the service. This does not preclude the plaintiff party from challenging, before the administrative-contentious jurisdiction, any actions by the ASADA or ICAA directed at fulfilling the obligation to expand the aqueduct, if such actions are considered inconsistent with sub-constitutional regulations." (See judgment of 9:20 a.m. on March 1, 2023, No. 2023-007599) Based on what was established by ORAC Metropolitana through Office No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577, it is concluded that the ASADA of Cascajal de Coronado does not have the technical feasibility to consider issuing service availability certificates.
III — Regarding the Granting of Permanent Services: As a complement to the foregoing discussion on service availability certificates, it is also vitally important to emphasize the procedure required for the granting of permanent services, should service availability have been previously granted by the ASADA and remain within its validity period, pursuant to articles 39 and 46 of the ASADA Regulations, as well as articles 67 and 68 of the Service Provision Regulations, as follows: "Article 67.- General conditions for the processing of a permanent connection. For the granting of the service, the property for which it is requested must previously hold a positive service availability certificate associated with the purposes, nature, and goals for which it was approved. Should any registral changes (movimientos registrales) relating to property ownership be detected, AyA shall process the request with respect to the duly authorized titleholder.
Upon cadastral variations, such as changes to areas and/or boundaries that may affect the flow rate and number of services defined for the granting of the service availability certificate, the interested party must carry out the procedure set forth in article 30 of these regulations. Article 68.- Requirements and conditions for the request for permanent connections to registered properties. For a permanent connection request, the property owner, or the authorized applicant or their legal representative, pursuant to article 15 of these Regulations, must submit the following requirements before the physical or virtual platforms offered by AyA or the delegated operator, in physical or digital form: a. Completed request form provided by AyA, signed by the owner, the authorized applicant, or their legal representative. b. Identification document of the owner, the authorized applicant, or their legal representative.
Where access to the Civil Registry's technology platform displaying the photograph and signature of the interested party exists, AyA shall exempt them from presenting this requirement, and it shall only be necessary for them to provide their national identity card (cédula de identidad) number. c. Cadastral map (plano catastrado). Should the property not have a cadastral map, or should it be in the process of a segregation or subdivision (fraccionamiento), a survey plan (plano de agrimensura) must be submitted that complies with the provisions of Article N° 2, subparagraph q) of Executive Decree No. 34331, the current Regulations of the National Cadastre Law, with its corresponding filing minute (minuta de presentación) and the corresponding seal of the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos (CFIA), in conformity with the CFIA's current Special Regulations for the Topography Project Administrator (APT) and its amendments, or the regulations that replace them.
Where technological feasibility exists, AyA shall exempt the applicant from presenting this requirement. d. Project Number processed before the CFIA's Construction Project Administration (APC) platform, duly approved, so that AyA may verify the existence of a valid construction permit, in the event the property is to be built. The permit must be consistent with the flow rate and purposes for which the availability was approved. e. Payment of the connection fee, as established in article 76 of these regulations. f. In the case of requests for new services for activities that generate special-type wastewater, the interested party must submit a sworn statement indicating that the discharge into the sanitary sewer system will comply with the regulations, and an approval note from the Ministerio de Salud describing the type of activity to be carried out as well as the quantity and quality of the discharge to be released; also, a specification of the treatment system required to comply with current environmental regulations. g. In those cases where the public service must be provided in areas of the country with special characteristics, under the modality of territories administered by the State or its institutions under a special legal regime — such as the maritime-terrestrial zone, border zones, leased zones, indigenous territories, tourism development poles, areas within the railway right-of-way, among others — applicants must submit the express authorization of the corresponding entity, pursuant to the applicable regulations.
In accordance with the verification of the conditions required for service approval as generally set forth in article 15 of these Regulations, AyA is responsible for verifying the requirements listed therein, as well as the general conditions established therein for all proceedings. When an applicant approaches AyA to request sanitation and/or water services for residential use on an agricultural, forestry, or livestock parcel, for the purpose of building the homes or structures authorized by the current National Subdivision and Development Control Regulations (Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones) of INVU, compliance with the requirements requested for each scenario in these regulations must be met. Once all requirements have been fully submitted, the Institution shall have 15 business days to resolve the request. The foregoing is highlighted in connection with the second point regarding the indispensable obligation to hold a service availability certificate for permanent services. As set forth in articles 67 and 68 of AyA's Service Provision Regulations, it is reiterated that in the specific case at hand the conditions established by said regulations are not met.
