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Res. 09029-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 13/03/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denied the amparo, finding that the Municipality of Cartago's denial to supply drinking water was based on an objective technical impossibility, which does not violate the fundamental right to water.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo, al considerar que la negativa de la Municipalidad de Cartago a suministrar agua potable se basó en una imposibilidad técnica objetiva, lo que no vulnera el derecho fundamental al agua.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviewed an amparo filed by the Calles Coyotes y Jocosal Neighborhood Association against the Municipality of Cartago for failure to provide drinking water to several communities in the San Francisco district. Residents alleged they had requested the service since 2018 with no formal response. The Municipality reported that it does not serve Calle Los Coyotes and Calle El Filete due to technical reasons: lack of infrastructure and insufficient tank elevation. It also noted the area is zoned as a Protection Zone under the Regulatory Plan, where residential use is not permitted. Other entities—AyA, ARESEP, and the Ombudsperson—agreed the Municipality is responsible. The Chamber reiterated its precedent that the fundamental right to water is not unrestricted; the administration may deny requests on technical or legal grounds. The amparo was denied, but the Municipality was urged to continue developing its Master Plan for expanding water service to eligible residents.La Sala Constitucional conoce un recurso de amparo interpuesto por la Asociación Vecinal Calles Coyotes y Jocosal contra la Municipalidad de Cartago, por la falta de suministro de agua potable en varias comunidades del distrito de San Francisco. Los vecinos alegan que desde 2018 han solicitado el servicio sin obtener respuesta formal. La Municipalidad informa que no presta el servicio en las calles Los Coyotes y El Filete por razones técnicas: carece de infraestructura y la elevación del tanque es insuficiente. Señala además que la zona está clasificada como Zona de Protección según el Plan Regulador, donde no se permite el uso de vivienda. Otras entidades como AyA, ARESEP y la Defensoría de los Habitantes coinciden en que la responsabilidad recae en la Municipalidad. La Sala reitera su jurisprudencia: el derecho fundamental al agua no es irrestricto; la Administración puede rechazar solicitudes por imposibilidad técnica o legal. Declara sin lugar el recurso, pero insta a la Municipalidad a continuar con el Plan Maestro de acueducto para ampliar la cobertura a quienes cumplan los requisitos.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE: (...) On repeated occasions, this Chamber has held that, while the fundamental right to water and its access under equal conditions is recognized—as it is an essential service for life and health—it has also indicated that this right does not imply unrestricted access to water, given that the Administration may validly establish general conditions and requirements for accessing this service. Likewise, it is valid for the entities—public or private—that administer the service to reject water requests, or water availability letters, when the applicant does not meet the requirements or when there are technical or legal reasons justifying it. Thus, it is not for this Court to analyze the validity of the decision adopted by the respondent authority, in recognizing its impossibility of providing the water service due to lack of technical feasibility. This is because doing so would entail conducting a series of technical proceedings that fall outside the scope of this Chamber's jurisdiction and, further, exceed the summary nature of the amparo remedy. However, given that there is a Master Plan intended to identify new water sources and determine whether there is sufficient water capacity to expand the Municipal Aqueduct network—which is in the final stage of development—the municipal authorities are reminded of the importance of continuing with the development of said plan, in order to ensure the provision of water service to those who legally meet the requirements for enjoying that right. Therefore, the appropriate course is to deny the amparo.IV.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO: (...) En reiteradas ocasiones, esta Sala ha sostenido que, si bien se reconoce el derecho fundamental al agua y su acceso en igualdad de condiciones, por cuanto se trata de un servicio esencial para la vida y la salud; también, ha indicado que este derecho no implica un acceso irrestricto al agua, toda vez que, la Administración puede válidamente, establecer condiciones y requisitos generales para acceder a este servicio. Asimismo, resulta válido que las entidades -públicas o privadas- que administren el servicio, puedan rechazar las solicitudes de agua, o bien, de la carta de disponibilidad de agua, cuando el interesado no cumple los requisitos o cuando existen razones técnicas o legales que los justifiquen. Así las cosas, no corresponde a este Tribunal analizar la validez de la decisión adoptada por la autoridad recurrida, al reconocer su imposibilidad de dotar del servicio de agua potable por falta de factibilidad técnica. Lo anterior, por cuanto ello, implicaría la realización de una serie de diligencias de naturaleza técnica que escapan del ámbito de competencias de esta Sala y, además, exceden la naturaleza sumaria del recurso de amparo. Ahora bien, tomando en cuenta que existe un Plan Maestro que pretende identificar nuevas fuentes agua así determinar si se cuenta con la capacidad hídrica para ampliar la red del Acueducto Municipal -el cual se encuentra en la etapa final de elaboración- se le recuerda a las autoridades municipales la importancia de continuar con el desarrollo de dicho plan en aras de asegurar la prestación del servicio de agua a aquellas personas que cumplan legalmente con los requerimientos para el disfrute de ese derecho. Por lo anterior, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En reiteradas ocasiones, esta Sala ha sostenido que, si bien se reconoce el derecho fundamental al agua y su acceso en igualdad de condiciones, por cuanto se trata de un servicio esencial para la vida y la salud; también, ha indicado que este derecho no implica un acceso irrestricto al agua, toda vez que, la Administración puede válidamente, establecer condiciones y requisitos generales para acceder a este servicio."
"On repeated occasions, this Chamber has held that, while the fundamental right to water and its access under equal conditions is recognized—as it is an essential service for life and health—it has also indicated that this right does not imply unrestricted access to water, given that the Administration may validly establish general conditions and requirements for accessing this service."
Considerando IV
"En reiteradas ocasiones, esta Sala ha sostenido que, si bien se reconoce el derecho fundamental al agua y su acceso en igualdad de condiciones, por cuanto se trata de un servicio esencial para la vida y la salud; también, ha indicado que este derecho no implica un acceso irrestricto al agua, toda vez que, la Administración puede válidamente, establecer condiciones y requisitos generales para acceder a este servicio."
Considerando IV
"Así las cosas, no corresponde a este Tribunal analizar la validez de la decisión adoptada por la autoridad recurrida, al reconocer su imposibilidad de dotar del servicio de agua potable por falta de factibilidad técnica. Lo anterior, por cuanto ello, implicaría la realización de una serie de diligencias de naturaleza técnica que escapan del ámbito de competencias de esta Sala y, además, exceden la naturaleza sumaria del recurso de amparo."
"Thus, it is not for this Court to analyze the validity of the decision adopted by the respondent authority, in recognizing its impossibility of providing the water service due to lack of technical feasibility. This is because doing so would entail conducting a series of technical proceedings that fall outside the scope of this Chamber's jurisdiction and, further, exceed the summary nature of the amparo remedy."
Considerando IV
"Así las cosas, no corresponde a este Tribunal analizar la validez de la decisión adoptada por la autoridad recurrida, al reconocer su imposibilidad de dotar del servicio de agua potable por falta de factibilidad técnica. Lo anterior, por cuanto ello, implicaría la realización de una serie de diligencias de naturaleza técnica que escapan del ámbito de competencias de esta Sala y, además, exceden la naturaleza sumaria del recurso de amparo."
Considerando IV
"Ahora bien, tomando en cuenta que existe un Plan Maestro que pretende identificar nuevas fuentes agua así determinar si se cuenta con la capacidad hídrica para ampliar la red del Acueducto Municipal -el cual se encuentra en la etapa final de elaboración- se le recuerda a las autoridades municipales la importancia de continuar con el desarrollo de dicho plan en aras de asegurar la prestación del servicio de agua a aquellas personas que cumplan legalmente con los requerimientos para el disfrute de ese derecho."
"However, given that there is a Master Plan intended to identify new water sources and determine whether there is sufficient water capacity to expand the Municipal Aqueduct network—which is in the final stage of development—the municipal authorities are reminded of the importance of continuing with the development of said plan, in order to ensure the provision of water service to those who legally meet the requirements for enjoying that right."
Considerando IV
"Ahora bien, tomando en cuenta que existe un Plan Maestro que pretende identificar nuevas fuentes agua así determinar si se cuenta con la capacidad hídrica para ampliar la red del Acueducto Municipal -el cual se encuentra en la etapa final de elaboración- se le recuerda a las autoridades municipales la importancia de continuar con el desarrollo de dicho plan en aras de asegurar la prestación del servicio de agua a aquellas personas que cumplan legalmente con los requerimientos para el disfrute de ese derecho."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Protected data judgment, in accordance with current regulations CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours thirty minutes on March thirteenth, two thousand twenty-six.
A petition for amparo (recurso de amparo) filed by [Name 001], identity card [Value 001], on behalf of the COYOTES AND JOCOSAL ROADS NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION (ASOCIACIÓN VECINAL CALLES COYOTES Y JOCOSAL), against the MUNICIPALITY OF CARTAGO (MUNICIPALIDAD DE CARTAGO).
Whereas:
Source: MUNICIPAL GIS, own elaboration, January 2026. (it is clarified that the yellow line is Calle Jocosal; Calle Mata Guineo is represented in gray.) 3- In 2021, the then Aqueduct Director, through official note ATA-OF-40-2021, responded to a request for information from residents of what is known as the Alto El César sector, regarding a project to provide potable water, in which he indicates that the project does not have the approval of the Technical Directorate or the Municipal Mayor's Office (see official note at image 21 of the petitioners' brief.) 4- Reviewing recent satellite images, recently built constructions are noticeable, despite the fact that the Aqueduct Area has denied the availabilities (disponibilidades) that have arrived from that sector, since they were rejected for technical reasons. 5- Additionally, it is indicated that in 2024, the Municipal Aqueduct had to implement rationing in the supply due to a decrease in the flow rates of the different springs (nacientes), an image is attached.
