← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 12204-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 10/04/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered the Turrialba Health Governing Area to decide and notify the noise pollution complaint within one month, denied the claim against the Municipality, and held the State liable for costs and damages.La Sala ordenó al Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba resolver y notificar en un mes la denuncia por contaminación sónica, rechazó el amparo contra la Municipalidad y condenó al Estado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber partially granted the amparo against the Ministry of Health because of the prolonged delay in issuing a final decision on a health complaint filed in June 2023 against a gym whose activities generated noise and vibrations. Although the Turrialba Health Governing Area conducted inspections and sound measurements and issued several health orders, those orders were either annulled following administrative appeals or were not shown to have been effectively enforced. The Chamber held that the failure to conclude the proceeding and implement the agency’s own decisions violated the complainant’s right to effective administrative protection and left him in a state of uncertainty incompatible with the protection of health and a healthy environment. It ordered the Ministry to decide and notify the complaint within one month and ordered the State to pay costs and damages. The claim against the Municipality was denied because it had verified the business license, zoning authorization, and health permit within its authority. Determining which noise regulation applied was left to ordinary legality proceedings.La Sala Constitucional declaró parcialmente con lugar el amparo contra el Ministerio de Salud por la demora prolongada en resolver definitivamente una denuncia sanitaria presentada en junio de 2023 contra un gimnasio cuyas actividades producían ruido y vibraciones. Aunque el Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba efectuó inspecciones, mediciones sónicas y emitió varias órdenes sanitarias, estas fueron anuladas tras recursos administrativos o no se acreditó su ejecución efectiva. La Sala consideró que esa falta de conclusión y materialización de las decisiones administrativas lesionó la tutela administrativa efectiva y mantuvo al denunciante en una incertidumbre incompatible con la protección de la salud y del ambiente sano. Ordenó resolver y notificar la denuncia en un mes y condenó al Estado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios. Rechazó el recurso contra la Municipalidad porque esta verificó la patente, el uso de suelo y el permiso sanitario dentro de sus competencias. También remitió a la legalidad ordinaria la determinación del reglamento aplicable.
Key excerptExtracto clave
This situation reveals an infringement of the appellant’s fundamental right to effective administrative protection, insofar as the respondent authority has failed to conclude the proceeding or give effect to its own decisions, unreasonably prolonging the reported situation and keeping the appellant in a state of uncertainty incompatible with the duty to protect health and a healthy environment. Therefore, the amparo must be granted exclusively against the Turrialba Health Governing Area, which must be ordered to issue a final decision on the complaint and, within the scope of its authority, adopt the measures necessary to ensure effective compliance with what has been ordered.Esta situación revela una afectación al derecho fundamental del recurrente a una tutela administrativa efectiva, en tanto la autoridad recurrida no ha logrado concluir el procedimiento ni materializar sus propias decisiones, prolongando de forma irrazonable la situación denunciada y manteniendo al accionante en un estado de incertidumbre incompatible con el deber de protección de la salud y del ambiente sano. Por ello, el recurso de amparo debe declararse con lugar exclusivamente en contra del Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba, ordenándosele resolver de manera definitiva la denuncia planteada y adoptar, dentro de sus competencias, las medidas necesarias para asegurar el efectivo cumplimiento de lo ordenado.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En consecuencia, no se acredita omisión, inactividad ni actuación arbitraria imputable a la Municipalidad de Turrialba, pues esta actuó conforme al principio de legalidad y dentro de su esfera competencial, razón por la cual el recurso de amparo debe declararse sin lugar respecto de dicha autoridad recurrida."
"Consequently, no omission, inactivity, or arbitrary conduct attributable to the Municipality of Turrialba has been established, since it acted in accordance with the principle of legality and within its sphere of authority; therefore, the amparo must be denied as to that respondent authority."
Considerando V
"En consecuencia, no se acredita omisión, inactividad ni actuación arbitraria imputable a la Municipalidad de Turrialba, pues esta actuó conforme al principio de legalidad y dentro de su esfera competencial, razón por la cual el recurso de amparo debe declararse sin lugar respecto de dicha autoridad recurrida."
Considerando V
"La función de esta jurisdicción constitucional se circunscribe a verificar la eventual lesión de derechos fundamentales, sin sustituir a la autoridad administrativa en la definición del marco reglamentario aplicable ni en la apreciación técnica de su contenido."
"The function of this constitutional jurisdiction is limited to determining whether fundamental rights have been infringed, without replacing the administrative authority in defining the applicable regulatory framework or technically assessing its content."
Considerando VII
"La función de esta jurisdicción constitucional se circunscribe a verificar la eventual lesión de derechos fundamentales, sin sustituir a la autoridad administrativa en la definición del marco reglamentario aplicable ni en la apreciación técnica de su contenido."
Considerando VII
"No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente presentó una denuncia ambiental por contaminación sónica que no ha sido resuelta en forma definitiva, con violación del derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado y de un nivel digno de calidad de vida."
"Nevertheless, I do address the merits when other rights of persons affected by the source of pollution are at stake, including health, quality of life, and the right to enjoy a healthy and pollution-free environment under Article 50 of the Constitution, as in this case, where the appellant filed an environmental complaint concerning noise pollution that has not received a final decision, violating the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and a dignified quality of life."
Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado
"No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente presentó una denuncia ambiental por contaminación sónica que no ha sido resuelta en forma definitiva, con violación del derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado y de un nivel digno de calidad de vida."
Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente contra el Ministerio de Salud."
"The appeal is partially granted, solely against the Ministry of Health."
Por tanto
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente contra el Ministerio de Salud."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine twenty in the morning on diez de abril de dos mil veintiseis.
Amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) filed by [Nombre 001], identity card no. [Valor 001], against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE TURRIALBA AND MINISTERIO DE SALUD.
Background:
The Área Rectora de la Salud de Turrialba is instructed to analyze this case, conduct an on-site inspection, perform the technical sound-level measurement assessment (experticia técnica de sonometría), and, if necessary, issue a new administrative act (acto administrativo) that must be clear and precise and address all questions of fact and law arising from the matter; accordingly, it must be duly substantiated and supported by evidence …EIGHTH In response to the preceding decision, Engineer Sofía Sánchez, of the Proceso de Regulación de la Salud, issued report MS-DRRSCE-DARST-0836-2024 …TENTH On 08 de julio de 2024, Mr. Osvaldo Acuña Angulo was notified through official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-0874-2024 that, in response to the motion for reconsideration (recurso de revocatoria) filed and pursuant to decision MS-DRRSCE-0577-2024, health order (orden sanitaria) N° 0067-2024 was set aside.
He was also served with health order N° 0122-2024 and technical report MS-DRRSCE-DARST-IT-0409-2024, documents incorporating the recommendations provided for properly addressing the situation. Subsequently, on 15 de julio de 2024, a Motion for Reconsideration with a Subsidiary Appeal (Recurso de Revocatoria con Apelación en subsidio) filed against health order N° 0122-2024 was received at the single-window customer service desk. That motion was forwarded to the Regional Level by email on 17 de julio de 2024 through official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-0928-2024. ELEVENTH On 24 de julio de 2024, a document signed by Mr. [Nombre 001], a signatory to complaint number 0099-2023, was received at the single-window customer service desk. The document states verbatim: “(…) Through this letter, I, [Nombre 001], identification card [Valor 001], respectfully address you to file the following Motion for Reconsideration of the Health Operating Permit granted by the Ministerio de Salud to Gimnasio Grit Box, operating permit N° 0333-2022.
Executive decree N°30571-S of 25 de junio de 200, published in La Gaceta N°138 of julio del 2002, issued the Reglamento General de Habilitación de Establecimiento de Salud y Afines; therefore, it decrees: Article 1° The Manual de Normas para la Habilitación de Centros de Acondicionamiento Físico is hereby made official and shall be mandatory for establishments. Article 2°. The Ministerio de Salud shall ensure the proper application of this Manual de Normas. Section 4.6.2, Physical-Plant Specifications, of the Manual de Normas para la Habilitación de Centros de Acondicionamiento Físico identifies, among other minimum requirements that these establishments must meet, the following: 4.6.2.4 The floor must be made of wood or a similar material, with an impact-absorption system and deflection of at least 1 cm. 4.6.2.4(sic)The walls and ceiling must be acoustically insulated. These two requirements concern the noise containment that these facilities must have before receiving a Health Operating Permit; however, the inspection conducted by Mr.
Luis Fernando Gómez of the Ministerio de Salud on 21 de julio del 2022 states verbatim: They further clarify that the premises do not have noise containment, and therefore no sound equipment may be used, and he proceeds to confirm under oath that the declared requirements have been met. We do not understand how, when this was the inspection record prepared for the issuance of the Health Operating Permit—and when the statement that the premises lack noise containment is so clear—it could be stated that everything was in order and the operating permit then issued to them. We believe this is entirely unlawful and, for the past three years, has also jeopardized the peace of our home and our health. The absence of those elements, which are essential for noise containment, has once again been demonstrated by the various visits conducted by Ministerio de Salud personnel in response to the complaint we filed against the gym in question, and several of their reports state that the premises still lack those noise-containment elements (…)”. …TWELFTH Subsequently, on 26 de julio de 2024, decision MS-DRRSCE-0714-2024 was received regarding the motion for reconsideration filed by Mr.