IV — Material Impossibility: Also, and given that we are faced with a material impossibility (imposibilidad material) for granting a service availability certificate, as highlighted in technical reports GSD-UEN-GAR-2020-04005 and No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577: "…Considering the foregoing, and in the absence of new official information from the ASADA regarding the incorporation of new sources, they are requested to address as soon as possible the recommendations issued in the aforementioned report and to immediately refrain from issuing new availability certificates and new services until a clear response has been received from the ASADA regarding the current state of affairs with respect to its supply sources…" Based on the foregoing, the Tribunal Constitucional is advised that due to the absence of new supply sources there exists a material impossibility for considering the granting of service availability certificates.
It is important to highlight what the Sala Constitucional determined with respect to the obligations of interested parties in cases where system improvements are required, as follows: "It is therefore evident that the reason the potable water availability certificates of interest to the appellant and their represented party cannot be issued is because the legal requirements currently demanded by the applicable regulations have not been met, meaning that the denial complained of by the appellant has not been arbitrary or excessive, but is rather due to the existence of a legal impossibility, which is precisely the failure to comply with requirements established in the relevant regulations, and also due to a technical impossibility, which is considered reasonable given that basic infrastructure must exist to provide the potable water service. In this regard, it must be recalled that the Chamber does not have jurisdiction to override legally established requirements or conditions for the granting of a public service, which appears to be the underlying claim of the appellant in this writ of amparo (recurso de amparo)." (See Judgment of the Sala Constitucional No. 2018-012899) We reiterate that the denial alleged is based on the absence of water resources, since new sources are required, as established by ORAC Metropolitana through its technical report No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577.
V — Regarding Matters of Mere Legality: We consider this matter to be one of mere legality (mera legalidad), given the factual scenario presented by the appellant and her supporting evidence, primarily relating to: the request for a service availability certificate and the request for permanent service, the latter without a service availability certificate. These are matters that must be addressed in the administrative venue and/or the ordinary courts as required by the appellant, since at no point has my represented party denied the appellant's right of access to the potable water and/or sewerage service in a capricious manner, but rather requires the interested party to comply with the requirements established by articles 30, 37, 67, and 68 of AyA's Service Provision Regulations, Board of Directors Agreement No. 2020-442. As can be seen, the administration has not restricted or violated any fundamental right to the detriment of the appellant.
The foregoing does not constitute a violation of fundamental rights to health or to life, or a failure to respond to an administrative petition. For this reason, it must be clarified that in such a scenario the Sala Constitucional has indicated in its case law that there are proceedings that are not within the jurisdiction of the constitutional courts, that is, cases involving matters of mere legality rather than constitutionality, which must be debated in the corresponding ordinary courts. In this regard, Judgment No. 2001-06683 of the Sala Constitucional states that: "Sole Point. This Chamber has stated on multiple occasions that the facts giving rise to this appeal are matters of mere legality, debatable in the administrative and administrative-contentious (contencioso-administrativo) venue, so that those claims must be rejected outright, in accordance with the authority conferred upon this Tribunal by article 9 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), in conjunction with articles 59 and 60 of the Law Regulating the Administrative-Contentious Jurisdiction (Ley Reguladora de la Jurisdicción de lo Contencioso-Administrativo).
(...)Such administrative proceedings (procedimientos administrativos) are aimed at determining whether the reported facts exist, and for this purpose, the evidence submitted by the parties and that collected ex officio, pursuant to the powers conferred by the Ley General de Administración Pública itself, are the indispensable elements of conviction needed to support an administrative act (acto administrativo) in accordance with the legal order (ordenamiento jurídico). From the regulations cited above, it is concluded that the regulatory body (ente regulador) must establish a procedural balance between the guarantees afforded to users of regulated services and the interests of public service providers (prestatarios de los servicios públicos), seeking the prevalence of substantive truth (verdad real) over formal truth (verdad formal), as the respondent authority erroneously interprets it, while always safeguarding the rule of law (bloque de legalidad), due process (debido proceso), and the other guarantees provided for in our legal order." (emphasis not ours) VI — Regarding the actions of my client: Finally, with respect to ICAA (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) within the present proceedings (diligencias) related to the ASADA of Cascajal de Coronado, as evidenced in official communication number GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577, the ordinary obligations have been met, as follows: "…As for AyA's instruction to the ASADA to seek new supply sources (fuentes de abastecimiento), this does not correspond to an action with immediate results; rather, the ASADA must carry out a series of steps that require financial resources, environmental permits (permisos ambientales), technical capacity, and legal viability.