The Master Plan is currently being developed; within its scopes are: identifying new water sources, having the water balance (balance hídrico) for each of the systems, demand projection, among other necessary inputs to determine if there is water capacity (capacidad hídrica) to expand the Municipal Aqueduct network. In this way, it is evident that there are technical reasons that stand as a barrier to addressing what has been denounced in this judicial venue, and it must be noted that this Chamber has been consistent in that reasons of this type rule out any violation of the right to access potable water service which, by virtue of this, is not of unrestricted access. Thus, in vote 033894-25 it was stated: “…ON COMPLIANCE WITH THE ENFORCEABLE REQUIREMENTS TO ACCESS POTABLE WATER SERVICE. The jurisprudence of the Chamber has recognized the so-called fundamental right to water, by which all persons must be granted the possibility of accessing, under conditions of equality, potable water services, given that this is essential for human life and health.
However, this nature as a fundamental right does not imply unrestricted access to water services, since the administration may establish general requirements that must necessarily be met by each applicant to assess their particular requirement. Thus, in Judgment No. 2006-1898 of 09:53 a.m. on February 17, 2006, this Court held as follows: ‘(…) The appellant alleges (…) that despite the requests and efforts made, the respondent Institute has refused to provide them with potable water service, claiming that it is an informal settlement (precario) and that its inhabitants do not have a segregation plan (plano de segregación) establishing that they are property owners. In this regard, it is accredited in the case file, based on the report rendered under oath by the respondent authority, that there is an impossibility to install domiciliary potable water services in the community where the appellant lives for two specific reasons: the lack of adequate infrastructure and the failure to submit applications with compliance with legal requirements by the interested parties (...).
This Chamber, in judgment No. 2004-12185 of 1:31 p.m. on October 29, 2004, in a case similar to the present one, pointed out that it was not possible to force the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers to circumvent the provisions of its Customer Service Provision Regulation or the General Law of Potable Water. Hence, as long as the protected party does not meet the conditions and requirements demanded therein, even though potable water service must be within the reach of every person as it is an essential service, it cannot be regularly provided to him. Given the existence of those two objective reasons for which it is not possible to supply a regular potable water service to the petitioner: his failure to comply with the requirements for a new service connection, starting with the submission of the application and the existence of adequate infrastructure in the area, there is no reason whatsoever to understand that the denial of the provision of regular service by the respondent Institute is due to the fact that the protected party and his neighbors do not have property titles for the properties they possess.
(…)’. Likewise, in vote No. 2018-3907 of 09:30 a.m. on March 9, 2018, the Chamber stated: ‘(…) IV.- ON COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS TO APPROVE A POTABLE WATER AVAILABILITY (DISPONIBILIDAD DE AGUA POTABLE). In this regard, this Court has repeatedly recognized that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, the associations managing aqueducts and sewers (ASADAS), and the municipalities that provide the potable water supply service, before approving or rejecting the applications for potable water availability (disponibilidad de agua potable) submitted to them, are fully capable of demanding compliance with requirements established in the legal system and weighing legal and technical reasons. V.- Regarding the specific case. From the reports rendered under oath by the respondent authorities and the documentation provided to the file, it is deduced that on January 14, 2013, the protected party filed an application for a water availability (disponibilidad de agua) procedure before the Cantonal Office of Guácimo, Huetar Region, of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers for a property she owns, located in África de Guácimo.
On May 13, 2013, the Engineering Department, through official note No. RHAOM2013-0886, withdrawn by the protected party on June 6, 2013, indicated, regarding the application for service availability (disponibilidad de servicios) and pipeline extension on lands with an easement (servidumbre) of passage, the requirements for said procedure. Subsequently, on May 19, 2015, the protected party sent a note to the AyA Engineering Department requesting a Water Capacity (Capacidad Hídrica) letter. By official note No. SB-GSP-RHAOMSAP-2015-1492, of July 10, 2015, the AyA Engineering Department again indicated to the protected party the requirements to grant her the water capacity (capacidad hídrica) letter, related to the branch line extension within an easement (servidumbre) of passage; however, as of the date the report is rendered, the protected party has not complied with what was indicated. From the foregoing, it is concluded that in the present case there is no injury to the fundamental rights of the protected party, since the field inspection carried out by ICAA accredited the absence of potable water infrastructure in front of the protected party's property and the need to carry out a branch line extension within an easement (servidumbre) of passage.
It is evident then that ICAA cannot provide the service requested by the appellant because it is technically not feasible for it and, therefore, it is not possible to accept his request in the terms he intends. Thus, the Chamber considers that there has been no arbitrary refusal by ICAA to provide water service availability (disponibilidad del servicio de agua potable) to the applicant as requested, but rather, what has actually occurred is that a technical and material impossibility exists due to the non-existence at the site of the infrastructure necessary to access what was petitioned by the appellant, which is already known to her. It should be recalled that, on this matter, this Chamber has recognized in multiple judgments what it has called technical or material impossibility, which is the lack of infrastructure, and it has stated that when a technical impossibility exists to connect the requested service, no fundamental right of the administered persons is violated because the omission in the provision of the service is due to the lack of technical elements necessary for the service installation and not to an arbitrary action by the Administration (see in this sense, among others, judgments 2007-03355, 2007-010341, and 2017-011477).
Consequently, the appropriate course of action is to dismiss the appeal, as is indeed ordered (…)’. It is understood then that, although there is a fundamental right to water that can be demanded before the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers or before the respective ASADAS, the provision of the service must also be subject to compliance with the requirements established for its granting and to the existence of a material possibility of supply, that is, that there are no technical situations that make it impossible or inadvisable to provide it. (…)” “(…) this Court rules out the injury to the fundamental rights of the protected party. From the reports rendered by the representatives of the respondent authorities - which are considered given under oath with the consequences, including criminal ones, provided for in article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction - and the evidence provided for the resolution of the matter, it has been duly accredited that the application for service availability (disponibilidad de servicios) made by the appellant was indeed analyzed and resolved in 2022 by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA), an entity that denied the request due to the verified nonexistence of technical feasibility (factibilidad técnica) for the granting of potable water and sanitary sewerage service on the property he owns, located in the San Vicente district, canton of Moravia.
AyA based the denial on a technical study issued by the Sub-Management of System Management of the Greater Metropolitan Area, in which it was determined that the water system called ME-A-04 Los Sitios —which supplies the area where the protected party's property is located— presents an approximate water deficit (déficit hídrico) of –58.1 liters per second, which prevents the connection of new supply services. This deficit constitutes an objective and material impediment, as it reveals the real and current lack of water and hydraulic capacity (capacidad hídrica e hidráulica) in the aqueduct infrastructure. In view of this, the administrative denial was based on strictly technical and legal reasons, adjusted to articles 7, 8, 9, 12, and 31 of the Service Provision Regulation of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, as well as the principles of legality and administrative reasonableness established in article 11 of the Political Constitution and in article 11 of the General Law of Public Administration.
Likewise, it was confirmed that the denial resolution was duly notified to the interested party on April 12, 2022, and that he filed the corresponding revocation and appeal remedies, which were resolved through official notes No. SG-GSGAM-DyNS-2022-00450 and GG-R-2022-0685, both notified on August 31, 2022. Said remedies were processed and resolved in accordance with due process, which demonstrates that the administration acted within the framework of its powers and in observance of the established administrative procedures. It must be remembered that, according to reiterated jurisprudence of this Court (see judgments No. 2006-1898 of 09:53 a.m. on February 17, 2006, and No. 2018-3907 of 09:30 a.m. on March 9, 2018), the lack of water infrastructure or the lack of technical capacity to grant new potable water services constitutes a material impossibility that exempts the administration from liability and that, therefore, cannot be deemed a violation of fundamental rights.
Such circumstance does not depend on the will or arbitrariness of the service-providing entity, but on the real availability of water resources and the technical conditions of the system. In the specific case, no omission, negligence, or arbitrary action by the respondent Institute was accredited. On the contrary, it was demonstrated that the respondent authority complied with the legal system and the technical limits that condition the provision of the public potable water service. The denial of service, then, is due to an objective and reasonable cause derived from the lack of technical feasibility (factibilidad técnica), which excludes any violation of the rights invoked by the protected party. Finally, it is pertinent to highlight that the technical authority recommended that the appellant submit a new application for potable water availability (disponibilidad de agua potable), so that the administration may reassess his request according to the current conditions of the water system, taking into account that water systems are dynamic and their capacities vary over time.
Consequently, since it has not been demonstrated that the respondent authority did resolve the request filed by the appellant, the appropriate course of action is to dismiss this amparo (recurso de amparo) proceeding, as indicated in the operative part of this judgment. (…)” Based on all the foregoing, we request that this petition for amparo (recurso de amparo) be rejected as no constitutional right has been violated in the case file.”
Figure 1. Location of the communities Calle Mata de Guineo and Calle Jocosal with respect to the potable water supply systems of the Municipality of Cartago.
The territorial jurisdiction of a municipal operator is determined according to the municipal code; additionally, as provided in the institutional legal opinion PREJ-2025-04768 (evidence 2), every municipal operator must ‘...comply with its obligations and competencies related to the provision of the supply service to those communities that are within its territorial jurisdiction, therefore, it is incumbent upon it to assume and regularize the provision of the service, in accordance with current national regulations’ Based on all the foregoing, local governments that in turn manage and operate potable water supply or wastewater sanitation systems, as is the case of the Municipality of Cartago, are obliged to serve all sectors within their jurisdiction for the provision of said services, ensuring the development, planning, operation, and maintenance of the systems that are necessary to fulfill said responsibility; complying with the technical regulations established by AyA and the applicable legal framework.
