Dismissal for Failure to Use Formal Municipal Communication ChannelsDesestimación por incumplimiento de canales formales de comunicación municipal

**Review of the Document** **** **Exp: 26-009726-0007-CO** **Res. Nº 2026016205** **SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours thirty minutes of May seventh, two thousand twenty-six.** Recurso de amparo filed by [Nombre 001], identity card [Valor 001], against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE LA UNIÓN.

**RESULTANDO:** **1.-** Through a brief filed at 8:42 a.m. on March 19, 2026, the petitioner filed a recurso de amparo against the Municipalidad de La Unión, because, as he asserts, on February 27, 2026, he sent an email to the account [email protected], to which he attached an official letter through which he requested from the mayor of La Unión: “duly certified copies of the files, kept by the Department of the Municipal Archive related to the approval procedures for the urban development project called ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Submitted for institutional approval and developed by the companies HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, located in San Rafael, de la Unión de Tres Ríos, Said files must contain the following: 1) Copies of the preliminary approval of the project by the Municipal Council of La Unión, together with the required documentation of cadastral plans, plans of the project to be developed, registry certifications and others necessary for the PRELIMINARY approval, and the corresponding municipal agreement of PRELIMINARY APPROVAL; 2) In relation to the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents That are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The approval (visado) of urbanization plans, b) The institutional approval of compliance with the Reglamentación de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) The corresponding approval of the subdivision (Fraccionamiento) and/or Urbanization project by INVU in the event that at that time the Municipalidad de la Unión did not have a Regulatory Plan. 3) In relation to the Ministry of Health I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective Sanitary Operating Permit (according to type of project) b) The respective Endorsement (Aval) of the wastewater system. c) The respective Sanitary Approval for water supply. 4) In relation to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The granting of the respective environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) (Environmental License), and the type required, whether D1 or D2, according to the magnitude of the project. This essential requirement for the project to have been able to proceed. 5) In relation to the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the File of this urban development project: a) The issuance of Water Availability; b) The approval of SEWER networks, c) THE RECEPTION OF HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE. 6) In relation to the COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The corresponding approval (VISADO) of construction plans: -without CFIA approval there is no municipal permit-; b) The corresponding registration of professional responsibility, c) The corresponding structural Technical Control. 7) Finally, in relation to the Municipalidad de la Unión, and having fulfilled the essential requirements of land use (uso de suelo), environmental feasibility (SETENA), WATER AVAILABILITY (AYA). APPROVAL BY INVU (URBANIZATION), APPROVAL BY CFIA and others, I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective CONSTRUCTION PERMIT, granted by this Municipalidad de La Unión, for the construction of the urban development called RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA.”. He claims that, as of the date of filing of this recurso, the respondent authority has not provided a response regarding the request of his interest. He considers that the described situation violates his fundamental rights. He requests that the recurso be granted. He requests that the recurso be granted.

**2.-** By resolution at 9:44 p.m. on April 13, 2026, the recurso was processed and a report was requested from the mayor of La Unión, regarding the alleged facts.

**3.-** Maribell Álvarez Mora, of legal age, in her capacity as mayor of La Unión, reports under oath, that through official letter MLU-DIDECU-ING-500-2026 of April 22, 2026, signed by Lic. José Mario Sanabria Gómez, Attorney of the Dirección de Desarrollo y Control Urbano, it is inferred that:

“... We respond to the recurso de Amparo filed by Mr. [Nombre 001], identity card [Valor 001] due to the lack of response to the request submitted via email [email protected]; we indicate to you.

a. Regarding the request for the file of the constructive development project of the Urbanización Estancia Antigua:

It is timely to indicate that the documents existing in the file of the Municipalidad de La Unión correspond to those processed at the time the procedure was submitted to acquire the municipal construction license by the project developer. The project file is composed of four volumes; volume 01 comprises from folio 001 to 09, volume two comprises from folio 091 to 172; volume three comprises from folio 173 to 219; volume four comprises from folio 220 to 351; the four volumes cover a time period from 1992 to 2005.

Given that it is a physical file, a scanned copy of it is provided in this response; in the event that Mr. [Nombre 001] requests a certified copy, he must coordinate via email [email protected], since an official must accompany him to manage the copies, a cost borne by the applicant; or failing that, request a scanned copy of the file.

A copy of the file related to the complaints and attention to the problem of sewage (aguas negras) in the Urbanización Estancia Antigua, before the Municipalidad de La Unión, and of the municipal actions before other institutions, is provided.

b. But as part of the attention to the petitions made by the petitioner in the initial brief, we refer.

b1. WHAT HAPPENED WITH THE TREATMENT PLANT IN THIS RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX? EVERYTHING HERE SMELLS LIKE FECES.

It is timely to clarify that the start date of the process for the Estancia Antigua urban development project was in 1995, it consisted of three stages, and the developers complied with the procedural process required at that time before the different institutions linked to granting the various permits to develop the urbanization.

The developing company had to comply with soil studies to determine the water filtration capacity; such that, based on the results of said studies, the lot areas are defined, the defined area must resolve the disposal of wastewater internally within each lot, through individual treatment systems better known as septic tanks, this can be consulted in folio 0051 to 0055 of Volume I of the Project File.

That the calculations of minimum lot areas respond both to the infiltration studies and to what is requested in the regulations in force at that time, the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones, and guidelines of the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), the Institution that issued official letter UR#592-1992, of June 9, 1992, in which it establishes the area of the lots for the Urban development, seen at folio 0014 of Volume I of the Project File.

It is clear that the Urbanización Estancia Antigua, at the time of the procedural process from approximately 1992 to 2003, complied with what was required by the regulations in force at that time, as the subdivided lots had a minimum area of 200 m2 with 10 m of frontage.

Within the procedural process of urban developments, the entity that regulates the issue of sewage requirements is the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, at that time it was not required, within the infrastructure works, to build a sewage treatment plant, for the Estancia Antigua project; as indicated in official letter 293, of June 19, 1997, signed by the head of the department of New Services and Urbanizations. But as a provisional measure, the project developer is instructed that the sanitary sewer system must be planned and built, but not in operation. Consult folio 0032 of Volume I of the Project File.

It is important to mention that the housing construction process has been carried out by each owner, who must have complied with the corresponding procedural process at the time of carrying out the works; the owners must comply with the normative construction guidelines regarding coverage areas and setbacks, this in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the septic tanks and their drainage systems.

Within the principles of construction control, the Municipality requests the owner to process a land-use certificate (certificado de uso de suelo), a document that issues the minimum characteristics that the construction to be carried out must meet, being a requirement for any construction permit process in the canton of La Unión, thereby guaranteeing that the owner knows that there is no sewage treatment system in the area.

b2. About the sewage problems.

As previously indicated, it is the obligation of each owner, at the time of managing construction permits, to have a drainage system and septic tank, which is built under the supervision of an engineering or architecture professional; it corresponds to the Ministry of Health to validate that said construction element adheres to the regulations in force.

Currently, some residents of the urbanización Estancia Antigua, in non-observance of the indicated construction standards, carry out actions within the property contrary to those requested by the different institutions, such as, for example, connecting to the existing sanitary network, or having problems in the drainage systems generating leakages to third parties or towards the public road.

The problem in the Urbanización Estancia Antigua was presented before the Sala Constitucional with the recurso de Amparo filed on August 16, 2021, with expediente 21-015740-0007-CO; the same has been addressed by the Rector Area of La Unión of the Ministry of Health, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and the Municipalidad de La Unión, seeking a solution to the problem of bad odors and sanitary problems.

That the linked institutions have carried out joint visits seeking to determine the sources of leakages or unauthorized connections; to then generate the corresponding actions from the scope of action of the linked institutions, among them capping the pipes of the sanitary network to prevent water from circulating through the disused network; some of the actions materialized with official letters from the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados seen in folios 003, 004, 010, of the File Folder Proceso Coordinación Salud AyA.

The Ministry of Health has carried out sanitary procedures, verification of discharges or leakages, including sanitary orders to the owners of the real estate properties where the problem arises and the filing of complaints at the judicial level for obstructing the preparation of tests by denying entry to private homes to verify possible affectations; as evidenced in expediente 21-015740-0007-CO, of the Sala Constitucional in Resolución Res. Nº 2021026533 of twenty-sixth of November two thousand twenty-one at nine hours fifteen minutes; Resolución Res. Nº 2022018363 of ninth of August two thousand twenty-two, at nine hours five minutes. They appear in folios 018 and 034 respectively of the File Folder Proceso Coordinación Salud AyA.

As shown in the files provided, the actions of the Municipality have been in accordance with the law, and it has not omitted procedures with the developers of the Urban Development Project Estancia Antigua between the years 1992 and 2005; and that the regulations in force at that time allowed sewage treatment to be generated individually through septic tanks and drainage systems.

The Municipalidad de La Unión has not been neglectful of the process, on the contrary, it has provided the institutions linked to the problem with accompaniment and collaboration in the actions they undertake to control the problems that are generated within the Urbanización Estancia Antigua, and will continue carrying out the due actions until finding the timely solution to the appealed problem.

