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Res. 10905-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 27/03/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered INVU, AyA, and the Municipality of San José to create an interinstitutional commission within five days and prepare a plan during the following month to address Finca San Juan's wastewater and sewage problems, while denying the claim against IMAS and all remaining grounds.La Sala ordenó al INVU, al AyA y a la Municipalidad de San José crear en cinco días una comisión interinstitucional y elaborar en el mes siguiente un plan para atender las aguas servidas y sanitarias de Finca San Juan, pero rechazó el recurso contra el IMAS y los demás extremos.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber partially granted the amparo because INVU, AyA, and the Municipality of San José had delayed addressing sewage collection and treatment problems in the Finca San Juan settlement in Rincón Grande de Pavas. It found that persistent sewage exposure, the lack of sewerage, and infrastructure deficiencies implicated fundamental rights including health, quality of life, and a healthy environment, particularly where vulnerable residents were affected. The Chamber ordered the three institutions to establish, within five days of notification, an interinstitutional commission specifically responsible for the problem and, within one month after the commission is formed, to design a response plan and report it to the Chamber. It also instructed the Municipality to coordinate maintenance of streets, pedestrian lanes, parks, and common areas within its powers. The Chamber rejected the broadly framed claims concerning maintenance and evictions, as well as the claim against IMAS, and ordered the three responsible institutions to pay costs, damages, and losses.La Sala Constitucional declaró parcialmente con lugar el amparo por la demora del INVU, el AyA y la Municipalidad de San José en atender los problemas de recolección y tratamiento de aguas servidas y sanitarias del asentamiento Finca San Juan, en Rincón Grande de Pavas. Consideró que la persistencia de aguas negras, la falta de alcantarillado y las deficiencias de infraestructura comprometían derechos fundamentales como la salud, la calidad de vida y el ambiente sano, particularmente frente a población vulnerable. Ordenó a las tres instituciones crear, dentro de cinco días desde la notificación, una comisión interinstitucional dedicada específicamente al problema y, dentro del mes siguiente a su creación, diseñar un plan de atención que deberá comunicarse a la Sala. También indicó a la Municipalidad que coordinara el mantenimiento de calles, alamedas, parques y áreas comunes dentro de sus competencias. Rechazó los reclamos genéricos sobre mantenimiento y desalojos, así como el recurso contra el IMAS, y condenó a las tres instituciones responsables al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The application is partially granted, solely as against the National Institute of Housing and Urban Development, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage, and the Municipality of San José, because of the delay in resolving the problem affecting the Finca San Juan settlement regarding the collection and treatment of wastewater and sewage. Yariela Quirós Álvarez, Gabriela Madrigal Garro, and Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, in their respective capacities as acting mayor of the Municipality of San José, executive president of the National Institute of Housing and Urban Development, and executive president of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage, or whoever may hold those offices, are ordered to undertake the necessary coordination, adopt appropriate measures, and issue the corresponding directives within the scope of their respective powers so that: (i) within FIVE DAYS of notification of this ruling, an interinstitutional commission is created specifically to address the problem affecting the Finca San Juan settlement regarding the collection and treatment of wastewater and sewage; and (ii) within ONE MONTH after the aforementioned interinstitutional commission is created, a plan is designed to address the problem at issue in this application, which must be brought to the attention of this Chamber. The National Institute of Housing and Urban Development, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage, and the Municipality of San José are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, to be quantified in enforcement proceedings before the administrative courts. The application is denied in all other respects.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, solo en cuanto al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y la Municipalidad de San José, debido a la demora en solventar la problemática aquejada por el asentamiento finca San Juan respecto a la recolección y tratamiento de aguas servidas y sanitarias. Se les ordena a Yariela Quirós Álvarez, Gabriela Madrigal Garro y Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, cada una en su condición de alcaldesa a.i. de la Municipalidad de San José, presidenta ejecutiva del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo y presidenta ejecutiva del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, coordinar lo necesario, tomar las medidas adecuadas y girar las órdenes que correspondan dentro del ámbito de sus competencias respectivas, a fin de que: i) en el plazo de CINCO DÍAS, contado a partir de la notificación de este pronunciamiento, se cree una comisión interinstitucional que se encargue específicamente de abordar la problemática aquejada por el asentamiento finca San Juan respecto a la recolección y tratamiento de aguas servidas y sanitarias; y ii) en el plazo de UN MES, contado a partir de la creación de la comisión interinstitucional supramencionada, se diseñe un plan para atender el problema objeto de este recurso, el cual deberá ser puesto en conocimiento de esta Cámara. Se condena al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y a la Municipalidad de San José al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Por ende, se estima el recurso en lo que a este agravio refiere en cuanto al INVU, el ICAA y la Municipalidad de San José, según lo indicado en la parte dispositiva de este asunto."
"Accordingly, the application is granted with respect to this grievance as against INVU, ICAA, and the Municipality of San José, as provided in the operative portion of this decision."
Considerando III
"Por ende, se estima el recurso en lo que a este agravio refiere en cuanto al INVU, el ICAA y la Municipalidad de San José, según lo indicado en la parte dispositiva de este asunto."
Considerando III
"Ergo, no se acoge el recurso en cuanto a este agravio; sin embargo, tome nota el alcalde de San José de que deberá coordinar lo pertinente y llevar a cabo las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a fin de garantizar el adecuado mantenimiento de las calles, avenidas, alamedas, parques y áreas comunes del proyecto Finca San Juan."
"Therefore, the application is not granted as to this grievance; however, the mayor of San José shall take note that the pertinent coordination and actions within the scope of municipal powers must be undertaken to ensure proper maintenance of the streets, avenues, pedestrian lanes, parks, and common areas of the Finca San Juan project."
Considerando IV
"Ergo, no se acoge el recurso en cuanto a este agravio; sin embargo, tome nota el alcalde de San José de que deberá coordinar lo pertinente y llevar a cabo las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a fin de garantizar el adecuado mantenimiento de las calles, avenidas, alamedas, parques y áreas comunes del proyecto Finca San Juan."
Considerando IV
"Finalmente, no se observa alguna acción u omisión del IMAS que haya lesionado los derechos fundamentales en los términos en que se planteó el recurso, motivo por el que se declara sin lugar en cuanto a tal parte."
"Finally, the Chamber finds no act or omission by IMAS that infringed fundamental rights in the terms presented in the application; the application is therefore denied as against that institution."
Considerando V
"Finalmente, no se observa alguna acción u omisión del IMAS que haya lesionado los derechos fundamentales en los términos en que se planteó el recurso, motivo por el que se declara sin lugar en cuanto a tal parte."
Considerando V
"No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente acusa que existen problemas de alcantarillado sanitario, sistemas de evacuación de aguas pluviales, entre otros."
"Nevertheless, I do examine the merits when other rights of persons affected by the source of pollution are at stake, including health, quality of life, and the right to enjoy a healthy and pollution-free environment under Article 50 of the Constitution, as occurs here, where the applicant alleges problems involving sanitary sewerage and stormwater drainage systems, among others."
Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado
"No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente acusa que existen problemas de alcantarillado sanitario, sistemas de evacuación de aguas pluviales, entre otros."
Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine twenty a.m. on March twenty-seventh, two thousand twenty-six.
Amparo proceeding being processed under expediente number 26-002473-0007-CO, filed by Nombre01, identity card CED01, in their capacity as legal representative of the Social Management Commission (CONAGES), against the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (INVU), THE JOINT SOCIAL WELFARE INSTITUTE (IMAS), THE MUNICIPALITY OF SAN JOSÉ, AND THE COSTA RICAN INSTITUTE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS (ICAA).
Findings of Fact:
No. 2022028555 in Case File: 22-026831- 0007-CO, issued on 29 de noviembre de 2022 (emphasis added) (j on 05 de diciembre de 2022, a group of residents filed contentious-administrative proceedings (juicio contencioso administrativo) against the municipal measure, which are being processed under case file No. 22-006670-1027-CA before the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, Goicoechea (see Anexo 5). On 22 de diciembre de 2022, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo admitted for consideration the requested interim relief (medida cautelar), which suspended the recovery of public areas that had been scheduled to begin on 25 de enero de 2023. (emphasis added) 5. On 26 de julio de 2023, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, Goicoechea (see Anexo 6), denied the requested interim relief against the Municipalidad de San José, thereby clearing the way for it to proceed with the recovery of the public streets that had begun in noviembre de 2022.
That decision was served on 31 de julio de 2023. Accordingly, internal planning resumed for the field operation to recover those public roads, beginning on 30 de agosto de 2023. Due to the complexity of the situation, this operation was carried out in three stages. The first fully recovered Dirección01 by 5 de setiembre. The second recovered Dirección02, beginning on 6 de setiembre and ending on 10 de setiembre. The third stage consists exclusively of removing the garbage and minor debris produced by the demolition work performed and is scheduled to conclude by 22 de setiembre. (emphasis added) FOURTH: Within the context of the land-registry status (condiciones registrales), matters relating to the public road, and the property occupied by Asentamiento Finca San Juan in general, I must address the status of drinking water as a fundamental right. As this Chamber has wisely held in its consistent case law, that status does not entail unrestricted access to this public service, because technical impossibilities or failures to satisfy subconstitutional requirements may arise—as in this case—on the basis of which the Administration may lawfully deny the service.
In this regard, see Judgment No. 2020- 015195 of the Sala Constitucional, issued at nine hours and fourteen minutes on 14 de agosto del 2020. In this respect, the status of drinking water as a fundamental right does not entail unrestricted access to this public service, because technical impossibilities or failures to satisfy subconstitutional requirements may arise, on the basis of which the Administration may lawfully deny the service. () Furthermore, it should be noted that the house in which the petitioner resides is alleged to have been built without the corresponding permits; consequently, the legal feasibility (factibilidad legal) required for installation is lacking. Judgment No. 2020019342 of the Sala Constitucional, issued at nine hours and twenty minutes on 9 de octubre del 2020. () Along the same lines, namely regarding the conditions of this property, the Subgerencia de Gestión Sistemas GAM, in technical report No. SG-GSGAM-2023-01218 dated 17 de agosto 2023, emphasizes the need to recover the public streets and register the project with MIDEPLAN, which are sine qua non requirements for granting a service-availability determination (disponibilidad).
Granting one would fail to observe and respect both the Principle of Legality (Principio de Legalidad) and the dictates of science and technology set forth in Articles 11 and 16 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública. AyA therefore has no alternative but to comply with these provisions; otherwise, AyA would be violating the legal system.