Osvaldo Acuña Angulo against health order 0122-2024, which rules verbatim as follows: “… Por tanto: THE REGIONAL DIRECTOR OF THE REGION CENTRAL ESTE RULES: Based on Article 60 of the Ley Orgánica del Ministerio de Salud and on the grounds of fact and law set forth above, the motion for reconsideration filed by Mr. Osvaldo Acuña Angulo against Health Order Number 0122-2024 IS GRANTED. The Área Rectora de la Salud de Turrialba is instructed to conduct an on-site inspection, perform the technical sound-level measurement assessment and, if necessary, issue a new administrative act that must be clear and precise and address all questions of fact and law arising from the matter; accordingly, it must be duly substantiated and supported by evidence and comply fully with Ley General de la Administración Pública N O 6227, the following and concordant provisions, as well as all other related regulations applicable to this case…” On 22 de agosto de 2024, official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1092-2024 was served on the legal representative of Gimnasio Grit Box, and official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1093-2024 was served on Mr. [Nombre 001].
They contain the following information: ➢ Official Letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1092-2024 Subject: Response to letter dated 24 de julio de 2024 Cordial greetings Regarding the document submitted to this Área Rectora, a legal opinion was requested; accordingly, we respectfully inform you of the following: Following an exhaustive review, it has been determined that the challenge (recurso de impugnación) is inadmissible on the terms presented. This is because you are not the holder of the Health Operating Permit for Gimnasio GRIT BOX and, as such, lack standing (legitimidad) to file that challenge. ➢ Official Letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1093-2024 Subject: Response to complaint 099-2023 Cordial greetings Regarding the follow-up to the complaint you filed, assigned sequential number N°099-2023, we respectfully inform you of the following: Following the actions previously communicated through official letter MS-DRRSCEDARST-0683-2024, the representative of Gimnasio GRIT BOX filed a motion for reconsideration.
This motion was granted by the Regional Level of the Ministerio de Salud, resulting in the annulment of the health order previously issued against that gym. Consequently, this Área Rectora is required to conduct the relevant sound measurements again to determine compliance with the regulations in force. To coordinate these measurements and ensure that conclusive results are obtained, we kindly request that you specify the days and times when you believe these visits could be conducted effectively…” THIRTEENTH On 23 de agosto de 2024, a document from Mr. [Nombre 001] was received at the single-window service desk in which he refers to the actions taken by this Área Rectora and states his observations as follows: “…Reference MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1092-2024, Response to letter of 24-07-2024 Through the official letter identified in the reference, I received a response to my request for Reconsideration of Operating Permit N°0333-2022 granted to Gimnasio Grit Box, based on the failure to observe the matters identified in my request.
My petition is made in my capacity as a third party affected by the granting of the Permit and, by virtue thereof, I possess the corresponding standing. In my modest view, the referenced official letter resolves the matter—without any grounds whatsoever—as though the undersigned regulated party (administrado) had participated in the administrative proceeding (proceso administrativo) for the review and granting of the permit. Strictly speaking, the purpose of my petition is for the Ministerio, in light of the points identified in my submission, to open a review proceeding concerning whether the requirements for granting the Permit were met and, given the failure to observe the minimum requirements imposed by the Manual de Normas para la Habilitación de Centros de Acondicionamiento Físico, to declare the award process unlawful because of the defects identified and, consequently, to revoke the permit granted. —That, and no other, was the purpose of my petition. —In light of the official letter addressed to the undersigned and identified in the reference, I request that I be provided with a photocopy of the legal inquiry and the legal opinion issued that serves as the basis for the decision—as stated in the official letter—because the letter entirely fails to provide the corresponding grounds, so that the undersigned may have a complete understanding of the decision…” FOURTEENTH Taking into account the entire situation presented in connection with this complaint, on 26 de agosto de 2024 official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1095-2024 was served by email on Mr.
Carlos Hidalgo Flores, Mayor of the Municipalidad de Turrialba. …SIXTEENTH On 05 de setiembre de 2024, a visit was conducted at Gimnasio Grit Box to administer the General Inspection Form. The visit was conducted by Engineer Sofía Sánchez, who issued report MS-DRRSCE-DARST-IT-0577-2024 …Taking into account the observations made during the visit, health order 0160-2024 was issued to Mr. Osvaldo Acuña on 13 de setiembre de 2024, instructing him as follows: “…THROUGH THIS ADMINISTRATIVE ACT, THE HEALTH AUTHORITY ORDERS YOU TO PROCEED AS INDICATED BELOW: SOLE ITEM: Comply with the following GENERAL PROVISIONS AND LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS. 1. Prepare and implement the Emergency Plan in accordance with Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39502 - MP of 10 de noviembre de 2015, "Normas de Planes de Preparativos y Respuesta ante Emergencias para Centros Laborales o de Ocupación Pública." This plan must be updated every two years or whenever risk conditions have changed, and it must be appropriate to the characteristics of the establishment and the activity conducted there.
Under the regulations in force, this document must be implemented no later than 4 months after the day following the initial granting of the PSF. These documents must be available at the operating site so that they may be provided to the corresponding authorities when they conduct inspections to verify implementation. 2. All permit holders must prepare, implement, and keep current a Comprehensive Waste Management Program (Programa de Manejo Integral de Residuos) for waste generated by their activities, in accordance with Articles 23 and 24 and Anexo II of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 37567-S-MINAET-H of 2 de noviembre del 2012, "Reglamento General a la Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos." In addition to the requirements established in Anexo II of that Reglamento, generators’ programs must include the following: a. Identify the person or persons responsible for waste-related matters on behalf of the generating entity, as well as other internal and external actors involved. b. Identify any hazardous and special-management waste that may be generated.
Generators must manage such waste in accordance with the regulations established for that purpose and as part of this program. c. Identify the authorized waste managers or the destination of separated waste. 3. Provide signage for the evacuation route and emergency exit, with a green background and white lettering. 4. The floors and walls in restroom areas must be made of smooth, nonporous, impermeable, and washable material and must also be maintained in adequate hygienic and sanitary condition. 5.
Provide disposable towels or hand dryers at washbasins. 6. Have a documented plan for controlling insects, rodents, or other pests. 7. Reserved parking spaces. Every public and private parking facility serving the public that provides spaces for parking motor vehicles shall have spaces designated for vehicles driven by persons with disabilities or transporting them. The foregoing shall be in accordance with the table set forth in Article 154 of the Regulations to the Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities Law N°26831. These reserved parking spaces shall be located at the main entrances of establishments serving the public and shall be duly identified with the international symbol of access referred to in Article 105 of these Regulations. Characteristics of reserved parking spaces. Reserved parking spaces must comply with the following technical accessibility requirements: -Width of 3.30 m. and length of 5.00 m. (minimum). -Surfaces constructed with slip-resistant materials. -A ramp or curb allowing access to the sidewalk leading to the main entrance. 8.
Display no-smoking signs in accordance with Ley 9028 and its regulations. No-smoking notices shall be posted at all main and secondary entrances and in common areas such as restrooms, dining areas, and covered parking areas. SEVENTEENTH The report MS-DRRSCE-URS-0198-2024 was received by email in response to our request for technical support. This report was issued by Eng. Francisco Alfaro Chavarría, who visited the establishment on 20 de junio de 2024. The report reaches the following conclusions: Conclusions. -The building was constructed a few years ago and has structural elements in good condition. No significant instances of noncompliance were identified in connection with its materials and construction; the electrical and mechanical systems were in good condition. -Regarding the specific inquiry that prompted the request for the visit, it is noted that the entire subfloor slab was poured in concrete and therefore consists of quality material and is deemed adequate from a structural standpoint. -From another perspective, and in relation to the effect of noise that may be generated from the floor due to the nature of the activities at a fitness center, an instance of noncompliance was identified along one of the adjoining sides, where no cushioning material or covering had been installed over the surface of a certain area of the floor.
This may increase the noise emanating from these areas, depending on the activity performed. -Areas were identified where dumbbells and exercise and weightlifting machines are placed, and the subfloor in those areas had no insulating or cushioning surface, potentially creating sources of greater noise during use. -Regarding the control of sound waves, observations were made concerning openings from the interior to the exterior (the front entrance area and the open area between roof structures). -The music speaker did not remain in a fixed location; this amplifier could create sources of sound-wave emissions from anywhere in the gym. Recommendations. Área Rectora de Salud Turrialba. -Regarding the specific inquiry concerning the condition of the floor, which prompted this inspection, it is recommended that the regulated party be required to install surfaces that cushion and minimize sound effects throughout all areas where activities inherent to the nature of the establishment are conducted.