It is necessary to clarify that the petitioner's request to build a treatment plant to eliminate the problem, even though it is valid, is an action that must be analyzed by the institution responsible for providing potable water service in the Urbanización Estancia Antigua, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, an element that the Municipalidad de La Unión has pointed out at different times.

Therefore:

1. We attach the file of the construction permit process for the urban development project Urbanización Estancia Antigua, processed and developed between the years 1992 and 2005.

2. We reject the demand that the Municipalidad de La Unión must build a treatment plant within the urban development project Estancia Antigua.

3. We will maintain the urban control actions defined at the regulatory level for the Municipalidad de La Unión regarding the control of constructions in the canton of La Unión and specifically in the Urbanización Estancia Antigua.

4. We will maintain the opening of coordination and accompaniment with the other public institutions linked to the problem that afflicts us, Acueductos y Alcantarillados as the entity that provides potable water service and the Ministry of Health as the governing body in the matter of environmental sanitation.” Regarding the indicated medium: [email protected], that address is not the official means for processing municipal procedures, the means is the website: launion.go.cr in the menu option trámites la unión digital.

**4.-** The legal requirements have been observed in the procedures followed.

Drafted by Magistrate Hess Herrera; and, **CONSIDERANDO:** **I.- PURPOSE OF THE RECURSO.** The petitioner notes that at the end of February 2026, he formulated a request before the respondent local entity, through the email account [email protected], in order to be provided with public interest information related to the approval procedures for the urban development project called Estancia Antigua; however, after the term the respondent had expired, he continues without receiving what was requested. He affirms that this behavior is contrary to his fundamental rights.

**II.- PROVEN FACTS.** Of relevance for the decision of this amparo, the following are considered proven: 1) Via email of February 27, 2026, the petitioner formulated a request before the respondent local entity, through the email account [email protected], for the purpose of being provided with: “duly certified copies of the files, kept by the Department of the Municipal Archive related to the approval procedures for the urban development project called ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Submitted for institutional approval and developed by the companies HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, located in San Rafael, de la Unión de Tres Ríos, Said files must contain the following: 1) Copies of the preliminary approval of the project by the Municipal Council of La Unión, together with the required documentation of cadastral plans, plans of the project to be developed, registry certifications and others necessary for the PRELIMINARY approval, and the corresponding municipal agreement of PRELIMINARY APPROVAL; 2) In relation to the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents That are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The approval (visado) of urbanization plans, b) The institutional approval of compliance with the Reglamentación de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) The corresponding approval of the subdivision (Fraccionamiento) and/or Urbanization project by INVU in the event that at that time the Municipalidad de la Unión did not have a Regulatory Plan. 3) In relation to the Ministry of Health I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective Sanitary Operating Permit (according to type of project) b) The respective Endorsement (Aval) of the wastewater system. c) The respective Sanitary Approval for water supply. 4) In relation to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The granting of the respective environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) (Environmental License), and the type required, whether D1 or D2, according to the magnitude of the project. This essential requirement for the project to have been able to proceed. 5) In relation to the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the File of this urban development project: a) The issuance of Water Availability; b) The approval of SEWER networks, c) THE RECEPTION OF HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE. 6) In relation to the COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The corresponding approval (VISADO) of construction plans: -without CFIA approval there is no municipal permit-; b) The corresponding registration of professional responsibility, c) The corresponding structural Technical Control. 7) Finally, in relation to the Municipalidad de la Unión, and having fulfilled the essential requirements of land use (uso de suelo), environmental feasibility (SETENA), WATER AVAILABILITY (AYA). APPROVAL BY INVU (URBANIZATION), APPROVAL BY CFIA and others, I request that exact, faithful copies of the originals be provided to me, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective CONSTRUCTION PERMIT, granted by this Municipalidad de La Unión, for the construction of the urban development called RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA.” (copy attached to the filing brief). 2) The email account [email protected] is not provided for as an official communication mechanism of the Municipalidad de La Unión (report rendered under oath).

**III.- SPECIFIC CASE.** It was proven that the request whose lack of attention the petitioner claims was not channeled through the channels established by the respondent institution for such effect, which, consequently, does not oblige the respondent entity to attend to it (see in this sense, among others, Sentencia No. 2012-191 of 3:50 p.m. of January 11, 2012). Thus, the Chamber rules out that the claimed grievance exists. Under this understanding, it is necessary to dismiss the recurso, as is hereby ordered.

**IV.- DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED TO THE FILE.** The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material that is not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session number 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session number 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.

**POR TANTO:** The recurso is declared without merit. Notifíquese.

Fernando Castillo V.

Fernando Cruz C.

Paul Rueda L.

Luis Fdo. Salazar A.

Jorge Araya G.

Anamari Garro V.

Ingrid Hess H.

Documento Firmado Digitalmente -- Código verificador -- **** San José, at nine thirty on the seventh of May, two thousand twenty-six.

An amparo action brought by [Name 001], identity card [Value 001], against the MUNICIPALITY OF LA UNIÓN.

WHEREAS:

**1.-** By means of a filing submitted at 8:42 a.m. on March 19, 2026, the petitioner brought an amparo action against the Municipality of La Unión, because, as he claims, on February 27, 2026, he sent an email to the account [email protected], to which he attached a letter by means of which he requested the mayor of La Unión: *"duly certified copies of the files, held by the Municipal Archive Department, related to the approval procedures for the urban development project called ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Submitted for institutional approval and developed by the companies HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, located in San Rafael, of La Unión de Tres Ríos. Said files must contain the following: 1) Copies of the preliminary approval of the project by the Municipal Council of La Unión, together with the required documentation of cadastral plans, plans of the project to be developed, registry certifications and others necessary for PRELIMINARY approval, and the corresponding municipal resolution of PRELIMINARY APPROVAL; 2) In relation to the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO, I request that you provide me with exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The approval stamp of subdivision plans, b) The institutional approval of compliance with the Reglamento de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) The corresponding approval of the Subdivision and/or Urbanization project by INVU in the event that at that time the Municipality of La Unión did not have a Regulatory Plan. 3) In relation to the Ministry of Health, I request that you provide me with exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective Sanitary Operating Permit (according to the type of project) b) The respective Certification of the wastewater system. c) The respective Sanitary Approval for water supply. 4) In relation to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), I request that you provide me with exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The granting of the respective ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY (ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSE), and the type required, whether D1 or D2, according to the magnitude of the project. This is an essential requirement for the project to have been able to proceed. 5) In relation to the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), I request that you provide me with exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the File of this urban development project: a) The issuance of the Water Availability; b) The approval of SEWER networks, c) THE RECEPTION OF HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE. 6) In relation to the COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). I request that you provide me with exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The corresponding APPROVAL STAMP of construction plans: -without CFIA approval stamp there is no municipal permit-; b) The corresponding registration of professional responsibility, c) The corresponding Structural Technical Control. 7) Finally, in relation to the Municipality of La Unión, and having fulfilled the essential requirements of LAND USE, ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY (SETENA), WATER AVAILABILITY (AYA). APPROVAL STAMP OF INVU (URBANIZATION), APPROVAL STAMP OF CFIA and others, I request that you provide me with exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective CONSTRUCTION PERMIT, granted by this Municipality of La Unión, for the construction of the urban development called RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA.".* He complains that, as of the date of filing this action, the respondent authority has not provided him with a response regarding the request of his interest. He believes that what is described violates his fundamental rights. He requests that the action be granted.

**2.-** By a resolution issued at 9:44 p.m. on April 13, 2026, the action was admitted and a report was requested from the mayor of La Unión regarding the alleged facts.

**3.-** Maribell Álvarez Mora, of legal age, in her capacity as mayor of La Unión, reports under oath, that by means of official letter MLU-DIDECU-ING-500-2026 of April 22, 2026, signed by Mr. José Mario Sanabria Gómez, Attorney of the Dirección de Desarrollo y Control Urbano, it is inferred that:

*"... We respond to the Amparo action filed by Mr. [Name 001], identity card [Value 001] regarding the lack of response to the request submitted via the email [email protected]; we inform you.* *a. Regarding the request for the file of the construction development project of the Urbanización Estancia Antigua:* *It is pertinent to indicate that the documents existing in the file of the Municipality of La Unión correspond to those processed at the time the procedure was submitted to acquire the municipal construction license by the project developer. The project file consists of four volumes; volume 01 spans from folio 001 to 09, volume two spans from folio 091 to 172; volume three spans from folio 173 to 219; volume four spans from folio 220 to 351; the four volumes cover a period from 1992 to 2005.* *That, as it is a physical file, a scanned copy of the same is provided with this response; in the event that Mr. [Name 001] requests a certified copy, he must coordinate via the email [email protected], since an official must accompany him to process the copies, a cost that is borne by the applicant; or failing that, he may request a scanned copy of the file.* *A copy of the file related to the complaints and attention to the problem of wastewater in the Urbanización Estancia Antigua, before the Municipality of La Unión, and of the municipal procedures before other institutions, is provided.* *b. But as part of addressing the requests made by the petitioner in the initial document, we refer to the following.* *b1. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE TREATMENT PLANT IN THIS RESIDENTIAL AREA? EVERYTHING SMELLS LIKE MANURE HERE.* It is appropriate to clarify that the start date of the processing of the Estancia Antigua urban development project was in the year 1995, it consisted of three stages, and the developers complied with the administrative procedures (tramitología) required at that time before the different institutions involved in granting the various permits to develop the residential development (urbanización).