FIFTH: It is important to inform and clarify for the Honorable Chamber that, concerning the provision of services to potential beneficiaries, the applicable provisions are those set out in the procedure entitled Service Availability Analysis (Análisis de disponibilidad de servicio), code GU-41-01-P, which states that the decision is issued to the user by means of a certification based on the results of a technical, legal, and commercial feasibility study (estudio de factibilidad técnica, legal y comercial), pursuant to Articles 5, 9, and 26 of the Reglamento Técnico Prestación de los Servicios de Acueducto y Alcantarillado Sanitario e Hidrantes, AR-PSAYA- 2013, published in Alcance Digital No. 50 to La Gaceta No. 186 of Monday, 29 de setiembre del 2014, and its amendment, entitled Reglamento Técnico Prestación de los Servicios de Acueducto. Alcantarillado Sanitario e Hidrantes, AR-PSAYA-2015, published in Alcance Digital No. 55 of La Gaceta of Tuesday, 12 de abril del 2016, as well as Articles 1, 2, 3, 7.12, 7.31, 7.53, 14, 15, 29, and 67 of the Modificación Integral al Reglamento para la Prestación de los Servicios de AyA, Board of Directors Resolution No. 2020-442, published in El Diario Oficial La Gaceta Digital No. 27, Alcance No. 29, of Tuesday, 9 de febrero del 2021, as amended. Those articles provide:
Article 5.- Definitions For purposes of these Regulations, the following shall mean:
Service availability study (Estudio de disponibilidad de servicios): A technical study conducted under the responsibility of a service provider concerning the water-resource and hydraulic capacity of the systems it operates.
(Amended by the Junta Directiva de la ARESEP pursuant to Resolution No. RJD-053-2016, published in Alcance 55, La Gaceta No. 69 of 12 de abril de 2016)
Article 9.- Availability determination and service-capacity certificates (Dictamen de disponibilidad y constancias de capacidad de los servicios).
The provider shall issue a service-availability determination in response to every application from an interested party seeking a new water-supply and sewerage service. The determination must be based on a service availability study.
In the case of water-supply service, when water-resource capacity exists but hydraulic capacity does not, the provider shall issue a water-resource capacity certificate (constancia de capacidad hídrica), specifying the works that the interested party must undertake to provide and interconnect the service.
In the case of sanitary sewerage service, when hydraulic capacity does not exist but providing the service is technically feasible, the provider shall issue a sanitary sewerage system capacity certificate (constancia de capacidad del sistema de alcantarillado sanitario), stating that availability is contingent upon the interested party’s construction of the required works. The foregoing shall be subject to the operator’s oversight and approval.
Under no circumstances shall expansions be authorized that compromise the existing water resource or the capacity and treatment capability of the sewerage system, to the detriment of the community served or the residents of potential new developments.
(Amended by the Junta Directiva de la ARESEP pursuant to Resolution No. RJD-053-2016, published in Alcance 55, La Gaceta No. 69 of 12 de abril de 2016) (the underlining does not appear in the original article).
Article 26.- Mandatory provision of services (Obligatoriedad de la prestación de los servicios).
Whenever technically feasible, providers shall furnish water-supply, sanitary sewerage, and fire-hydrant services within their jurisdiction under optimal service conditions. (the underlining does not appear in the original article).
Article 1- Purpose.
To regulate the relationships, rights, and obligations between AyA and its users arising from the availability and effective provision of the public services of water supply for human use and wastewater sanitation throughout the national territory.
Article 2- Scope.
These Regulations apply nationwide both to AyA and to all users located within the coverage area of AyA’s water-supply systems for human use and wastewater sanitation, as well as to systems delegated by AyA insofar as their application is materially possible. They may also be used on a supplementary basis by other operators.
Article 3- Field of application.
These Regulations apply to the public services of water supply for human use and wastewater sanitation with respect to the availability and effective provision of those services.
Article 7- Definitions.
For purposes of these Regulations, the following shall mean:
7.12. Technical feasibility analysis for the granting of services (Análisis de factibilidad técnica para el otorgamiento de los servicios): The process of verifying the actual and current existence of sufficient water, hydraulic, material, technical, legal, and environmental resources to grant service availability and a potential service connection.
EVIDENCE #6 Email correspondence with the Municipalidad de San José RE: Meeting with residents of Finca San Juan de Pavas, San José From Alejandro Calderón Acuna <...01> Date Thu 26/06/2025 15:57 To Nombre03 <...02> CC YORLENY KARINA CORDOBA MOYA <...03>; Tania Brenes Rodríguez <...04>; Raquel Aglietti Diaz <...05>; Maureen Alvarado Granados <...06>; María José Castillo León <...07 1 attachment (34 KB) Outlook-z4vqogfy:
EVIDENCE #7 San José, Dirección03 Tel. 4003-5000 ...08 Ms. Yorleny Córdoba Moya Councilmember Municipalidad de San José Email: ...03 Subject: Request for intervention in the wastewater sewerage network.
Dear Madam:
Please accept my cordial greetings. In response to the electronic communication dated 31 de enero 2025, signed by you and concerning the request for intervention in the wastewater sewerage network in Finca San Juan, Pavas, I wish to state that this Dirección General de Salud requested information concerning the case from the Dirección Regional Rectoría de la Central Sur. The principal findings regarding the actions taken are detailed below:
On 08 de junio del 2024, the Área Rectora de Salud de Pavas received a complaint regarding an overflow and a clogged sewer; consequently, on 18 de junio del 2024, an official from the Área Rectora conducted an inspection and confirmed that several sewers along the pedestrian lane (alameda) were overflowing.
On 21 de junio del 2024, the case was referred to the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA) by Official Letter MS-DRRSCS-DARS-P-0269-2024. On 09 de julio del 2024, it responded through Official Letter No. DRyT-OMSR-2024-00497, stating that Urbanización Finca San Juan had been built by the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo; however, the project was not completed, and this resulted in the sanitary sewerage network not being transferred to AyA for proper operation.
On 19 de agosto del 2024, Official Letter MS-DRRSCS-DARS-P-0338-2024 was sent to the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, requesting information concerning the sanitary sewerage system. On 04 de setiembre del 2024, it responded through Official Letter No. DPH-UPH-247-2024, which states verbatim:
“The properties created by IMAS—lots, public areas, and the remainder of the property—according to the site plan (designed by IMAS), were transferred to INVU in noviembre del 1995 so that INVU could formalize the transfers of the lots to the project’s potential beneficiaries and transfer the public areas to the Municipalidad de San José. Therefore, the transfer from IMAS to INVU was intended to formalize the deeds to the land, an administrative matter rather than a construction matter. As mentioned, the streets, pedestrian lanes, park areas, and urban infrastructure works were designed and built by IMAS, as shown in the plans; therefore, the submission of the plans and the infrastructure arrangements for the pipelines with the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados should have been carried out by that entity. In abril del año 2008, INVU transferred the streets, avenues, pedestrian lanes, parks, and community areas to the Municipalidad de San José.” MATTERS FOR ASSESSMENT 1-That on 05-12-2023, in response to an apparent application concerning noncompliance, this Chamber, according to expediente 21-016493-0007-CO, sentencia N°2023031491 de Sala Constitucional, granted an extension of time in the Por tanto at the request of the institutions involved!
The application concerning noncompliance is denied. The period for compliance with sentencia No. 2021-024197 de las 9:20 horas del 29 de octubre de 2021 is extended for an additional term of TWELVE MONTHS beyond the period originally granted, calculated from notification of this decision. Based on the time elapsed, it is established that, as of today, the institutions involved have not complied with the requirements set forth in these case files. 2-The Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica (Sala IV) has a fairly clear line of precedent: when families living in poverty or extreme poverty are involved (particularly families with minors, older adults, or persons with disabilities), the State may not carry out an eviction (desalojo) “without safeguards” unless it has first arranged an alternative housing solution or an effective social-protection measure. In practical terms, the Chamber does not say that an eviction may never occur, but rather that: The right to property must yield to the fundamental right to decent housing and the principle of human dignity until the institutions have coordinated at least a minimum solution.
Important Sala IV rulings on evictions and extreme poverty (I am listing them with their central holdings so that you can use them in pleadings or appeals): Voto N.° 2009-013607 Establishes that the State has an affirmative obligation to coordinate a housing solution before carrying out evictions when families are in a vulnerable situation. It forcefully introduces the concept of the minimum level of subsistence (mínimo existencial). Voto N.° 2011-010492 The Chamber orders the suspension of an eviction until IMAS and the housing authorities assess alternatives. It recognizes that extreme poverty turns an immediate eviction into inhuman and degrading treatment. Voto N.° 2014-009215_indicates that municipalities may not merely “evict” on the grounds of unlawful occupation when social reports confirm extreme poverty. They must coordinate with IMAS and the housing sector. Voto N.° 2018-012379 Reiterates that, when minors and extreme poverty are involved, an eviction without a solution violates the best interests of the child (interés superior del niño).
It orders prior institutional intervention. Sala IV holds that: There may be irregular occupation (ocupación irregular). The property may be public or private. But vulnerable families may NOT be put out on the street without an alternative measure. There must be: A social assessment (estudio social) (normally conducted by IMAS). Interinstitutional coordination. A shelter measure or a temporary or permanent solution. Enhanced protection when children are involved. CONCLUSION OF THE SUBMISSION The Municipalidad de San José carried out evictions involving approximately 100 families living in poverty or extreme poverty, and, according to the residents, another group of approximately 100 families remains to be evicted; photographs of this eviction were submitted in the principal case file. (…) Note that the municipality provided no information as to whether the communal areas, green spaces, streets, and pedestrian lanes of the San Juan project had been transferred to it and whether it held title authorizing it to carry out this eviction and those currently being processed.
If the Municipalidad did not receive the green spaces, streets, pedestrian lanes, and parks and does not hold title to them, then, under sound legal theory, it could not carry out the evictions. According to the affected persons, they were given a basic subsidy for a limited period of 3 months, which did not resolve their situation, and they must now live in other people’s homes, with no other possibility. It is important to mention that these families already have the technical record (ficha técnica) issued by the Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social (IMAS), which certifies their poverty or extreme poverty.”