For its part, the ORAC Metropolitana has raised the need for the ASADA Cascajal de Coronado to be taken over by AyA. On this matter, on November 28, 2022, through memorandum SG-GSGAM-2022-02123 and report UEN-OS-GAM-2022-00175, the Subgerencia Sistemas…" (see ORAC Metropolitana report No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577) All of the foregoing falls within the governing competencies (competencias rectoras) at the national level for the supply of drinking water (abastecimiento de agua potable), and more specifically within what is established by the Ley Constitutiva de AyA in Articles 1 and 2, Articles 14, 30, 37, 67, and 68 of the Reglamento de Prestación de Servicios del AyA, as well as Articles 4, 5, 39, and 46 of the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Comunales (ASADAS), and without violating the fundamental rights of the appellant (recurrente); such feasibility verification (comprobación de factibilidad) does not entail a violation of fundamental rights, as has been reaffirmed by the Sala Constitucional with respect to said water system (acueducto) in its ruling handed down at nine hours and twenty minutes on May 26, 2023, No. 2023-012181, as follows:
"This Court has held that, although there is a fundamental right to drinking water, its exercise is not unconditional to the point of imposing an obligation on the entities that provide this service to supply it under any circumstances and at any time. It has been repeatedly recognized that ICAA, the community aqueduct and sewerage managing associations, and the municipalities that provide drinking water supply services are fully empowered, prior to approving or rejecting drinking water availability requests (solicitudes de disponibilidad de agua potable) submitted to them, to require compliance with the requirements established in the legal order and to weigh legal and technical considerations (see, for example, rulings No. 2009-003825 of 16:49 hrs. on March 10, 2009, and No. 2010-010768 of 10:52 hrs. on June 18, 2020). Verifying compliance with the legal or technical requirements to obtain the public service in question falls to the respective administrative authorities, and this Court may not venture into that domain, as it belongs to ordinary legality and falls outside its jurisdiction.
In the case at hand (sub lite), from the report submitted by the respondent authority and the evidence introduced into the record, it has been duly established that the denial of water availability (disponibilidad de agua) challenged by the appellant was not issued arbitrarily or capriciously, but rather is attributable to a real and current lack of water capacity (capacidad hídrica) in the water system. In addition to the foregoing, it is explained why it is not possible to address a case such as that of the protected parties (tutelados); this is because the sector where the property is located lacks water capacity; a situation that has been evidenced and documented through technical reports issued by the Rural Aqueduct Management Business Unit (UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales) of ICAA, in which the respondent ASADA is expressly instructed to refrain from issuing new availability certificates or services.
Furthermore, even though the appellants allege that an availability certificate (constancia de disponibilidad de agua) had previously been issued to them, the fact is, according to the respondent authority's report, that it was issued for a specific purpose — namely, a bank credit application — and had a limited validity period. That is, the case of the parties seeking amparo protection (amparados) was re-examined, and the technical impossibility of providing water service for the requested purposes was determined. In this context, it must be noted that this Court cannot usurp the powers of the respondent institution in its role as active Administration (Administración activa) and, prior to verifying the legal and regulatory requirements of the case, order that the requested service be granted. Under these circumstances, this Court finds no omission or arbitrary action on the part of the respondent authorities.
For the foregoing reasons, the appropriate course of action is to dismiss the present appeal in all its aspects." (See Sala Constitucional ruling No. 2023-012181) In conclusion, we may state the following:
1- According to report No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577 and its annexes, since September 24, 2020 there has been a recommendation to the ASADA of Cascajal de Coronado not to issue service availability certificates until new supply sources are identified; said recommendation remains in effect.
2- According to what has been established by the ORAC Metropolitana through official communication GSD-UEN-GAR-2026-01577 and its annexes, there is no indication that said ASADA has incorporated new sources, 3- There is no demonstrated technical feasibility (factibilidad técnica) to grant the appellant's request, 4- There is no pending process on the part of my client with the appellant.
For the reasons set forth, we can affirm that my client has not failed in any of its responsibilities, nor has it violated the fundamental rights of the appellant, much less the appellant's right to health or life.
VII — Prayer for Relief: Based on the factual and legal grounds set forth, I respectfully request the following: that the present constitutional protection appeal (recurso de amparo) be dismissed in all its aspects, that the file be archived, and that AyA not be ordered to pay costs, damages, or losses, since we reiterate that through the Administration's actions the fundamental rights of the appellant have not been violated, and all steps within our competence to provide a definitive solution to the situation have been taken."