The developing company had to comply with soil studies to determine the water infiltration capacity; given that, based on the results of said studies, the areas of the lots are defined, the defined area must resolve, internally on each lot, the disposal of wastewater, through individual treatment systems better known as septic tanks, which can be consulted on folios 0051 to 0055 of Volume I of the Project File.

That the calculations of minimum lot areas respond both to the infiltration studies and to what was requested in the regulations in force at that time, the Subdivision and Residential Development Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones), and guidelines of the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), an Institute that issued official letter UR#592-1992, dated June 9, 1992, in which it establishes the area of the lots for the Urban Development, seen on folio 0014 of Volume I of the Project File.

It is clear that the Residencial Development Estancia Antigua, at the time of the administrative procedures (tramitología) from approximately 1992 to 2003, complied with what was required by the regulations in force at that time, as the subdivided lots had a minimum area of 200 m² with 10 m of frontage.

Within the administrative procedures (tramitología) for urban developments, the entity that regulates the matter of sewage requirements is the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, at that time it was not required, within the infrastructure works, to build a wastewater treatment plant for the Estancia Antigua project; as indicated in official letter 293, dated June 19, 1997, signed by the head of the New Services and Residential Developments department. But as a provisional measure, the project developer is instructed that the sanitary sewer must be planned for and built, but not in operation. Consult folio 0032 of Volume I of the Project File.

It is important to mention that the process of building the homes has been carried out by each owner, who has had to comply with the corresponding administrative procedures (tramitología) at the time of carrying out the works; the owners must comply with the regulatory construction guidelines regarding coverage areas and setbacks, this in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the septic tanks and their drainage.

Within the principles of construction control, the Municipality requests the owner process a land-use certificate, a document that sets out the minimum characteristics that the construction must comply with, being a requirement for any construction permit procedure in the canton of La Unión, by which it is guaranteed that the owner knows that a wastewater treatment system does not exist in the area.

b2. Regarding the sewage problems.

As indicated previously, it is the obligation of each owner, at the moment of managing construction permits, to have a drainage system and septic tank, which is built under the supervision of an engineering or architecture professional; it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health to validate that said construction element adheres to the regulations in force.

Currently, some residents of the Estancia Antigua residential development, in disregard of the construction standards indicated, execute actions within the property contrary to those requested by the different institutions, such as connecting to the existing sanitary network, or have problems in the drainage systems generating leaks to third parties or towards the public road.

The problem in the Estancia Antigua Residential Development was presented before the Constitutional Chamber with the Amparo Appeal filed on August 16, 2021, with case file 21-015740-0007-CO; this has been addressed by the Governing Area of La Unión of the Ministry of Health, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, and the Municipality of La Unión, seeking a solution to the problem of bad odors and sanitary problems.

That the linked institutions have carried out joint visits seeking to determine the sources of leaks or unauthorized connections; in order to then generate the corresponding attention from the scope of action of the linked institutions, among them plugging the pipes of the sanitary network to prevent water from circulating through the disused network; some of the actions that are materialized with official letters from the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers seen in folios 003, 004, 010, of the File Folder Health AyA Coordination Process.

The Ministry of Health has carried out sanitary procedures, verification of discharges or leaks, including sanitary orders to the owners of the real estate from which the problem arises and the filing of complaints at the judicial level for obstructing the preparation of tests by denying entry to private homes to verify possible effects; as evidenced in case file 21-015740-0007-CO, of the Constitutional Chamber in Ruling Res. Nº 2021026533 of November twenty-sixth, two thousand twenty-one at nine hours fifteen minutes; Ruling Res. Nº 2022018363 of August ninth, two thousand twenty-two, at nine hours and five minutes. They are recorded on folios 018 and 034 respectively of the File Folder Health AyA Coordination Process.

As shown in the files provided, the actions of the Municipality have been in accordance with the law, and it has not omitted procedures for the developers of the Estancia Antigua Urban Development project between the years 1992 and 2005; and that the regulations in force at that time allowed the treatment of sewage to be generated individually through septic tanks and drainage.

The Municipality of La Unión has not been neglectful in the process; on the contrary, it has provided the institutions linked to the problem with support and collaboration in the efforts they undertake to control the problems generated within the Estancia Antigua Residential Development, and will continue carrying out the appropriate procedures until finding a timely solution to the problem appealed.

It is necessary to clarify that the appellant's request to build a treatment plant to eliminate the problem, although valid, is an action that corresponds for analysis to the institution tasked with providing potable water service in the Estancia Antigua Residential Development, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, an element that the Municipality of La Unión has pointed out at different times.

Therefore.

1. We attach the file of the construction permit procedure for the urban development project Residential Development Estancia Antigua, processed and developed between the years 1992 and 2005.

2. We reject the demand that the Municipality of La Unión must build a treatment plant within the Estancia Antigua urban development project.

3. We will maintain the urban control actions defined at the regulatory level for the Municipality of La Unión regarding the control of constructions in the canton of La Unión and specifically in the Estancia Antigua Residential Development.

4.

We will maintain open coordination and accompaniment with the other public institutions linked to the problem that afflicts us, Acueductos y Alcantarillados as the entity that provides potable water service and the Ministerio de Salud as the governing body in the matter of environmental sanitation.” Regarding the indicated medium: [email protected], that address is not the official medium for processing municipal matters; the medium is the website: launion.go.cr in the menu option trámites la unión digital.

4.- In the proceedings followed, the legal prescriptions have been observed.

Drafted by Magistrate Hess Herrera; and,

CONSIDERANDO:

I.- PURPOSE OF THE APPEAL. The appellant notes that at the end of February 2026, he formulated a request before the appealed local entity, through the email account [email protected], in order to be provided with information of public interest related to the approval procedures for the urban development project called Estancia Antigua; however, the deadline the respondent had having expired, he continues without receiving what was requested. He affirms that this proceeding is contrary to his fundamental rights.

II.- PROVEN FACTS. Of relevance for the decision of this amparo, the following are taken as demonstrated: 1) By email of 27 February 2026, the appellant formulated a request before the appealed local entity, through the email account [email protected], for the purpose of being provided with: “duly certified copies of the files, held by the Municipal Archive Department, related to the approval procedures for the urban development project called ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Submitted for institutional approval and developed by the companies HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, located in San Rafael, of La Unión de Tres Ríos, Said files shall contain the following: 1) Copies of the preliminary approval of the project by the Concejo Municipal of La Unión, together with the required documentation of cadastral plans, project plans to be developed, registry certifications and others that are necessary for the PRELIMINARY approval, and the corresponding municipal agreement of PRELIMINARY APPROVAL; 2) In relation to the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO I request that I be provided with exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The approval of subdivision plans, b) The institutional approval of compliance with the Reglamentación de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) The corresponding approval of the Subdivision and/or Urbanization project by the INVU in the event that at that time the Municipalidad de la Unión did not have a Regulatory Plan. 3) In relation to the Ministerio de Salud I request that I be provided with exact copies, faithful to the originals of all documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective Sanitary Operating Permit (according to the type of project) b) The respective Endorsement of the wastewater system. c) The respective Sanitary Approval for water supply. 4) In relation to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), I request that I be provided with exact copies, faithful to the originals of all documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The granting of the respective ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY (ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSE), and the type required, whether D1 or D2, according to the magnitude of the project. This is an essential requirement for the project to have been able to proceed. 5) In relation to the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), I request that I be provided with exact copies, faithful to the originals of all documents that are added to the File of this urban development project: a) The issuance of Water Availability; b) The approval of SEWER networks, c) THE RECEPTION OF HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE. 6) In relation to the COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). I request that I be provided with exact copies, faithful to the originals of all documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The corresponding APPROVAL of construction plans: -without CFIA approval there is no municipal permit-; b) The corresponding record of professional responsibility, c) The corresponding Structural Technical Control. 7) Finally, in relation to the Municipalidad de La Unión, and having fulfilled the essential requirements of LAND USE, ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY (SETENA), WATER AVAILABILITY (AYA). APPROVAL BY INVU (URBANIZATION), APPROVAL BY CFIA and others, I request that I be provided with exact copies, faithful to the originals of all documents that are added to the file of this urban development project: a) The respective CONSTRUCTION PERMIT, granted by this Municipalidad de La Unión, for the construction of the urban development called RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA.” (copy attached to the filing brief). 2) The email account [email protected] is not provided as an official communication mechanism of the Municipalidad de La Unión (report rendered under oath).

III.- SPECIFIC CASE. It was verified that the request whose neglect the appellant complains of was not channeled through the channels established by the appealed institution for such effect, which, consequently, does not obligate the appealed entity to attend to it (see in this regard, among others, Judgment No. 2012-191 of 15:50 hours of 11 January 2012). Thus, the Chamber dismisses the existence of the claimed grievance. Under this reasoning, it is necessary to dismiss the appeal, as is hereby ordered.