12. A copy is received of official letter CGG-419-2022/GG-OF-1016-2022 (EVIDENCE 12), signed by the general managers of INVU and BAHNVI on 17 de agosto de 2022, suggesting the technical and operational advantages and benefits of implementing the community grant (bono comunal) with MSJ. 13. On 05 de octubre de 2022, MSJ, through the Housing and Human Settlements Management Program (Programa de Gestión de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos), signed official letter GPS-GVAH-044-2022 (EVIDENCE 13), addressed to Minister of Housing Arq. Jessica Martínez Porras, presenting a comprehensive initiative for an integrated intervention in Etapa III de Finca San Juan, entitled Urban Renewal Project Plan for Etapa III de Finca San Juan, contained in the 2021 POA TARGET REPORT No. 00156-1 (EVIDENCE 14), through an urban renewal project plan (Plan Proyecto de renovación urbana), in accordance with the official methodology of the Reglamento de Renovación Urbana of INVU, approved in 2017.
The magnitude of a program of this kind exceeds the capacity of any single institution and must be structured as an interinstitutional program that should have the support of the general Executive Branch apparatus. In response to this initiative, INVU showed limited interest in potentially participating in the project, as indicated in official letter DUV-044-11-2022 (EVIDENCE 15), signed by Ing. Alfredo Calderón, Director de Urbanismo of INVU, dated 16 de noviembre del 2022. 14. In response to INVU’s proposed amended text for implementing Specific Agreement No. 1 (Convenio Específico N°1), which had remained pending since 2020, MSJ sent INVU a counterproposal focusing on the relationship between the two institutions, in accordance with (sic) the procedures governing public budgeting and the need to schedule the budget to be executed in annual periods, as well as quality-control and compliance mechanisms.
This proposal was set forth in official letter GPS-GVAH-0054-2022 (EVIDENCE 16) of 14 de noviembre de 2022. The detailed text of the municipal counterproposal of that same date is submitted as EVIDENCE 17. This proposal received no response, nor did INVU issue any opinion concerning its contents. 15. By April 2023, after numerous attempts to align the interests of INVU, MIVAH, and AyA with the new senior officials appointed under the Chaves Robles Administration, MSJ concluded that the institutions’ positions on this matter would continue to revolve around particular interests disconnected from the urgent need to carry out the public investment approved for Finca San Juan, consisting of 800 million colones contributed by MIVAH for environmental sanitation and 1234 million for the Etapa III community grant contributed by BANHVI, an amount that was increased through a new national-budget appropriation by MIVAH.
It was therefore proposed that the process of exhausting administrative remedies (agotamiento de la vía administrativa) be initiated by requesting that INVU and AyA make decisions concerning the bottlenecks preventing MSJ from carrying out the project. Accordingly, official letter GPS-GVAH-012-2023 (EVIDENCE 18), requesting official validation in 2023 of the 2020 decision to construct the Finca San Juan wastewater treatment plant (Ptar Finca San Juan), was sent to Ing. Alejandro Guillén Guardia, Executive President of AyA, on 25 de abril de 2023, and official letter GPS-GVAH-020-2023 (EVIDENCE 19) was sent to Arq. Jessica Martínez Porras, Minister of Housing and Human Settlements and Executive President of INVU, dated 26 de mayo de 2023. No timely response was received to those official letters, and the matter was therefore submitted for the closure of the administrative-remedies process to their hierarchical superior, the President of the Republic, through official letter GPS-GVAH-033-2023 (EVIDENCE 20), signed on 18 de julio de 2023.
That official letter likewise received no timely or proper response. Administrative remedies concerning these investment projects were therefore deemed exhausted due to those institutions’ lack of interest and MSJ’s legal inability to resolve the matter through those administrative remedies. 16. With respect to the MIVAH capital-transfer appropriation to MSJ, which has been deposited in the municipal treasury since 28 de diciembre de 2021, it has not been possible to execute it because the second 2022 procurement procedure contemplated the preparation of the design and the administrative processing (tramitología) required for approval of the construction plans; that procedure was declared unsuccessful due to irremediable defects identified by MSJ’s institutional Procurement Office. The opinion of the Municipal Council’s Finance and Budget Committee No. 0171- CHP-2022 (EVIDENCE 21), dated 17 de abril 2023, is attached. 17.
Regarding this capital transfer, supported by a financial and technical cooperation agreement between MIVAH and MSJ, whose signed second addendum (EVIDENCE 22) expired ON 5 de mayo de 2022, MSJ requested that MIVAH extend it through a third addendum. However, MIVAH never responded to this request, nor has the present municipal administration, through its Housing and Human Settlements Management team, shown any interest in pressing for its legal validation so that it may finally be executed. The request to MIVAH was made through official letter MSJ-ALCALDÍA-1018-2024 (EVIDENCE 23), signed by Ing. Jhonny Araya, Alcalde de San José, dated 23 de abril de 2024. Finally, on 30 de mayo de 2024, official letter Latest Actions Taken Transfer 01-05_2024-signed (Ultimas acciones tomadas transferencia 01-05_2024-firmado) (EVIDENCE 24) was issued, signed by the undersigned, Ing. Jorge Mora Oconitrillo, containing the proposed roadmap for making technical adjustments to the works covered by the Convenio MIVAH-MSJ. THAT IS ALL…”
By virtue of the aforementioned report and the statements made, it has been established that the Municipality has at all times endeavored to address the filings submitted in connection with the relief sought by the Appellant (Recurrente). It should be noted, in accordance with the report provided, that the Municipality has at no time evaded processing the matter or engaged in an omission with respect to the interested party’s petitions. Evidence of this can be seen in the attached documentation and in the report above: all procedures falling within the jurisdiction and authority of this Local Government have been carried out.
Finally, consideration is urged of the line of reasoning that this Constitutional Court has maintained regarding the following:
“…Although the law contains express language requiring the operative portion of the judgment to state that the appeal is granted when the grievance is remedied while the amparo proceeding (amparo) is pending, it is no less true that the final portion of that same paragraph provides that the ruling granting relief is issued ‘solely for purposes of compensation and costs, if appropriate.’ It bears emphasizing that the Law states ‘if appropriate,’ which means that whether compensation and costs are appropriate depends on the Court’s evaluation, assessment, or weighing of the circumstances. In cases such as this one, the substance of the protected person’s claim and the respondent authority’s conduct in recognizing it suggest that the alleged impairments, injuries, or alterations do not directly concern an impact on a constitutional right of an evidently proprietary nature (as would occur, for example, with an infringement of the right to wages).
To dispel any doubt in this regard, it is important to highlight the provisions of Article 51 of the same Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which states that: ‘every decision granting the appeal shall impose an unliquidated award of compensation for the damages and losses caused and payment of the costs of the appeal, with their quantification reserved for enforcement of the judgment,’ where no possibility is provided for assessing whether compensation and costs are appropriate. The principles of Constitutional Law, those of Public Law and General Procedural Law or, where applicable, those of International or Community Law and, additionally and in that order, the Ley General de la Administración Pública, the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, and the other procedural codes shall serve as supplementary sources for the application and interpretation of the provisions of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional—cf.
Article 14. For the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa), the legislature established in Article 197 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo a provision fully applicable to this case by analogy and consistent with procedural logic in any subject matter. In any event, the affected party in the matter sub lite retains the option, should it deem it appropriate, of initiating a plenary proceeding (proceso de conocimiento) to prove that it has suffered some form of impairment. Based on the foregoing, the majority’s position is to resolve this appeal without an award of costs, damages, or losses…”. (Decision No. 13520 – 2020, case file 20-011786-0007-CO) This is so that the Constitutional Chamber may ultimately refrain from awarding costs, damages, and losses (…).
Therefore, with the utmost respect for the authority vested in you and mindful of the importance of your decisions, we request that THIS APPEAL BE DENIED because the constitutional violations alleged against this Municipality have not occurred in this case.”
RESPONSE TO THE THIRTEENTH: Official letter (oficio) number IMAS-DDSARDSS-0046-2026, signed by the Head of the Área Regional de Desarrollo Social Suroeste, states verbatim: “There is no record: There is no record at the ARDS that this community has approached it, either verbally or in writing, to request support or assistance in this regard.” Official letter number IMAS-DDS-DDSPC-0192-2026, signed by the Head of the Departamento de Desarrollo Socio Productivo y Comunal, states verbatim: “There is no record; DDSPC has identified no documentation substantiating the assertion made.” ON THE MERITS Regarding the facts presented by the petitioning party, it must respectfully be stated that the Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social (IMAS) has acted within the scope of the powers conferred upon it by the legal system (ordenamiento jurídico), and it cannot be held responsible merely because the complex situation described in the petition entails harm to the petitioners on the part of the institution.
Indeed, the account of the facts itself shows that the reported problem relates primarily to conditions involving urban infrastructure, environmental sanitation, and the maintenance of public works within the housing project known as “Finca San Juan,” located in Rincón Grande de Pavas, as well as to the allocation of institutional responsibilities for the administration of communal areas, sanitary sewerage, and urban-development works. However, these matters do not fall within the scope of IMAS’s authority, whose legal nature and functions are clearly defined by Ley 4760. Within that framework, the institution’s primary functions are to identify, classify, and assist households living in poverty or extreme poverty through technical socioeconomic-assessment instruments, thereby enabling persons to access social programs and state benefits. In other words, IMAS’s involvement in the context described is limited, where applicable, to the technical determination of the socioeconomic status of beneficiary households through instruments such as the Ficha de Información Social (FIS) and the corresponding administrative registration systems.
Such action constitutes a technical socioeconomic assessment and does not entail the execution, administration, or maintenance of housing projects, urban-development works, sanitary sewerage networks, or communal infrastructure. Consequently, the situations reported by the petitioning party concerning sewerage problems, maintenance of public areas, urban infrastructure, and potential health risks fall within the authority of other public entities, particularly those responsible for urban development, municipal management of public-domain property, and administration of water-supply and sewerage systems. Therefore, although the problem described may be socially complex and may ultimately require interinstitutional coordination among several state institutions, IMAS cannot legally be held responsible for an unlawful omission or a direct violation of fundamental rights, since the institution has no statutory authority to intervene in the urban planning, construction, maintenance, or sanitation of the infrastructure of the aforementioned housing project.
It should be recalled that the principle of legality (principio de legalidad) governing administrative action requires public institutions to act solely within the scope of the powers conferred upon them by law; accordingly, IMAS cannot be required to adopt material measures in areas falling within the authority of other state entities. In light of the foregoing, it is concluded that there has been no omission attributable to the Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social, nor any act attributable to this institution that infringes fundamental rights; therefore, the petition for constitutional relief (recurso de amparo) must be dismissed insofar as it concerns IMAS. Based on the foregoing, it is requested that this petition for constitutional relief be denied for the factual and legal reasons set forth and, insofar as it concerns the Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social (IMAS), because there is no attributable act or omission constituting any violation of the petitioners’ fundamental rights and no infringement of fundamental rights has been established.