It is clarified that this does not encompass all matters that must be addressed in a noise-containment plan (Plan de confinamiento de ruido). This requirement must be justified by the noncompliance reflected in the results of the sound-level measurements under the tolerances permitted by the Regulations and must supplement the other corrective measures specified in the noise-containment plan prepared by the qualified professional. -Pursuant to the Reglamento para el Control de la Contaminación por Ruido N°39428-S, and according to the permit granted by the local government for the requested commercial activity, if the establishment fails to comply with the restrictions based on the results of the sound-level measurements performed, a noise-containment plan prepared by a qualified professional must be submitted. That professional shall specify the physical and structural requirements for the building to minimize noise impacts and comply with the limits established by the applicable regulations.
Taking into account report MS-DRRSCE-URS-0198-2024, Health Order (Orden Sanitaria) 0208-2024, dated 07 de noviembre de 2024, was issued to Mr. Osvaldo Acuña, stating as follows: ¨… CONTENT. Based on report MS-DRRSCE-URS-0198-2024 dated 28 de junio de 2024 (attached), signed by Eng. Francisco Alfaro Chavarría, an official of the Unidad de Rectoría de la Salud Central Este, which reaches the following conclusions: -The building was constructed a few years ago and has structural elements in good condition. No significant instances of noncompliance were identified in connection with its materials and construction; the electrical and mechanical systems were in good condition. -Regarding the specific inquiry that prompted the request for the visit, it is noted that the entire subfloor slab was poured in concrete and therefore consists of quality material and is deemed adequate from a structural standpoint. -From another perspective, and in relation to the effect of noise that may be generated from the floor due to the nature of the activities at a fitness center, an instance of noncompliance was identified along one of the adjoining sides, where no cushioning material or covering had been installed over the surface of a certain area of the floor.
This may increase the noise emanating from these areas, depending on the activity performed. -Areas were identified where dumbbells and exercise and weightlifting machines are placed, and the subfloor in those areas had no insulating or cushioning surface, potentially creating sources of greater noise during use. -Regarding the control of sound waves, observations were made concerning openings from the interior to the exterior (the front entrance area and the open area between roof structures). -The music speaker did not remain in a fixed location; this amplifier could create sources of sound-wave emissions from anywhere in the gym. Because the Ministerio de Salud is the Governing Authority responsible for safeguarding public health, and because this is a matter of public interest, the irregularities must be remedied in accordance with the applicable standards and procedures within the period indicated above.
THROUGH THIS ADMINISTRATIVE ACT, THE HEALTH AUTHORITY ORDERS YOU TO PROCEED AS INDICATED BELOW: Sole point: Install surfaces that cushion and minimize sound effects throughout all areas where activities inherent to the nature of the establishment are conducted. …NINETEENTH On 16 de enero de 2025, a visit was conducted to verify compliance with Health Order 0208-2024. This visit was conducted by Eng. Sofía Sánchez Calderón of the Proceso de Regulación de la Salud. As a result of that inspection, report MS-DRRSCE-DARST-IT-0114-2025 was issued, concluding that all the requirements set forth in Health Order 0208-2024 had been fully satisfied. …TWENTY-FOURTH Mr. Osvaldo Acuña, legal representative of Gimnasio Grit Box, was notified through official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-0632-2025, which describes the visit conducted on 12 de marzo de 2025. The purpose of that inspection was to verify compliance with Health Order N° 0160-2024.
As a result, it was concluded that the requirements set forth in the corresponding administrative act had indeed been met. This visit was documented in technical report MS-DRRSCE-DARST-IT-0449-2025 …TWENTY-SIXTH As part of the follow-up to the complaint filed, and after arranging to borrow a sound-level meter because the Área Rectora’s own equipment did not have a current calibration, a sound-level measurement at Gimnasio Grit Box was scheduled for 27 de mayo de 2025. The result of that measurement is recorded in technical report MS-DRRSCEDARST-IT-0666-2025, which states verbatim: I. ¨… CONCLUSIONS. Slow-response noise (continuous noise): According to the measurement performed, the recorded continuous environmental noise level was 69,4 dB(A), which is within the permitted limit of 70 dB(A) for mixed-use zones during daytime hours. Regarding the environmental-noise adjustment, the regulations provide that when the environmental noise in the area exceeds the maximum permissible limits (70,9), the maximum permissible limit for the generating source shall be the measured environmental noise plus 3 dB(A), at the affected person’s residence; the measurement was within the specified limit.
Impulsive noise: The impact noise exceeds the permitted limit of 70 dB(A) for a mixed-use zone during nighttime hours because the +5 dB(A) penalty raises the level to 74,4 dB(A), which constitutes noncompliance. It is important to consider that, because the continuous noise is at the limit, any increase in the volume of the music amplification equipment could cause the maximum permitted levels to be exceeded. In addition, the complainants indicate that the equipment’s volume varies throughout the day, suggesting that noise levels may fluctuate, especially when the volume is higher, which could contribute to exceeding the established limits. II. RECOMMENDATIONS. Because the sound-level meter report does not include a post-calibration record, it is recommended that the sound-level measurement be repeated on the date and at the time indicated by the complainant. Although the impact-noise level exceeds the maximum permissible limits, omission of the post-calibration from the report could invalidate the measurement, which would affect the validity of administrative acts based on those results…
Mr. [Name 001] was informed of this through official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARST-0976-2025, which provided him with a detailed account of the results of the sound-level measurement performed at his residence on 27 de mayo de 2025 as part of the follow-up to complaint number 0099-2023 concerning noise emissions from Gimnasio GRIT BOX. That letter explained that continuous-noise levels recorded during the measurement were within the limits permitted for mixed-use zones during daytime hours, but that the impact noise exceeded the established limit after application of the corresponding regulatory penalty: ¨…In response to complaint number 0099-2023, which you filed with this Área Rectora de Salud concerning noise emissions from Gimnasio GRIT BOX, you are hereby informed that a sound-level measurement was conducted at your residence on 27 de mayo de 2025, in accordance with the Reglamento para el Control del Ruido Ambiental, Decreto N.º 44486-S.
During this visit, both continuous-noise and impact-noise measurements were performed under appropriate conditions using calibrated equipment operated by technical personnel from the Ministerio de Salud. The results obtained were as follows: • For continuous noise, a value of 69,4 dB(A) was recorded, which is within the permitted limit for mixed-use zones during daytime hours.
• In the case of impact noise (ruido de impacto), the measured value was 69,4 dB(A), and after applying the regulatory penalty (penalización reglamentaria) of +5 dB(A), the corrected result amounts to 74,4 dB(A), exceeding the limit of 70 dB(A) established for this type of zone during the same hours. Nevertheless, it is important to clarify that the final report from the sound level meter (sonómetro) used did not automatically record the equipment’s post-calibration (post-calibración), which is an essential technical requirement for formally validating a measurement. This post-calibration verifies that the equipment maintained its accuracy throughout the measurement process. This technical defect (vicio técnico) was not apparent while the measurement was being taken and became evident only later, upon review of the report downloaded from the equipment; therefore, it was not possible to correct it at the time.
Consequently, and in order to safeguard the technical and legal validity of the proceeding, this situation prevents an administrative act (acto administrativo) from being supported by the results obtained, even though the measurement was conducted with the utmost rigor. For this reason, we hereby inform you that a new sound measurement (medición sónica) will be conducted and coordinated directly with you, at the place and time you specify, to ensure transparency, accuracy, and compliance with all regulatory requirements. We sincerely appreciate your cooperation and understanding throughout this process and reiterate the commitment of this Área Rectora de Salud to handling each case responsibly, objectively, and respectfully…¨ Likewise, you are hereby informed that this Área Rectora remains awaiting the availability of duly calibrated equipment so that the corresponding sound measurements may be conducted again, in order to ensure the technical and legal validity of the process and continue providing the complainant (denunciante) with responsible and transparent assistance (…)”.
9. The legal requirements have been observed in the proceedings conducted.
Justice Araya García is the reporting judge; and,
Considerations:
I.Preliminary matter. Before analyzing the merits of the allegation—concerning the alleged violation of the right to prompt and proper proceedings (procedimiento pronto y cumplido)—it must be clarified that, since Judgment No. 2008-02545 issued at 8:55 hrs. on 22 de febrero de 2008, this Chamber has referred to the administrative litigation jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso administrativa)—with some exceptions—those matters in which the issue is whether the public administration has complied with the time limits established by the Ley General de la Administración Pública (Articles 261 and 325) or by sector-specific laws governing special administrative proceedings, either to conclude an administrative proceeding—initiated ex officio or at the request of a party—through a final administrative act or to hear the applicable administrative appeals. Specifically, the sub lite matter presents an exception, because it concerns a complaint filed by the claimant alleging that the respondent authorities have failed to process an environmental complaint concerning noise pollution (contaminación sónica).
II.Subject matter of the petition. The petitioner alleges that the “Grit Box” premises lack insulation to soundproof the space. He maintains that he filed a complaint with the respondent authorities, but no solution has been provided.
Regarding the Municipalidad de Turrialba b) The business Gimnasio Grit Box is registered with the Municipalidad de Turrialba under a commercial license (patente comercial) in the name of Mr. Osvaldo Acuña Angulo, approved on 5 de agosto de 2022 (see evidence submitted in the case file).