IV.- DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED TO THE FILE. The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session number 27-11 of 22 August 2011, article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session number 43-12 held on 3 May 2012, article LXXXI.

POR TANTO:

The appeal is declared without merit.

Notifíquese.

 

Fernando Cruz C.

&nbsp; &nbsp; Los suscritos, en atención a las solicitudes de visado del <u>Plan Regulador del Distrito de Cobano, Sector Cabuya, del Cantón Central de la Provincia de Puntarenas, del cual es el oferente el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)</u>, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por la Constitución Política en su numeral 50, que establece el deber del Estado de garantizar un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, así como el <u>Reglamento sobre Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), Decreto Ejecutivo 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, publicado en La Gaceta No. 125 del 28 de junio de 2004, y reformado mediante La Gaceta No. 155 del 11 de agosto del 2006</u>, y el <u>Reglamento de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, Decreto Ejecutivo 29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT, del 8 de marzo de 2001</u>, concordamos en emitir la presente resolución:

**CONSIDERANDO PRIMERO**: Que mediante oficio SM-659-2007 del 5 de noviembre del año 2007, ingresado en la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) el día 16 de noviembre del mismo año, el señor Diego Trejos Corrales, en calidad de Alcalde de la Municipalidad de Puntarenas, presentó para su visado el <u>Plan Regulador del Distrito de Cobano, Sector Cabuya, del Cantón Central de la Provincia de Puntarenas, oferente Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)</u>.

**CONSIDERANDO SEGUNDO**: Que mediante resolución No. 1944-2007-SETENA de las 14:00 horas del 22 de noviembre del año 2007, se le pidió al oferente cumplir con la presentación de información adicional, complementaria o aclaratoria al <u>Plan Regulador del Distrito de Cobano, Sector Cabuya, del Cantón Central de la Provincia de Puntarenas, oferente Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)</u>.

**CONSIDERANDO TERCERO**: Que mediante oficio SM-721-2007 del 29 de noviembre del año 2007, el señor Diego Trejos Corrales, en calidad de Alcalde de la Municipalidad de Puntarenas, presentó ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) la información adicional, complementaria y aclaratoria solicitada.

**CONSIDERANDO CUARTO**: Que mediante resolución No. 2610-2007-SETENA de las 10:00 horas del 29 de noviembre del año 2007, se ordenó la publicación en un diario de circulación nacional de un extracto del documento ambiental del proyecto, a efecto de hacerlo del conocimiento público y recibir observaciones de la sociedad civil.

**CONSIDERANDO QUINTO**: Que la publicación en el diario La Nación del extracto del Documento Ambiental del <u>Plan Regulador del Distrito de Cobano, Sector Cabuya, del Cantón Central de la Provincia de Puntarenas, oferente Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)</u>, se realizó en fecha 3 de diciembre del año 2007, la cual fue presentada por el señor Diego Trejos Corrales el día 7 de diciembre del año 2007.

**CONSIDERANDO SEXTO**: Que mediante oficio SM-011-2008 del 2 de enero del año 2008, el señor Diego Trejos Corrales, en calidad de Alcalde de la Municipalidad de Puntarenas, presentó ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) la copia del recibo de pago por el servicio de viabilidad (potencial) ambiental del proyecto y dos copias del plano catastrado: hoja Cabuya Nº 1 Escala 1:5000 y hoja Cabuya Nº 2 Escala 1:5000, correspondientes al <u>Plan Regulador del Distrito de Cobano, Sector Cabuya, del Cantón Central de la Provincia de Puntarenas, oferente Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)</u>.

**CONSIDERANDO SÉTIMO**: Que la Comisión Plenaria de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), mediante acuerdo de la Sesión Plenaria No. 109-2007, del 12 de diciembre del año 2007, decidió otorgar la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al <u>Plan Regulador del Distrito de Cobano, Sector Cabuya, del Cantón Central de la Provincia de Puntarenas, oferente Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)</u>, por lo que:

**POR TANTO, LA COMISIÓN PLENARIA DE LA SETENA ACUERDA:** 1\. Otorgar la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al <u>Plan Regulador del Distrito de Cobano, Sector Cabuya, del Cantón Central de la Provincia de Puntarenas, oferente Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)</u>.

2\. El oferente deberá cumplir con las medidas ambientales del documento denominado "Propuesta Técnica Plan Regulador de Cobano Sector Cabuya, Distrito Cobano, Cantón de Puntarenas, Provincia de Puntarenas, Visado Ambiental. Documento Ambiental", presentado por el señor Diego Trejos Corrales, Alcalde Municipal de Puntarenas, mediante oficio SM-659-2007 del 5 de noviembre del año 2007 y con la información adicional, complementaria y aclaratoria presentada mediante oficio SM-721-2007 del 29 de noviembre del año 2007, las cuales forman parte integral de esta resolución.

3\. El oferente deberá cumplir con las regulaciones ambientales que establece este Reglamento sobre Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) 4\. El incumplimiento de los términos de esta resolución podrá ser causal de la aplicación de las sanciones administrativas establecidas en la legislación ambiental vigente.

5\. La vigencia de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental del presente Plan Regulador, estará sujeta a que el mismo no se modifique. En el supuesto de que el Plan Regulador sea modificado, el oferente deberá presentar ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), los nuevos términos del Plan Regulador para efecto de obtener la modificación de la Viabilidad (licencia) Ambiental o bien la expedición de una nueva viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, según corresponda.

Se advierte al oferente que la presente resolución rige a partir del día siguiente de su notificación. Se da por notificado el oferente de la presente resolución, conforme al Artículo 241 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, una vez transcurridas 24 horas, después de haber sido dictada.

As established, in the document "Reglamento a la Ley Forestal," Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE and its amendments, Article 6 in Chapter II establishes the mandate that all activities within the Patrimonio Natural del Estado (PNE) related to approved Management Plans, which may affect natural resources, must obtain environmental viability through the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), through the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) process or other environmental assessment instruments.

Furthermore, the Constitutional Chamber in Voto 4654-2003, in Considerando III, ratified that the obligation to obtain environmental viability when signing a management contract for the Patrimonio Natural del Estado (PNE) by private parties, even if the land is privately owned, stems from the State's obligation to guarantee environmentally sustainable development, through the EIA.

The environmental viability granted by SETENA to this Management Plan, exclusively for earthworks (movimientos de tierra), is based on the recognition that the natural regeneration of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) on the farm was lost due to natural meteorological phenomena, as analyzed by technical criteria from the Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN). With its restoration, no land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) is being promoted, but rather an environmental management in forest areas.

Regarding Forest Fire Management, which is a mandatory component of all Management Plans approved by the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), compliance is accredited through the Management Plan itself, which by its nature includes this component, but its practical application must be accredited every year with the report on compliance with goals and activities, primarily when this risk materializes as occurred in the years 2015 and 2019.

Along the southern boundary, springs (nacientes) and their permanent protection zones were identified. These protections are reported by the regulated party in the Management Plan and are a mandatory obligation for compliance regardless of land ownership and are natural barriers between the project and neighboring properties.

Luis Fdo.

Salazar A.</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:center; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'TIMES NEW ROMAN'; -aw-import:ignore">&nbsp;</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:center; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:center; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'TIMES NEW ROMAN'">Jorge Araya G.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:center; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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Documento Firmado Digitalmente -- Código verificador --  **Exp: 26-009726-0007-CO** **Res. Nº 2026016205** **SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine thirty hours on the seventh of May of two thousand twenty-six.** Amparo action brought by **[Name 001]**, identity card [Value 001], against the **MUNICIPALIDAD DE LA UNIÓN**.

**RESULTANDO:** **1.-** By means of a brief filed at 8:42 on March 19, 2026, the petitioner brought an amparo action against the Municipalidad de La Unión, because, as he affirms, on February 27, 2026, he sent an email to the address [email protected], to which he attached a letter through which he requested from the mayor of La Unión: *“duly certified copies of the files, held by the Municipal Archive Department, related to the approval procedures for the urban development project called ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Submitted for institutional approval and developed by the companies HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, located in San Rafael, de la Unión de Tres Ríos, Said files must contain the following: 1) Copies of the preliminary approval of the project by the Municipal Council of La Unión, along with the required documentation of cadastral plans, plans of the project to be developed, registry certifications and others that are necessary for the PRELIMINARY approval, and the corresponding municipal agreement of PRELIMINARY APPROVAL; 2) In relation to the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all of the documents That are added to the file of this urban project: a) The approval of urbanization plans, b) The institutional approval of compliance with the Reglamentación de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) The corresponding approval of the project of Subdivision (Fraccionamiento) and/or Urbanization by the INVU in case at that time the Municipalidad de la Unión did not have a Regulatory Plan. 3) In relation to the Ministry of Health I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban project: a) The respective Sanitary Operating Permit (according to type of project) b) The respective Endorsement of the wastewater system. c) The respective Sanitary Approval for water supply. 4) In relation to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban project: a) The granting of the respective ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY (ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSE), and the type that requires either D1 or D2, according to the magnitude of the project. This requirement being essential for the project to have been able to advance. 5) In relation to the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the File of this urban project: a) The issuance of the Water Availability; b) The approval of sewerage networks, c) THE RECEPTION OF HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE. 6) In relation to the COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban project: a) The corresponding APPROVAL of constructive plans: -without CFIA approval there is no municipal permit-; b) The corresponding registration of professional responsibility, c) The corresponding Structural Technical Control. 7) Finally, in relation to the Municipalidad de la Unión, and having fulfilled the essential requirements of LAND USE, ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY (SETENA), WATER AVAILABILITY (AYA). APPROVAL OF INVU (URBANIZATION), APPROVAL OF CFIA and others, I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals, of all the documents that are added to the file of this urban project: a) The respective CONSTRUCTION PERMIT, granted by this Municipalidad de La Unión, for the construction of the urban development called RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA.”* He complains that, on the date of filing of this action, the sued authority has not provided him with a response regarding the request of his interest. He considers that what is described violates his fundamental rights. He requests that the action be granted. He requests that the action be granted.