Consequently, it must be affirmed that addressing the supply needs in Coyotes, El Filete, Jocosal, and Mata Guineo is the direct responsibility of the Municipality of Cartago, in its capacity as operator of the potable water system in that territory. For the reasons stated, and based on the technical delimitation contained in the municipal coverage document, as well as the sectoral legal framework, no action or omission attributable to AyA is identified regarding the situation raised in the appeal.” Likewise, the UEN Production and Distribution GAM, through memorandum No. UEN-PyDGAM-2026-00033, proceeded to state the following: “In accordance with your request regarding what is indicated in the Amparo Appeal 25-037911-0007-CO, I inform you that the sector mentioned in said Appeal, Lourdes de Agua Caliente de Cartago, is outside the coverage area of the Metropolitan Aqueduct, where the closest system is ME-A-27 El Guarco, more than 4 km from the indicated sector, a system that also presents a water deficit (déficit hídrico), for which reason it is not technically feasible to supply them with potable water service.” Considering the problem presented in the Cartago area, it is important to indicate that said area is managed and operated by the Municipality of Cartago, whose analysis of water and hydraulic capacity (capacidad hídrica e hidráulica) is the direct responsibility of this municipal operator, as well as determining the improvements that said system requires to increase that capacity, if it is technically verified that it presents a deficit.
SUBSTANTIVE CONSIDERATIONS In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitutive Law of AyA, the Institute is responsible for managing and operating aqueduct and sanitary sewerage systems under its jurisdiction. In the canton of Cartago, the Municipality is currently the operator of the potable water and wastewater sanitation service; therefore, it is also responsible for managing, operating, and maintaining the services in good working condition, in light of the provisions of Article 2, paragraph g) of Law 2726. For this reason, it is the operator of the system, that is, the Municipality of Cartago, who must provide a complete report on the characteristics and situation of the aqueduct it manages and the coverage areas. Likewise, the responsibility for the management and operation of those systems corresponds to the Municipality of Cartago, due to which, the basic conditions of the service are due to an adequate or inadequate management and administration thereof, which, as such, must be known by the municipal officials assigned to the local aqueduct.
Equally, given the competence that the Municipality retains in the administration of the aqueduct and sewerage system—in accordance with the aforementioned second article— and that as a public institution it must govern its actions by the Principle of Legality enshrined in Article 11 of our Political Constitution and numeral 11 of the General Law of Public Administration; a principle that subjects all Public Administration to act in accordance with the legal system. It must be emphasized that the principle of budgetary legality also requires that Administrations must adjust to the express provisions of the law that prohibit making investments in systems not managed by AyA, as specifically provided in the Constitutive Law of AyA, the Financial Law of the Republic and Public Budgets, and especially, what is ordered in Article 10 of the General Law of Potable Water (emphasis ours), which establishes clear responsibility and use regarding the financial resources that each municipality receives for the public potable water supply and wastewater treatment service.
In addition to the foregoing, Article 4, paragraph c) of the Municipal Code establishes that it is an attribution of the municipality to administer and provide municipal public services, as well as to ensure their surveillance and control. Although we must indicate that the potable water supply constitutes an essential public service, the Chamber’s jurisprudence, in matters of potable water supply, has been fundamentally directed towards the protection of the right to life and health of natural persons. These rights imply the possibility of demanding certain benefits from the State, an area in which the State is obliged to provide some public services, especially those that are essential to maintain sanitary conditions favorable to the preservation of the life and health of people. Likewise, the provision of the service may also be subject to compliance with the regulatory requirements established for its granting and to the existence of a material possibility of supply, that is, that there are no technical situations that make it impossible and inadvisable for the administration to provide it.” (Constitutional Chamber Judgment No. 2019008796).
In this sense, the Constitutional Chamber has pronounced itself on several occasions regarding legal impediments, such as for example, Judgment No. 07779-2019 of 09:15 on May 3, 2019, which indicated: “(…) III.- REGARDING THE TECHNICAL IMPOSSIBILITIES THAT HINDER THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY. This Court has repeatedly pointed out that a technical, legal, or formal impossibility to provide potable water service is not a violation of fundamental rights; and that it is reasonable not to attend to service requests or to request the interested party to assume the installation costs when there is no potable water distribution network and the construction of infrastructure is needed. Thus, in these cases, it has been clear that it is not a matter of a denial of access to potable water service, but of the impossibility of providing it or of the necessary participation of the interested party in overcoming a technical impossibility, which is, the lack of infrastructure.
Of course, the authorities in charge have the obligation to expand their infrastructure to guarantee the population's access to the service, but as long as gaps remain, the collaboration of the interested parties is essential. In other words, whenever the failure to provide potable water service is not a whimsical, arbitrary, or unfounded action, but rather is justified by a legal or material impossibility, the violation of fundamental rights is ruled out (see judgments 2010-001516, 2017-6701, 2007-11190, and 2006-014218, among others).” This being the case, for the specific case, we must indicate that this Institute neither operates nor manages the potable water supply system nor the wastewater sanitation system in the Cartago area. As indicated supra, it is a system managed by the Local Government, without corrective measures having been taken over the years in the short, medium, and long term to solve the supply problems in remote coverage areas, as is the case that concerns us.
Now, the Justices must understand that AyA is not a co-administrator of the Cartago supply system, whose operator and administrator of said system is the Municipal Government, and by virtue of what is indicated in Article 2, paragraph g) of the Constitutive Law of AyA, No. 2726, it states: 'The systems that are currently managed and operated by municipal corporations may remain under their charge, as long as they provide efficient service.' As ordered by the Urban Planning Law (Ley de Planificación Urbana), the Municipality of Cartago must demand real compliance guarantees in the construction and delivery of infrastructure works (aqueduct/sewerage); consequently, such municipal negligence (coupled with the fact that the area of influence of the aqueduct where the problem is located) obligates that corporation to solve the supply problem, for which AyA is willing to provide all the necessary technical advice, in accordance with the attributions established by the legislator.
Based on the background information, it is the responsibility of the Municipality of Cartago, as the operator of the supply and wastewater sanitation system, the entity in charge of safeguarding local interests, as well as verifying within its jurisdiction the correct functioning and supply of drinking water”. It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
In this context, for this Institution it is not possible to identify the reason why it appears as a respondent in this matter, nor the specific facts on which it should exercise its right of defense. The foregoing does not detract from the possibility for the Ombudsman's Office to issue a technical report on the general topic (availability of water for use by the inhabitants) and the rights underlying this amparo proceeding, should this Honorable Court so require. Considering the foregoing, it is clarified that it is in these latter terms that this report is hereby rendered, and the Constitutional Chamber is respectfully requested to reclassify the status held by the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) in this matter, that is, from respondent to technical informant, so that the institutional report rendered is not considered a statement of defense, but rather a technical report providing technical assessment inputs that assist this Honorable Court in relation to the constitutional right of access to water that is being questioned.
In harmony with the foregoing and as the final point to address in this section, regarding this Honorable Court's requirement that it: "Must also indicate what medium- and long-term plans exist to resolve the water problem experienced by the population of Calle Los Coyotes, Calle El Filete, Calle Jocosal, and Calle Mata Guineo," it must be reiterated that the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) has not had knowledge of the alleged facts other than through the filing of this appeal, hence it is unaware of the existence or non-existence of any medium- and long-term plan(s) to address the allegations. What this Ombudsman's Office knows of the case does not extend beyond that indicated by the appellant and the Municipality of Cartago in the report rendered to the Constitutional Chamber. Added to this, the preparation of plans to resolve the alleged hypothetical problem falls to the entity providing the service, and the Ombudsman's Office cannot substitute for the actions that constitute the competencies proper to the Public Administration, in accordance with the provisions of Law number 7319, Law of the Ombudsman's Office (Ley de la Defensoría de los Habitantes), regarding the nature of the oversight functions exercised by this National Human Rights Institution.
2. REGARDING THE NATURE OF THE INTERVENTION OF THE OMBUDSMAN'S OFFICE (DEFENSORÍA DE LOS HABITANTES) Regarding the nature of the intervention of the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes), it is important to note that the spirit of the constitutive norm set forth in bill N°10.218 – initiative of Law N°7319 – had the clear intention of creating an independent body to combat illegal actions, including moral failings of the Public Administration, understood as an apathy on the part of persons exercising public functions to attend to the needs of the citizens, considering that the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) would come to serve as a body attached to the Legislative Branch, acting as comptroller or watchdog of the Administration; thus, in the legislative record of the cited bill, it is stated: “… this bill responds to general movements to democratize the control of public liberties and constitutes a channel of communication between citizens and the various services of the public administration… it will combat administrative immorality… it will combat arbitrariness and also the inefficiency in which the administration may incur…” It is thus that, through Law Nº7319 of November 17, 1992, it was determined that the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) would be a body charged with ensuring that the activity of the public sector conforms to morality, justice, and the legal order.
Likewise, it is worth noting that the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes), as a National Human Rights Institution, bases its actions, in addition to international instruments and domestic law, on the guidelines provided by the Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights – Paris Principles – approved by the UN General Assembly in 1993. In accordance with them, National Human Rights Institutions – such as the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) – have competence, among others, in the area of the promotion and protection of human rights and in guaranteeing that domestic legislation, regulations, and practices are harmonized with the international human rights instruments to which the State is a party and that their application is effective. In section A) of the Paris Principles, which refers to the topic of competencies and attributions, specifically in point 2., it is established that National Human Rights Institutions, “… shall have as broad a mandate as possible, clearly stated in a constitutional or legislative text, establishing its composition and its sphere of competence.” Likewise, in point 3.a), paragraphs i – ii and iii, it provides that said National Institutions, in the exercise of their powers of self-submission, shall have, among other attributions, the power to intervene in any “… situation of violation of human rights which it decides to take up” and to present to the pertinent bodies, opinions, reports, and recommendations “… on all matters relating to the protection and promotion of human rights,” whether particular or general.
In accordance with the foregoing, the function of the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) is NOT to substitute the actions that constitute the competencies proper to the active Administration, since it is the latter that is responsible for issuing its acts, validating them, and, if necessary, rectifying them, or adopting actions to address issues of public services, infrastructure, among others. The Constitutional Court has analyzed Article 14 of the Law creating the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) as follows: “... Hence, returning now to the analysis of Article 14 of the Law of the Ombudsman (Defensor de los Habitantes), it is understood that the latter has no decision-making functions in the terms held by the administrative hierarchy; it cannot revoke or annul an administrative act and cannot order anything to the Public Administration, except when it requests the cooperation of the latter in the investigation or inquiry of facts, and regarding punitive powers, at most it has the capacity to generate a warning or a recommendation for dismissal, except in cases where the commission of a criminal offense is under discussion.