Finally, this Instituto reiterates its full willingness to cooperate, within the scope of its statutory authority, in any interinstitutional coordination process that may ultimately be necessary to assist populations living in poverty, always in accordance with the principles of legality, efficiency, and administrative coordination governing the actions of the Costa Rican state. (…) RELIEF REQUESTED In accordance with the foregoing, it is requested that the present petition for constitutional relief be DENIED IN ALL RESPECTS.”.
Along the same lines, INVU, the Housing Projects Unit states, does not know how the project was handled before the various entities responsible for approving the plans and obtaining the construction permits, such as the transfer or delivery of pipeline infrastructure to the institutions responsible for administering those services. As regards public areas, it is important to note that, since 2008, INVU has transferred the streets, avenues, pedestrian lanes (alamedas), parks, and community areas to the Municipalidad de San José, which demonstrates that the party I represent has been fulfilling its duties. With respect to the outstanding work concerning Finca San Juan that falls within INVU’s jurisdiction (competencia), it has been shown that the Institute continues to work with the other institutions so that, together, they may arrive at viable solutions for the community. INVU is carrying out the work that falls within its jurisdiction (sic), pursuant to its Ley Orgánica, and maintains a highly positive institutional attitude toward continuing to perform any activity that may be necessary and that it is materially able to undertake.
RELIEF SOUGHT Based on the factual and legal arguments set forth above, it is respectfully requested that the judgment: 1. Dismiss this constitutional amparo proceeding (Recurso de Amparo) and, consequently, order the case file permanently closed. 2. Order that no special award of personal or procedural costs be imposed against INVU. 3. Order that no special award of damages be imposed.”
Justice Rueda Leal drafted the opinion; and,
Considering:
I-. SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PROCEEDING. The petitioner states that the housing project in Rincón Grande de Pavas was developed and administered by INVU approximately 30 years ago and that IMAS was responsible for preparing the technical assessment forms used to determine the beneficiaries. He alleges that the project has not been fully completed. He maintains that the families were placed on a property that initially lacked an adequate site plan and urban-development plan, as well as basic infrastructure such as curbs and gutters, sanitary sewerage, and stormwater drainage systems, among other facilities. He states that several families were relocated to Sector III, where problems of overpopulation, overcrowding, sewage, and the absence of sewerage currently persist. He complains that the Municipalidad de San José does not maintain the green areas, drainage systems, or other public infrastructure in Sector III, a situation aggravated by the presence of sewage. He alleges that this local government evicted 100 families and that additional evictions are in progress.
The following facts are deemed duly established and relevant to the disposition of this matter:
It was therefore proposed that the process of exhausting administrative remedies be initiated by requesting decisions from INVU and AyA regarding the bottlenecks preventing MSJ from carrying out the project. Accordingly, official letters GPS-GVAH-012-2023 (EVIDENCE 18), requesting official validation in 2023 of the 2020 decision to build the Finca San Juan wastewater treatment plant, addressed to Eng. Alejandro Guillén Guardia, Executive President of AyA, dated 25 de abril de 2023, and GPS-GVAH-020-2023 (EVIDENCE 19), addressed to Arch. Jessica Martínez Porras, Minister of Housing and Human Settlements and Executive President of INVU, dated 26 de mayo de 2023, were sent. No timely response was received to those official letters, so the matter was submitted to their hierarchical superior, the President of the Republic, through official letter GPS-GVAH-033-2023 (EVIDENCE 20), signed on 18 de julio de 2023, to conclude the administrative-remedy process.
That letter was likewise not answered in a timely or proper manner; therefore, the administrative remedies concerning these investment projects were deemed exhausted due to those institutions’ lack of interest and MSJ’s legal inability to resolve this case through administrative channels. 15- Regarding the MIVAH capital-transfer appropriation to MSJ, which has been deposited in the municipal treasury since 28 de diciembre de 2021, it has not been possible to expend it because, during the second procurement process in 2022, the preparation of the design and the processing required for approval of the construction plans were proposed, but the process was declared unsuccessful due to non-curable defects identified by MSJ’s Institutional Procurement Office. The opinion of the Municipal Council’s Finance and Budget Committee No. 0171-CHP-2022 (EVIDENCE 21), dated 17 de abril 2023, is attached. 16- With respect to this capital transfer, supported by a financial and technical cooperation agreement between MIVAH and MSJ, whose signed second addendum (EVIDENCE 22) expired ON 5 de mayo de 2022, MSJ requested that MIVAH extend it through a third addendum; however, this request was never answered by MIVAH, nor has the current municipal administration, through its Housing and Human Settlements Management team, shown any interest in pressing for it to be legally validated so that it may finally be executed.
The request to MIVAH was made through official letter MSJ-ALCALDÍA-1018-2024 (EVIDENCE 23), signed by Eng. Jhonny Araya, Mayor of San José, and dated 23 de abril de 2024. Finally, on 30 de mayo de 2024, official letter Latest actions taken transfer 01-05_2024-signed (EVIDENCE 24) was issued and signed by the undersigned, Eng. Jorge Mora Oconitrillo; it contains the proposed road map for making technical adjustments to the works covered by the MIVAH-MSJ Agreement.” (See documentary evidence).
This is because the resources are independently insufficient for the required works. ▪ The technical recommendations must eventually be validated by the senior officials of each of the entities involved. ▪ To date, the project is in a technical and legal analysis phase, and therefore the definitive implementation time frames have yet to be determined.” (See documentary evidence).
A series of branch lines were installed on each of the streets in the Urbanización, but these branch lines were not interconnected so as to collect and convey the wastewater to a treatment plant. Consequently, local residents have connected wastewater from their homes to these pipes, causing it to discharge directly onto the land and subsequently flow into the Río Tiribí channel. (See technical report No. DRyT-OMSR-2026-00122 dated 6 de marzo del 2026). 2. From 2019 to 2021, AyA, in its capacity as governing authority, participated in a commission led by the Municipalidad de San José, in which other institutions also participated (MIVAH, INVU, etc.). As part of the work performed by AyA, it provided the terms of reference for procuring preliminary studies and the design and construction of a wastewater treatment plant (planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales) (Official Letter DRyT-2021- 00147 is attached).
AyA also reported the need to consider constructing a new sanitary sewer system, as well as an interceptor sewer (interceptor) to collect and convey wastewater from all the streets to the treatment plant. Additionally, the Commission was informed that the parcel on which the treatment plant was intended to be built was not large enough, because the plant’s proposed initial location was on land within the river protection zone (zona de protección del río). To address this limitation, it was recommended that a declaration of national convenience (declaratoria de conveniencia nacional) be prepared so that the treatment system could be built within the river protection zone. It was also reported that the property needed to have street frontage so that potable water and three-phase electricity services would be available. At present, given that the area lacks the conditions necessary for establishing a treatment plant, both the Municipalidad and the INVU are assessing the possibility of constructing at least 2 pumping stations (estaciones de Bombeo) that would operate in series and pump the wastewater to an AyA treatment plant (Los Tajos).
It is important to mention that, before any of these works can be undertaken, the residents who have encroached upon the forest reserve areas (zonas de reserva forestal) set aside by the INVU, as well as public roads or streets, park areas, and the river protection zone, must first be relocated. Unless this work is carried out beforehand, it will be impossible to implement the improvements needed to resolve the area’s wastewater problem.” (See report submitted by the executive president of the ICAA).
In the sub lite, the appellant states that the Rincón Grande de Pavas housing project was developed and administered by the INVU approximately 30 years ago and that the IMAS was responsible for preparing the technical assessment forms (fichas técnicas) used to identify the beneficiaries. He alleges that the project has not been fully completed. He maintains that the families were placed on a property that initially lacked a proper site design or urban-development plan and basic infrastructure such as curbs and gutters (cordones de caño), sanitary sewers, and stormwater drainage systems (sistemas de evacuación de aguas pluviales), among other things. He states that several families were relocated to sector III, where problems of overpopulation, overcrowding, sewage (aguas negras), and the absence of sewerage persist. He complains that, in sector three, the Municipalidad de San José does not maintain the green areas, gutter systems, or other public infrastructure, a situation aggravated by the presence of sewage. He alleges that the local government evicted 100 families and that further evictions are underway.
The Tribunal verifies that the finca San Juan settlement consists of Stages I, II, and III and is located southeast of Rincón Grande de Pavas. The project was designed and built by the IMAS but transferred to the INVU in November 1995 in order to formalize the transfer of the lots to potential beneficiaries. Since 2008, the INVU has transferred the streets, avenues, pedestrian lanes, parks, and common areas of the Finca San Juan project to the Municipalidad de San José. The resolution issued by the Board of Directors of the Banco Hipotecario de la Vivienda on October 5, 2009, granted financing for the community grant project (proyecto de bono comunal) to improve the infrastructure of the third stage of the finca San Juan project, including in particular: “ Potable water network. Stormwater drainage network. Wastewater and sanitary sewage drainage network. Pavements (Subbase, Base, and Asphalt Surface Course). Complementary works (Sidewalks—curbs and gutters). Electrical distribution network. Playground equipment. Other works (Grassing and signage).” On July 4, 2019, the INVU and the Municipalidad de San José signed a framework cooperation agreement for the development of urban infrastructure construction projects.
On September 17, 2021, the Banhvi approved the feasibility and financing of the community grant projects. On January 11, 2024, the Budget Department of the Municipalidad de San José certified that: “The ‘IMPROVEMENT PROJECT THROUGH SANITARY SEWERAGE WORKS AND A TREATMENT PLANT IN FINCA SAN JUAN PAVAS,’ in the amount of ¢800.000.000,00, was approved by the Contraloría General de la República through official communication DFOE-LOC-2539-2023 and is included in the 2024 ordinary budget.” On September 30, 2024, a councilwoman from the Municipalidad de San José submitted an official communication to the ICAA stating: “we are writing to you to request your good offices in arranging intervention in the wastewater sewer system at Dirección08, which intersects with Dirección06, because it has an accumulation of sewage that is (sic) overflowing onto the street surface, posing a potential contamination vector that may cause diseases, mosquito breeding grounds, among other issues; intervention is therefore urgently required in the most (sic) expeditious manner possible so that a definitive solution may be provided, since the problem cannot be eliminated merely by emptying the sewer system but instead requires a comprehensive solution.