Drafted by Justice Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
I.Preliminary matter. In the case of amparo writs (recursos de amparo) filed against private parties, prior to any analysis of the merits of the alleged constitutional violation, it must be examined whether, in the present case, one of the circumstances that makes such a writ admissible is present, and, if so, whether it is in fact admissible. The Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional provides in article 57 that an amparo writ lies against acts or omissions of private-law subjects when they act, or are required to act, in the exercise of public functions or powers, or when they occupy, in law or in fact, a position of power against which common judicial remedies are clearly insufficient or untimely to guarantee the rights or fundamental freedoms referred to in article 2, subparagraph a), of the same Law. In the present case, one of these prerequisites is met, since the respondents are private-law subjects acting in the exercise of public functions or powers by providing a public service, which is why the writ is admitted for analysis by this Constitutional Chamber.
II.Subject matter of the writ. The appellant states that on October 10, 2024, a request for a water availability certification for the property registered under registration number (matrícula) 705630, located across from the school in Cascajal, was filed before the Board of Directors of the Asociación Acueducto de Cascajal de Coronado. She notes that on February 6, 2025, by means of official letter No. ASADA ND 2025 02 0602, the ASADA de Cascajal responded that it "does not have the water capacity to grant the requested potable water availability certification." She contends that the ASADA de Cascajal's decision violates her fundamental right of access to potable water. She further notes that since 2020, ICAA had ordered the respondent ASADA to seek new water supply sources; however, this did not occur. She requests the intervention of the Constitutional Chamber.
III.Established facts. The following facts, relevant to the decision in this matter, are deemed duly proven, either because they have been so established in the record, or because the respondent authority failed to address them, as required by the initial order:
For all of the foregoing reasons, we find it necessary to inform you that the ASADA currently does not have the water capacity to grant the potable water availability certification you are requesting, and therefore your request is denied" (see submitted evidence).
IV.On the merits. In the case at hand (sub lite), the appellant states that on October 10, 2024, a request for a water availability certification for the property registered under registration number 705630, located across from the school in Cascajal, was filed before the Board of Directors of the Asociación Acueducto de Cascajal de Coronado. She notes that on February 6, 2025, by means of official letter No. ASADA ND 2025 02 0602, the ASADA de Cascajal responded that it "does not have the water capacity to grant the requested potable water availability certification." She contends that the ASADA de Cascajal's decision violates her fundamental right of access to potable water. She further notes that since 2020, ICAA had ordered the respondent ASADA to seek new water supply sources; however, this did not occur. She requests the intervention of the Constitutional Chamber.
From the review of the record, it is established that by official letter ASADA-ND-2025-02-0602 of February 6, 2025, the respondent association replied: "In response to your request for the ASADA to grant water availability for the construction of a house on the property located in Cascajal de Coronado, across from the chapel of Cascajal, registration number 705630-000, cadastral plan SJ-2145843-2019, we inform you that the ASADA must currently comply with and coordinate with Acueductos y Alcantarillados regarding the issuance of new water availability certifications or new services under the following conditions: 1.- In accordance with the provisions of the Ley Constitutiva del Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (No. 2726 of April 1, 1961), that Institution is the governing body for the provision of potable water service in the country. 2.- As established in article 21, item 19) of the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueducto y Alcantarillado Comunales, it is a duty of ASADAS to issue the water availability seal, provided that technical feasibility, infrastructure, and no detriment to the quality of the service currently provided all exist. 3.- By means of technical report No. UEN-GAR-2018-03743, signed by Engineer Esteban Ramírez Gutiérrez, and official letter No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2020-04005, signed by Adriana María Rojas Ugalde (a copy of the latter is attached), both from the UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales, it was established that the ASADA de Cascajal de Coronado presents a water deficit and must therefore refrain from issuing new water availability certifications or services until new supply sources exist, so as not to compromise the service provided to current subscribers.
For all of the foregoing reasons, we find it necessary to inform you that the ASADA currently does not have the water capacity to grant the potable water availability certification you are requesting, and therefore your request is denied." In this regard, the respondent authorities report that, due to the absence of new supply sources, there is a material impossibility of considering the issuance of service availability certificates (constancias de disponibilidad de servicios).
On this point, this Constitutional Chamber has held that ICAA, community water supply and sewerage managing associations, municipalities, and other institutions that provide potable water supply services may reject potable water service requests submitted to them, or condition such requests, when there are technical or legal reasons that justify doing so. Thus, in Ruling No. 2025041174 of 10:10 a.m. of December 11, 2025, it was held:
"V.- On the merits. In the case under review, the petitioner challenges the denial of potable water service for his property located in Esterillos, as well as the technical rationale that supported that decision. It should be recalled that the service availability certificate consists in verifying and communicating the actual, present existence of water and hydraulic capacity.