This is because its function, in essence, consists of trying to convince, influence, arbitrate, and even pressure, based on its prestige, its quality as an independent body, and its access both to petitions it can make to other judicial or administrative bodies and to Parliament itself, of course, and fundamentally to public opinion through the various mass media...” Own emphasis. It is thus that the recommendations issued by the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) are not binding, unlike other bodies such as the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), which is why its acts of legal and moral control are the product of the magistracy of influence, as the constitutional body well indicates: “... what is at stake is the nature and essence of the Ombudsman (Defensor de los Habitantes) (Defensor del Pueblo or Ombudsman in other latitudes), which is a magistracy of influence as the doctrine points out.
Thus, due to their seriousness and the purposes assigned to them by law, the decisions of the Ombudsman (or the Ombudsman's Office) are not legal acts of command, but recommendations that, as such, and at the risk of social or political reprobation that may fall, the hierarch or superior of the investigated party may or may not accept, according to the rules of their own competence...” Own emphasis. In this way, the Ombudsman's Office is constituted as a body for the oversight of legality of the actions of the public sector, which is called upon to ensure the rights and interests of the inhabitants, without having the power to assume competencies that correspond to other public sector institutions, as this would exceed the role of overseer of legality assigned by the legislator.
In accordance with the foregoing, the essential conclusion on this point is that, in accordance with the nature, competencies, and role of the Ombudsman's Office, it does not have the power to intervene directly to solve the issue raised, in which it is the Municipality of Cartago that, in any case, holds the empowerment or powers to provide a solution to the problem raised.
3. ON THE CONVENTIONAL PROTECTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHT OF ACCESS TO WATER IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES In accordance with the clarifications made in sections 1 and 2 of this report, the Constitutional Chamber is hereby provided, under the character of a Technical Report, with inputs to assist in the assessment that the Honorable Constitutional Chamber conducts in the particular case.
On the international level, the human right to a healthy environment is protected by various instruments of International Law. Specifically on this topic, Article 11 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enshrines the right to a healthy environment. Likewise, the first principle of the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment states: “Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations.” Likewise, the human right to water is recognized in several legal instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, also in international humanitarian law conventions, such as the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949; as well as in ministerial declarations such as the Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development of 1992; the Ministerial Declaration of the 3rd World Water Forum in Kyoto of 2003 and Recommendation N° 1731 of 2006 of the Council of Europe “European contribution to the improvement of water management”; the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, adopted in London in 1999; and the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of economic, social and cultural rights (Protocol of San Salvador) of 1988.
In November 2002, the 29th session of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was held, and General Comment No. 15 entitled “The right to water” was issued, built from Articles 11 and 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of December 19, 1966. In this way, “the human right to water derives from the right to an adequate standard or quality of living and the right to health, being indispensable for ensuring minimal human conditions of existence.” The Committee, in its General Comment No. 15, referring to Articles 11 and 12 of the Covenant, states the following: “The right to water clearly falls within the category of guarantees essential for securing an adequate standard of living, particularly because it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival (…) The right to water is also inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12, para. 1) and the rights to adequate housing and adequate food (art. 11, para. 1).
This right should also be seen in conjunction with other rights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights, foremost amongst them the right to life and human dignity.” Thus, the Committee in its General Comment No. 15 defined the human right to water as: “The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.” It is important to detail that in the analysis of the right to a healthy and balanced environment and the human right to water, the right to health must be obligatorily contemplated, since any impact on the environment ends up harming the health of the population, and without access to potable water, the well-being of persons is harmed. The Constitutional Chamber has referred to the matter in abundant jurisprudence and has indicated that the right to health and to life are fundamental human rights that depend on access to potable water, and the competent bodies have the unavoidable responsibility to ensure that society, as a whole, does not see these diminished.
(Resolution number 2019-8698 of May 17, 2019) The right to health derived from Article 50 of the Political Constitution must be safeguarded by the persons who have the legal competence to do so. In the sphere of international treaties and conventions, it must be noted that both the constitutions of the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization (Article 1) recognize health as a human right. As early as the year 2000, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in its 22nd session, issued General Comment No. 14, concerning Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. Said recommendation states: “… The realization of the right to health may be pursued through numerous complementary approaches, such as the formulation of health policies, the implementation of health programs developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), or the adoption of specific legal instruments.” According to the General Comment, the right to health embraces four elements: availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality.
Likewise, it imposes three types of obligations on States Parties: a) Respect: not to interfere with the enjoyment of the right to health (“do no harm”); b) Protect: adopt measures to prevent third parties (non-state actors) from interfering with the enjoyment of the right to health (for example, regulating the activity of non-state actors); and c) Fulfill: adopt positive measures to give full effect to the right to health (for example, adopting appropriate laws, policies, or budgetary measures).
4. ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT OF ACCESS TO POTABLE WATER While it is true that through Law N° 9849 of June 5, 2020, a final paragraph was added to Article 50 of the Political Constitution, expressly recognizing, with the highest level of protection through its inclusion in the Fundamental Political Charter, the “essential and inalienable human right of access to potable water, as a good essential for life...”, it is important to note that for a long time before, in abundant jurisprudence, the Constitutional Chamber had already been expressly recognizing the existence of a fundamental right to the supply of potable water, derived from the right to health, life, a healthy environment, food, and decent housing, among others. Thus, from a Human Rights approach, this Court has indicated that access to water constitutes a minimum condition necessary to achieve an adequate and harmonious physical, psychological, and environmental equilibrium, expressly stating that “without water there can be no life, nor quality of life” (See ruling number 2006-5606 of April 26, 2006).
Along these same lines, the Chamber recognizes that, without equitable access to a minimum requirement of potable water, other fundamental rights would be unattainable, such as the right to an adequate standard of living for health and well-being, as well as other civil and political rights. From this perspective, the Constitutional Chamber incorporates into its resolutions various international legal instruments, which merely reaffirm the relevance of the issue of access to water as a necessary condition for the achievement of all Human Rights. In this way, reference is made to a series of international regulations, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Article 14) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 24); the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo (principle 2), Article 11.1 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (“Protocol of San Salvador” of 1988), the United Nations Water Conference (Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1977, Action Plan), the New Delhi Statement on potable water supply and environmental sanitation (India, 1990); the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992, Chapter 18 of Agenda 21), among many others.
These instruments, in the opinion of this Court, reaffirm the status of access to water as a fundamental human right. In this order of ideas, this Court has expressly indicated that “all persons must be granted the possibility of accessing potable water services under conditions of equality, since it is essential for human life and health” (See ruling N° 17397 - 2019 of September 11, 2019), thereby dismissing the possibility that the State may determine in a discretionary or irrational manner that certain populations are prevented from accessing the right to water.
On the other hand, constitutional jurisprudence has also recognized that the provision of potable water service constitutes a public service, and as such, it must necessarily be subject to the principles that regulate it. In this order of ideas, it has been indicated that the administered have the fundamental right to the proper and efficient functioning of public services, which implies a continuous, regular, prompt, effective, and efficient provision, based on the provisions of Articles 140, subsection 8), 139, subsection 4) and 191 of the Political Constitution, as well as Article 4 of the General Law of Public Administration. In the case of essential public services such as the supply of potable water, the Constitutional Court considers that this duty of efficiency on the part of the Administration becomes fundamental, by virtue of its intrinsic relationship with the right to life and health of persons, rights that are furthermore essential and necessary for the achievement of all other rights.
In matters of water service provision, the Chamber has recognized the right held by the inhabitants to demand certain services from the State, within which is maintaining the continuity of the potable water service, understanding that this continuity forms part of “a proper and efficient service to the subscriber, and in turn guarantees their most elementary fundamental rights.” (See ruling N° 17397 -2019 of September 11, 2019) In the same sense, this Chamber has also indicated that the public service of potable water supply must not only be continuous, but must also guarantee the provision of quality and sufficient service, since deficiencies in supply could have a detrimental impact on the life and health of the population (see ruling N° 262-2009 of January 14, 2009) (…)
5. CONSIDERATIONS OF THE HUMAN RIGHT OF ACCESS TO WATER RECOGNIZED EVEN PREVIOUSLY BY THE HONORABLE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW As early as July 28, 2010, through resolution 64/292, the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation, confirming that potable water and its sanitation are essential for the realization of all human rights. That is, it is a right in itself that forms part of the most fundamental conditions for survival; therefore, it is a transversal right in the legal system, as its scarcity has an impact on the exercise of other rights. Consider in this sense that, in the absence of this water resource, rights such as life, health, food, education, work, among others, are threatened; hence its guarantee promotes the development of the other mentioned rights, and in a Social State of Law like ours, this type of guarantee is fundamental, particularly if one considers that it forms part of the first-generation Human Rights and the governmental function becomes one of recognizing and regulating it.
As anticipated in the preceding sections, in our country this Honorable Constitutional Chamber has always been clear on the importance of the right at hand, proof of which is that through constitutional jurisprudence, water was recognized for the first time in 2003 as a fundamental right associated with life, health, and later as a human right in itself, even before the United Nations did so with its recognition in 2010, as mentioned (…) Based on the foregoing, the guarantee implied by the possibility of accessing the resource under conditions of equality is clear, with a view to promoting and safeguarding other highly important human rights, as are all those indicated, the Costa Rican State being constrained, not only by its international commitments, but particularly by its commitment to the inhabitants, to guarantee dignified access to this resource.
Once this preamble is complete, we proceed to present the institutional report regarding the specific case at hand.