**2.-** By resolution at 21:44 on April 13, 2026, the action was processed and a report was requested from the mayor of La Unión on the accused facts.

**3.-** Maribell Álvarez Mora, of legal age, acting in her capacity as mayor of La Unión, reports under oath, that through official communication MLU-DIDECU-ING-500-2026 of April 22, 2026, signed by Lic. José Mario Sanabria Gómez, Attorney for the Dirección de Desarrollo y Control Urbano, it is inferred that:

*“... We respond to the Amparo action filed by Mr. [Name 001], identity card [Value 001] regarding the lack of response to the request submitted via the email [email protected]; we indicate.* *a. Regarding the request for the file of the construction development project of the Urbanización Estancia Antigua:* *It is opportune to indicate that the documents existing in the file of the Municipalidad de La Unión correspond to those processed at the time the procedure was submitted to acquire the municipal construction permit by the project developer. The project file is made up of four volumes; volume 01 comprises from folio 001 to 09[6] the two[nd] volume comprises from folio 091 to 172; the third volume comprises from folio 173 to 219; the fourth volume comprises from folio 220 to 351; the four volumes have a time period from 1992 to 2005.* Since this is a physical file, a scanned copy of it is provided in this response; should Mr. [Name 001] request a certified copy, he must coordinate via the email [email protected], as an official must accompany him to process the copies, a cost borne by the applicant; or failing that, request a scanned copy of the file.

A copy of the file related to the complaints and responses to the problem of blackwater (aguas negras) in the Estancia Antigua Development (Urbanización Estancia Antigua), before the Municipality of La Unión, and of the municipal actions before other institutions, is provided.

b. But as part of the attention to the requests made by the appellant in the initial document, we refer to the following.

b1. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE TREATMENT PLANT IN THIS RESIDENTIAL AREA? EVERYTHING HERE SMELLS LIKE FECES.

It is pertinent to clarify that the start date of the processing of the Estancia Antigua urban development project was in the year 1995, it consisted of three stages, and the developers fulfilled the red tape (tramitología) process required at that time before the different institutions linked to granting the different permits to develop the development (urbanización).

The developing company had to comply with soil studies to determine the water filtration capacity; given that, based on the results of said studies, the lot areas are defined, the defined area must resolve, within each lot, the disposal of residual water (aguas residuales), by means of individual treatment systems better known as septic tanks (tanques sépticos), which can be consulted on folios 0051 to 0055 of Volume I of the Project File.

The calculations of minimum lot areas respond both to the infiltration studies and to what is required in the regulations in force at that time, the Subdivision and Development Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones), and guidelines of the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), an Institute that issued official letter UR#592-1992, dated June 9, 1992, in which it establishes the area of the lots for the Urban Development, seen on folio 0014 of Volume I of the Project File.

It is clear that the Estancia Antigua Development, at the time of the red tape (tramitología) from approximately 1992 to 2003, complied with what was required by the regulations in force at that time, since the subdivided lots had a minimum area of 200 m2 with 10 m of frontage.

Within the red tape (tramitología) of urban developments, the entity that regulates the issue of blackwater (aguas negras) requirements is the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados); at that time, the construction of a blackwater treatment plant (planta de tratamiento de aguas negras) was not required within the infrastructure works for the Estancia Antigua project, as indicated in official letter 293, dated June 19, 1997, signed by the head of the New Services and Developments department. But as a provisional measure, the project developer is instructed that the sanitary sewer system (alcantarillado sanitario) must be planned for and built, but not in operation. Consult folio 0032 of Volume I of the Project File.

It is important to mention that the process of building the homes has been carried out by each owner, who has had to comply with the corresponding red tape (tramitología) at the time of carrying out the works; the owners must comply with the regulatory construction guidelines regarding coverage areas and setbacks, this in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the septic tanks (tanques sépticos) and their drainages.

Within the principles of construction control, the Municipality requests the owner to process a land-use certificate (certificado de uso de suelo), a document that issues the minimum characteristics that the construction to be carried out must meet, being a requirement for any building permit (permiso de construcción) procedure in the canton of La Unión, thereby guaranteeing that the owner knows that there is no blackwater treatment system (sistema de tratamiento de aguas negras) in the area.

b2. Regarding the blackwater (aguas negras) problems.

As indicated above, it is the obligation of each owner, at the time of processing the building permits (permisos de construcción), to have a drainage system and septic tank (tanque séptico), which is built under the supervision of an engineering or architecture professional; it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health to validate that this construction element complies with the regulations in force.

Currently, some residents of the Estancia Antigua development, in disregard of the indicated construction standards, carry out actions within their property contrary to those requested by the different institutions, such as connecting to the existing sanitary network, or having problems in the drainage systems generating filtrations to third parties or towards the public road.

The problem in the Estancia Antigua Development was presented before the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) with the Amparo Appeal (Recurso de Amparo) filed on August 16, 2021, with file 21-015740-0007-CO; which has been addressed by the La Unión Rectorate Area (Área Rectora) of the Ministry of Health, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, and the Municipality of La Unión, seeking a solution to the problem of bad odors and sanitary problems.

The linked institutions have conducted joint visits seeking to determine the sources of filtrations or unauthorized connections; to then generate the corresponding attentions from the scope of action of the linked institutions, among them capping the pipes of the sanitary network to prevent the waters from circulating through the disused network; some of the actions that are materialized through official letters from the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are visible in folios 003, 004, 010, of the File Folder Health AyA Coordination Process.

The Ministry of Health has carried out sanitary procedures, verifying discharges or filtrations, including sanitary orders to the owners of the real estate where the problem originates and the filing of complaints at the judicial level for obstructing the taking of evidence by denying entry to private homes to verify possible impacts; as evidenced in file 21-015740-0007-CO, of the Constitutional Chamber in Resolution Res. No. 2021026533 of November twenty-sixth, two thousand twenty-one, at nine hours fifteen minutes; Resolution Res. No. 2022018363 of August ninth, two thousand twenty-two, at nine hours and five minutes. They are found in folios 018 and 034 respectively of the File Folder Health AyA Coordination Process.

As shown in the files provided, the actions of the Municipality have been in accordance with the law, and it has not omitted procedures for the developers of the Estancia Antigua Urban Development project between the years 1992 and 2005; and that the regulations in force at that time allowed the treatment of blackwater (aguas negras) to be generated on an individual basis through septic tanks (tanques sépticos) and drainages.

The Municipality of La Unión has not been remiss in the process; on the contrary, it has provided the institutions linked to the problem with accompaniment and collaboration in the efforts they undertake to control the problems generated within the Estancia Antigua Development, and it will continue carrying out the due efforts until managing to find the timely solution to the problem appealed.

It is necessary to clarify that the appellant's request to build a treatment plant to eliminate the problem, although valid, is an action that corresponds to the institution in charge of providing the potable water service in the Estancia Antigua Development, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, to analyze; a fact that the Municipality of La Unión has pointed out at different times.

Therefore.

1. We attach the file for the building permit (permisos de construcción) processing of the urban development project Estancia Antigua Development, processed and developed between the years 1992 and 2005.

2. We reject the demand that the Municipality of La Unión must build a treatment plant within the Estancia Antigua urban development project.

3. We will maintain the urban control efforts defined at the regulatory level for the Municipality of La Unión regarding the control of constructions in the canton of La Unión and specifically in the Estancia Antigua Development.

4.

We will maintain openness in coordination and accompaniment with the other public institutions linked to the problem that afflicts us, Acueductos y Alcantarillados as the entity that provides potable water service and the Ministerio de Salud as the governing body in the matter of environmental sanitation." Regarding the indicated medium: [email protected], that address is not the official medium for processing municipal procedures; the medium is the website: launion.go.cr under the menu option "trámites la unión digital." 4.- In the proceedings followed, the legal prescriptions have been observed.

Drafted by Magistrate Hess Herrera; and,

CONSIDERANDO:

I.- SUBJECT OF THE RECOURSE. The appellant notes that at the end of February 2026, he formulated a request before the appealed local entity, through the email account [email protected], in order to be provided with information of public interest related to the approval procedures for the urban development project named Estancia Antigua; however, the deadline available to the respondent having expired, he continues without receiving what was requested. He affirms that this conduct is contrary to his fundamental rights.