Location Nis Dirección07.” The sanitary sewer network (red de alcantarillado sanitario) of the Finca San Juan settlement is not an asset of the ICAA, which therefore neither charges for nor provides maintenance service for that network. At the time this matter was filed, the works for collecting and treating wastewater and sanitary sewage in Stages I, II, and III of the Finca San Juan settlement remained pending; for this purpose, the MIVAH made a budgetary transfer to the Municipalidad de San José for Stage III. There is an interinstitutional working group composed of personnel from the Ministerio de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos, ICAA, Municipalidad de San José, Banhvi, and INVU. Resources are currently available “from the BANHVI Housing Finance System, reserved for the INVU as an authorized entity, from the collective grant (bono colectivo) for Finca San Juan Stage III, as well as resources of the Municipalidad de San José transferred by the MIVAH for the sector’s environmental sanitation.” Through official communication GPS-GVAH-0011-2026 of March 5, 2026, the Housing and Human Settlements Management Office of the Municipalidad de San José explains: “(…) 2-In 2018, work in the informal settlement of Finca San Juan, in Rincón Grande de Pavas, was established as an institutional priority, with urban-renewal initiatives for the Relleno and Tapón informal settlements, the former located in Finca San Juan, Stage I, and the latter in Stage III (…) 14- By April 2023, after numerous attempts to align the interests of the INVU, MIVAH, and AyA institutions with the new senior officials appointed under the Chaves Robles Administration, the MSJ concluded that the institutional positions on this matter would continue to revolve around particular interests unrelated to the urgent need to carry out the public investment approved for Finca San Juan, consisting of 800 million colones for environmental sanitation provided by the MIVAH and 1234 million for the Stage III community grant provided by the BANHVI, an amount that was increased through a new national-budget allocation by the MIVAH.
It was therefore proposed that the administrative-remedies process (vía administrativa) be exhausted by requesting that the INVU and AyA make decisions regarding the bottlenecks preventing the MSJ from implementing the project. Accordingly, official communications GPS-GVAH-012-2023 (…), a request addressed to Eng. Alejandro Guillén Guardia, Executive President of AyA, on April 25, 2023, for official validation in 2023 of the 2020 decision to build the Finca San Juan WWTP, and GPS-GVAH-020-2023 (…), addressed to Arch. Jessica Martínez Porras, Minister of Housing and Human Settlements and Executive President of the INVU, dated May 26, 2023, were sent. No timely response was received to those official communications, and exhaustion of the administrative remedies was therefore raised with their hierarchical superior, the President of the Republic, through official communication GPS-GVAH-033-2023 (…), signed on July 18, 2023.
This official communication likewise received no timely or proper response, and the administrative remedies concerning these investment projects are therefore deemed exhausted due to the lack of interest shown by those institutions and the MSJ’s legal inability to resolve this case through that administrative process. 15- Regarding the MIVAH capital-transfer allocation to the MSJ, which has been deposited in the municipal treasury since December 28, 2021, it has not been possible to expend it because, during the second procurement process in 2022, the preparation of the design and the procedures for obtaining approval of the construction plans were proposed, but the process was declared unsuccessful due to irremediable defects identified by the MSJ’s institutional Procurement Office. Opinion No. 0171-CHP-2022 (…) of the Municipal Council’s Finance and Budget Committee, dated April 17, 2023, is attached. 16- With respect to this capital transfer, supported by a financial and technical cooperation agreement between the MIVAH and the MSJ, whose second signed addendum (…) was due to expire ON May 5, 2022, the MSJ requested that the MIVAH extend it through a third addendum; however, the MIVAH never responded to this request, nor has the present municipal administration, through its Housing and Human Settlements Management team, shown any interest in pressing for its legal validation and ultimate implementation.
The request to the MIVAH was made through official communication MSJ-ALCALDÍA-1018-2024 (…), signed by Eng. Jhonny Araya, Mayor of San José, on April 23, 2024. Finally, on May 30, 2024, official communication Ultimas acciones tomadas transferencia 01-05_2024-firmado (…) was issued, signed by the undersigned, Eng. Jorge Mora Oconitrillo, containing the proposed roadmap for making technical adjustments to the works covered by the MIVAH-MSJ Agreement.” Through official communication SCMRP-108-2026 of March 6, 2026, the Stormwater Construction and Maintenance Section of the Municipalidad de San José states: “with regard to the responsibilities of the Municipalidad de San José, specifically those of the Stormwater Network Construction and Maintenance Section, they are limited to the following: ▪ Cleaning and maintenance of catch basins, manholes, pipelines, headwalls, and detention tanks comprising the municipal stormwater network. ▪ Installation of catch-basin grates and covers and their repair, replacement of pipelines, and repair of roadway subsidence. ▪ Maintenance of the Stormwater Cadastre, consisting of collecting all information on the existing stormwater system, such as pipeline diameters, depths, and slopes. ▪ Issuance of permits for stormwater discharges from new or existing buildings into the municipal stormwater system. ▪ Design, planning, and development of new stormwater projects.
It should also be noted that this Section has (sic) periodically cleaned the existing stormwater system and installed grates and flanges in stormwater catch basins and manholes, which are tasks falling within this Section’s purview.” Report DPH-UPH-047-2026, issued by the INVU in March 2026, concludes: “The INVU has participated actively and consistently in the interinstitutional coordination bodies. The issue described in the petition is structural and historical in nature, and addressing it requires a comprehensive solution involving multiple State institutions. Financial resources have been approved for infrastructure improvements in Stage III through BANHVI Collective Grant resources allocated to the INVU. Resources are available under the Technical and Financial Cooperation Agreement between the Ministerio de Vivienda and the Municipalidad de San José for the Neighborhood Improvement Project Through Sanitary Sewerage Works and a Treatment Plant in Finca San Juan, Pavas. As a result of the interinstitutional working groups, consideration is being given to combining the Collective Grant resources with the resources transferred to the municipality to provide a comprehensive solution for the community that could encompass all three stages of Finca San Juan.
This is because the separate resource allocations are insufficient for the required works. The technical recommendations will eventually have to be validated by the senior officials of each entity involved. To date, the project is in a technical and legal analysis phase, and the definitive implementation time frames therefore remain to be determined.” The Executive President of the ICAA explains: “1. It is relevant to the adjudication of this petition to report that the sanitary sewer network of the Urbanización Finca San Juan is not an asset of AyA; consequently, the Institution does not charge for sanitary sewer service or provide maintenance service for that network. According to the information collected, the network belongs to the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo; because it was never completed, it does not meet the conditions required to collect wastewater from properties in the area, and the residents of this Urbanización must therefore dispose of their wastewater using a method approved by the Ministerio de Salud.
By reason of its responsibilities concerning wastewater management and disposal, AyA has repeatedly informed the Ministerio de Salud of this situation (see official communications DRyT-OMSR-2019-00603, DRyT-OMSR-2021-00431, DRyT-OMSR-2023-00092 and DRyT-OMSR-2024-00152). A series of branch lines were installed on each of the Urbanización’s streets, but these branch lines were not interconnected so that wastewater could be collected and conveyed to a treatment plant. Consequently, local residents have connected wastewater from their homes to this piping, causing it to discharge directly onto the land and subsequently flow into the Río Tiribí channel. (See technical report No. DRyT-OMSR-2026-00122 dated March 6, 2026). 2. Between 2019 and 2021, AyA, in its capacity as governing authority, participated in a committee led by the Municipalidad de San José in which other institutions also participated (MIVAH, INVU, etc.).
As part of the work carried out by AyA, the terms of reference were submitted for the procurement of preliminary studies and the design and construction of a wastewater treatment plant (planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales) (Official Letter DRyT-2021- 00147 is attached). In addition, AyA reported the need to consider constructing a new sanitary sewer system (sistema de alcantarillado sanitario), as well as an interceptor (interceptor) to collect and convey the wastewater from all streets to the treatment plant. The Commission was also informed that the property on which the treatment plant was intended to be built was not large enough, because the plant had initially been planned for a property located within the river protection zone (zona de protección del río). To overcome this limitation, it was recommended that a declaration of national convenience (declaratoria de conveniencia nacional) be prepared so that the treatment system could be built within the river protection zone.
It was also reported that the property had to have street frontage so that it would have access to potable water and three-phase electricity services. At present, because the area lacks the conditions necessary for establishing a treatment plant, both the Municipality and INVU are considering the possibility of constructing at least 2 pumping stations (estaciones de Bombeo) that would operate in series and pump the wastewater to an AyA treatment plant (Los Tajos). It is important to mention that, before any of these works can be undertaken, it is first necessary to relocate the residents who have encroached upon the forest reserve areas (zonas de reserva forestal) set aside by INVU, as well as public roads or streets, park areas, and the river protection zone. Unless this work is completed beforehand, it will be impossible to carry out the improvements needed to resolve the area’s wastewater problem.” In view of the foregoing, the Chamber finds a violation of fundamental rights due to the failure of INVU, the Municipalidad de San José, and ICAA to act diligently and expeditiously to resolve the problems affecting the finca San Juan settlement regarding the collection and treatment of wastewater and sanitary sewage (aguas servidas y sanitarias).
In this regard, although it has been established that INVU, the Municipalidad de San José, and ICAA have taken steps to resolve the problems affecting the population of Finca San Juan, including the execution of agreements, the securing of financial resources, and the creation of an interinstitutional commission (comisión interinstitucional), it is nonetheless true that the relevant works have not been carried out to remedy those problems. The foregoing is compounded by the fact that this is a structural and longstanding problem whose solution requires a comprehensive, interinstitutional approach.
Accordingly, it should be clarified that the fact that the settlement’s sanitary sewer system (red de alcantarillado sanitario) is not currently an asset of ICAA does not relieve it of its responsibilities, particularly since Law No. 2726, ‘Ley Constitutiva Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados’, provides that ICAA is responsible for: “a) Directing and overseeing everything necessary to provide the inhabitants of the Republic with drinking-water services and with the collection and disposal of sewage, liquid industrial waste, and stormwater in urban areas; (…) d) Advising other State agencies and coordinating public and private activities in all matters relating to the establishment of water-supply and sewer systems and the control of water-resource pollution, consultation with it being mandatory in all cases and compliance with its recommendations being compulsory; e) Preparing all plans for public works related to the purposes of this law, as well as approving all plans for private works related to water-supply and sewer systems, as determined by the corresponding regulations; (…) i) Constructing, expanding, and modifying water-supply and sewer systems whenever necessary and advisable for best meeting national needs; (…)” —see Article 2—.