Regarding the Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba g) The Grit Box gym holds health operating permit no. 0333-2022, granted for the operation of a physical fitness center, valid through 21 de julio de 2027 (see evidence submitted in the case file).
The impact noise (ruido de impacto) produced by the emitting source inside the residence was 55,6dB(A), which is within the sound-level limits in decibels (dBA) established by the regulations in force for the daytime period from 06:00 to 20:00 hours (…)”. The results were served on the claimant on 14 de setiembre de 2023 through official letter no. MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1079-2023 (see evidence submitted in the case file).
Impulse noise: The Reglamento para el Control de la Contaminación por Ruido, Decree Nº39428-S, Article N°14, Table N°1, establishes a limit of 65 dB(A) for a residential receiving area (daytime); the ambient noise in the area measured with the sound level meter was 46,7 dB(A), and because it did not exceed the maximum permissible limit, no ambient-noise adjustment was necessary. The impact noise produced by the emitting source inside the residence was 51,7 dB(A), which is within the sound-level limits in decibels (dBA) established by the regulations in force for the daytime period from 06:00 hours to 20:00 hours (…)”. An additional sound-level measurement was rescheduled at the complainant’s request; he asked that it be conducted on a Friday after 18:00 hours (see evidence submitted in the case file).
The impact noise produced by the emitting source inside the residence was 55,9 dB(A) during assessment N°1 and 55,8 dB(A) during assessment N°2, which is within the sound-level limits in decibels (dBA) established by the regulations in force for the daytime period from 06:00 hours to 20:00 hours. Continuous noise: The Reglamento para el Control de la Contaminación por Ruido, Decree Nº39428-S, Article N°14, Table N°1, establishes a limit of 65 dB(A) during the day and 45 dB(A) at night for a residential receiving area; the ambient noise in the area measured with the sound level meter was 42,4 dB(A), and because it did not exceed the maximum permissible limit, no ambient-noise adjustment was necessary. The continuous noise produced by the emitting source inside the residence was 56,6 dB(A) during assessment N°3, which is within the sound-level limits in decibels (dBA) established by the regulations in force for the daytime period from 06:00 hours to 20:00 hours.
However, during assessment N°4, the continuous noise produced by the emitting source inside the residence was 54,7 dB(A), establishing a VIOLATION of the regulations because it falls outside the sound-level limits in decibels (dBA) established by the regulations in force for the nighttime period from 20:00 hours to 06:00 hours, since that measurement was taken between 20:00:26 hours and 20:05:27 hours. Given that the exercises performed in this type of establishment involve equipment being repeatedly dropped, the measurement results may vary over time due to factors such as the type of exercises performed, the number of users attending classes, the weight used, the sound system’s volume level, and structural conditions. Accordingly, it is clear under the regulations in force that the physical premises used for this type of group training must have acoustically insulated walls and ceilings.
Regarding vibrations, although they were perceived during the inspection, there are no published regulations governing such movements from commercial establishments into surrounding areas, which makes fieldwork difficult because any assessments we make as inspectors may be highly subjective. Nevertheless, it is important to assess the current condition of the floor of the physical structure and whether it absorbs the impact generated during the physical activity (…)” (see evidence submitted in the case file).
These documents must be available at the operating site so that they may be provided to the corresponding authorities when they conduct inspections to verify implementation. 2. All permit holders must prepare, implement, and keep current a Comprehensive Waste Management Program (Programa de Manejo Integral de Residuos) for waste generated by their activities, in accordance with articles 23 and 24 and Anexo II of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 37567-S-MINAET-H of November 2, 2012, "Reglamento General a la Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos." In addition to the requirements established in Anexo II of that Reglamento, generators’ programs must include the following: a. Identify the person or persons responsible for waste matters on behalf of the generating entity, as well as other internal and external parties involved. b. Identify any hazardous waste and special-management waste (residuos de manejo especial) that may be generated.
Generators must manage this waste in accordance with the regulations established for that purpose and as part of this program. c. Identify the authorized waste managers or the destination of separated waste. 3. Post signs marking the evacuation route and emergency exit, with a green background and white lettering. 4. The floors and walls in restroom areas must be made of smooth, nonporous, impermeable, and washable material and must also be maintained under appropriate sanitary and disinfection conditions. 5. Provide disposable towels or hand dryers at the washbasins. 6. Maintain a documented plan for controlling insects, rodents, and other pests. 7. Reserved parking spaces. Every public and private parking facility serving the public that provides spaces for parking motor vehicles must provide spaces designated for vehicles driven by persons with disabilities or transporting them. The foregoing shall be in accordance with the table set forth in article 154 of Reglamento Ley de Igualdad de Oportunidades para Personas con Discapacidad N°26831.
These reserved parking spaces must be located at the main entrances of establishments serving the public and duly identified with the international symbol of access referenced in article 105 of this Reglamento. Characteristics of reserved parking spaces. Reserved parking spaces must necessarily meet the following technical accessibility requirements: -Width of 3.30 m. by 5.00 m. in length (minimum). -Areas constructed with a slip-resistant surface. -A ramp or curb permitting access to the sidewalk leading to the main entrance. 8. Post no-smoking signs in accordance with Ley 9028 and its implementing regulations. Place no-smoking notices at all main and secondary entrances and in common areas such as restrooms, dining areas, and covered parking areas (…)” (see evidence submitted to the case file).
Because the Ministry of Health is the Governing Body responsible for safeguarding people’s health, and because this is a matter of public interest, the irregularities must be corrected in accordance with the applicable standards and procedures within the period indicated above. THROUGH THIS ADMINISTRATIVE ACT, THE HEALTH AUTHORITY ORDERS YOU TO PROCEED AS INDICATED BELOW: Sole item: install surfaces that cushion and minimize sound effects throughout all areas where activities inherent to the nature of the establishment are conducted (…)” (see evidence submitted to the case file).
It is important to consider that, because the continuous noise is at the limit, an increase in the volume of the music amplification equipment could result in the maximum permissible levels being exceeded. In addition, the complainants state that the equipment’s volume varies throughout the day, suggesting that noise levels may fluctuate, particularly when the volume is higher, which could contribute to exceeding the established limits. II. RECOMMENDATIONS. Because the sound-level meter report does not include a post-calibration record, it is recommended that the sound-level measurement be repeated on the date and at the time indicated by the complainant. Although the impact-noise level exceeds the maximum permissible limits, omission of the post-calibration from the report could invalidate the measurement, which would affect the validity of administrative acts based on those results (…)” (see evidence submitted to the case file).
aa) On 27 de noviembre de 2025, the Turrialba Governing Health Area issued sanitary order no. 0312-2025 against the Grit Box gym. Notice was served on 3 de diciembre de 2025. The following was ordered: “(…) FIRST POINT: Immediately suspend the gym activity that generates noise activity so permits. Deadline: IMMEDIATE. SECOND POINT: When there is no means to eliminate or immediately suspend the noise-emitting source, the owner or legal representative must submit, within a maximum period of 20 business days, the corrective actions and/or a noise-containment plan to eliminate or mitigate the noise disturbances. EXPIRES: 14/01/2026. Corrective actions shall be considered exclusively when the noise source is eliminated or replaced, or containment of the source is not technically feasible. Otherwise, a containment or mitigation plan shall be prepared for intervention in the property or source to reduce the noise. 1.
The corrective actions must include: a. Description of the corrective action(s) to be carried out to eliminate or mitigate the noise disturbances. b. Calculation of the noise level showing the number of decibels intended to be attenuated outside the premises, and an estimate at the receptors, in order to comply with the permissible limit for the zone and time period. c. Schedule or period within which the corrective actions will be carried out. d. The proposed noise corrective actions must be signed by the responsible professional and the owner, as applicable. The containment plan must contain the following: a. Background of the case. b. Description of the activity (including operating hours). c. Current description of the site (spatial layout and description of the construction materials). d. Description of the noise source(s). e. Sketch describing the containment works to be carried out, which must include: Description of the insulating material to be used, -Installation technique to be used, -Total area and sites to be addressed, and -Ventilation and air-injection systems. f. Calculation report that includes, at a minimum: - Application of the absorption coefficients of the materials to be used for each area to be addressed, indicating their absorption at the measured frequencies; or an indication of the insulation level of the building components. - Calculation of the noise level showing the number of decibels intended to be attenuated outside the premises, and an estimate at the receptors, in order to comply with the permissible limit for the zone and time period. g. Detailed schedule of activities, with the start and completion dates of the containment works. h. When the containment measures affect ventilation within the establishment, the proposal must include new designs to meet thermal-comfort requirements. i. Where applicable, consideration of fire-retardant materials and inclusion of the changes to be made to the emergency plan are recommended. J. The noise-containment plan must be signed by a competent responsible professional (…)” (see evidence submitted to the case file).