The Constitutional Chamber found that the respondent authority informed the applicant of the reasons why it was not possible to grant the requested service, indicating that the water balance (balance hídrico) of system PC-A28 is negative; that is, there is currently no available water resource from which to reserve flow capacity (caudal). He was also informed that he could file the corresponding administrative appeals against that administrative act, a remedy which the petitioner exercised, having had access to the case file and the technical reports supporting the decision. It follows that the protected party (amparado) has no grounds for alleging a violation of his right to water or his right to due process.
This Constitutional Chamber has reiterated on multiple occasions that when there is a technical impossibility to connect the requested service, no fundamental right is violated, since such a situation stems from the absence of technical conditions for the installation of the service and not from arbitrary conduct by the Administration (see, among others, Rulings No. 2007-03355 of 1:37 p.m. of March 9, 2007; No. 2007-010341 of 2:45 p.m. of July 20, 2007; and No. 2017-011477 of 9:15 a.m. of July 21, 2017).
It is clear that the Instituto cannot provide the service requested by the petitioner, as it is not technically feasible to do so; therefore, it is not possible to grant the request in the terms sought. Consequently, the denial of potable water service to the protected party's property is duly reasoned for the purposes of this constitutional jurisdiction (jurisdicción constitucional), since there are technical reasons that justify it, specifically the insufficient water capacity of the water supply system.
Furthermore, it must be noted that the review of compliance with legal or technical requirements to obtain service availability is a matter for ordinary administrative or judicial authorities, and this Constitutional Chamber may not, as a general rule, intervene in such matters, as they involve issues of ordinary legality (legalidad ordinaria) outside its jurisdiction. Therefore, if the petitioner is dissatisfied with the arguments set forth by the respondent authority, or considers that other measures could have been adopted to allow access to the service — such as a conditional availability certification, the use of water tanker trucks, or other alternatives — he may raise the relevant claims before the competent administrative or judicial bodies, where he may fully litigate the merits of the matter and assert his claims.
For the foregoing reasons, the existence of circumstances warranting the intervention of this constitutional jurisdiction is prima facie ruled out in relation to these matters, and the writ must accordingly be declared without merit." That being so, this Tribunal finds that these considerations apply to the case under study, as it involves the same type of claim. Accordingly, as explained in the foregoing precedent, there is at this time a technical impossibility that prevents granting the requested service, since there is no water capacity to issue a water availability certification, and therefore it is not possible to establish an unlawful or arbitrary act on the part of the respondents.
Moreover, it should also be emphasized that the verification of compliance with legal or technical requirements to obtain service availability is a matter for common administrative or judicial authorities, and this Constitutional Chamber may not, as a general rule, intervene in such matters, as they involve aspects of ordinary legality outside its jurisdiction. Accordingly, if the petitioner is dissatisfied with the grounds put forward by the respondents, she should raise the corresponding arguments before the competent ordinary bodies, where she may fully litigate the merits of the matter and assert her claims.
In light of the foregoing, any situation warranting the intervention of this constitutional jurisdiction is ruled out a priori, and the writ is therefore declared without merit.
V.Dissenting opinion (voto salvado) of Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal, drafted by the former. We dissent from the majority opinion. In the present case, the Administration's refusal to provide an essential service is upheld based on technical considerations relating to the insufficiency of the water infrastructure; however, the majority fails to adequately weigh the fact that access to potable water constitutes a fundamental right, indispensable to life, health, and human dignity.
Article 21 of the Constitución Política protects human life, and this Tribunal has recognized that access to water for human consumption is a material precondition of that right. Similarly, article 50 of the Constitution imposes on the State the duty to guarantee the well-being of all inhabitants, which necessarily includes effective, adequate, and continuous access to potable water. At the international level, instruments such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights — interpreted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Comité DESC) in its General Comment No. 15 — recognize the human right to water, obligating States to adopt positive measures for its full realization. There is a heightened obligation imposed on the State in a social and democratic rule of law, and for this reason the supply of water is a priority obligation of the public authorities.
From this perspective, the invocation of technical limitations cannot be erected as an absolute justification for disregarding a basic subsistence need. The Administration cannot merely take note of the inadequacy of the system; it has a legal duty to plan, anticipate, and carry out the actions necessary to progressively guarantee access to water service, especially when it concerns human consumption.
The majority approach normalizes a structural omission: it accepts that the lack of infrastructure relieves the State of its obligations, when precisely that deficiency evidences a failure of its duty of foresight. The issue is not one of compelling the impossible, but of requiring the Administration to adopt reasonable, alternative, or progressive measures so as not to leave persons without protection.