II.- PROVEN FACTS. Of relevance to the decision of this amparo, the following are taken as demonstrated: 1) By email of 27 de febrero de 2026, the appellant formulated a request before the appealed local entity, through the email account [email protected], for the purpose of being provided with: "duly certified copies of the files, which are kept by the Departamento del Archivo Municipal related to the approval procedures for the urban development project named ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Presented for institutional approval and developed by the companies HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, located in San Rafael, of La Unión de Tres Ríos. Said files must contain the following: 1) Copies of the preliminary approval of the project by the Concejo Municipal de La Unión, together with the required documentation of cadastral plans, plans of the project to be developed, registral certifications and others that are necessary for the PRELIMINARY approval, and the corresponding municipal agreement of PRELIMINARY APPROVAL; 2) In relation to the INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals, of the totality of the documents that are found added to the file of this urban project: a) The approval (visado) of subdivision plans, b) The institutional approval of compliance with the Reglamentación de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) The corresponding approval of the subdivision (Fraccionamiento) and/or Urbanization project by the INVU in the event that at that time the Municipalidad de la Unión did not have a Regulating Plan (Plan Regulador). 3) In relation to the Ministerio de Salud I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals of the totality of the documents that are found added to the file of this urban project: a) The respective Sanitary Operation Permit (according to type of project) b) The respective Wastewater System Guarantee (Aval). c) The respective Sanitary Approval for water supply. 4) In relation to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals of the totality of the documents that are found added to the file of this urban project: a) The granting of the respective ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY (ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSE), and the type required whether D1 or D2, according to the magnitude of the project. This requirement being essential for the project to have been able to advance. 5) In relation to the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals of the totality of the documents that are found added to the File of this urban project: a) The issuance of the Water Availability (Disponibilidad de Agua); b) The approval of SEWER networks, c) THE RECEPTION OF HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE. 6) In relation to the COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals of the totality of the documents that are found added to the file of this urban project: a) The corresponding approval (VISADO) of construction plans: -without CFIA approval (visado) there is no municipal permit-; b) The corresponding registration of professional responsibility, c) The corresponding Structural Technical Control. 7) Finally, in relation to the Municipalidad de la Unión, and having fulfilled the essential requirements of LAND USE, ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY (SETENA), WATER AVAILABILITY (AYA). INVU APPROVAL (VISADO) (URBANIZATION), CFIA APPROVAL (VISADO) and others, I request that I be given exact copies, faithful to the originals of the totality of the documents that are found added to the file of this urban project: a) The respective CONSTRUCTION PERMIT, granted by this Municipalidad de La Unión, for the construction of the urban development named RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA." (copy attached to the filing brief). 2) The email account [email protected] is not provided for as an official communication mechanism of the Municipalidad de La Unión (report rendered under oath).

III.- SPECIFIC CASE. It was proven that the request whose neglect is claimed by the appellant was not channeled through the channels established by the appealed institution for such effect, which, consequently, does not obligate the appealed entity to attend to it (see in this regard, among others, Sentencia No. 2012-191 of 15:50 hours of 11 de enero de 2012). Thus, the Chamber rules out the existence of the claimed grievance. Under this reasoning, it is necessary to dismiss the recourse, as is hereby ordered.

IV.- DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED TO THE FILE. The parties are warned that if they have provided any document on paper, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session number 27-11 of 22 de agosto de 2011, article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of 26 de enero de 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session number 43-12 held on 3 de mayo de 2012, article LXXXI.

POR TANTO:

The recourse is declared without merit.

Notify.

Mediante Voto No. 4654-2003, de las diecisiete horas treinta minutos del veintiuno de mayo del dos mil tres, la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia señaló:

“IV.- Ahora bien, el artículo 19, aunque permite el fraccionamiento (subdivision) de terrenos boscosos, lo hace siempre que se cumpla el plan de manejo ambiental que apruebe la Administración Forestal del Estado. Se trata de una autorización condicionada a la aprobación previa de la autoridad administrativa, que es la que determina cuáles son los requisitos que deben cumplirse para la aprobación de dicho plan de manejo. El Reglamento de la Ley Forestal (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE) no contiene ninguna disposición que regule la actividad, y siendo que debe ser la Administración la que apruebe dicho plan de manejo, no es la ley la que tiene que definir en qué casos se aprobará o se rechazarán las solicitudes de permiso. La declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad que solicita la accionante del artículo 19 de la Ley Forestal no es procedente, por no ser contraria tal disposición a los artículos 20, 21, 50 y 89 de la Constitución Política. En cuanto a los reglamentos a la Ley Forestal impugnados, se considera que de ellos no se desprende inconstitucionalidad alguna.” I, Luis Fdo. Brenes Bonilla, holder of identity card number one ten ninety-eight - three thirty-one, in my capacity as Acting Secretary of the Municipal Council of Acosta, **CERTIFY**: That the Municipal Council of Acosta, in session number seventy-seven, article twenty-nine, held on Tuesday, August twenty-sixth, two thousand eight, agreed for the record the agreement for the declaration of Permanent Spring Protection Zones (Zonas de Protección de Nacientes Permanentes), agreement that was published in the official journal La Gaceta, with the respective plans, which literally reads:

**First publication** **SECOND CALL FOR TENDERS** **PUBLICATION OF AGREEMENT FOR THE DECLARATION OF PERMANENT SPRING PROTECTION ZONES** **MUNICIPALITY OF ACOSTA** At 7:00 p.m. on August 26, 2008, the Municipal Council of Acosta is informed that the agreement for the declaration of Permanent Spring Protection Zones is to be agreed for the record.

Salazar A.

Jorge Araya G.

Anamari Garro V.

Ruling 521 - 2011 CRIMINAL CASSATION COURT. San José, at nine hours and sixteen minutes of the sixth of May of two thousand eleven.

Appeal for review filed in the present case, established under file number 05-000317-0610-PE of the Pérez Zeledón Criminal Court, against A.J.A.L. and L.R.A., for the crime of qualified homicide, to the detriment of S.S.S.S. The intervener: the accused L.R.A. Filed by the Public Defender's Office of Pérez Zeledón.

Result:

1. That by means of a complaint filed on December 15, 2005, the Attorney General's Office requested the initiation of criminal proceedings against A.J.A.L. and L.R.A., as alleged perpetrators of the crime of qualified homicide, to the detriment of S.S.S.S. (folios 1 to 28 and 132 to 135). 2. That the oral and public trial was held before the Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of the Southern Zone, Pérez Zeledón, composed of judges F.Q.C., R.A.V. and E.M.R., and concluded on March 7, 2008, with the reading of the corresponding judgment, numbered 73-2008, in which the accused were acquitted (folios 2091 to 2151). The accused L.R.A. was defended by public defenders E.B.C. and M.A.M.A., and A.J.A.L. was defended by public defender S.A.C. The Attorney General's Office was represented by prosecutors E.B.C., R.M.G. and M.R.G. The private complainant was represented by attorney M.I.S. 3. That against said judgment, the public defenders E.B.C. and S.A.C. filed appeals for review, which were admitted, and the hearing was held on December 13, 2010, before the Criminal Cassation Court, composed of judges J.A.R.Q., M.P.V., L.G.V., C.C.S. and R.S.Z. The appellants were represented by public defenders M.A.M.A. and J.A.R.S., and the Attorney General's Office was represented by prosecutor R.M.G. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court deliberated and voted on the matter.

Considering:

I.The public defenders E.B.C. and S.A.C. filed appeals for review against judgment number 73-2008, issued by the Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of the Southern Zone, Pérez Zeledón, at fifteen hours on March 7, 2008, in which the accused A.J.A.L. and L.R.A. were acquitted of the crime of qualified homicide, to the detriment of S.S.S.S., under file number 05-000317-0610-PE. The appeals were admitted, and the hearing provided for in article 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was held. The vote was taken, and the decision was adopted by the necessary majority. Judge S.Z. gave a dissenting opinion. II. The appeal filed by public defender E.B.C. will be declared with merit. The appellant argues that the judgment does not meet the requirements of reasoning and justification. Specifically, she claims that the judges did not make a comprehensive assessment of the evidence, especially regarding the credibility of the witnesses and the forensic evidence. She also asserts that the judgment contains contradictions and omissions in the analysis of the evidence that affect its validity. The Court, after reviewing the judgment, considers that the appellant is correct. Indeed, the judgment does not provide a clear and coherent explanation of the reasons that led the judges to acquit the accused. The judges limited themselves to describing the evidence without evaluating it in depth and without explaining why they gave more weight to certain testimony than to others. Furthermore, contradictions are observed in the reasoning, especially regarding the determination of the cause of death and the participation of the accused in the events. Therefore, the judgment must be annulled. III. Given the aforementioned defect, it is not necessary to analyze the remaining grounds of the appeal. IV. Consequently, the appealed judgment is annulled, and the case is remanded to the court of origin for a new trial by different judges.

Por tanto:

The appeal for review filed by public defender E.B.C. is declared with merit. Judgment number 73-2008, issued by the Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of the Southern Zone, Pérez Zeledón, at fifteen hours on March 7, 2008, is annulled. The case is remanded to the court of origin for a new trial by different judges. Judge S.Z. gave a dissenting opinion.