IV.This Chamber has repeatedly ruled on noise pollution and its relationship both to the right to health and to the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Accordingly, judgment No. 2017-18054, issued at 9:20 on 10 de noviembre de 2017, stated:
“II.- ON NOISE POLLUTION (CONTAMINACIÓN SÓNICA) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE RIGHT TO HEALTH, THE RIGHT TO ENJOY AN ENVIRONMENT FREE FROM POLLUTION, AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY (THE RIGHT TO TRANQUILITY).- This Chamber has recognized that both the right to health and the right to an environment free from pollution—without which the former could not be made effective—are fundamental rights, and therefore the State is obligated to protect them, whether through general policies intended to achieve that end or through specific actions by the Administration. There are several types of pollution, one of which is noise pollution caused by noise. Noise is considered one of the forms of harm to the environment that increases discomfort in an increasingly industrialized society. Noise disturbances affect people’s quality of life and health, as they can have physiological and psychological consequences, particularly when severe acoustic pollution (contaminación acústica) persists.
To address this problem, the State must design policies against this type of atmospheric pollution (contaminación atmosférica), aimed at protecting people from excessive exposure to noise. With regard to policies intended to reduce and prevent noise pollution and to promote the protection of the legally relevant interests involved in this case, namely the environment and health, the Chamber observes that, although regulatory efforts in this regard are noteworthy, the Costa Rican State has found it difficult to structure a body of rules capable of addressing the noise problem and to design and implement a noise-reduction plan that would allow this environmental phenomenon to be controlled more efficiently. This regulatory deficiency is not unique to our country, because noise is difficult to address due, first, to its temporary and non-cumulative nature and to the clear dispersion of its polluting agents—note that noise comes from countless sources affecting the various settings in which individuals conduct their lives (streets, workplaces, homes, hospitals, commercial areas, parks, schools, etc.).
It is clear that the noise problem is exacerbated both by the dispersion and increase of pollution sources and by the development of industry and construction, in relation to the degree of urbanization and the density of the road network, among other factors. In addition, environmental policy design has not given priority to this type of pollution, which, as stated, is difficult to address, and there are also problems concerning its definition; all of these reasons have hindered noise control. Our legal system does not contain general regulations addressing all the principal issues related to the subject; instead, there are scattered and varied provisions contained in different bodies of law. Among these, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, No.7554 of 4 de octubre de 1995, stands out. It addresses noise in Articles 59 through 63 of Chapter XV, entitled “Pollution,” and incorporates the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) in general terms by stating that the State is responsible for adopting the measures necessary to prevent or correct environmental pollution (article 59).
Article 60(e) also establishes the precautionary principle specifically with respect to acoustic pollution and grants authority to the State, municipalities, and other public institutions to prevent and control environmental pollution, requiring them to prioritize the establishment and operation of adequate services in areas essential to environmental health, including noise-pollution control. The precautionary principle is reinforced in Articles 61 and 63; the former concerns environmental contingencies (contingencia ambiental) and provides that the competent authority shall order the necessary preventive and corrective measures when contingencies arise from environmental pollution or from other circumstances not contemplated in this law. Article 63 of the cited law establishes the procedure and measures to be taken to prevent and control atmospheric deterioration and to reduce and control emissions exceeding permissible limits.
For its part, Article 302 of the Ley General de Salud provides protection from exposure to noise by stating that no industrial establishment may operate if its activities constitute a source of danger, unhealthiness, or discomfort for the surrounding community, “... whether because of the maintenance conditions of the premises in which it operates, the methods or systems it employs in carrying out its operations, the methods or systems it uses to eliminate the waste, residues, or emissions resulting from its activities, or the noise produced by its operation.” In the final paragraph of Article 294, the Ley General de Salud includes noise as an element capable of causing atmospheric pollution in the following terms: “The emission of sounds exceeding internationally accepted standards that have been declared official by the Ministry shall likewise be considered atmospheric pollution.” The Costa Rican Legislature has established criminal penalties, specifically through Article 390(2) of the Código Penal, applicable to those who exceed tolerable noise-pollution thresholds and ranges.
Labor legislation also protects workers exposed to high decibel levels in their workplaces through the Reglamento de Control de Ruidos y Vibraciones, Decreto Ejecutivo número 10541 of 14 de setiembre de 1979, prepared by the Consejo de Seguridad e Higiene del Trabajo del Ministerio de Trabajo, and the Reglamento para Contratación Laboral y Condiciones Salud Ocupacional de Adolescentes N°29220-MTSS (articles 6 and 7), for the purpose of preventing hearing problems among workers employed at workplaces where noise exceeds the established limits. More generally, noise control is governed by Decreto Ejecutivo 28718 of 15 de junio del 2000, the “Reglamento para el control de contaminación por ruido,” which establishes permissible noise levels and identifies the entities responsible for controlling them. At the supranational level, the Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, held in Río de Janeiro in Junio de 1992, sets forth guidelines for combating noise pollution.
Although scattered, all of the cited provisions are directed at combating, from different fronts (environmental, criminal, labor, public-health, and international), the direct and everyday infringement of the right to the environment caused by noise pollution as a form of atmospheric pollution, a concept defined in Article 62 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente as: “(…) the presence in the atmosphere, at concentrations exceeding the established permissible levels, of solid particles, dust, smoke, vapor, gases, foul odors, radiation, noise, imperceptible acoustic waves, and other polluting agents that the Executive Branch defines as such in the regulations.” The cited regulations exemplify the efforts made to control noise as a means of preserving the environment, a matter inextricably linked or connected to other constitutional rights, such as the right to health, given that one of the principal purposes of environmental protection is to protect health.
At this point of convergence between the environment and health, it can therefore be said that environmental deterioration caused by excessive noise affects people’s well-being and may harm their health, which fully justifies regulating this polluting agent despite the evident difficulties presented by the issue. Thus, the performance of certain activities that may generate noise pollution is limited out of respect for privacy, the right to a healthy environment, and the right to health. The State entities charged with safeguarding these rights include the Police, the Municipality, and the Ministerio de Salud, principally the latter, which has the authority to determine whether noise pollution exists. The Police are responsible for preserving public order; the Municipality has the duty to verify operating permits; and the Ministerio de Salud is responsible for inspections and sound-level measurements, among other necessary measures, in order to properly determine whether a pollution-related public-health problem does in fact exist and to establish any measures that may be technically appropriate for its resolution.”
V.Regarding the Municipalidad de Turrialba. The analysis of the case file (expediente) and the report submitted under oath by the mayor of the Municipalidad de Turrialba establishes that this municipal body promptly addressed the request submitted by the appellant, within the scope of its legal authority. In particular, it is confirmed that the reported establishment has a valid business license (patente comercial), authorized land use (uso de suelo), and a sanitary operating permit (permiso sanitario de funcionamiento) issued by the Ministerio de Salud, the authority competent for that purpose.
Likewise, the municipal Departamento de Patentes provided the claimant with a reasoned explanation that it lacks the technical and legal authority to oversee matters specific to noise pollution because that subject falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministerio de Salud as the governing authority for environmental health. Additionally, it was verified that municipal personnel conducted inspections to confirm the existence of a valid sanitary permit, without identifying any noncompliance that would authorize the adoption of additional municipal measures.
Consequently, no omission, inaction, or arbitrary conduct attributable to the Municipalidad de Turrialba has been established, as it acted in accordance with the principle of legality (principio de legalidad) and within its sphere of authority. The writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) must therefore be denied with respect to that respondent authority.
VI.Regarding the Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba. The situation is different with respect to the Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba. The established facts show that the appellant filed a public-health complaint (denuncia sanitaria) on 2 de junio de 2023 and that, despite multiple administrative actions, it has not been finally resolved to date, having remained pending for a prolonged period.
Although the record shows that the Ministerio de Salud conducted various inspections and measurements and even issued several sanitary orders (órdenes sanitarias), it was also established that all prior orders were set aside as a result of administrative appeals (recursos administrativos) filed by the reported establishment. Finally, although sanitary order no. 0312‑2025 was issued and served on 3 de diciembre de 2025, the record does not show that the order has been enforced or that the reported party has actually been compelled to comply with it.
This situation reveals an infringement of the appellant’s fundamental right to effective administrative protection (tutela administrativa efectiva), insofar as the respondent authority has failed to conclude the proceeding or give effect to its own decisions, thereby unreasonably prolonging the reported situation and leaving the claimant in a state of uncertainty incompatible with the duty to protect health and a healthy environment.
Accordingly, the writ of amparo must be granted exclusively against the Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba, which shall be ordered to issue a final resolution of the complaint and, within the scope of its authority, adopt the measures necessary to ensure effective compliance with the order.
VII.Other matters. Finally, regarding the appellant’s claim concerning the executive decree applicable to noise and vibration control, this Chamber deems it necessary to clarify that it is not for this Chamber to determine which decree must be applied or to rule on whether it remains in force or has been repealed, since this is a matter of ordinary legality and statutory interpretation, whose resolution falls primarily to the Public Administration and, where appropriate, to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa). The role of this constitutional jurisdiction is limited to determining whether fundamental rights may have been violated, without replacing the administrative authority in defining the applicable regulatory framework or in technically assessing its content. Consequently, this aspect of the claim cannot be entertained in amparo proceedings (vía del amparo).