6. TECHNICAL OPINION OF THE OMBUDSMAN'S OFFICE (DEFENSORÍA DE LOS HABITANTES) ON THE FACTS UNDER STUDY IN THIS AMPARO APPEAL Without prejudice to what is developed in the preceding sections, which constitute the protective legal regime of the right of access to water, it is worth noting that, from institutional experience, in cases processed by the Ombudsman's Office for complaints related to the non-granting of water availability letters, the Ombudsman's Office has reiterated what the Constitutional Chamber has established, in that the fundamental right to water guarantees access to the service under conditions of equality; however, its granting is subject to the prior fulfillment of the legal, technical, and administrative requirements established in each specific case. The foregoing particularly considering the need to protect the right, but respecting and complying with those technical criteria that allow guaranteeing the real supply capacity and the safeguarding of the factors that technically impact an optimal provision of the resource (…) It is understood, then, that although there is a fundamental right of access to water that can be demanded from the competent administration, the provision of the service is subject to compliance with the regulatory requirements established for its granting and the existence of technical feasibility for its supply, that is, that there are no material limitations that make it impossible or inadvisable.
In the specific case, from the information provided by the Constitutional Chamber, particularly from the report rendered by the municipal entity, it emerges that the refusal to grant water availability is due to non-compliance with formal and technical requirements demanded by the applicable regulations, including the lack of water capacity and the topographical elevation of the supply tank. Additionally, according to what is indicated in the report rendered by the Municipality of Cartago, in the complaining community there are constructions that did not have a water availability letter, an indispensable requirement for obtaining the construction permit. Since, according to the construction regulations, water availability is a requirement for the granting of construction permits, it is reasonable to presume that we are in the presence of non-compliance with requirements and/or the lack of adequate municipal oversight of the construction processes in said localities.
Based on the foregoing, it is noted that the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes), in its condition as a body for the oversight of legality of public institutions, must ensure that they act in accordance with the legal system, and should what is indicated by the Local Government be deemed accredited, the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) could not urge the provision of a service in contravention of the legal provisions in force. In the terms developed, the Ombudsman's Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) hereby renders the requested opinion and remains at the disposal of this honorable Constitutional Chamber to attend to any request for additional information that may be required.”
| --- | --- | | 1 image | Corregir la orientación | The Zone in dark green is the protection zone and only the following uses are permitted:
| --- | | 1 image | In the previous image, the area in question is indicated highlighted in red; as observed, it lies within the aforementioned protection zone. By virtue of this, the Cartago Aqueduct does not have infrastructure as this area is not within the coverage area; furthermore, being in a PROTECTION ZONE (ZONA DE PROTECCIÓN), the residential use given by the appellants is not permitted, so the Aqueduct cannot extend the network to that area. Based on all the foregoing, the request to reject this amparo appeal is reiterated, as no constitutional right whatsoever has been violated in the record.”
Therefore, in the event that the supply of potable water is provided by the municipalities, it falls to these local governments to grant its availability within their territorial jurisdiction without interference from ARESEP, by virtue of the principle of municipal autonomy that encompasses them, in accordance with what was indicated by the Constitutional Chamber in the cited rulings. On the other hand, it is reported that, when the public services of aqueduct and sanitary sewerage are not efficiently provided by the municipalities (for example, due to quality or availability problems), the Constitutional Chamber may order that the AyA, as the governing body of these services appointed by Law No. 2726, assume them. In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber stated in ruling 5445-95 that: “(…) When the problem exceeds the territorial circumscription to which local governments are subject, that competence may be transferred to the corresponding national or regional State institutions, by means of a nationalization or regionalization law, as the case may be.
In the case of the potable water service and wastewater evacuation via sewerage, that nationalization occurred in due course with the Law that created the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) (…)”. The lack of competence of ARESEP to interfere in the conditions under which municipalities provide the aqueduct and sewerage service is highlighted, with the Constitutional Chamber being the competent entity to order AyA to assume these systems or to order autonomous entities to proceed to grant availability of public services such as potable water, since this is not a public service regulated by the Regulatory Authority and, therefore, the rules, regulations, and methodologies on regulatory matters issued by the regulatory body are not applicable to municipalities. Due to the foregoing, regarding the appellant's statement in the section of her amparo brief entitled “Potable water service,” in which she indicates that, “(…) through Agreement 07-50-2020 of June 16, 2020, the Board of Directors of ARESEP ordered the following: To consider a methodology proposal for access to potable water, in light of the recent reform of Article 50 of the Political Constitution that recognizes and guarantees the human right of access to potable water (…)”, it must be noted that, in accordance with what has already been stated, the tariff methodologies issued by ARESEP, and other regulations that this Regulatory Body carries out regarding public services, apply to public or private providers that render public services by concession, permit, or Law, which excludes municipalities, due to the municipal autonomy that covers them, as explained.
In conclusion, as autonomous bodies, the Municipalities are in charge of the local administration of services, including potable water, and ARESEP has the duty to respect that autonomy that assists them; therefore, in the present matter, ARESEP lacks the necessary powers to actively interfere. Notwithstanding what was indicated in the previous section, it is possible to point out that water resources are regulated in Costa Rican legislation starting from the Political Constitution. Its Article 21 establishes the fundamental right to life, which is linked to that of health, and with it, access to potable water derives as a guarantee of those rights. Furthermore, with Law No. 9849 of June 5, 2020, a paragraph was added to Article 50 of the Magna Carta that recognizes and guarantees the human right of access to water: “(…) ARTICLE 50.- … Every person has the human, basic, and inalienable right of access to potable water, as an essential good for life.
Water is a good of the nation, indispensable to protect such human right. Its use, protection, sustainability, conservation, and exploitation shall be governed by what is established by the law that will be created for these effects, and the supply of potable water for human and population consumption shall have priority (…)”. Also, the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber is reiterated in recognizing the so-called fundamental right to water, by which all persons must be granted the possibility of accessing potable water services under conditions of equality, since it is essential for human life and health (see resolutions 2007-17475 of November 30, 2007, and 2008-11390, of July 22, 2008, of the Constitutional Chamber). Based on this recognition of access to water as a Human Right, the State's obligation to provide basic public services derives, which implies that people cannot be illegitimately deprived of them; for this, providers must progressively achieve, and in accordance with domestic legislation, the full effectiveness of this constitutionally recognized right.
However, it is important to take into consideration that the fundamental right nature of access to water does not imply unrestricted access to water services, since the Administration may deny the service if it is technically not feasible to supply it (see in this sense resolutions No. 2018-004915 of 09:30 hours on March 23, 2018, No. 2025021360 of 09:30 hours on July 11, 2025, among others). This, therefore, could imply the denial of the granting of water service by a provider if there is a technical impossibility to provide it, and must be evaluated in light of the appellant's statement of not obtaining water availability from the Municipality of Cartago. By virtue of the filed appeal, a check was made in the database of the General Directorate of User Assistance, specifically in the Immediate Assistance database (email [email protected]), and consultations were made with the Document Management department and with the Directorate of Technological Transformation, to determine in the single-window system if there was any pending procedure related to actions or requests filed before this Regulatory Authority by [Name 001] on a personal basis, or on behalf of the Calles Coyotes y Jocosal Neighborhood Association; however, no record was found in this regard.
Likewise, a review was carried out with the names, identification numbers, and with the three notification emails that came in the constitutional amparo brief, without finding any action. As can be inferred from the foregoing, there are no actions or procedures carried out or pending to be carried out by ARESEP regarding this matter, given that neither the appellant nor the group of protected neighbors has carried out any procedure before this Regulatory Authority.” It requests that the appeal be declared without merit.
Drafted by Magistrate Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
The appellant alleges that she is a resident of Lourdes, Agua Caliente, Cartago. She indicates that since 2018, her community began the water availability procedures. She points out that there apparently was an intention to supply the resource; however, it was not favorable. She explains that for a dignified development in the communities called Calle Los Coyotes, Calle el Filete, Calle Jocosal, and Calle Mata Guineo, they gathered to form the Calles Coyotes y Jocosal Neighborhood Association, which was registered as of October 19, 2023. She affirms that in November 2023, a meeting was held with Mr. Mario Redondo Poveda, in his capacity as municipal mayor, an occasion on which he was given a document requesting access to potable water in said communities; furthermore, they attached the census with a series of proofs of all the paperwork that began in 2016, directly to the Water Directorate and the AyA Regional Office in Cartago, which explicitly indicate that due to the number of inhabitants and the distance, the local government is directly responsible for the water supply. She alleges that despite the meetings held with the municipal mayor and the multiple requests for access to potable water service filed by the neighbors, as of the date of filing this appeal, they have not had a formal response, only promises.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven, either because they have been accredited or because the appealed authority has omitted to refer to them:
From the report rendered by the appealed authorities, which is given under the solemnity of oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it follows that the Municipal Aqueduct does not provide potable water service in Calles Los Coyotes and Calle El Filete, for the technical reasons that it has no infrastructure on both streets and mainly because the topographic elevation of the storage tank and the municipal distribution networks closest to said streets is much lower. It was accredited that the Aqueduct does provide potable water service to a part of Calles Jocosal and Mata Guineo. It was demonstrated that in 2021, the then Director of Aqueducts, through official letter ATA-OF-40-2021, responded to a request for information from neighbors of what is known as the Alto El César sector, regarding a project to provide potable water, in which he indicates that the project does not have approval from the Technical Directorate or the Municipal Mayor's Office.
It was affirmed that according to recent satellite images, recently built constructions are observed, despite the Aqueduct Area having denied the availability [permits] that have arrived from that sector, since they were rejected for technical reasons. It was evidenced that in 2024, the Municipal Aqueduct had to implement supply rationing due to a decrease in the flows of the different springs (nacientes). Finally, it was indicated that the Master Plan is currently being developed; among its scope are: identifying new water sources, having the water balance for each of the systems, demand projection, among other inputs necessary to determine if there is the water capacity to expand the Municipal Aqueduct network. It was verified that the Master Plan is in the final stage of development, with an approximate progress of 70% —it is expected that by July 26, 2026, the contractor will present the final report and, if accepted by the Aqueduct Area, it will be presented to the Council the following month for approval—.