J.A.R.Q. M.P.V. L.G.V. C.C.S. R.S.Z.

Dissenting opinion of Judge S.Z.

The undersigned judge dissents from the majority decision and considers that the appeal for review should be dismissed. In my opinion, the judgment meets the requirements of reasoning and justification. The judges analyzed the evidence produced during the trial and explained the reasons for their decision. The fact that the appellant disagrees with the assessment of the evidence does not imply that the judgment is unfounded. The judgment provides sufficient reasons to support the acquittal, based on the principle of in dubio pro reo. Therefore, I consider that the appealed judgment should be upheld.

R.S.Z.

Revisión del Documento  Res. Nº 2026016205 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del siete de mayo de dos mil veintiseis .

Recurso de amparo promovido por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE LA UNIÓN.

RESULTANDO:

1.- Mediante memorial presentado a las 8:42 horas de 19 de marzo de 2026, el recurrente promovió recurso de amparo, contra la Municipalidad de La Unión, pues, según afirma, el 27 de febrero de 2026 dirigió un correo electrónico a la cuenta [email protected], al que adjuntó un oficio por medio del cual solicitó al alcalde de La Unión: “copias debidamente certificadas de los expedientes, que resguarda el Departamento del Archivo Municipal relacionados con los trámites de aprobación del proyecto de desarrollo urbanístico denominado ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Presentado para aprobación institucional y desarrollado por las empresas HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, localizado en San Rafael, de la Unión de Tres Ríos, Dichos expedientes deberán contener lo siguiente: 1) Copias de la aprobación preliminar del proyecto por parte del Concejo Municipal de La Unión, junto con la documentación requerida de planos de catastro, planos del proyecto a desarrollar, certificaciones registrales y otros que sean necesarios para la aprobación PRELIMINAR, y el correspondiente acuerdo municipal de APROBACIÓN PRELIMINAR; 2) En relación al INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales, de la totalidad de los documentos Que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El visado de planos de urbanización, b) La aprobación institucional del cumplimiento de la Reglamentación de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) La correspondiente aprobación del proyecto de Fraccionamiento y/o Urbanización del INVU en caso de que para ese momento la Municipalidad de la Unión no contaba con Plan Regulador. 3) En relación al Ministerio de Salud solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El respectivo Permiso Sanitario de funcionamiento (según tipo de proyecto) b) El respectivo Aval de sistema de aguas residuales. c) La respectiva Aprobación Sanitaria para abastecimiento de agua. 4) En relación con la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El otorgamiento de la respectiva VIABILIDAD AMBIENTAL (LICENCIA AMBIENTAL), y el tipo que requiere sea D1 o D2, según la magnitud de proyecto. Requisito este esencial para que el proyecto haya podido avanzar. 5) En relación con el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al Expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) La emisión de la Disponibilidad de Agua; b) La aprobación de redes de ALCANTARILLADO, c) LA RECEPCIÓN DE INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDRÁULICA. 6) En relación con el COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). Solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El correspondiente VISADO de planos constructivos: -sin visado de CFIA no es el permiso municipal-; b) El correspondiente registro de responsabilidad profesional, c) El correspondiente Control Técnico estructural. 7) Finalmente, con relación a la Municipalidad de la Unión, y cumplidos los requisitos esenciales de uso DE SUELO, VIABILIDAD AMBIENTAL (SETENA), DISPONIBILIDAD DE AGUA (AYA). VISADO DE INVU (URBANIZACIÓN), VISADO DE CFIA y otros, solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El respectivo PERMISO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN, otorgado por esta Municipalidad de La Unión, para la construcción del desarrollo urbanístico denominado RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA.”. Reclama que, a la fecha de interposición de este recurso, la autoridad accionada no le ha brindado respuesta en torno a la solicitud de su interés. Estima que lo descrito conculca sus derechos fundamentales. Solicita que se declare con lugar el recurso. Solicita que se declare con lugar el recurso 2.- Por resolución de las 21:44 horas de 13 de abril de 2026 se dio curso al recurso y se requirió un informe al alcalde de La Unión, sobre los hechos acusados.

3.- Informa bajo juramento Maribell Álvarez Mora, mayor, en su condición de alcaldesa de La Unión, que mediante oficio MLU-DIDECU-ING-500-2026 de 22 de abril de 2026, suscrito por el Lic. José Mario Sanabria Gómez, Abogado de la Dirección de Desarrollo y Control Urbano, se infiere que:

“... Damos respuesta al recurso de Amparo presentado por el señor [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001] ante la falta de respuesta de la solicitud presentada por medio del correo electrónico [email protected]; le indicamos.

a. Sobre la solicitud del expediente del proyecto del desarrollo constructivo de la Urbanización Estancia Antigua:

Es oportuno indicar que los documentos existentes en el expediente de la Municipalidad de La Unión corresponden a los gestionados en el momento en que se presentó el trámite para adquirir la licencia de construcción municipal por el desarrollador del proyecto. El expediente del proyecto está conformado por cuatro tomos; el tomo 01 comprende del folio 001 al 09 el tomo dos comprende del folio 091 al 172; el tomo tres comprende del folio 173 al 219; el tomo cuatro comprende del folio 220 al 351; los cuatro tomos tienen un periodo de tiempo de 1992 a 2005.

Que al ser un expediente físico se aporta en la presente respuesta una copia escaneada del mismo; en el caso de que el señor [Nombre 001], solicite una copia certificada debe coordinar al correo [email protected], ya que un funcionario debe acompañarlo a gestionar las copias, costo que corre por cuenta del solicitante; o en su defecto solicita una copia escaneada del expediente.

Se aporta una copia del expediente relacionado con las denuncias y atenciones del problema de aguas negras en la Urbanización Estancia Antigua, ante la Municipalidad de La Unión, y de las gestiones municipales ante otras instituciones.

b. Pero como parte de la atención a las peticiones realizadas por el recurrente en el escrito inicial nos referimos.

b1. QUE PASO CON LA PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO EN ESTE RESIDENCIAL? AQUÍ TODO HUELE A CACA.

Es oportuno aclarar que la fecha de inicio del trámite del proyecto urbanístico Estancia Antigua fue en el año 1995, consistió en tres etapas, y los desarrolladores cumplieron con el proceso de tramitología que se requería en ese momento ante las diferentes instituciones vinculadas a otorgar los diferentes permisos para desarrollar la urbanización.

La empresa desarrolladora debió cumplir con estudios de suelos para determinar la capacidad de filtración de aguas; siendo que, a partir de los resultados de dichos estudios, se definen las áreas de los lotes, el área definida debe resolver a lo interno de cada lote la disposición de las aguas residuales, por medio de sistemas individuales de tratamiento o mejor conocidos como tanques sépticos, se puede consultar en el folio 0051 al 0055 del Tomo I del Expediente del Proyecto.

Que los cálculos de áreas mínimas de lotes responden tanto a los estudios de infiltración como a lo solicitado en la normativa vigente para ese momento Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones, y lineamientos del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), Instituto que emitió el oficio UR#592-1992, del 09 de junio de 1992, en el cual establece el área de los lotes para el desarrollo Urbanístico, visto al folio 0014 del Tomo I del Expediente del Proyecto.

Queda claro que la Urbanización Estancia Antigua, para el momento de la tramitología 1992 al 2003 aproximadamente, cumplió con lo requerido por la norma vigente para ese momento, ya los lotes fraccionados tenían como área mínima 200 m2 con 10 m de frente.

Dentro de la tramitología de desarrollos urbanísticos quien regula el tema de los requerimientos de aguas negras es el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, para ese momento no se requería, dentro de las obras de infraestructura, construir una planta de tratamiento de aguas negras, para el proyecto Estancia Antigua; como lo indica en el oficio 293, del 19 de junio de 1997, firmado por el encargado del departamento de Nuevos Servicios y Urbanizaciones. Pero como una medida provisoria se le indica al desarrollador del proyecto que el alcantarillado sanitario debe quedar previsto y construido, pero no en funcionamiento. Consultar el folio 0032 del Tomo I del Expediente del Proyecto.

Es importante mencionar que el proceso de construcción de las viviendas se ha dado por cuenta de cada propietario, mismo que ha debido cumplir con la tramitología correspondiente para el momento de realizar las obras; los propietarios deben cumplir con los lineamientos normativos de construcción en cuanto a áreas de cobertura y retiros, esto con el fin de garantizar el buen funcionamiento de los tanques sépticos y sus drenajes.

Dentro de los principios de control constructivo, la Municipalidad le solicita al propietario tramitar un certificado de uso de suelo, documento que emite las características mínimas que debe cumplir la construcción a realizar, siendo un requisito para cualquier trámite de permiso de construcción en el cantón de La Unión, con lo cual se garantiza que el propietario conozca que en la zona no existe un sistema de tratamiento de aguas negras.

b2. Sobre los problemas de aguas negras.

Como se indicó anteriormente, es obligación de cada propietario en el momento de gestionar los permisos de construcción, contar con un sistema de drenaje y tanque séptico, el cual se construye bajo la supervisión de un profesional en ingeniería o arquitectura; corresponde al Ministerio de Salud validar que dicho elemento constructivo se apegue a la normativa vigente.