Therefore, the amparo petition (recurso) is granted with respect to this grievance as against INVU, ICAA, and the Municipalidad de San José, as stated in the operative part (parte dispositiva) of this matter. In this regard, the Court also notes that, should it become necessary for any other institution not named as a respondent in this proceeding to participate in the interinstitutional commission, the respondent authorities must take the necessary steps to include it.
IV.Regarding the alleged lack of maintenance of green areas, gutter systems (sistemas de caño), and other public infrastructure, as well as the evictions (desalojos) carried out by the Municipalidad de San José, it should be noted that the claims were made in general terms, since no specific area affected by those problems was identified. Nor was any family that had been evicted identified, or the fundamental rights allegedly violated to its detriment specified, which prevents this Chamber from conducting an analysis. In any event, in official letter SCMRP-108-2026 of 6 de marzo de 2026, the Sección de Construcción y Mantenimiento Pluvial de la Municipalidad de San José states: “with respect to the responsibilities of the Municipalidad de San José, specifically those of the Sección Construcción y Mantenimiento de Red Pluvial, they are limited to the following: ▪ Cleaning and maintenance of storm drains, manholes, pipes, headwalls, and detention tanks forming part of the municipal stormwater network. ▪ Installation of grates and storm-drain covers and their repair, replacement of pipes, and repair of roadway subsidence. ▪ Maintenance of the Stormwater Cadastre, which consists of compiling all information concerning the existing stormwater system, such as pipe diameters, depths, and slopes. ▪ Issuance of permits for stormwater discharges from new or existing structures into the municipal stormwater system. ▪ Design, planning, and development of new stormwater projects.
It should also be noted that this Section periodically has (sic) cleaned the existing stormwater system and installed grates and flanges in storm drains and stormwater manholes, tasks falling within this Section’s responsibilities.”
Accordingly, the petition is denied with respect to this grievance; however, the mayor of San José is advised that the mayor must coordinate the appropriate measures and undertake the actions falling within the scope of the mayor’s authority in order to ensure proper maintenance of the streets, avenues, pedestrian lanes, parks, and common areas of the Finca San Juan project.
V.Finally, no act or omission by IMAS is found to have violated fundamental rights under the terms in which the petition was filed; consequently, the petition is denied as to that party.
Regarding the lack of infrastructure, as a matter of principle, I consider that cases involving action or inaction by the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed because such an omission is a matter of legality, the adjudication of which belongs to the ordinary courts, where the interested person may contest the matter more fully. However, when that administrative conduct, whether by omission or otherwise, results in a violation of other fundamental rights protected within this constitutional jurisdiction, or affects groups considered vulnerable, I do address the merits of the matter, since such circumstances constitute an exception to my position on this issue, as occurs in this case, where the petitioner alleges that the Rincón Grande de Pavas housing project has never been definitively completed and lacked basic infrastructure such as curbs and gutters, sanitary sewers, stormwater drainage systems, among other facilities. Problems of overpopulation, overcrowding, sewage, and the absence of sewerage currently persist. Furthermore, the gutter systems and other public infrastructure are not maintained, a situation compounded by the presence of sewage.
Moreover, with respect to the environmental issue, it is also my view that, if the Public Administration has already intervened, jurisdiction to hear and decide the matter lies with the administrative-litigation courts (jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa). Nevertheless, I do address the merits when other rights of persons affected by the source of pollution are at stake, including health, quality of life, and the right to enjoy a healthy and pollution-free environment (Article 50 of the Constitución Política), as occurs in this case, where the petitioner alleges problems with sanitary sewerage, stormwater drainage systems, among other matters. Furthermore, the gutter systems and other public infrastructure are not maintained, a situation compounded by the presence of sewage, in violation of the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and a dignified standard of quality of life.
The parties are hereby advised that, if they have submitted any paper document, objects, or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced using new technologies, such materials must be collected within a maximum period of 30 business days from service of this judgment. The parties are warned that any material not collected within that period will be destroyed pursuant to the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial” (approved by the Corte Plena in Article XXVI of session No. 27-11 of 22 de agosto de 2011 and published in Boletín Judicial No. 19 of 26 de enero de 2012) and Article LXXXI of session No. 43-12 of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial of 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
The petition is partially granted, solely as against the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and the Municipalidad de San José, due to the delay in resolving the problems affecting the finca San Juan settlement regarding the collection and treatment of wastewater and sanitary sewage. Yariela Quirós Álvarez, Gabriela Madrigal Garro, and Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, in their respective capacities as acting mayor of the Municipalidad de San José, executive president of the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, and executive president of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, or whoever may hold those offices in their stead, are ordered to coordinate as necessary, adopt appropriate measures, and issue such orders as may be required within the scope of their respective authority so that: i) within CINCO DÍAS of service of this ruling, an interinstitutional commission is created specifically to address the problems affecting the finca San Juan settlement regarding the collection and treatment of wastewater and sanitary sewage; and ii) within UN MES of the creation of the aforementioned interinstitutional commission, a plan is designed to address the problem at issue in this petition, which must be submitted to this Chamber.
The mayor of San José shall take note of the statement at the end of Considerando IV of this ruling. The foregoing is ordered with the warning that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, anyone who receives an order issued in an amparo proceeding that the person must comply with or enforce, and who fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be punished by imprisonment for three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty days, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and the Municipalidad de San José are ordered to pay the legal costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, the amounts of which shall be determined during enforcement of the judgment before the administrative-litigation courts. In all other respects, the petition is denied. Justice Salazar Alvarado files a note. Let notice be served.
Fernando Castillo V.
Chief Justice Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE N° 26-002473-0007-CO Telephone numbers: Telf01/ ALA-4TA (Telf02). Fax: Telf03 / Telf04. Email address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección09, Dirección10, 100 mts. south of the Perpetuo Socorro church).
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veintisiete de marzo de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 26-002473-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, en su condición de representante legal de la Comisión de Gestión Social (CONAGES), contra el INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO (INVU), EL INSTITUTO MIXTO DE AYUDA SOCIAL (IMAS), LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE SAN JOSÉ Y EL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (ICAA).
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I-. OBJETO DEL RECURSO. El recurrente indica que el proyecto habitacional de Rincón Grande de Pavas fue desarrollo y administrado por el INVU hace aproximadamente 30 años, así como que el IMAS fue responsable de elaborar las fichas técnicas para determinar a las personas beneficiarias. Acusa que el proyecto no ha concluido integralmente. Sostiene que las familias fueron ubicadas en una propiedad que inicialmente no contaba con un diseño de sitio ni planteamiento urbanístico adecuado, así como que carecía de infraestructura básica como cordones de caño, alcantarillado sanitario, sistemas de evacuación de aguas pluviales, entre otros. Señala que se trasladó a varias familias al sector III donde actualmente persisten problemas de sobrepoblación, hacinamiento, aguas negras y ausencia de alcantarillado. Reclama que en el sector tres no se da mantenimiento por parte de la Municipalidad de San José a las áreas verdes, sistemas de caño y otra infraestructura pública, lo que se agrava con la presencia de aguas negras. Acusa que ese gobierno local desalojó a 100 familias y que hay más desalojos en proceso.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
Lo anterior, debido a que los recursos de manera independiente son insuficientes para las obras requeridas. Las recomendaciones técnicas, deberán eventualmente ser validadas por los jerarcas de cada una de las entidades involucradas. A la fecha, el proyecto se encuentra en una fase de análisis técnico y legal, razón por la cual los plazos definitivos de ejecución están aún por definirse”. (Ver prueba documental).
En el sitio se conformaron una serie de ramales en cada una de las calles de la Urbanización, pero estos ramales nos fueron conectados entre sí a fin de poder recolectar y transportar las aguas residuales hasta una planta de tratamiento, por lo que los vecinos del lugar han conectado las aguas de las viviendas a esta tubería, lo cual provoca que estas descarguen en forma directa al terreno para posteriormente caer al cauce del Río Tiribí. (Ver informe técnico No. DRyT-OMSR-2026-00122 de fecha 6 de marzo del 2026). 2. Entre los años 2019 al 2021, AyA en su condición rectora, participó en una comisión liderada por la Municipalidad de San José, en la cual participaron otras instituciones (MIVAH, INVU, etc.). Como parte de las labores realizadas por el AyA se entregaron lo términos de referencia para contratación de estudios preliminares, diseño y construcción de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (se adjunta el Oficio DRyT-2021- 00147).
Además, el AyA informó sobre la necesidad de considerar la construcción de un nuevo sistema de alcantarillado sanitario, así como de un interceptor para reunir y llevar las aguas residuales de todas las calles hasta la planta de tratamiento. Adicionalmente, se le informó a la Comisión que el terreno donde se pretendía construir la planta de tratamiento no tenía la suficiente área ya que inicialmente habían contemplado la ubicación de la planta en un terreno que correspondía a zona de protección del río. Para solventar esta limitación se recomendó la elaboración de una declaratoria de conveniencia nacional a fin de poder construir el sistema de tratamiento en la zona de protección del río. También se informó que dicha propiedad debía tener frente a calle, a fin de que ésta contara con los servicios de agua potable y electricidad trifásica. En la actualidad, dado a que en la zona no existen las condiciones para la conformación de una planta de tratamiento, tanto la Municipalidad como el INVU, están valorando la posibilidad de construir al menos 2 estaciones de Bombeo las cuales funcionen en serie y bombeen las aguas residuales a una planta de tratamiento de AyA (Los Tajos).
Es importante mencionar que para el desarrollo de todas estas obras, inicialmente es necesario reubicar a los vecinos quienes han invadido las zonas de reserva forestal dejadas por el INVU, así como las vías públicas o calles y zonas de parques, y zona de protección del río. De no efectuarse esta labor de previo, es imposible el desarrollo de las mejoras para solventar la problemática de las aguas residuales del lugar”. (Ver informe rendido por la presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA).
En el sub lite, el recurrente indica que el proyecto habitacional de Rincón Grande de Pavas fue desarrollo y administrado por el INVU hace aproximadamente 30 años, así como que el IMAS fue responsable de elaborar las fichas técnicas para determinar a las personas beneficiarias. Acusa que el proyecto no ha concluido integralmente. Sostiene que las familias fueron ubicadas en una propiedad que inicialmente no contaba con un diseño de sitio ni planteamiento urbanístico adecuado, así como que carecía de infraestructura básica como cordones de caño, alcantarillado sanitario, sistemas de evacuación de aguas pluviales, entre otros. Señala que se trasladó a varias familias al sector III donde actualmente persisten problemas de sobrepoblación, hacinamiento, aguas negras y ausencia de alcantarillado. Reclama que en el sector tres no se da mantenimiento por parte de la Municipalidad de San José a las áreas verdes, sistemas de caño y otra infraestructura pública, lo que se agrava con la presencia de aguas negras. Acusa que ese gobierno local desalojó a 100 familias y que hay más desalojos en proceso.