It was indicated that the area where the appellants live is within the Protection Zone. Finally, it was demonstrated that in the protection zones, residential use is not permitted because the aqueduct does not have infrastructure for that purpose. In conclusion, it is true that the local government is competent to provide potable water service to several communities in the province of Cartago, among which is the Alto El César sector. It is also true that despite the request, the potable water service has not been installed for them. For its part, the appealed authority affirms that “no omission, negligent, or arbitrary action on the part of the appealed Institute was accredited. On the contrary, it was demonstrated that the sued authority conformed to the legal system and the technical limits that condition the provision of the public potable water service. The denial of service, then, is due to an objective and reasonable cause derived from the lack of technical feasibility, which excludes any violation of the rights invoked by the protected party, which excludes any violation of the rights invoked by the protected party.
Finally, it is timely to highlight that the technical authority recommended that the appellant file a new request for potable water availability, so that the administration may reassess her petition according to the current conditions of the water system, taking into account that water systems are dynamic and their capacities vary over time.” On repeated occasions, this Chamber has maintained that, although the fundamental right to water and its access under equal conditions is recognized, as it is an essential service for life and health, it has also indicated that this right does not imply unrestricted access to water, since the Administration may validly establish general conditions and requirements to access this service. Likewise, it is valid for the entities —public or private— that administer the service to reject water requests, or the water availability letter, when the interested party does not meet the requirements or when there are technical or legal reasons that justify it.
Therefore, it does not fall to this Court to analyze the validity of the decision adopted by the appealed authority upon recognizing its impossibility to provide potable water service due to lack of technical feasibility. The foregoing, because it would imply carrying out a series of technical procedures that fall outside the scope of this Chamber's jurisdiction and, furthermore, exceed the summary nature of the amparo appeal. That said, taking into account that there is a Master Plan that aims to identify new water sources as well as determine if there is the water capacity to expand the Municipal Aqueduct network —which is in the final stage of development—, the municipal authorities are reminded of the importance of continuing with the development of said plan in order to ensure the provision of water service to those persons who legally meet the requirements for the enjoyment of that right. Therefore, the proper course is to declare the appeal without merit.
The appellant party is warned that, if any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, has been provided, they must withdraw them from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period shall be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the “Regulation on Electronic Case Files before the Judicial Branch” (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in the Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore:
The appeal is declared without merit. Notify.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE No. 25-037911-0007-CO Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 meters south of the Perpetuo Socorro Church).
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 05-08-2026 12:10:08.
SCIJ of Hacienda SCIJ of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic
Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del trece de marzo de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo presentado por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], a favor de la ASOCIACIÓN VECINAL CALLES COYOTES Y JOCOSAL, contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE CARTAGO.
Resultando:
Fuente: GIS MUNICIPAL, elaboración propia, enero 2026. (se aclara que la línea en color amarillo es calle Jocosal; en color gris está representada la calle Mata Guineo.) 3- En el 2021 el entonces Director de Acueductos, mediante el oficio ATA-OF-40-2021, da respuesta a solicitud de información, a vecinos de lo que se conoce como sector Alto El César, referente a proyecto para dotar de agua potable, en el cual indica que el proyecto no tiene visto bueno de parte de la Dirección Técnica ni de la Alcaldia Municipal (ver oficio a imagen 21 del escrito de los recurrentes.) 4- Revisando imágenes satelitales recientes, se aprecian construcciones de recién construcción, a pesar de que el Area de Acueductos ha denegado las disponibilidades que han llegado de ese sector, ya que por razones técnicas se rechazaron. 5- Adicionalmente, se indica que en el año 2024, el Acueducto Municipal debió de realizar racionamientos en el suministro debido a disminución en los caudales de las diferentes nacientes, se adjunta imagen, actualmente se está elaborando el Plan Maestro, dentro de los alcances están: identificar nuevas fuentes agua, contar con el balance hídrico para cada uno de los sistemas, proyección de demanda, entre otros insumos necesarios para poder determinar si se cuenta con la capacidad hídrica para ampliar la red del Acueducto Municipal.
De esta forma, se evidencia que existen razones técnicas que se erigen en valladar para atender a lo denunciado en esta sede judicial, debiendo acotar que esta Sala ha sido consecuente en que razones de este tipo descartan cualquier violación al derecho a acceder al servicio de agua potable el que, en tal virtud, no es de acceso irrestricto. Así en el voto 033894-25 dilo: “…SOBRE EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE LOS REQUISITOS EXIGIBLES PARA ACCEDER AL SERVICIO DE AGUA POTABLE. La jurisprudencia de la Sala ha reconocido el denominado derecho fundamental al agua, por el cual debe concederse a todas las personas la posibilidad de acceder, en condiciones de igualdad, a los servicios de agua potable, toda vez que esta resulta esencial para la vida y la salud humanas. No obstante, este carácter de derecho fundamental no implica un acceso irrestricto a los servicios de agua, ya que la administración puede establecer requisitos generales de necesario cumplimiento por cada solicitante para valorar su particular requerimiento.
Así, en la Sentencia No 2006-1898 de las 09:53 hrs. de 17 de febrero de 2006, este Tribunal dispuso lo siguiente: “(…) El recurrente alega (…) que pese a las solicitudes y esfuerzos hechos, el Instituto recurrido se ha negado a brindarles el servicio de agua potable aduciendo que se trata de un precario y que sus habitantes no cuentan con un plano de segregación que establezca que son propietarios de los inmuebles. Al respecto, se encuentra acreditado en autos, con base en el informe rendido bajo juramento por la autoridad recurrida, que existe una imposibilidad para instalar servicios de agua potable domiciliaria en la comunidad que habita el recurrente por dos motivos específicos: la falta de una infraestructura adecuada y de presentación de solicitudes con cumplimiento de requisitos legales por parte de los interesados (...). Esta Sala, en la sentencia No. 2004-12185 de las 13:31 horas del 29 de octubre del 2004, en un caso similar al presente, señaló que no era posible obligar al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados a eludir lo dispuesto en su Reglamento de Prestación de Servicios a los Clientes ni en la Ley General de Agua Potable.
De ahí que, en el tanto el amparado, no reúna las condiciones y requisitos ahí exigidos, aunque el servicio de agua potable debe estar al alcance de toda persona por tratarse de un servicio esencial, no se le puede proveer de manera regular. Dada la existencia de esos dos motivos objetivos por los cuales no es posible suministrar un servicio de agua potable regular al accionante: su falta de cumplimiento de requerimientos para la conexión de un servicio nuevo, empezando, por la presentación de la solicitud y la existencia de una infraestructura adecuada en la zona, no existe motivo alguno para entender que la denegatoria de la prestación del servicio regular por parte del Instituto recurrido se deba al hecho que el amparado y sus vecinos no cuentan con títulos de propiedad sobre los inmuebles que poseen. (…)”. Asimismo, en el voto No. 2018-3907 de las 09:30 horas del 9 de marzo de 2018, la Sala señaló: “(…) IV.- SOBRE EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE REQUISITOS PARA APROBAR UNA DISPONIBILIDAD DE AGUA POTABLE.
Al respecto, este Tribunal ha reconocido reiteradamente que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados y las municipalidades que prestan el servicio de suministro de agua potable, de previo a aprobar o rechazar las solicitudes de disponibilidad de agua potable que les sean formuladas, están en plena capacidad de exigir el cumplimiento de requisitos establecidos en el ordenamiento jurídico, y ponderar razones de orden legal y técnico. V.- Sobre el caso concreto. De los informes rendidos bajo fe de juramento por las autoridades recurridas, y la documentación aportada al expediente, se desprende que el 14 de enero de 2013, la amparada presentó una solicitud de trámite de disponibilidad de agua ante la Oficina Cantonal de Guácimo Región Huetar, del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados en un inmueble de su propiedad, ubicado en África de Guácimo.
El 13 de mayo de 2013, el Departamento de Ingeniería, mediante oficio N° RHAOM2013-0886, retirado por la amparada el 6 de junio de 2013 indicó, respecto a la solicitud de disponibilidad de servicios y extensión de tubería en terrenos con servidumbre de paso, los requisitos para dicho trámite. Posteriormente, la amparada, el 19 de mayo de 2015 envió al Departamento de Ingeniería del AyA una nota solicitando una carta de Capacidad Hídrica. Por Oficio N° SB-GSP-RHAOMSAP-2015-1492, de 10 de julio de 2015 el Departamento de Ingeniería del AyA indicó a la amparada nuevamente los requisitos para otorgarle la carta de capacidad hídrica, relacionados con la extensión de ramal en servidumbre de paso, sin embargo a la fecha que se rinde el informe la amparada no ha cumplido con lo indicado. De lo anterior se concluye que en el presente caso no existe lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la amparada, pues de la inspección de campo realizada por el ICAA se acreditó la ausencia de infraestructura de agua potable frente a la propiedad de la amparada, y la necesidad de efectuar una extensión de ramal en servidumbre de paso.
Es evidente entonces que el ICAA no puede brindar el servicio solicitado por el recurrente porque técnicamente no le es factible y, por ende, no es posible acoger su solicitud en los términos en que lo pretende. Así las cosas, considera la Sala que no se ha dado una negativa arbitraria del ICAA para brindarle disponibilidad del servicio de agua potable a la gestionante como lo solicita, sino que, lo que en realidad ha ocurrido, es que existe una imposibilidad técnica y material debido a la inexistencia en el sitio de la infraestructura necesaria para acceder a lo peticionado por la recurrente, lo cual ya es de su conocimiento. Recuérdese que, sobre el particular, esta Sala ha reconocido en múltiples sentencias lo que ha llamado la imposibilidad técnica o material, que es la falta de infraestructura, y se ha manifestado en el sentido de que cuando existe imposibilidad técnica para conectar el servicio solicitado, no se vulnera derecho fundamental alguno de los administrados porque la omisión en la prestación del servicio obedece a la falta de elementos técnicos necesarios para la instalación del servicio y no a una actuación arbitraria de la Administración (ver en ese sentido, entre otras, sentencias 2007-03355, 2007-010341, y 2017-011477).