Actualmente algunos vecinos de la urbanización Estancia Antigua en inobservancia a las normas constructivas señaladas, ejecutan a lo interno de la propiedad acciones contrarias a las solicitadas por las diferentes instituciones, como por ejemplo conectarse a la red sanitaria existente, o tienen problemas en los sistemas de drenaje generando filtraciones a terceros o hacia la vía pública.

El problema en la Urbanización Estancia Antigua fue presentado ante la Sala Constitucional con el Recurso de Amparo presentado el 16 de agosto de 2021, con el expediente 21- 015740-0007-CO; mismo que ha sido atendido por el Área Rectora de La Unión del Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y la Municipalidad de La Unión, buscando una solución al problema de los malos olores y a los problemas sanitarios.

Que las instituciones vinculadas han realizado visitas en conjunto buscando determinar los focos de filtraciones o conexiones no autorizadas; para luego generar las atenciones correspondientes desde el ámbito de acción de las instituciones vinculadas, entre ellos tapar las tuberías de la red sanitaria para evitar que las aguas circulen por la red en desuso; algunas de las acciones que se materializan con oficios del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados a la vista en los folios 003, 004, 010, del Expediente Carpeta Proceso Coordinación Salud AyA.

El Ministerio de Salud ha realizado procedimientos sanitarios, de verificación de vertidos o filtraciones, incluso órdenes sanitarias a los propietarios de los bienes inmuebles de donde surge el problema y la presentación de denuncias a nivel judicial por obstaculizar la elaboración de pruebas negando el ingreso a las viviendas privadas para constar posibles afectaciones; como se evidencia en el expediente 21-015740-0007-CO, de la Sala Constitucional en la Resolución Res. Nº 2021026533 del veintiséis de noviembre de dos mil veintiuno a las nueve horas quince minutos; la Resolución Res. Nº 2022018363 del nueve de agosto de dos mil veintidós, de las nueve horas y cinco minutos. Constan en los folios 018 y 034 respectivamente del Expediente Carpeta Proceso Coordinación Salud AyA.

Como se muestra en los expedientes aportados, el accionar de la Municipalidad ha sido apegado a derecho, y no ha omitido trámites para con los desarrolladores del proyecto Urbanístico Estancia Antigua entre los años 1992 y 2005; y que la normativa vigente en ese momento permitía que el tratamiento de aguas negras se generara de manera individualizada por medio de tanques sépticos y drenajes.

La Municipalidad de La Unión no ha sido omisa al proceso al contrario ha brindado a las instituciones vinculadas con el problema acompañamiento y colaboración en las gestiones que estas emprenden para controlar los problemas que se generan a lo interno de la Urbanización Estancia Antigua, y se mantendrá realizando las gestiones debidas hasta lograr encontrar la solución oportuna al problema recurrido.

Es necesario aclarar que la solicitud del recurrente de construir una planta de tratamiento para eliminar el problema, aun cuando es válida, es una acción que le corresponde analizar a la institución encargada de brindar el servicio de agua potable en la Urbanización Estancia Antigua, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, elemento que ha señalado en diferentes momentos la Municipalidad de La Unión.

Por lo anterior.

1. Adjuntamos el expediente del trámite de permisos de construcción del proyecto urbanístico Urbanización Estancia Antigua, tramitado y desarrollado entre los años 1992 y 2005.

2. Rechazamos la exigencia de que la Municipalidad de La Unión deba construir una planta de tratamiento dentro del proyecto urbanístico Estancia Antigua.

3. Mantendremos las gestiones de control urbano definidas a nivel normativo a la Municipalidad de La Unión en cuanto al control de las construcciones en el cantón de La Unión y específicamente en la Urbanización Estancia Antigua.

4. Mantendremos la apertura de coordinación y acompañamiento con las demás instituciones públicas vinculadas al problema que nos aqueja, Acueductos y Alcantarillados como instancia que brinda el servicio de agua potable y al Ministerio de Salud como ente rector en la materia de saneamiento ambiental.” En cuanto al medio señalado: [email protected], esa dirección no es el medio oficial para tramitar gestiones municipales, el medio es la página web: launion.go.cr en la opción del menú trámites la unión digital.

4.- En los procedimientos seguidos se han observado las prescripciones legales.

Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,

CONSIDERANDO:

I.- OBJETO DEL RECURSO. El recurrente acota que a finales del mes de febrero de 2026, formuló una solicitud ante el ente local recurrido, a través de la cuenta de correo electrónico [email protected], a fin de que se le suministrara información de interés público relacionada con los trámites de aprobación del proyecto de desarrollo urbanístico denominado Estancia Antigua; sin embargo, vencido el término con que contaba el recurrido, continúa sin recibir lo pedido. Afirma que ese proceder es contrario a sus derechos fundamentales.

II.- HECHOS PROBADOS. De relevancia para la decisión del presente amparo se tienen por demostrados los siguientes: 1) Mediante correo electrónico de 27 de febrero de 2026, el recurrente, formuló una solicitud ante el ente local recurrido, a través de la cuenta de correo electrónico a [email protected], a efectos de que se le suministraran: “copias debidamente certificadas de los expedientes, que resguarda el Departamento del Archivo Municipal relacionados con los trámites de aprobación del proyecto de desarrollo urbanístico denominado ESTANCIA ANTIGUA, Presentado para aprobación institucional y desarrollado por las empresas HOGARES DE COSTA RICA - CONSTRUCTORA SIGLO 21, localizado en San Rafael, de la Unión de Tres Ríos, Dichos expedientes deberán contener lo siguiente: 1) Copias de la aprobación preliminar del proyecto por parte del Concejo Municipal de La Unión, junto con la documentación requerida de planos de catastro, planos del proyecto a desarrollar, certificaciones registrales y otros que sean necesarios para la aprobación PRELIMINAR, y el correspondiente acuerdo municipal de APROBACIÓN PRELIMINAR; 2) En relación al INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales, de la totalidad de los documentos Que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El visado de planos de urbanización, b) La aprobación institucional del cumplimiento de la Reglamentación de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones; c) La correspondiente aprobación del proyecto de Fraccionamiento y/o Urbanización del INVU en caso de que para ese momento la Municipalidad de la Unión no contaba con Plan Regulador. 3) En relación al Ministerio de Salud solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El respectivo Permiso Sanitario de funcionamiento (según tipo de proyecto) b) El respectivo Aval de sistema de aguas residuales. c) La respectiva Aprobación Sanitaria para abastecimiento de agua. 4) En relación con la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El otorgamiento de la respectiva VIABILIDAD AMBIENTAL (LICENCIA AMBIENTAL), y el tipo que requiere sea D1 o D2, según la magnitud de proyecto. Requisito este esencial para que el proyecto haya podido avanzar. 5) En relación con el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA), solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al Expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) La emisión de la Disponibilidad de Agua; b) La aprobación de redes de ALCANTARILLADO, c) LA RECEPCIÓN DE INFRAESTRUCTURA HIDRÁULICA. 6) En relación con el COLEGIO FEDERADO DE INGENIEROS Y DE ARQUITECTOS (CFIA). Solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El correspondiente VISADO de planos constructivos: -sin visado de CFIA no es el permiso municipal-; b) El correspondiente registro de responsabilidad profesional, c) El correspondiente Control Técnico estructural. 7) Finalmente, con relación a la Municipalidad de la Unión, y cumplidos los requisitos esenciales de uso DE SUELO, VIABILIDAD AMBIENTAL (SETENA), DISPONIBILIDAD DE AGUA (AYA). VISADO DE INVU (URBANIZACIÓN), VISADO DE CFIA y otros, solicito se me entreguen copias exactas, fieles de los originales de la totalidad de los documentos que se encuentren agregados al expediente de este proyecto urbanístico: a) El respectivo PERMISO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN, otorgado por esta Municipalidad de La Unión, para la construcción del desarrollo urbanístico denominado RESIDENCIAL ESTANCIA ANTIGUA.” (copia adjunta al libelo de interposición). 2) La cuenta de correo electrónico a [email protected], no está prevista como mecanismo oficial de comunicación de la Municipalidad de La Unión (informe rendido bajo juramento).

III.- CASO CONCRETO. Se comprobó que la solicitud cuya desatención reclama la parte recurrente no se canalizó a través de los canales establecidos por la institución recurrida para tal efecto, lo cual, en consecuencia, no obliga al ente recurrido a atenderla (véase en este sentido, entre otras, la Sentencia No. 2012-191 de las 15:50 horas de 11 de enero de 2012). Así las cosas, descarta la Sala que exista el agravio reclamado. Bajo esta inteligencia, se impone desestimar el recurso, como en efecto se dispone.

IV.- DOCUMENTACIÓN APORTADA AL EXPEDIENTE. Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión número 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero de2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión número 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.

POR TANTO:

Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.

Fernando Castillo V.

Fernando Cruz C.

Paul Rueda L.

Luis Fdo. Salazar A.

Jorge Araya G.

Anamari Garro V.

Ingrid Hess H.

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