Water is not an ordinary service — it is an essential human right, and therefore the respondent authority cannot shirk its duty to guarantee it by hiding behind technical limitations without offering effective solutions.
For these reasons, we believe the writ should have been declared with merit, at least in order to order the Administration to adopt specific and progressive measures to ensure, within a reasonable period of time, effective access to potable water for the protected party. Water is a fundamental good and right whose effective force must be assured — it is an inescapable duty.
VI.Documentation submitted to the case file. The parties are hereby notified that, if they have submitted any paper documents or objects or evidence contained in any additional device of an electronic, computer-related, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology nature, these must be retrieved within a maximum period of 30 business days from the notification of this ruling. It is hereby warned that any materials not collected within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (approved by Corte Plena under item XXVI of session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, and published in Boletín Judicial No. 19 of January 26, 2012) and pursuant to item LXXXI of session No. 43-12 of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial of May 3, 2012.
Por tanto:
The writ is declared without merit. Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal dissent, declare the amparo proceeding with merit, and order the adoption of specific measures and that the protected party be given a definite date by which water supply will be satisfied.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Telephone numbers: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 meters south of the church of Perpetuo Socorro).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del siete de mayo de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente nro. 26-006706-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra la ASOCIACIÓN ACUEDUCTO DE CASCAJAL DE CORONADO y el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (ICAA).
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
I.Cuestión previa. Tratándose de recursos de amparo dirigidos contra sujetos privados, previo al análisis de fondo acerca de la violación constitucional alegada, debe examinarse si, en la especie, se está o no ante alguno de los supuestos que hacen admisible tal recurso, y, en caso afirmativo, dilucidar si es o no admisible. Indica la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional en el artículo 57 que procede el recurso de amparo contra las acciones u omisiones de sujetos de derecho privado, cuando estos actúen o deban actuar en ejercicio de funciones o potestades públicas, o se encuentren, de derecho o de hecho, en una posición de poder frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales comunes resulten claramente insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos o libertades fundamentales a que se refiere el artículo 2, inciso a) de la misma Ley. En el caso concreto, se cumple uno de estos presupuestos, ya que se trata de sujetos de derecho privado que están actuando en ejercicio de funciones o potestades públicas al prestar un servicio público, motivo por el que el recurso se admite para su análisis por parte de este Tribunal.
II.Objeto del recurso. La recurrente manifiesta que el 10 de octubre de 2024 se gestionó ante la Junta Directiva de la Asociación Acueducto de Cascajal de Coronado una solicitud de disponibilidad de agua para la finca inscrita bajo la matrícula 705630, ubicada frente a la escuela de Cascajal. Señala que el 6 de febrero de 2025, mediante el oficio nro. ASADA ND 2025 02 0602, la Asada de Cascajal contestó que “no tiene capacidad hídrica que permita otorgar la disponibilidad de agua potable solicitada”. Considera que la decisión de la Asada de Cascajal lesiona su derecho fundamental de acceso al agua potable. Apunta que desde 2020, el ICAA había ordenado a la Asada recurrida que debía buscar nuevas fuentes de abastecimiento; sin embargo, esto no ocurrió. Solicita la intervención de la Sala.
III.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
Es por todo lo anterior, que nos vemos en la necesidad de comunicarle que actualmente la Asada. no tiene capacidad hídrica que permita otorgar la disponibilidad de agua potable que nos está solicitando, por lo que su solicitud es denegada” (véase prueba aportada).
IV.Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub lite, la recurrente manifiesta que el 10 de octubre de 2024 se gestionó ante la Junta Directiva de la Asociación Acueducto de Cascajal de Coronado una solicitud de disponibilidad de agua para la finca inscrita bajo la matrícula 705630, ubicada frente a la escuela de Cascajal. Señala que el 6 de febrero de 2025, mediante el oficio nro. ASADA ND 2025 02 0602, la Asada de Cascajal contestó que “no tiene capacidad hídrica que permita otorgar la disponibilidad de agua potable solicitada”. Considera que la decisión de la Asada de Cascajal lesiona su derecho fundamental de acceso al agua potable. Apunta que desde 2020, el ICAA había ordenado a la Asada recurrida que debía buscar nuevas fuentes de abastecimiento; sin embargo, esto no ocurrió. Solicita la intervención de la Sala.