VIII.Note by Justice Castillo Víquez concerning prompt and effective administrative justice. I have supported this Court’s position that, when a litigant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and effective justice in administrative proceedings (sede administrativa), the legal dispute must be heard by the Contentious-Administrative Courts (Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo), rather than by this Chamber. Nevertheless, with the recent enactment of Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, it has been established that this right is eligible for judicial protection through the amparo remedy (recurso de amparo) established by artículo 32 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, in conjunction with artículo 27 of the Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, in cases where petitioners consider that the Administration’s material actions, administrative acts, or response are affecting their fundamental rights.
In my view, the newly enacted legislation does not mean that this Court must alter its line of precedent, since, under numeral 7 of its Law, it has exclusive authority to define its own jurisdiction. Therefore, except for those constitutional-law disputes (controversias jurídico-constitucionales) that this Chamber itself has recognized as exceptional cases and that may indeed be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional amparo guarantee proceeding (proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo), in all other cases, and for the reasons given by this Court (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), jurisdiction lies with the judges of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, all of which is consistent with numeral 25 of the Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, the Law of the Constitution (Derecho de la Constitución) (values, principles, and rules), and the corresponding statutory provisions, based on a logical, systemic, and purposive interpretation of the legal system.
In environmental matters, it is also my view that, if the Public Administration has already intervened, the matter should be heard and decided by the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Nevertheless, I do address the merits of the matter when other rights of persons affected by the source of pollution are at stake, including health, quality of life, and the right to enjoy a healthy, pollution-free environment (artículo 50 of the Constitución Política), as in this case, in which the appellant filed an environmental complaint concerning noise pollution that has not been conclusively resolved, in violation of the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and a dignified standard of quality of life.
X.Documentation submitted to the case file. The parties are hereby advised that, if they have submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device or produced using new technologies, these must be collected from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not collected within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial,” approved by the Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The amparo petition is granted in part, solely against the Ministerio de Salud. Edwin Cervantes Montoya, in his capacity as director of the Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba, or whoever holds that office, is ordered to issue a final decision, within no more than one month from notification of this judgment, on the complaint filed by the appellant in junio de 2023 and to communicate the appropriate information. Likewise, within that same period, they must notify the complainant of the decision. The respondent is warned that failure to comply with this order will constitute the offense of disobedience and that, pursuant to artículo 71 of the Law governing this jurisdiction, any person who receives an order issued in an amparo proceeding that they must comply with or enforce, and who fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty day-fines, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State is ordered to pay the costs and the damages and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the judgment before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. The petition is denied in all other respects. Justice Castillo Víquez files a note. Justice Salazar Alvarado files a note. Let notice be given.- Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Telephone numbers: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. South of the iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del diez de abril de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad no. [Valor 001], contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE TURRIALBA Y MINISTERIO DE SALUD.
Resultando:
9. En los procedimientos seguidos se han observado las prescripciones legales.
Redacta el Magistrado Araya García; y,
Considerando:
I.De previo. De previo a analizar el fondo del alegato –por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido– debe aclararse que, a partir de la sentencia No. 2008-02545 de las 8:55 hrs. de 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones– aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en el sub lite, se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues, se está ante una denuncia presentada por el accionante en la cual acusa que las autoridades recurridas no ha tramitado una denuncia ambiental por contaminación sónica.
II.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente acusa que en el local “Grit Box” no hay aislantes para insonorizar el espacio. Sostiene que interpuso denuncia ante las autoridades recurridas, empero, no se ha recibido solución alguna.
III.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
Sobre la Municipalidad de Turrialba b) El negocio Gimnasio Grit Box se encuentra registrado ante la Municipalidad de Turrialba con la patente comercial a nombre del señor Osvaldo Acuña Angulo, aprobado el 5 de agosto de 2022 (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
Sobre el Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba g) El gimnasio Grit Box cuenta con el permiso sanitario de funcionamiento no. 0333-2022, otorgado para la actividad de centro de acondicionamiento física, vigente hasta el 21 de julio de 2027 (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
El ruido de impacto producido por la fuente emisora en la vivienda fue de 55,6dB(A) el cual se encuentra dentro de los límites de niveles de sonido en decibeles (dBA) establecidos en la normativa vigente para el periodo diurno comprendido entre las 06:00 y las 20:00 horas (…)”. Se le notificó los resultados al accionante el 14 de setiembre de 2023, mediante oficio no. MS-DRRSCE-DARST-1079-2023 (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
Ruido de impulso: El Reglamento para el Control de la Contaminación por Ruido, Decreto Nº39428-S, artículo N°14 Tabla N°1 establece como límite en zona receptora residencial (día) 65 dB(A), el ruido ambiental del área obtenido desde el sonómetro fue de 46,7 dB(A), al no superar el límite máximo permisible no fue necesario el ajuste por ruido ambiental. El ruido de impacto producido por la fuente emisora en la vivienda fue de 51,7 dB(A), el cual se encuentra dentro de los límites de niveles de sonido en decibeles (dBA) establecidos en la normativa vigente para el periodo diurno comprendido entre las 06:00 horas y las 20:00 horas (…)”. Se procedió a reprogramar una medición sónica adicional a solicitud del denunciante, quien solicitó que se realizara un viernes después de las 18:00 horas (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
Ruido continúo: El Reglamento para el Control de la Contaminación por Ruido, Decreto Nº39428-S, artículo N°14 Tabla N°1 establece como límite en zona receptora residencial de 65 dB(A) en el día y 45 dB(A) en la noche, el ruido ambiental del área obtenido desde el sonómetro fue de 42,4 dB(A), al no superar el límite máximo permisible no fue necesario el ajuste por ruido ambiental. El ruido continúo producido por la fuente emisora en la vivienda fue de 56,6 dB(A) durante la valoración N°3, el cual se encuentra dentro de los límites de niveles de sonido en decibeles (dBA) establecidos en la normativa vigente para el periodo diurno comprendido entre las 06:00 horas y las 20:00 horas. Sin embargo, durante la valoración N°4 el ruido continúo producido por la fuente emisora en la vivienda fue de 54,7 dB(A), comprobándose la INFRACCIÓN a la normativa, ya que se encuentra fuera de los límites de niveles de sonido en decibeles (dBA) establecidos en la normativa vigente para el periodo nocturno comprendido entre las 20:00 horas y las 06:00 horas, esto por cuanto dicha medición fue tomada entre las 20:00:26 horas y las 20:05:27 horas.
Considerándose que los ejercicios que se realizan en este tipo de establecimiento conllevan la caída constante del equipo, los resultados de las mediciones pueden variar en el tiempo, esto debido a factores como tipo de ejercicios a realizar, cantidad de usuarios durante las clases, peso a utilizar, nivel de volumen del equipo sonoro y condiciones estructurales. Por lo tanto, queda claro conforme a la normativa vigente, que este tipo de entrenamiento grupal deberá contar es su planta física con paredes y techo aislados acústicamente. Respecto a las vibraciones, si bien fueron percibidas durante la inspección, no hay reglamento publicado que regule este tipo de movimientos en establecimientos comerciales hacia los alrededores, lo que dificulta la labor de campo pues las apreciaciones que podamos tener como inspectores pueden ser muy subjetivas. Sin embargo, es importante valorar las condiciones que presenta actualmente el piso de la estructura física y si este compensa el impacto durante la práctica de la actividad física (…)” (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
Estos documentos deben estar disponibles en el sitio de operación, para ser facilitados a las autoridades correspondientes cuando realicen las inspecciones para verificar su implementación. 2. Todos los permisionarios deben elaborar, implementar y mantener actualizado un Programa de Manejo Integral de Residuos generados por su actividad, de conformidad con lo estipulado en los artículos 23 y 24 y en el Anexo II del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 37567-S-MINAET-H del 2 de noviembre del 2012 "Reglamento General a la Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos". Los programas por parte de los generadores deben cumplir además de los requisitos establecidos en el Anexo II de ese Reglamento, con lo siguiente: a. Indicar el responsable o responsables del tema de residuos por parte del ente generador, así mismo otros actores involucrados tanto internos como externos. b. Identificar los residuos peligrosos y de manejo especial que se puedan generar.
Los generadores deben manejar estos residuos de conformidad con la normativa establecida al efecto y como parte de este programa. c. Indicar los gestores autorizados o el destino de los residuos separados. 3. Contar con rotulación de la ruta de evacuación y su salida de emergencia y son de fondo verde y letras blancas. 4. Los pisos y paredes de las áreas de servicios sanitarios son de material liso no poroso, impermeable y lavable, además presentan adecuadas condiciones de higiene y desinfección. 5. Disponer en los lavamanos de toallas desechables o secadores de aire para las manos. 6. Contar con un plan documentado de control de insectos, roedores u otras plagas. 7. Estacionamientos reservados. Todo estacionamiento público y privado de atención al público, de acuerdo con lo que disponga de espacios para estacionar vehículos automotores, deberá disponer de espacios destinados a vehículos conducidos por personas con discapacidad o que les transporten.