El Tribunal verifica que el asentamiento finca San Juan consta de las etapas I, II y III y está ubicado en el sureste de Rincón Grande de Pavas. Tal proyecto fue diseñado y construido por el IMAS, pero traspasado al INVU en noviembre de 1995, a fin de formalizar los traspasos de los lotes a potenciales beneficiarios. Desde el año 2008, el INVU traspasó las calles, avenidas, alamedas, parques y áreas comunes del proyecto Finca San Juan a la Municipalidad de San José. En el acuerdo emitido por la Junta Directiva del Banco Hipotecario de la Vivienda el 5 de octubre de 2009 se otorgó financiamiento para el proyecto de bono comunal, a fin de mejorar la infraestructura de la tercera etapa del proyecto finca San Juan, entre lo que destaca: “ Red de agua potable. Red de evacuación pluvial. Red de evacuación de aguas servidas y sanitarias. Pavimentos (Sub-Base, Base y Carpeta Asfáltica). Obras complementarias (Aceras – Cordón y caño). Red de distribución eléctrico. Juegos infantiles. Otras obras (Enzacatado y señalización)”.
El 4 de julio de 2019 se firmó un convenio marco de cooperación para el desarrollo de proyectos de construcción de infraestructura urbana entre el INVU y la Municipalidad de San José. El 17 de setiembre de 2021, el Banhvi aprobó la factibilidad y financiamiento para los proyectos de bono comunal. El 11 de enero de 2024, el Departamento de Presupuesto de la Municipalidad de San José hizo constar que: “El proyecto “PROYECTO MEJORAMIENTO MEDIANTE OBRAS DE ALCANTARILLADO SANITARIO Y PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO EN FINCA SAN JUAN PAVAS” por un monto de ¢800.000.000,00 se encuentra aprobado por la Contraloría General de la República mediante oficio DFOE-LOC-2539-2023 y está incluido en el presupuesto ordinario 2024”. El 30 de setiembre de 2024 se planteó un oficio ante el ICAA por parte de una regidora de la Municipalidad de San José, mediante el cual se expuso: “nos dirigimos a ustedes para que interpongan sus buenos oficios y se intervenga el alcantarillado de aguas residuales en la Dirección08, misma que interseca con la Dirección06 ya que presenta una acumulación de agua negras que esta (sic) rebalsando su capacidad a la superficie de la calle, siendo un posible vector de contaminación provocando enfermedades, criadero de zancudos entre otros; por lo que urge se intervenga en la forma mas (sic) expedita y pueda dársele una solución definitiva ya que el problema no se elimina solo con vaciar el alcantarillado sino debe darse una solución total.
Nis de ubicación Dirección07”. La red de alcantarillado sanitario del asentamiento Finca San Juan no es activo del ICAA, por lo que no cobra ni brinda servicio de mantenimiento de tal red. Al momento de interposición de este asunto, están pendientes de ejecutar las obras de recolección y tratamiento de aguas servidas y sanitarias del asentamiento Finca San Juan Etapas I, II y III, para lo cual el MIVAH efectuó una transferencia presupuestaria a la Municipalidad de San José para la etapa III. Existe una mesa de trabajo interinstitucional conformada por personal del Ministerio de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos, ICAA, Municipalidad de San José, Banhvi e INVU. En la actualidad se cuenta “con recursos del Sistema Financiero para la Vivienda del BANHVI, reservados para el INVU como entidad autorizada, del bono colectivo para Finca San Juan III Etapa, y recursos de la Municipalidad de San José, transferidos por el MIVAH para el saneamiento ambiental sanitario del sector”.
Mediante oficio GPS-GVAH-0011-2026 del 5 de marzo de 2026, la Gestión de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos de la Municipalidad de San José explica: “(…) 2-En el año 2018, se define como prioridad institucional el trabajo en el asentimiento informal de Finca San Juan, en Rincón Grande de Pavas, con iniciativas de renovación urbana para los precarios del Relleno y el Tapón, situados en Finca San Juan, Etapa I el primero y Etapa III el segundo (…) 14- Ya en abril de 2023, después de numerosos intentos por alinear los intereses de las instituciones INVU, MIVAH y AyA, con los nuevos jerarcas nombrados en la Administración Chaves Robles, la MSJ llegó a la conclusión que sobre este tema, las posiciones institucionales iban a seguir redundando sobre intereses particulares desligados de la necesidad imperiosa de realizar la inversión pública aprobada para Finca San Juan, representadas en 800 millones de colones para el saneamiento ambiental aportados por el MIVAH y 1234 millones para el bono comunal de la etapa III aportados por el BANHVI, monto que fue ampliado con una nueva partida del presupuesto nacional por parte del MIVAH.
Se planteó entonces iniciar el agotamiento de la vía administrativa, solicitándole la toma de decisiones al INVU y al AyA sobre los cuellos de botella que no permitían ejecutar el proyecto a la MSJ. Fue así como se enviaron los oficios GPS-GVAH-012-2023 (…), solicitud de validación oficial en 2023 de la decisión de construir Ptar Finca San Juan en 2020, al Ing. Alejandro Guillén Guardia, Presidente Ejecutivo del AyA, del 25 de abril de 2023 y, el oficio GPS-GVAH-020-2023 (…), dirigido a la Arq. Jessica Martínez Porras, Ministra de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos y Presidente Ejecutiva del INVU con fecha del 26 de mayo de 2023. De dichos oficios no hubo respuesta en tiempo, por lo que se plantea el cierre de la vía administrativa a su superior jerárquico, el Presidente de la República, con el oficio GPS-GVAH-033-2023 (…) suscrito el 18 de julio de 2023. Este oficio tampoco fue contestado en tiempo ni en forma, por lo que se da por agotada la vía administrativa sobre estos proyectos de inversión, debido a la falta de interés de dichas instituciones y de la imposibilidad legal de la MSJ por resolver este caso en dicha vía administrativa. 15- Respecto a la partida de la transferencia de capital del MIVAH a la MSJ, que está depositada en las arcas municipales desde el 28 de diciembre de 2021, la misma no se ha podido ejecutar, pues en el segundo proceso de contratación del 2022, se planteó la elaboración del diseño y la tramitología de aprobación de planos constructivos, proceso que fue declarado infructuoso por defectos insubsanables detectados por la Proveeduría institucional de la MSJ.
Se adjunta el dictamen de la Comisión de Hacienda y Presupuesto del Concejo Municipal No. 0171-CHP-2022 (…), del 17 de abril 2023. 16- Sobre esta transferencia de capital, respaldada por un convenio de cooperación financiera y técnica entre el MIVAH y la MSJ, cuya segunda adenda firmada (…) se vencía EL 5 de mayo de 2022, la MSJ solicitó al MIVAH su ampliación mediante una tercera adenda, sin embargo, esta solicitud nunca fue respondida por el MIVAH ni ha sido el interés de la presente administración municipal, a través de su equipo de Gestión de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos, presionar para que ésta se valide legalmente y pueda ser finalmente ejecutada. La solicitud al MIVAH se realizó mediante el oficio MSJ-ALCALDÍA-1018-2024 (…) suscrita por el Ing. Jhonny Araya, Alcalde de San José, con fecha 23 de abril de 2024. Finalmente, con fecha del 30 de mayo de 2024, se emite el oficio Ultimas acciones tomadas transferencia 01-05_2024-firmado (…) firmada por el suscrito, Ing. Jorge Mora Oconitrillo, que contiene la hoja de ruta propuesta para poder ajustar en términos técnicos, las obras objeto del Convenio MIVAH-MSJ”.
Por oficio SCMRP-108-2026 del 6 de marzo de 2026, la Sección de Construcción y Mantenimiento Pluvial de la Municipalidad de San José indica: “con respecto a las competencias de la Municipalidad de San José, específicamente las competencias de la Sección Construcción y Mantenimiento de Red Pluvial, solamente se enfocan en lo siguiente: ▪ Limpieza y mantenimiento de tragantes, pozos, tuberías, cabezales y tanques de retardo que componen la red pluvial municipal. ▪ Colocación de rejillas y tapas de tragantes y reparación de estos, cambios de tuberías y reparación de hundimientos de vía. ▪ Mantenimiento del Catastro Pluvial, que consiste en el levantamiento de toda la información del sistema pluvial existente, como diámetros de tuberías, profundidades pendientes. ▪ Otorgamiento de permisos para desfogues pluviales de construcciones nuevas o existentes al sistema pluvial municipal. ▪ Diseño, planificación y desarrollo de nuevos proyectos en materia pluvial.
No se omite indicar que, esta Sección periódicamente a (sic) realizado la limpieza del sistema pluvial existente como también con la colocación de rejillas y flangers en los tragantes y pozos pluviales, labores atinentes a esta Sección”. Mediante informe DPH-UPH-047-2026 emitido por el INVU en marzo de 2026 se concluye: “El INVU ha participado de manera activa y constante en las instancias de coordinación interinstitucional. La problemática expuesta en el recurso es de carácter estructural e histórico, y su abordaje requiere una solución integral que involucre a múltiples instituciones del Estado. Existen recursos financieros aprobados para mejoras de infraestructura en la Etapa III, por medio del Bono Colectivo recursos BANHVI dirigidos al INVU. Hay disponibilidad de recursos según el Convenio de Cooperación Técnico Financiera entre el Ministerio de Vivienda y la Municipalidad de San José, para el Proyecto de mejoramiento barrial mediante obras de alcantarillado sanitario y planta de tratamiento en Finca San Juan, Pavas. Como resultado de las mesas de trabajo interinstitucional, se valora la posibilidad de unificar los recursos del Bono Colectivo con los recursos transferidos al municipio para brindar una solución integral en la comunidad y que pueda abarcar las tres etapas de Finca San Juan.