Del estudio de los autos se tiene por demostrado, que por oficio ASADA-ND-2025-02-0602 del 6 de febrero de 2025, la asociación recurrida contestó: “En atención a su solicitud, para que la Asada le otorgue una disponibilidad de agua para construcción de casa en la finca situada en Cascajal de Coronado, frente a la ermita de Cascajal, matrícula 705630-000 plano SJ-2145843-2019, le informamos que actualmente la Asada debe cumplir y coordinar con Acueductos y Alcantarillados la emisión de nuevas disponibilidades o nuevos servicios por las condiciones siguientes: 1.- De conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley Constitutiva del Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (No. 2726 de 1 de abril de 1961), esa Institución es el ente rector en la prestación del servicio de agua potable en el país. 2.- Que según lo establecido en el artículo 21, inc. 19) del Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueducto y Alcantarillado Comunales, es un deber de las ASADAS otorgar el sello de disponibilidad hídrica, siempre que exista viabilidad técnica, infraestructura y que no vaya en detrimento de la calidad del servicio que se presta. 3.- Que mediante informe técnico No. UEN-GAR-2018-03743, suscrito por el Ing. Esteban Ramírez Gutiérrez y oficio No. GSD-UEN-GAR-2020-04005, suscrito por Adriana María Rojas Ugalde (se adjunta copia de este último oficio), ambos de la UEN Gestión de Acueductos Rurales, se estableció que la ASADA de Cascajal de Coronado presenta déficit hídrico, por lo que debe abstenerse de emitir nuevas disponibilidades ni servicios, hasta que existan nuevas fuentes de abastecimiento, para no comprometer el servicio que se brinda a los actuales abonados.
Es por todo lo anterior, que nos vemos en la necesidad de comunicarle que actualmente la Asada no tiene capacidad hídrica que permita otorgar la disponibilidad de agua potable que nos está solicitando, por lo que su solicitud es denegada”.
Al respecto, las autoridades recurridas informan que, debido a la ausencia de nuevas fuentes de abastecimiento, existe una imposibilidad material para considerar otorgar constancias de disponibilidad de servicios.
Sobre el particular, esta Sala ha indicado que el ICAA, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, las municipalidades y demás instituciones que prestan el servicio de suministro de agua potable, pueden rechazar las solicitudes de servicio de agua potable que les sean formuladas, o bien condicionarlas si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifican. Así, en la sentencia nro. 2025041174 de las 10:10 horas del 11 de diciembre de 2025 se dispuso:
“V.- Sobre el fondo. En el caso bajo estudio, el recurrente impugna la denegatoria del servicio de agua potable para su propiedad ubicada en Esterillos, así como el criterio técnico que sustentó dicha decisión. Debe recordarse que la constancia de disponibilidad de servicios consiste en verificar y comunicar la existencia real y actual de capacidad hídrica e hidráulica.
La Sala constató que, la autoridad recurrida informó al gestionante las razones por las cuales no era posible otorgar el servicio solicitado, señalándole que el balance hídrico del sistema PC-A28 es negativo; es decir, que en este momento no existe recurso hídrico disponible para reservar caudal. Asimismo, se le indicó que contra dicho acto administrativo podía interponer los recursos correspondientes, garantía que el recurrente ejerció, teniendo acceso al expediente y a los informes técnicos que respaldan la decisión. De ello se desprende que no le asiste razón al amparado al alegar lesión a su derecho al agua ni a su derecho al debido proceso Esta Sala ha reiterado en múltiples ocasiones que, cuando existe una imposibilidad técnica para conectar el servicio requerido, no se vulnera derecho fundamental alguno, pues tal situación obedece a la ausencia de condiciones técnicas para la instalación del servicio y no a un actuar arbitrario de la Administración (véanse, entre otras, las Sentencias N° 2007-03355 de las 13:37 horas del 9 de marzo de 2007; N° 2007-010341 de las 14:45 horas del 20 de julio de 2007; y N° 2017-011477 de las 9:15 horas del 21 de julio de 2017).
Resulta evidente que el Instituto no puede brindar el servicio solicitado por la parte accionante, por cuanto ello no es técnicamente factible; por ende, no es posible acoger la solicitud en los términos pretendidos. En consecuencia, la denegatoria del servicio de agua potable a la propiedad del tutelado se encuentra debidamente motivada para los efectos de esta jurisdicción constitucional, pues existen razones técnicas que la justifican, específicamente la insuficiencia de capacidad hídrica del acueducto.