Lo anterior según lo establecido en la tabla indicada en el artículo 154 del Reglamento Ley de Igualdad de Oportunidades para Personas con Discapacidad N°26831. Estos estacionamientos reservados deberán ubicarse en las entradas principales de los locales de atención al público, debidamente identificados con el símbolo internacional de acceso al que se hace referencia en el artículo 105 de este Reglamento. Características de los estacionamientos reservados. Los sitios de estacionamientos reservados necesariamente deberán cumplir con las siguientes características técnicas de accesibilidad: -Anchura 3.30 m. por 5.00 m. de largo (mínimo). -Zonas construidas en forma antiderrapante. -Con rampa o bordillo que permita acceso a la acera que conduce a la entrada principal. 8. Contar con rotulación de prohibición de fumado conforme a la Ley 9028 y su reglamento. Colocar en todas las entradas principales y secundarias, áreas comunes como servicios sanitarios, comedores y parqueos techados los avisos de no fumado (…)” (ver prueba aportada la expediente).
Por ser el Ministerio de Salud el Ente Rector encargado de velar por la salud de las personas y por tratarse de un asunto de orden de interés público, con el fin de subsanar las anomalías según normas y procedimientos en el plazo arriba indicado. LA AUTORIDAD DE SALUD LE ORDENA A TRAVÉS DE ESTE ACTO ADMINISTRATIVO, PROCEDER CON LO INDICADO A CONTINUACIÓN: Punto único: la colocación de superficies que amortigüen y minimicen el efecto sonoro, esto en la totalidad de las áreas donde se realizan actividades según naturaleza del establecimiento (…)” (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
Es importante considerar que, debido a que el ruido continuo está en el límite, existe la posibilidad de que, con un aumento en el volumen del equipo amplificador de música, se puedan superar los niveles máximos permitidos. Además, los denunciantes indican que el volumen del equipo varía a lo largo del día, lo que sugiere que podría haber fluctuaciones en los niveles de ruido, especialmente en momentos de mayor volumen, lo que podría incidir en el sobrepaso de los límites establecidos. II. RECOMENDACIONES. Dado que el informe del sonómetro no incluye el registro de la post-calibración, se recomienda repetir la medición sónica en la fecha y horario señalados por la persona denunciante. Aunque el nivel de ruido de impacto supera los límites máximos permisibles, la omisión de la post-calibración en el informe podría invalidar la medición, lo cual afectaría la validez de los actos administrativos basados en dichos resultados (…)” (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
aa) El 27 de noviembre de 2025, el Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba emitió la orden sanitaria no. 0312-2025 contra el gimnasio Grit Box. Se notificó el 3 de diciembre de 2025. Se ordenó lo siguiente: “(…) PUNTO PRIMERO: Suspender de manera inmediata la actividad de gimnasio que genera ruido actividad así lo permite. Plazo: INMEDIATO. PUNTO SEGUNDO: Cuando no exista medio para eliminar o suspender de manera inmediata la emisora de ruido, el propietario o representante legal debe presentar dentro del plazo máximo de 20 días hábiles. las acciones correctivas y/o un plan de confinamiento de ruido para eliminar o mitigar las molestias por ruido. VENCE: 14/01/2026. Las acciones correctivas se considerarán exclusivamente para cuando se elimine o sustituya la fuente de ruido o el confinamiento de la fuente no sea técnicamente aplicable. En su defecto, se elaborará el plan de confinamiento o mitigación para la intervención del inmueble o fuente para reducir el ruido. 1.
Las acciones correctivas deben contemplar: a. Descripción de la acción(es) correctiva(s) a realizar para eliminar o mitigar las molestias ruido. b. Cálculo del nivel de ruido que permita visualizar la cantidad de decibeles que se pretende atenuar, en el exterior del local, y estimación en los receptores para cumplir con el límite permisible para la zona y el horario. c. Cronograma o plazo en que se realizarán las acciones correctivas. d. La propuesta de acciones correctivas de ruido debe estar firmado por un profesional responsable y el propietario, según corresponda. EI plan de confinamiento debe contener lo siguiente: a. Antecedentes del caso. b. Descripción de la actividad (incluyendo horarios de operación). c. Descripción actual del sitio (distribución espacial y descripción de los materiales constructivos). d. Descripción de la(s) fuentes de ruido e. Croquis con la descripción de las obras de confinamiento a realizar, el cual debe incluir: Descripción del material aislante a utilizar, -Técnica de instalación a utilizar, -Área total y sitios a intervenir y -Sistemas de ventilación e inyección de aire. f. Memoria de cálculo que como mínimo incluya: - Aplicación de los coeficientes de absorción de los materiales a ser usados para cada área a intervenir, indicando su absorción a las frecuencias medidas; o indicación del nivel de aislamiento de los elementos de construcción. - Cálculo del nivel de ruido que permita visualizar la cantidad de decibeles que se pretende atenuar, en el exterior del local, y estimación en los receptores para cumplir con el límite permisible para la zona y el horario. g. Cronograma detallado de actividades con las fechas de inicio y finalización de las obras de confinamiento. h. Cuando las acciones de confinamiento afecten la ventilación dentro del establecimiento, se deberá incluir en la propuesta los nuevos diseños para cumplir con los requerimientos de confort térmico. i. Cuando corresponda, se recomienda considerar materiales retardantes de fuego e incluir los cambios a realizar en el plan de emergencias. J. El plan de confinamiento de ruido debe estar firmado por un profesional responsable competente (…)” (ver prueba aportada al expediente).
IV.Esta Sala reiteradamente se ha pronunciado sobre la contaminación sónica y su relación tanto con el derecho a la salud, como con el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. De esta forma, en la sentencia No. 2017-18054 de las 9:20 horas de 10 de noviembre de 2017, se indicó:
“II.- SOBRE LA CONTAMINACIÓN SÓNICA, Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL DERECHO A LA SALUD, EL DERECHO A GOZAR DE UN AMBIENTE LIBRE DE CONTAMINACIÓN Y EL DERECHO A LA INTIMIDAD (DERECHO A LA TRANQUILIDAD).- Esta Sala ha reconocido, que tanto el derecho a la salud como a un ambiente libre de contaminación -sin el cual el primero no podría hacerse efectivo- son derechos fundamentales, de modo que es obligación del Estado proveer a su protección, ya sea a través de políticas generales para procurar ese fin, o bien a través de actos concretos por parte de la Administración. Existen varios tipos de contaminación, uno de ellos está referido a la contaminación sónica producida por el ruido. El ruido es considerado como una de la formas de agresión al ambiente que aumenta las incomodidades en una sociedad cada vez más industrializada. Las molestias por ruidos afectan la calidad de vida y la salud de las personas, ya que pueden traer consigo consecuencias fisiológicas y psíquicas, sobre todo ante la persistencia de una grave contaminación acústica.
Para abordar tal problemática el Estado debe diseñar políticas contra esa clase de contaminación atmosférica, dirigidas a proteger a las personas de la exposición excesiva al ruido. En relación con las políticas para aminorar y evitar la contaminación sónica así como para promover la protección de los valores jurídicamente relevantes que en este caso se ven involucrados, que son el medio ambiente y la salud, la Sala observa que si bien sobresalen esfuerzos normativos al respecto, al Estado costarricense le ha sido difícil estructurar un conjunto de normas que permitan hacer frente al problema del ruido así como diseñar y poner en práctica un plan de reducción del ruido que permita controlar de manera más eficiente el fenómeno ambiental. Tal carencia normativa no es un problema particular de nuestro país, pues el ruido se presenta de difícil tratamiento dado en primer lugar a su naturaleza temporal, no acumulativa y a la clara dispersión de sus agentes contaminadores, -nótese que el ruido proviene de un sinnúmero de fuentes que atacan las diversas situaciones en las que se desenvuelve el individuo (calle, lugar de trabajo, vivienda, hospitales, zonas comerciales, parques, escuelas, etcétera).
Es claro que el problema del ruido se agudiza debido tanto a la dispersión y aumento de las fuentes de contaminación así como al desarrollo de la industria, de la construcción, relacionado con el grado de urbanización y densidad de la red vial, entre otros factores. A lo anterior se suma que el diseño de la política ambiental no ha concedido prioridad a este tipo de contaminación, que como se dijo, es de difícil tratamiento, y a los problemas relativos a su definición; razones todas que han obstaculizado el control del ruido. No existe en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, una normativa general que contemple todas las principales cuestiones relacionadas con el tema, sino que se cuenta con dispersas y variadas normas contenidas en diferentes cuerpos normativos entre las que destaca la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, que es la No.7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995, que concede al ruido un lugar en los artículos 59 a 63 del Capítulo XV denominado "Contaminación" y en el que incorpora el principio precautorio de manera genérica al indicar que compete al Estado adoptar las medidas que sean necesarias para prevenir o corregir la contaminación ambiental (artículo 59).
El artículo 60 en su inciso e) recoge también el principio precautorio específicamente en materia de contaminación acústica y dota de competencia al Estado, las municipalidades y las demás instituciones públicas, para prevenir y controlar la contaminación del ambiente, debiendo dar prioridad al establecimiento y operación de servicios adecuados en áreas fundamentales para la salud ambiental, entre los que destaca el control de la contaminación sónica. Se refuerza el principio precautorio en los artículos 61 y 63 referente el primero a contingencia ambiental y según el cual la autoridad competente dictará las medidas preventivas y correctivas necesarias cuando sucedan contingencias por contaminación ambiental y otras que no estén contempladas en esta ley. El artículo 63 de la ley de cita dispone el procedimiento y medidas a tomar para la prevención y control del deterioro de la atmósfera, y para disminuir y controlar las emisiones que sobrepasen los límites permisibles.