En consecuencia, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso, como en efecto se ordena (…)”. Se entiende entonces que, si bien existe un derecho fundamental al agua que puede ser exigido ante el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados o ante las respectivas ASADAS, la prestación del servicio también debe sujetarse al cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos para su otorgamiento y a que exista posibilidad material de suministro, esto es, que no existan situaciones técnicas que imposibiliten o desaconsejen brindarlo. (…)” “(…) este Tribunal descarta la lesión a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. De los informes rendidos por los representantes de las autoridades recurridas -que se tienen dados bajo juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción- y la prueba aportada para la resolución del asunto ha sido debidamente acreditado que, la solicitud de disponibilidad de servicios formulada por el recurrente sí fue analizada y resuelta en el año 2022 por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), entidad que denegó la petición ante la comprobada inexistencia de factibilidad técnica para el otorgamiento del servicio de agua potable y alcantarillado sanitario en el inmueble de su propiedad, ubicado en el distrito San Vicente, cantón de Moravia.
El AyA fundamentó la denegatoria en un estudio técnico emitido por la Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas del Gran Área Metropolitana, en el cual se determinó que el sistema hídrico denominado ME-A-04 Los Sitios —que abastece la zona donde se ubica el inmueble del amparado— presenta un déficit hídrico aproximado de –58,1 litros por segundo, lo que impide la conexión de nuevos servicios de abastecimiento. Este déficit constituye un impedimento objetivo y material, pues revela la falta real y actual de capacidad hídrica e hidráulica en la infraestructura del acueducto. En atención a ello, la negativa administrativa se sustentó en razones estrictamente técnicas y legales, ajustadas a los artículos 7, 8, 9, 12 y 31 del Reglamento de Prestación de los Servicios del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, así como en los principios de legalidad y razonabilidad administrativa establecidos en el artículo 11 de la Constitución Política y en el artículo 11 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública.
Asimismo, se constató que la resolución denegatoria fue debidamente notificada al interesado el 12 de abril de 2022 y que este interpuso los recursos de revocatoria y apelación correspondientes, los cuales fueron resueltos mediante los oficios N.º SG-GSGAM-DyNS-2022-00450 y GG-R-2022-0685, ambos notificados el31 de agosto de 2022. Dichos recursos fueron tramitados y resueltos conforme al debido proceso, lo que evidencia que la administración actuó dentro del marco de sus competencias y en observancia de los procedimientos administrativos establecidos. Debe recordarse que, según reiterada jurisprudencia de este Tribunal (ver las sentencias N.º 2006-1898 de las 09:53 horas del 17 de febrero de 2006 y N.º 2018-3907 de las 09:30 horas del 9 de marzo de 2018), la inexistencia de infraestructura hídrica o la carencia de capacidad técnica para otorgar nuevos servicios de agua potable constituye una imposibilidad material que exime de responsabilidad a la administración y que, por tanto, no puede reputarse violatoria de derechos fundamentales.
Tal circunstancia no depende de la voluntad o arbitrariedad del ente prestador del servicio, sino de la disponibilidad real de los recursos hídricos y de las condiciones técnicas del sistema. En el caso concreto, no se acreditó actuación omisiva, negligente o arbitraria por parte del Instituto recurrido. Por el contrario, se demostró que la autoridad accionada se ajustó al ordenamiento jurídico y a los límites técnicos que condicionan la prestación del servicio público de agua potable. La denegatoria del servicio, entonces, obedece a una causa objetiva y razonable derivada de la falta de factibilidad técnica, lo cual excluye cualquier violación a los derechos invocados por el amparado. Finalmente, resulta oportuno destacar que la autoridad técnica recomendó al recurrente presentar una nueva solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable, a fin de que la administración valore nuevamente su petición conforme a las condiciones actuales del sistema hídrico, tomando en cuenta que los sistemas de agua son dinámicos y sus capacidades varían en el tiempo.
En consecuencia, al no haberse demostrado que la autoridad accionada sí resolvió la solicitud planteada por el recurrente, lo procedente es desestimar el presente proceso de amparo, tal como se indica en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia. (…)” Con base en todo lo anterior, se solicita rechazar el presente recurso de amparo al no existir derecho constitucional alguno que haya sido conculcado en los autos”.
Figura 1. Ubicación de las comunidades Calle Mata de Guineo y Calle Jocosal con respecto a los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable de la Municipalidad de Cartago.
La jurisdicción territorial de un operador municipal está determinada según el código municipal, adicionalmente, según lo dispuesto en el criterio jurídico institucional PREJ-2025-04768 (prueba 2), todo operador municipal debe “...cumplir con sus obligaciones y competencias relacionada con la prestación del servicio de abastecimiento a aquellas comunidades que se encuentran dentro de su jurisdicción territorial, por lo que le corresponde asumir y regularizar la prestación del servicio, de conformidad con la normativa nacional vigente” Con base en todo lo anterior, los gobiernos locales que a su vez administran y operan sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable o de saneamiento de aguas residuales, como es el caso de la Municipalidad de Cartago, están obligados a atender la totalidad de los sectores dentro de su jurisdicción para la prestación de dichos servicios, asegurando el desarrollo, planificación, operación y mantenimiento de los sistemas que sean necesarios para cumplir con dicha responsabilidad; acatando la normativa técnica establecida por el AyA y el marco jurídico aplicable.
En consecuencia, corresponde afirmar que la atención de las necesidades de abastecimiento en Coyotes, El Filete, Jocosal y Mata Guineo es responsabilidad directa de la Municipalidad de Cartago, en su condición de operador del sistema de agua potable en ese territorio. Por lo expuesto, y con base en la delimitación técnica contenida en el documento de cobertura municipal, así como en el marco jurídico sectorial, no se identifica acción u omisión atribuible al AyA respecto a la situación planteada en el recurso.” Así mismo, la UEN Producción y Distribución GAM mediante memorando No. UEN-PyDGAM-2026-00033, procedió a referirse en el siguiente sentido: “De acuerdo con su solicitud respecto a lo indicado en el Recurso de Amparo 25- 037911-0007-CO, le indico que el sector mencionado en dicho Recurso, Lourdes de Agua Caliente de Cartago, se encuentra fuera del área de cobertura del Acueducto Metropolitano, donde el sistema más cercano es el ME-A-27 El Guarco, a más de 4 km del sector indicado, un sistema que además presenta déficit hídrico, por lo cual no es factible técnicamente suministrarles el servicio de agua potable.” Considerando la problemática presentada en la zona de Cartago, es importante indicar que dicha zona es administrada y operada por la Municipalidad de Cartago, cuyo análisis de capacidad hídrica e hidráulica es responsabilidad directa de este operador municipal, así como determinar las mejoras que requiere dicho sistema para incrementar esa capacidad, de comprobarse que técnicamente presenta déficit.
CONSIDERACIONES DE FONDO De conformidad con el artículo 1 de la Ley Constitutiva de AyA, el Instituto es el encargado de administrar y operar sistemas de acueducto y alcantarillado sanitario bajo su competencia. En el cantón de Cartago, la Municipalidad es actualmente el operador del servicio de agua potable y saneamiento de aguas residuales, por ende, le corresponde además administrar, operar y mantener los servicios en buenas condiciones de funcionamiento, a la luz de lo dispuesto en el artículo 2 inc. g) de la Ley 2726 Por tal razón, es el operador del sistema es decir la Municipalidad de Cartago, quien debe de proveer un informe completo sobre las características y situación del acueducto que administran y las áreas de cobertura. Así mismo, el responsable de la administración y operación de esos sistemas corresponde a la Municipalidad de Cartago, debido a lo cual, las condiciones básicas del servicio obedecen a una adecuada o inadecuada gestión y administración de éste, que como tal lo deben conocer los funcionarios municipales destacados en el acueducto local.
Igualmente, dada la competencia que conserva la Municipalidad en la administración del acueducto y alcantarillado—de acuerdo con el artículo segundo antes mencionado— y que como institución pública debe regir su actuar al Principio de Legalidad consagrado en el artículo 11 de nuestra Constitución Política y el numeral 11 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública; principio que somete a toda Administración Pública, actuar conforme al ordenamiento jurídico. Se debe recalcar que también el principio de legalidad presupuestaria, exige que las Administraciones debemos ajustarnos a las disposiciones expresas de ley que proscribe realizar inversiones en sistemas no administrados por AyA, tal y como se dispone concretamente en la Ley Constitutiva de AyA, Ley Financiera de la República y de Presupuestos Públicos y en especial, lo ordenado en el artículo 10 de la Ley General de Agua Potable (el resaltado es nuestro), que establece clara responsabilidad y uso respecto a los recursos financieros que perciba cada municipalidad por concepto del servicio público de abastecimiento de agua potable y tratamiento de aguas residuales.
En complemento a lo anterior, el artículo 4 inc. c) del Código Municipal establece que es una atribución de la municipalidad administrar y prestar los servicios públicos municipales, así como velar por su vigilancia y control. Si bien, debemos indicar que el suministro de agua potable constituye un servicio público esencial, la jurisprudencia de la Sala, en materia de suministro de agua potable, se ha dirigido fundamentalmente a la protección del derecho a la vida y a la salud de las personas físicas. Esos derechos implican la posibilidad de exigir ciertas prestaciones del Estado, ámbito en el cual el Estado se ve obligado a proporcionar algunos servicios públicos, sobre todo los que resultan esenciales para mantener condiciones sanitarias favorables a la preservación de la vida y la salud de las personas. Así mismo, la prestación del servicio también puede sujetarse al cumplimiento de los requisitos normativos establecidos para su otorgamiento y a que exista posibilidad material de suministro, esto es, que no existan situaciones técnicas que imposibiliten y desaconsejen a la administración brindarlo.” (Sentencia Sala Constitucional No. 2019008796).