Además, es preciso indicar que el cumplimiento de requisitos legales o técnicos para obtener la disponibilidad del servicio de agua corresponde ser analizado por las autoridades administrativas o jurisdiccionales ordinarias, sin que, en principio, esta Sala pueda incursionar en esa materia, por tratarse de asuntos de legalidad ordinaria ajenos a su competencia. De modo que, si el accionante se encuentra inconforme con los argumentos expuestos por la autoridad recurrida, o considera que podían adoptarse otras medidas para permitirle el acceso al servicio —como la disponibilidad condicionada, el uso de camiones cisterna u otras alternativas—, puede plantear las alegaciones pertinentes ante las instancias administrativas o judiciales competentes, sedes en las que podrá discutir de manera amplia el fondo del asunto y hacer valer sus pretensiones.
Por lo expuesto, se descarta, prima facie, la existencia de circunstancias que ameriten la intervención de esta jurisdicción constitucional en relación con estos extremos, razón por la cual corresponde declarar sin lugar el recurso”.
Así las cosas, el Tribunal estima que estas consideraciones son aplicables al caso en estudio, pues se trata del mismo tipo de reclamo. En ese tanto, como se explicó en el antecedente de cita, en este momento existe una imposibilidad técnica que no permite el otorgamiento del servicio requerido, pues no existe capacidad hídrica que permita otorgar la disponibilidad de agua, de manera que no es posible acreditar una actuación ilegítima o arbitraria por parte de los recurridos.
Ahora, cabe también resaltar que la verificación del cumplimiento de requisitos legales o técnicos para obtener la disponibilidad del servicio de agua corresponde a las autoridades administrativas o jurisdiccionales comunes, sin que, en principio, esta Sala pueda incursionar en la materia, pues se trata de aspectos de legalidad ordinaria ajenos a su competencia. De este modo, si la parte accionante se encuentra inconforme con las razones esgrimidas por la parte accionada, deberá plantear los alegatos que correspondan ante las instancias comunes competentes, sedes en las que podrá discutir de forma amplia el fondo del asunto y hacer valer sus pretensiones.
En virtud de lo expuesto, a priori se descarta alguna situación que amerite la intervención de esta jurisdicción constitucional, por lo que se declara sin lugar el recurso.
V.Voto salvado de los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal, con redacción del primero. Disentimos del criterio de mayoría. En el presente caso, se valida la negativa de la Administración de brindar un servicio esencial, con base en consideraciones técnicas relativas a la insuficiencia de la infraestructura hídrica; sin embargo, se omite ponderar adecuadamente que el acceso al agua potable constituye un derecho fundamental, indispensable para la vida, la salud y la dignidad humana.
El artículo 21 de la Constitución Política protege la vida humana, y este Tribunal ha reconocido que el acceso al agua para consumo humano es un presupuesto material de ese derecho. Asimismo, el artículo 50 constitucional impone al Estado el deber de garantizar el bienestar de todos los habitantes, lo cual incluye necesariamente el acceso efectivo, suficiente y continuo al agua potable. En el ámbito internacional, instrumentos como el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales –interpretado por el Comité DESC en su Observación General No. 15– reconocen el derecho humano al agua, obligando a los Estados a adoptar medidas positivas para su plena realización. Hay una obligación reforzada impuesta al Estado en un estado social y democrático de derecho, por esta razón el suministro de agua, es una obligación prioritaria de los poderes públicos.
Desde esta perspectiva, la invocación de limitaciones técnicas no puede erigirse en una justificación absoluta para desatender una necesidad básica de subsistencia. La Administración no puede limitarse a constatar la insuficiencia del sistema; tiene el deber jurídico de planificar, prever y ejecutar las acciones necesarias para garantizar progresivamente el acceso al servicio al agua, especialmente cuando se trata de consumo humano.
El enfoque mayoritario normaliza una omisión estructural: acepta que la falta de infraestructura exonera al Estado de su obligación, cuando precisamente esa carencia evidencia un incumplimiento de su deber de previsión. No se trata de obligar a lo imposible, sino de exigir que la Administración adopte medidas razonables, alternativas o progresivas para no dejar en desprotección a las personas.
El agua no es un servicio cualquiera, es un derecho humano esencial, por ello, la autoridad accionada no puede desentenderse de su deber de garantizarlo, escudándose en limitaciones técnicas sin ofrecer soluciones efectivas.
Por estas razones, estimamos que el recurso debió declararse con lugar, al menos para ordenar a la Administración la adopción de medidas concretas y progresivas que garantice, en un plazo razonable, el acceso efectivo al agua potable de la parte amparada. El agua es un bien y un derecho fundamental cuya vigencia debe asegurarse efectivamente, es un deber ineludible.
VI.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto, declaran con lugar el proceso de amparo, ordenando que se adopten medidas concretas y se le indique a la parte amparada una fecha cierta para satisfacer el abastecimiento de agua.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.