Por su parte, la Ley General de Salud dispone en su artículo 302 la protección de la exposición a los ruidos al señalar que ningún establecimiento industrial podrá funcionar si sus labores constituyen un elemento de peligro, insalubridad o incomodidad para la vecindad "... ya sea por las condiciones de manutención del local en que funciona, por la forma o sistemas que emplea en la realización de sus operaciones, por la forma o sistema que utiliza para eliminar los desechos, residuos o emanaciones resultantes de sus faenas, o por los ruidos que produce la operación." En el último párrafo del artículo 294, la Ley General de Salud se incluye al ruido como elemento susceptible de provocar la contaminación de la atmósfera en los siguientes términos: "Será asimismo considerada como contaminación atmosférica la emisión de sonidos que sobrepasen las normas aceptadas internacionalmente y declaradas oficiales por el Ministerio." El Legislador costarricense ha previsto sanciones de tipo penal, específicamente mediante el artículo 390 inciso 2 del Código Penal, aplicables a los transgresores de los umbrales y franjas de contaminación tolerables de ruido.
La legislación laboral protege también a los trabajadores expuestos a decibelios altos en sus lugares de trabajo, lo que hace mediante el Reglamento de Control de Ruidos y Vibraciones, que es Decreto Ejecutivo número 10541 de 14 de setiembre de 1979 elaborado por el Consejo de Seguridad e Higiene del Trabajo del Ministerio de Trabajo, y el Reglamento para Contratación Laboral y Condiciones Salud Ocupacional de Adolescentes N°29220-MTSS (artículos 6 y 7); con el propósito de prevenir problemas de audición de los trabajadores que laboran en locales de trabajo en que los ruidos superan los límites establecidos. Por su parte, de forma general para el control del ruido se encuentra el Decreto Ejecutivo 28718 del 15 de junio del 2000 que es “Reglamento para el control de contaminación por ruido” donde se establecen los niveles de ruido permitidos y las entidades competentes para su control. A nivel supranacional la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo celebrada en Río de Janeiro en Junio de 1992 plantea los lineamientos a seguir para combatir la contaminación sónica.
Las normas citadas si bien dispersas, están todas dirigidas a combatir desde diferentes flancos (ambiental, penal, laboral, salubridad, internacional) la agresión directa y cotidiana al derecho al medio ambiente, provocada por la contaminación sónica como parte de la contaminación de la atmósfera, concepto definido en el artículo 62 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente como: "(…) la presencia en ella y en concentraciones superiores a los niveles permisibles fijados, de partículas sólidas, polvo, humo, vapor, gases, malos olores, radiaciones, ruidos, ondas acústicas imperceptibles y otros agentes de contaminación que el Poder Ejecutivo defina como tales en el reglamento." La normativa citada ejemplifica los esfuerzos realizados en materia de control de ruido que sirve de vehículo para preservar el medio ambiente, tema que está indisolublemente vinculado o conectado con otros derechos constitucionales, como el derecho a la salud, siendo una de las finalidades principales del medio ambiente, la protección de la salud.
De este punto de confluencia entre el medio ambiente y la salud, puede entonces decirse que un deterioro ambiental por exceso de ruido afecta al bienestar de las personas y puede provocar daño a su salud, lo que justifica plenamente, a pesar de las evidentes dificultades que presenta el tema, la regulación de este agente contaminador. Así entonces, la realización de ciertas actividades que eventualmente generen contaminación sónica se encuentran limitadas por respeto de la intimidad, el derecho a un ambiente sano y el derecho a la salud. Entre las entidades estatales llamadas a velar por estos derechos están la Policía, la Municipalidad y el Ministerio de Salud, principalmente este último quien tiene la potestad de determinar la existencia de contaminación sónica. La policía tiene a su cargo el resguardo del orden público, la Municipalidad el deber de verificación los permisos para operar y el Ministerio de Salud le corresponde la inspección y medición sónica -entre otras diligencias necesarias-, a fin de poder determinar debidamente si efectivamente se presenta el problema sanitario de contaminación, así como que se establezcan las eventuales medidas que técnicamente procedan para su solución”.
V.Sobre la Municipalidad de Turrialba. Del análisis del expediente y del informe rendido bajo juramento por el alcalde de la Municipalidad de Turrialba, se acredita que dicha corporación municipal atendió oportunamente la gestión planteada por el recurrente, dentro del ámbito de sus competencias legales. En particular, se constata que el establecimiento denunciado cuenta con patente comercial vigente, uso de suelo autorizado y permiso sanitario de funcionamiento emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, autoridad competente para ese efecto.
Asimismo, el Departamento de Patentes municipal informó razonadamente al accionante que carece de competencia técnica y legal para fiscalizar aspectos propios de la contaminación sónica, por corresponder dicha materia al Ministerio de Salud como ente rector en salud ambiental. Adicionalmente, se verificó que el personal municipal realizó inspecciones para constatar la existencia del permiso sanitario vigente, sin que se advirtiera incumplimiento alguno que habilitara la adopción de medidas municipales adicionales.
En consecuencia, no se acredita omisión, inactividad ni actuación arbitraria imputable a la Municipalidad de Turrialba, pues esta actuó conforme al principio de legalidad y dentro de su esfera competencial, razón por la cual el recurso de amparo debe declararse sin lugar respecto de dicha autoridad recurrida.
VI.Sobre el Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba. Distinta es la situación en relación con el Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba. De los hechos demostrados se evidencia que el recurrente interpuso denuncia sanitaria desde el 2 de junio de 2023, la cual, pese a múltiples actuaciones administrativas, no ha sido resuelta de manera definitiva a la fecha, manteniéndose en trámite por un período prolongado.
Si bien, consta que el Ministerio de Salud practicó diversas inspecciones y mediciones, y que incluso se dictaron varias órdenes sanitarias, también quedó acreditado que todas las órdenes anteriores fueron dejadas sin efecto como resultado de recursos administrativos interpuestos por el establecimiento denunciado. Finalmente, aunque se dictó la orden sanitaria no. 0312‑2025, notificada el 3 de diciembre de 2025, no consta en autos que dicha orden haya sido ejecutada ni que se haya obligado efectivamente al denunciado a cumplirla.
Esta situación revela una afectación al derecho fundamental del recurrente a una tutela administrativa efectiva, en tanto la autoridad recurrida no ha logrado concluir el procedimiento ni materializar sus propias decisiones, prolongando de forma irrazonable la situación denunciada y manteniendo al accionante en un estado de incertidumbre incompatible con el deber de protección de la salud y del ambiente sano.
Por ello, el recurso de amparo debe declararse con lugar exclusivamente en contra del Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba, ordenándosele resolver de manera definitiva la denuncia planteada y adoptar, dentro de sus competencias, las medidas necesarias para asegurar el efectivo cumplimiento de lo ordenado.
VII.Otras cuestiones. Finalmente, en cuanto al reclamo del recurrente relacionado con el decreto ejecutivo aplicable en materia de control del ruido y vibraciones, esta Sala estima necesario precisar que no le corresponde determinar cuál decreto debe aplicarse ni pronunciarse sobre su vigencia o derogatoria, por tratarse de una cuestión de mera legalidad ordinaria y de interpretación normativa, cuya dilucidación compete primariamente a la Administración Pública y, en su caso, a la jurisdicción contencioso‑administrativa. La función de esta jurisdicción constitucional se circunscribe a verificar la eventual lesión de derechos fundamentales, sin sustituir a la autoridad administrativa en la definición del marco reglamentario aplicable ni en la apreciación técnica de su contenido. En consecuencia, dicho extremo del reclamo no es atendible en la vía del amparo.
VIII.Nota del magistrado Castillo Víquez, en cuanto a la justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida. He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales.
A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia. Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
En asuntos ambientales, es también criterio del suscrito, de que si ya ha habido intervención de la Administración Pública, considero que su conocimiento y resolución corresponde a la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa. No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente presentó una denuncia ambiental por contaminación sónica que no ha sido resuelta en forma definitiva, con violación del derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado y de un nivel digno de calidad de vida.
X.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente contra el Ministerio de Salud. Se ordena a Edwin Cervantes Montoya, en su condición de director del Área Rectora de Salud de Turrialba, o a quien ocupe ese cargo, que en un plazo no mayor a un mes, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se resuelva de manera definitiva la denuncia planteada por la parte recurrente en junio de 2023 y se comunique lo que corresponda. De igual manera, deberán dentro de ese mismo plazo notificar a la parte denunciante sobre lo resuelto. Se advierte a la parte recurrida que, de no acatar la orden dicha, incurrirá en el delito de desobediencia y, que de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de esta jurisdicción, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Se declara sin lugar el recurso en todo lo demás. El magistrado Castillo Víquez consigna nota. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna nota. Notifíquese.- Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.