Lo anterior, debido a que los recursos de manera independiente son insuficientes para las obras requeridas. Las recomendaciones técnicas, deberán eventualmente ser validadas por los jerarcas de cada una de las entidades involucradas. A la fecha, el proyecto se encuentra en una fase de análisis técnico y legal, razón por la cual los plazos definitivos de ejecución están aún por definirse”. La presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA explica: “1. Es relevante para la resolución de este recurso informar que la red de alcantarillado sanitario de la Urbanización Finca San Juan, no es un activo del AyA, por lo que la Institución no cobra el servicio de alcantarillado sanitario, ni brinda el servicio de mantenimiento a dicha red; según la información recabada, esta red le pertenece al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, siendo que no fue concluida, no reúne las condiciones requeridas para recolectar las aguas residuales de las propiedades del lugar, por lo que se considera que los habitantes de esta Urbanización deben disponer sus aguas residuales mediante metodología aprobada por el Ministerio de Salud.
En razón de las competencias sobre el manejo y disposición de las aguas residuales, AyA ha informado de forma reiterada al Ministerio de Salud de esta situación (ver oficios DRyT-OMSR-2019-00603, DRyT-OMSR-2021-00431, DRyT-OMSR-2023-00092 y DRyT-OMSR-2024-00152). En el sitio se conformaron una serie de ramales en cada una de las calles de la Urbanización, pero estos ramales nos fueron conectados entre sí a fin de poder recolectar y transportar las aguas residuales hasta una planta de tratamiento, por lo que los vecinos del lugar han conectado las aguas de las viviendas a esta tubería, lo cual provoca que estas descarguen en forma directa al terreno para posteriormente caer al cauce del Río Tiribí. (Ver informe técnico No. DRyT-OMSR-2026-00122 de fecha 6 de marzo del 2026). 2. Entre los años 2019 al 2021, AyA en su condición rectora, participó en una comisión liderada por la Municipalidad de San José, en la cual participaron otras instituciones (MIVAH, INVU, etc.).
Como parte de las labores realizadas por el AyA se entregaron lo términos de referencia para contratación de estudios preliminares, diseño y construcción de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (se adjunta el Oficio DRyT-2021- 00147). Además, el AyA informó sobre la necesidad de considerar la construcción de un nuevo sistema de alcantarillado sanitario, así como de un interceptor para reunir y llevar las aguas residuales de todas las calles hasta la planta de tratamiento. Adicionalmente, se le informó a la Comisión que el terreno donde se pretendía construir la planta de tratamiento no tenía la suficiente área ya que inicialmente habían contemplado la ubicación de la planta en un terreno que correspondía a zona de protección del río. Para solventar esta limitación se recomendó la elaboración de una declaratoria de conveniencia nacional a fin de poder construir el sistema de tratamiento en la zona de protección del río.
También se informó que dicha propiedad debía tener frente a calle, a fin de que ésta contara con los servicios de agua potable y electricidad trifásica. En la actualidad, dado a que en la zona no existen las condiciones para la conformación de una planta de tratamiento, tanto la Municipalidad como el INVU, están valorando la posibilidad de construir al menos 2 estaciones de Bombeo las cuales funcionen en serie y bombeen las aguas residuales a una planta de tratamiento de AyA (Los Tajos). Es importante mencionar que para el desarrollo de todas estas obras, inicialmente es necesario reubicar a los vecinos quienes han invadido las zonas de reserva forestal dejadas por el INVU, así como las vías públicas o calles y zonas de parques, y zona de protección del río. De no efectuarse esta labor de previo, es imposible el desarrollo de las mejoras para solventar la problemática de las aguas residuales del lugar”.
En virtud de lo expuesto, la Sala verifica la lesión a los derechos fundamentales, debido a la falta de actuación diligente y célere del INVU, la Municipalidad de San José y el ICAA en solventar la problemática aquejada por el asentamiento finca San Juan respecto a la recolección y tratamiento de aguas servidas y sanitarias.
Sobre el particular, aun cuando se comprueba que el INVU, la Municipalidad de San José y el ICAA han llevado a cabo actuaciones a fin de resolver la problemática que afecta a la población de Finca San Juan, lo que incluye la firma de convenios, la gestión de recursos financieros y la creación de una comisión interinstitucional, no menos cierto es que no se han ejecutado las obras pertinentes para solventarla. Lo anterior se agrava al considerar que se está ante una problemática estructural e histórica, cuya solución exige un abordaje integral e interinstitucional.
En ese tanto, conviene aclarar que el hecho de que la red de alcantarillado sanitario del asentamiento no sea activo del ICAA en la actualidad, no le exime a este de sus competencias, máxime que en la ley nro. 2726 ‘Ley Constitutiva Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados’ se prevé que corresponde al ICAA: “a) Dirigir y vigilar todo lo concerniente para proveer a los habitantes de la república de un servicio de agua potable, recolección y evacuación de aguas negras y residuos industriales líquidos y de aguas pluviales en las áreas urbanas; (…) d) Asesorar a los demás organismos del Estado y coordinar las actividades públicas y privadas en todos los asuntos relativos al establecimiento de acueductos y alcantarillados y control de la contaminación de los recursos de agua, siendo obligatoria, en todo caso, su consulta, e inexcusable el cumplimiento de sus recomendaciones; e) Elaborar todos los planos de las obras públicas relacionadas con los fines de esta ley, así como aprobar todos los de las obras privadas que se relacionen con los sistemas de acueductos y alcantarillados, según lo determinen los reglamentos respectivos; (…) i) Construir, ampliar y reformar los sistemas de acueductos y alcantarillados en aquellos casos en que sea necesario y así lo aconseje la mejor satisfacción de las necesidades nacionales; (…)” -véase artículo 2-.
Por ende, se estima el recurso en lo que a este agravio refiere en cuanto al INVU, el ICAA y la Municipalidad de San José, según lo indicado en la parte dispositiva de este asunto. Al respecto, el Tribunal no omite advertir que, en caso de que resulte necesario que alguna otra institución que no se encuentre accionada en este recurso forme parte de la comisión interinstitucional, deberán las autoridades recurridas gestionar lo correspondiente para incluirla.
IV.En cuanto a la falta de mantenimiento acusada a las áreas verdes, sistemas de caño y otra infraestructura pública, así como a los desalojos realizados por la Municipalidad de San José, adviértase que los reclamos se formularon de manera genérica, dado que no se hizo referencia a alguna área específica que tenga esa problemática. Tampoco se detalló a alguna familia que haya sido desalojada y los derechos fundamentales que se estiman lesionados en su perjuicio, lo que impide el análisis por parte de esta Cámara. En todo caso, por oficio SCMRP-108-2026 del 6 de marzo de 2026, la Sección de Construcción y Mantenimiento Pluvial de la Municipalidad de San José indica: “con respecto a las competencias de la Municipalidad de San José, específicamente las competencias de la Sección Construcción y Mantenimiento de Red Pluvial, solamente se enfocan en lo siguiente: ▪ Limpieza y mantenimiento de tragantes, pozos, tuberías, cabezales y tanques de retardo que componen la red pluvial municipal. ▪ Colocación de rejillas y tapas de tragantes y reparación de estos, cambios de tuberías y reparación de hundimientos de vía. ▪ Mantenimiento del Catastro Pluvial, que consiste en el levantamiento de toda la información del sistema pluvial existente, como diámetros de tuberías, profundidades pendientes. ▪ Otorgamiento de permisos para desfogues pluviales de construcciones nuevas o existentes al sistema pluvial municipal. ▪ Diseño, planificación y desarrollo de nuevos proyectos en materia pluvial.
No se omite indicar que, esta Sección periódicamente a (sic) realizado la limpieza del sistema pluvial existente como también con la colocación de rejillas y flangers en los tragantes y pozos pluviales, labores atinentes a esta Sección”.
Ergo, no se acoge el recurso en cuanto a este agravio; sin embargo, tome nota el alcalde de San José de que deberá coordinar lo pertinente y llevar a cabo las actuaciones que estén dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a fin de garantizar el adecuado mantenimiento de las calles, avenidas, alamedas, parques y áreas comunes del proyecto Finca San Juan.
V.Finalmente, no se observa alguna acción u omisión del IMAS que haya lesionado los derechos fundamentales en los términos en que se planteó el recurso, motivo por el que se declara sin lugar en cuanto a tal parte.
En relación con la falta de infraestructura, en tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la actividad o inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura, deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa (omisiva o no) se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que la parte recurrente acusa que el proyecto habitacional de Rincón Grande de Pavas no ha concluido definitivamente, siendo que carecía de infraestructura básica como cordones de caño, alcantarillado sanitario, sistemas de evacuación de aguas pluviales, entre otros. Actualmente persisten problemas de sobrepoblación, hacinamiento, aguas negras y ausencia de alcantarillado. Además, no se da mantenimiento a los sistemas de caño y otra infraestructura pública, lo que se agrava con la presencia de aguas negras.
Por otra parte, en cuanto al tema ambiental, es también criterio del suscrito, de que si ya ha habido intervención de la Administración Pública, considero que su conocimiento y resolución corresponde a la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa. No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente acusa que existen problemas de alcantarillado sanitario, sistemas de evacuación de aguas pluviales, entre otros. Además, no se da mantenimiento a los sistemas de caño y otra infraestructura pública, lo que se agrava con la presencia de aguas negras, con violación del derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado y de un nivel digno de calidad de vida.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, solo en cuanto al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y la Municipalidad de San José, debido a la demora en solventar la problemática aquejada por el asentamiento finca San Juan respecto a la recolección y tratamiento de aguas servidas y sanitarias. Se les ordena a Yariela Quirós Álvarez, Gabriela Madrigal Garro y Lourdes Sáurez Barboza, cada una en su condición de alcaldesa a.i. de la Municipalidad de San José, presidenta ejecutiva del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo y presidenta ejecutiva del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, coordinar lo necesario, tomar las medidas adecuadas y girar las órdenes que correspondan dentro del ámbito de sus competencias respectivas, a fin de que: i) en el plazo de CINCO DÍAS, contado a partir de la notificación de este pronunciamiento, se cree una comisión interinstitucional que se encargue específicamente de abordar la problemática aquejada por el asentamiento finca San Juan respecto a la recolección y tratamiento de aguas servidas y sanitarias; y ii) en el plazo de UN MES, contado a partir de la creación de la comisión interinstitucional supramencionada, se diseñe un plan para atender el problema objeto de este recurso, el cual deberá ser puesto en conocimiento de esta Cámara.
Tome nota el alcalde de San José de lo indicado in fine del considerando IV de este pronunciamiento. Lo anterior se dicta con el apercibimiento de que con base en lo establecido en el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quienes recibieren una orden que deban cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y que no la cumplieren o no la hicieren cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y a la Municipalidad de San José al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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