En este sentido, la Sala Constitucional se ha pronunciado en varias oportunidades en cuanto a los impedimentos legales, como por ejemplo la Sentencia N.º 07779-2019 de las 09:15 del 03 de mayo de 2019, que indicó: “(…) III.- SOBRE LAS IMPOSIBILIDADES TÉCNICAS QUE OBSTACULIZAN EL ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA POTABLE. Este Tribunal ha señalado en reiteradas ocasiones que la imposibilidad técnica, jurídica o formal para dotar el servicio de agua potable no es violatorio de derechos fundamentales; y que resulta razonable no atender las solicitudes de servicio o solicitar que el interesado asuma los costos de instalación cuando no exista red de distribución de agua potable y se necesite la construcción de infraestructura. Así, en estos casos se ha tenido claro que no es que se trate de una negativa al acceso al servicio de agua potable, sino de la imposibilidad para brindarlo o de la necesaria participación del interesado en el levantamiento de una imposibilidad técnica, cual es, la falta de infraestructura.
Por supuesto, las autoridades encargadas tienen la obligación de ir expandiendo su infraestructura para garantizar a la población el acceso al servicio, pero mientras queden vacíos resulta indispensable la colaboración de los interesados. En otras palabras, siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en una imposibilidad jurídica o material; se descarta la violación de derechos fundamentales (véanse las sentencias 2010-001516, 2017-6701, 2007-11190, y 2006-014218, entre otras).” Así las cosas, para el caso concreto, debemos indicar que este Instituto no opera ni administra el sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable ni tampoco el de saneamiento de aguas residuales en la zona de Cartago. Como fue indicado supra, se trata de un sistema administrado por el Gobierno Local, sin que a lo largo de los años se hayan tomado medidas correctivas a corto, mediano y largo para solucionar los problemas de abastecimiento en zonas de cobertura alejadas como es el caso que nos ocupa.
Ahora bien, deben comprender los señores magistrados que el AyA, no es un coadministrador del sistema de abastecimiento de Cartago, cuyo operador y administrador de dicho sistema es el Gobierno Municipal y en virtud de lo indicado en el artículo 2 inciso g) de la Ley Constitutiva de AyA, N° 2726 indica: “Los sistemas que actualmente están administrados y operados por las corporaciones municipales podrán seguir a cargo de éstas, mientras suministren un servicio eficiente.” Conforme lo ordena la Ley de Planificación Urbana, la Municipalidad de Cartago debe exigir garantías reales de cumplimiento en la construcción y entrega de las obras de infraestructura (acueducto/alcantarillado); de manera que, tal negligencia municipal (aunado al hecho de el área de influencia del acueducto donde se ubica la problemática) obliga a esa corporación a solucionar el problema de abastecimiento, para lo cual AyA está anuente a brindar toda la asesoría técnica necesaria, de conformidad con las atribuciones dispuestas por el legislador.
Con fundamento en los antecedentes, es responsabilidad de la Municipalidad de Cartago, como operador del sistema de abastecimiento y saneamiento de aguas residuales, el ente encargado de velar por los intereses locales, como también verificar dentro de su jurisdicción el correcto funcionamiento y abastecimiento del agua potable”. Solicita que se declare sin lugar el recurso.
La Zona en color verde oscuro es zona de protección y solo se permiten los siguientes usos:
En la imagen anterior se indica resaltada con rojo la zona en cuestión, como se observa se encuentra dentro de la zona de protección antes citada. En esa virtud, el Acueducto de Cartago no cuenta con infraestructura ya que esta zona no se encuentra dentro de la cobertura, además por estar en una ZONA DE PROTECCIÓN, el uso de vivienda que le dan los recurrentes no es permitido por lo que no puede el Acueducto extender la red hacia esa zona. Con base en todo lo anterior, se reitera la solicitud de rechazar el presente recurso de amparo al no existir derecho constitucional alguno que haya sido conculcado en los autos”.
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
La recurrente alega que es vecina de Lourdes, Agua Caliente, Cartago. Señala que desde el año 2018 su comunidad inició con los trámites de disponibilidad de agua. Indica que en apariencia existió una intención de suministrar el recurso, sin embargo, no fue favorable. Explica que para un desarrollo digno en las comunidades denominadas Calle Los Coyotes, Calle el Filete, Calle Jocosal y Calle Mata Guineo, se reunieron para conformar la Asociación Vecinal Calles Coyotes y Jocosal, la cual quedó inscrita a partir del 19 de octubre de 2023. Afirma que en noviembre de 2023 se realizó una reunión con el señor Mario Redondo Poveda, en su condición de alcalde municipal, ocasión en la que se le entregó un documento donde se solicita acceso al agua potable en dichas comunidades, además, adjuntaron el censo con una serie de pruebas de toda la tramitología que se inició desde el 2016, directamente a la Dirección de Aguas y a la Oficina Regional del AyA en Cartago, en las que se indica explícitamente que por la cantidad de habitantes y la distancia el gobierno local es el responsable directo del suministro de agua. Alega que pese a las reuniones sostenidas con el alcalde municipal y a las múltiples solicitudes de acceso al servicio de agua potable planteadas por los vecinos, a la fecha de interposición del presente recurso no han tenido una respuesta formal, solamente promesas.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos:
Del informe rendido por las autoridades recurridas el cual es dado bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se desprende que el Acueducto Municipal no da el servicio de agua potable en Calles Los Coyotes y Calle El Filete, por las razones técnicas de que no tiene infraestructura en ambas calles y principalmente porque la elevación topográfica del tanque de almacenamiento y las redes de distribución municipales más cercanas a dichas calles, es mucho menor. Se acreditó que el Acueducto sí da el servicio de agua potable a una parte de las Calles Jocosal y Mata Guineo. Se demostró que en el año 2021 el entonces Director de Acueductos, mediante el oficio ATA-OF-40-2021, da respuesta a solicitud de información, a vecinos de lo que se conoce como sector Alto El César, referente a proyecto para dotar de agua potable, en el cual indica que el proyecto no tiene visto bueno de parte de la Dirección Técnica ni de la Alcaldía Municipal.
Se afirmó que según imágenes satelitales recientes, se aprecian construcciones de recién construcción, a pesar de que el Área de Acueductos ha denegado las disponibilidades que han llegado de ese sector, ya que por razones técnicas se rechazaron. Se evidenció que en el año 2024, el Acueducto Municipal debió de realizar racionamientos en el suministro debido a disminución en los caudales de las diferentes nacientes. Finalmente se indicó que actualmente se está elaborando el Plan Maestro, dentro de los alcances están: identificar nuevas fuentes agua, contar con el balance hídrico para cada uno de los sistemas, proyección de demanda, entre otros insumos necesarios para poder determinar si se cuenta con la capacidad hídrica para ampliar la red del Acueducto Municipal. Se constató que el Plan Maestro está en la etapa final de elaboración, tiene un avance aproximado de un 70% -se espera que para el 26 de julio del 2026, la contratista presente el informe final y en caso de ser aceptado por el Área de Acueductos, se presente al Concejo el mes siguiente para su aprobación-.
Se indicó que la zona en la que habitan los recurrentes se encuentra dentro de la Zona de Protección. Finalmente se demostró que en las zonas de protección el uso de vivienda no es permitido porque el acueducto no cuenta con infraestructura para ese fin. En conclusión, es cierto que el gobierno local es el competente para brindar el servicio de agua potable a varias comunidades de la provincia de Cartago; dentro de los cuales se encuentra el sector Alto El César. También es cierto que pese a la solicitud no se les ha instalado el servicio de agua potable. Por su parte la autoridad recurrida afirma que “no se acreditó actuación omisiva, negligente o arbitraria por parte del Instituto recurrido. Por el contrario, se demostró que la autoridad accionada se ajustó al ordenamiento jurídico y a los límites técnicos que condicionan la prestación del servicio público de agua potable. La denegatoria del servicio, entonces, obedece a una causa objetiva y razonable derivada de la falta de factibilidad técnica, lo cual excluye cualquier violación a los derechos invocados por el amparado, lo cual excluye cualquier violación a los derechos invocados por el amparado.
Finalmente, resulta oportuno destacar que la autoridad técnica recomendó al recurrente presentar una nueva solicitud de disponibilidad de agua potable, a fin de que la administración valore nuevamente su petición conforme a las condiciones actuales del sistema hídrico, tomando en cuenta que los sistemas de agua son dinámicos y sus capacidades varían en el tiempo”. En reiteradas ocasiones, esta Sala ha sostenido que, si bien se reconoce el derecho fundamental al agua y su acceso en igualdad de condiciones, por cuanto se trata de un servicio esencial para la vida y la salud; también, ha indicado que este derecho no implica un acceso irrestricto al agua, toda vez que, la Administración puede válidamente, establecer condiciones y requisitos generales para acceder a este servicio. Asimismo, resulta válido que las entidades -públicas o privadas- que administren el servicio, puedan rechazar las solicitudes de agua, o bien, de la carta de disponibilidad de agua, cuando el interesado no cumple los requisitos o cuando existen razones técnicas o legales que los justifiquen.
Así las cosas, no corresponde a este Tribunal analizar la validez de la decisión adoptada por la autoridad recurrida, al reconocer su imposibilidad de dotar del servicio de agua potable por falta de factibilidad técnica. Lo anterior, por cuanto ello, implicaría la realización de una serie de diligencias de naturaleza técnica que escapan del ámbito de competencias de esta Sala y, además, exceden la naturaleza sumaria del recurso de amparo. Ahora bien, tomando en cuenta que existe un Plan Maestro que pretende identificar nuevas fuentes agua así determinar si se cuenta con la capacidad hídrica para ampliar la red del Acueducto Municipal -el cual se encuentra en la etapa final de elaboración- se le recuerda a las autoridades municipales la importancia de continuar con el desarrollo de dicho plan en aras de asegurar la prestación del servicio de agua a aquellas personas que cumplan legalmente con los requerimientos para el disfrute de ese derecho. Por lo anterior, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso.
Se previene a la parte recurrente que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, deberá retirarlos del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el «Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial», aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión No. 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial No. 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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